Norman Conquest na Kudancin Italiya

Ranar farko da aka ruwaito na zuwan Norman Knights a kudancin Italiya shine 999, kodayake ana iya ɗauka cewa sun ziyarci kafin lokacin.A waccan shekarar, bisa ga wasu tushen al'ada na rashin tabbas, mahajjatan Norman da suka dawo daga Kabari Mai Tsarki a Urushalima ta Apulia sun zauna tare da Yarima Guaimar III a Salerno.Masu Saracen daga Afirka sun kai wa birnin da kewaye hari inda suka bukaci a biya harajin shekara-shekara.Yayin da Guaimar ya fara karɓar harajin, Normans sun yi masa ba'a tare da mutanen Lombard saboda rashin tsoro, kuma sun kai hari ga masu kewaye.Saracens sun gudu, an kwace ganima kuma Guaimar mai godiya ya nemi Normans su zauna.

A cikin 1024, sojojin haya na Norman karkashin Ranulf Drengot suna hidimar Guaimar III lokacin da shi da Pandulf IV suka kewaye Pandulf V a Capua.A shekara ta 1026, bayan wani hari na watanni 18, Capua ya mika wuya kuma Pandulf IV ya koma matsayin yarima.A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa Ranulf zai jingina kansa ga Pandulf, amma a cikin 1029 ya shiga Sergius IV na Naples (wanda Pandulf ya kori daga Naples a 1027, mai yiwuwa tare da taimakon Ranulf).

Ranulf da Sergius sun sake kwace Naples.A farkon 1030 Sergius ya ba Ranulf gundumar Aversa a matsayin fief, mulkin Norman na farko a kudancin Italiya.Ƙarfafa Norman da ɓarna na cikin gida, waɗanda suka sami maraba a sansanin Ranulf ba tare da tambayar da aka yi ba, sun busa lambobin Ranulf.A cikin 1035, wannan shekarar William the Conqueror zai zama Duke na Normandy, Tancred na Hauteville manyan 'ya'yansa uku (William "Iron Arm", Drogo da Humphrey) sun isa Aversa daga Normandy.

A cikin 1038 Sarkin Byzantine Michael IV ya kaddamar da yakin soji a cikin musulmi Sicily, tare da Janar George Maniaches ya jagoranci sojojin Kirista a kan Saracens.Sarkin Norway na gaba, Harald Hardrada , ya umarci Varangian Guard a cikin balaguron balaguro kuma Michael ya kira Guaimar IV na Salerno da sauran sarakunan Lombard don samar da ƙarin sojoji don yakin.

Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Normans da Daular Byzantine an yi yaƙi daga c.1040 har zuwa 1185, lokacin da Norman ta mamaye daular Byzantine ta ƙarshe.A karshen rikicin, ba Normans ko Rumawa ba za su iya yin alfahari da yawa kamar yadda ya zuwa tsakiyar karni na 13 m fada da wasu iko ya raunana duka biyun, wanda ya kai ga Rumawa ta rasa Asiya Ƙarama zuwa Daular Ottoman a karni na 14, kuma Normans sun rasa Sicily zuwa Hohenstaufen.

Normans a Italiya, karkashin jagorancin William Iron Arm, sun yi nasarar cin nasara kan Rumawa a yakin Olivento da Montemaggiore.1041

An yi yakin Civitate a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1053 a kudancin Italiya, tsakanin Normans, karkashin jagorancin Count of Apulia Humphrey na Hauteville, da kuma sojojin Swabian-Italian-Lombard, wanda Paparoma Leo IX ya shirya kuma Gerard ya jagoranci a fagen fama. Duke na Lorraine, da Rudolf, Yariman Benevento.Nasarar da Norman ta samu a kan sojojin Paparoma da ke kawance ya nuna kololuwar rikici tsakanin sojojin haya na Norman da suka zo kudancin Italiya a karni na sha daya, da dangin de Hauteville, da sarakunan Lombard na gida.

Mai binciken Norman, Robert Guiscard ya ci yawancin Italiya kuma Paparoma Nicholas II ya saka hannun jarinsa a matsayin Duke na Apulia, Calabria da Sicily.

