Tarihin Taiwan

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6000 BCE - 2023

Tarihin Taiwan



Tarihin Taiwan ya kai dubun dubatan shekaru, [1] yana farawa da farkon shaidar zama na ɗan adam da kuma bullar al'adun noma a kusan 3000 KZ, wanda aka danganta ga kakannin ƴan asalin Taiwan na yau.[2] Tsibirin ya ga tuntuɓarSinawa na Han a ƙarshen karni na 13 da ƙauyuka na gaba a cikin karni na 17.Binciken Turai ya haifar da sunan tsibirin a matsayin Formosa ta hanyar Fotigal , tare da Yaren mutanen Holland sun mamaye kudu daSpain a arewa.Kasancewar Turai ya biyo bayan kwararar bakin haure na Hoklo da Hakka na kasar Sin.A shekara ta 1662, Koxinga ya yi galaba a kan 'yan kasar Holand, inda ya kafa wani sansani wanda daga baya daular Qing ta hade a shekara ta 1683. A karkashin mulkin Qing, yawan jama'ar Taiwan ya karu kuma ya zama 'yan China mafi rinjaye saboda hijira daga kasar Sin.A cikin 1895, bayan da Qing ta yi rashin nasara a yakin Sino-Japan na farko, Taiwan da Penghu an mika su gaJapan .A karkashin mulkin Japan, Taiwan ta sami bunkasuwar masana'antu, inda ta zama babban mai fitar da shinkafa da sukari.Har ila yau, ta kasance tushe mai dabara a lokacin yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, wanda ya taimaka wajen mamaye kasar Sin da sauran yankuna a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu .Bayan yakin, a shekarar 1945, Taiwan ta shiga karkashin ikon Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) karkashin jagorancin Kuomintang (KMT) bayan dakatar da yakin duniya na biyu.Koyaya, halacci da yanayin ikon ROC, gami da miƙa mulki, sun kasance batutuwan muhawara.[3]A shekara ta 1949, ROC, wanda ya rasa babban yankin kasar Sin a yakin basasar kasar Sin , ya koma Taiwan, inda Chiang Kai-shek ya ayyana dokar yaki, kuma KMT ta kafa kasa mai jam'iyya daya.Wannan ya dau shekaru arba'in har sai da aka gudanar da gyare-gyaren dimokuradiyya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda ya kai ga zaben shugaban kasa na farko kai tsaye a shekarar 1996. A cikin shekarun bayan yakin, Taiwan ta shaida gagarumin ci gaban masana'antu da ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda aka fi sani da "Mu'ujizar Taiwan", ta sanya shi a matsayin "Mu'ujiza na Taiwan". daya daga cikin "Tigers hudu na Asiya".
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Ziyarci Shago

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3000 BCE Jan 1

Mutum na farko mazaunan Taiwan

Taiwan
A cikin Late Pleistocene, matakan teku sun ragu sosai, wanda ya fallasa kasan mashigin Taiwan a matsayin gadar kasa.[4] An gano kasusuwan kasusuwa masu mahimmanci tsakanin Taiwan da tsibirin Penghu, musamman kashin muƙamuƙi na wani nau'in jinsin Homo da ba a tantance ba, wanda aka kiyasta yana tsakanin shekaru 450,000 zuwa 190,000.[5] Shaidar ɗan adam ta zamani akan Taiwan ta samo asali ne tun tsakanin shekaru 20,000 zuwa 30,000 da suka wuce, [1] tare da tsoffin kayan tarihi waɗanda aka guntu-tuɓar kayan aikin daga al'adun Paleolithic Changbin.Wannan al'ada ta wanzu har zuwa shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata, [6] kamar yadda shafuka a Eluanbi suka tabbatar.Bugu da ƙari, nazarin laka daga tafkin Sun Moon ya nuna cewa an fara aikin noma da kone-kone shekaru 11,000 da suka wuce, wanda ya daina shekaru 4,200 da suka wuce tare da haɓakar noman shinkafa.[7] Yayin da Holocene ya fara shekaru 10,000 da suka wuce, matakan teku sun tashi, sun kafa mashigin Taiwan da keɓe Taiwan daga babban yankin.[4]Kusan a cikin 3,000 KZ, al'adun Neolithic Dapenkeng ya bayyana, ya bazu cikin sauri a kusa da gabar tekun Taiwan.An bambanta da tukwane mai igiya da kayan aikin dutse masu gogewa, wannan al'ada ta noma shinkafa da gero amma sun dogara sosai kan albarkatun ruwa.An yi imani da cewa kakannin mutanen Taiwan na yanzu, wadanda ke magana da harsunan Australiya na farko sun gabatar da al'adun Dapenkeng ga Taiwan.[2] Zuriyar wadannan mutane sun yi hijira daga Taiwan zuwa yankuna daban-daban a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Pacific, da Tekun Indiya.Musamman ma, harsunan Malayo-Polynesian, waɗanda ake magana da su a cikin yankuna da yawa, reshe ɗaya ne kawai na dangin Australiya, sauran rassa keɓe ga Taiwan.[8] Bugu da ƙari, kasuwanci tare da tsibirin Philippine ya fara ne daga farkon karni na 2 BC, wanda ya haɗa da amfani da fitar da Taiwan a cikin al'adun Philippine jade.[9] Al'adu da yawa sun gaji Dapenkeng, tare da shigar da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin al'adu kamar Niaosung, [10] da kuma kusan 400 AZ, furanni