Bayan shekaru 250 na mulkin Larabawa, Sicily ta kasance cikin gamayyar Kiristoci , Musulmai Larabawa, da Musulmai masu tuba a lokacin da Normans suka mamaye ta.Arab Sicily tana da kyakkyawar hanyar kasuwanci tare da duniyar Bahar Rum, kuma an santa a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa a matsayin wuri mai daɗi da ƙazanta.Tunda farko ta kasance karkashin mulkin Aghlabids sannan kuma Fatimids , amma a cikin 948 Kalbids sun kwace ikon tsibirin har zuwa 1053. A cikin shekarun 1010 zuwa 1020, rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya sun share hanyar shiga tsakani daga Zirid. na Ifrikiya.Rikici ya mamaye Sicily yayin da ƴan ƙanana na fiefdoms ke fafatawa da juna don samun fifiko.A cikin wannan, Normans karkashin Robert Guiscard da ƙanensa Roger Bosso sun zo da nufin cin nasara;Paparoma ya ba Robert lakabin "Duke na Sicily", yana ƙarfafa shi ya ƙwace Sicily daga Saracens.

An yi Yaƙin Cerami a watan Yuni 1063 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a yaƙin Norman na Sicily, 1060–1091.An gwabza yakin ne tsakanin dakarun sojojin Norman da kuma kawancen musulmi na sojojin Sicilian da Zirid.Normans sun yi yaƙi ƙarƙashin umarnin Roger de Hauteville, ƙaramin ɗan Tancred na Hauteville kuma ɗan'uwan Robert Guiscard.Hadin gwiwar musulmi ya kunshi musulmin Sicilian na asali a karkashin tsarin mulkin Kalbid na Palermo, karkashin jagorancin Ibn al-Hawas, da kuma karfafawa Zirid daga Arewacin Afrika karkashin jagorancin sarakunan biyu, Ayyub da Ali. Yakin ya kasance nasara mai ban sha'awa ga Norman wanda gaba daya. ya fatattaki sojojin da ke adawa da juna, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin sarakunan musulmi wanda a karshe ya share fagen kwace babban birnin Sicilian, Palermo daga hannun Norman da kuma sauran tsibirin.

Faɗuwar Amalfi da Salerno ga Robert Guiscard ya rinjayi matarsa, Sichelgaita.Wataƙila Amalfi ta mika wuya sakamakon tattaunawar da ta yi, kuma Salerno ta faɗi lokacin da ta daina roƙon mijinta a madadin ɗan’uwanta (yariman Salerno).Amalfitans ba su yi nasara ba sun mika kansu ga Yarima Gisulf don guje wa Norman suzerainty, amma jihohin (wanda tarihinsu ya shiga tun karni na 9) a ƙarshe sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Norman.

Babban Robert Guiscard da ɗansa Bohemund na Taranto (daga baya, Bohemund I na Antakiya) ya jagoranta, sojojin Norman suka ɗauki Dyrrhachium da Corfu, suka kewaye Larissa a Thessaly (duba Yaƙin Dyrrhachium)

A cikin 1085, a ƙarshe ya sami damar gudanar da kamfen na yau da kullun.A ranar 22 ga Mayu Roger ya tunkari Syracuse ta teku, yayin da Jordan ya jagoranci wani karamin sojan doki mai nisan mil 15 (kilomita 24) arewa da birnin.A ranar 25 ga Mayu, sojojin ruwa na kirga da sarki sun tsunduma cikin tashar jiragen ruwa -inda aka kashe na karshe - yayin da sojojin Jordan suka kewaye birnin.Sifen ya ci gaba da kasancewa a duk lokacin bazara, amma lokacin da birnin ya mamaye a cikin Maris 1086 kawai Noto ne kawai ke ƙarƙashin ikon Saracen.A cikin Fabrairu 1091 Noto ya ba da gudummawa kuma, kuma an gama cin Sicily.

Harin Norman na Malta wani hari ne a tsibirin Malta, sannan musulmi ne suka fi zama a cikinsa, wanda sojojin lardin Norman na Sicily karkashin jagorancin Roger I a shekara ta 1091.

A lokacin yakin Crusade na farko , Rumawa sun sami damar yin amfani da, zuwa wani lokaci, sojojin haya na Norman don cin nasara kan Turkawa Seljuk a yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa.Waɗannan sojojin haya na Norman sun taimaka wajen kama garuruwa da yawa.Ana hasashe cewa, don musanya rantsuwar aminci, Alexios ya yi alkawarin ƙasa a kusa da birnin Antakiya zuwa Bohemond don ƙirƙirar jihar vassal kuma a lokaci guda ya nisanta Bohemond daga Italiya.Duk da haka, lokacin da Antakiya ta fadi Normans sun ƙi ba da ita, ko da yake a cikin lokaci aka kafa mulkin Byzantine

A shekara ta 1147 daular Byzantine karkashin Manuel I Comnenus ta fuskanci yaki daga Roger II na Sicily, wanda rundunarsa suka kama tsibirin Corfu na Byzantine kuma suka washe Thebes da Koranti.Duk da haka, duk da an shagala da wani harin Cuman a Balkans, a cikin 1148 Manuel ya shiga kawance na Conrad III na Jamus , da taimakon Venetians , wanda ya ci nasara da Roger da sauri tare da jiragen ruwa masu karfi.

Ko da yake na ƙarshe na mamayewa da babban rikici na ƙarshe tsakanin iko biyun bai wuce shekaru biyu ba, mamaye na Norman na uku ya matso kusa da ɗaukar Constantinople.Sa'an nan Sarkin Byzantine Andronicos Komnenos ya ƙyale Normans su tafi ba tare da kulawa ba zuwa Tessalonica.Yayin da David Komnenos ya yi wasu shirye-shirye don sa ran zazzafar 'yan Normans, kamar ba da umarnin ƙarfafa ganuwar biranen' da kuma sanya sassa huɗu don tsaron biranen, waɗannan matakan ba su isa ba.Ɗaya daga cikin sassan hudu ne kawai ya shiga Normans, wanda ya sa sojojin Norman suka kama birnin da sauƙi.Bayan samun iko da birnin Norman sojojin sun kori Tasalonika.Tsoron da ke biyo baya ya haifar da tawaye da aka dora Ishaku Angelus a kan karagar mulki.Bayan faduwar Andronicus, sojojin filin Byzantine da aka ƙarfafa karkashin Alexios Branas sun yi nasara a kan Normans a yakin Demetritzes.Bayan wannan yaƙin Tasalonika ta dawo da sauri kuma an komar da Norman zuwa Italiya.

An gwabza yakin Demetritzes a shekara ta 1185 tsakanin sojojin Rumawa da Normans na Masarautar Sicily, wadanda kwanan nan suka kori birnin Tasalonika na biyu na Daular Byzantine.Babban nasara ce ta Byzantine, wanda ya kawo karshen barazanar Norman ga Daular.

Ba kamar nasarar Norman na Ingila (1066) ba, wanda ya ɗauki ƴan shekaru bayan yaƙin yaƙi guda ɗaya, cin kudancin Italiya ya kasance sakamakon shekaru da yawa da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, kaɗan ne masu yanke hukunci.An mamaye yankuna da yawa da kansu, kuma daga baya aka hade su zuwa kasa guda.Idan aka kwatanta da cin nasarar Ingila, ba shi da shiri da rashin tsari, amma daidai yake.A hukumance, Normans sun haɗa injinan gudanarwa na Rumawa, Larabawa, da Lombards tare da ra'ayoyinsu na doka da oda don kafa wata gwamnati ta musamman.A karkashin wannan jiha, an sami 'yancin addini mai girma, kuma tare da sarakunan Norman akwai tsarin mulkin Yahudawa, Musulmi da Kirista, duka Katolika da Orthodox na Gabas.Ta haka ne Masarautar Sicily ta zama sanannen Norman, Byzantine, Girkanci, Larabawa, Lombard da "'yan ƙasa" Sicilian mazaunan da ke zaune cikin jituwa, kuma sarakunan Norman sun haɓaka shirye-shiryen kafa daular da ta mamaye FatimidMasar da kuma jihohin 'yan Salibiyya a cikin Levant.Yaƙin Norman na kudancin Italiya ya fara jiko na gine-ginen Romanesque (musamman Norman).An faɗaɗa wasu ƙauyuka akan gine-ginen Lombard, Byzantine ko Larabawa, yayin da wasu gine-gine ne na asali.An gina majami'u na Latin a cikin ƙasashen da kwanan nan suka tuba daga Kiristanci na Byzantine ko Islama, a cikin salon Romanesque wanda tsarin Byzantine da Islama suka yi tasiri.Gine-ginen jama'a, irin su fado, sun kasance gama gari a manyan garuruwa (musamman Palermo);waɗannan sifofin, musamman, suna nuna tasirin al'adun Siculo-Norman.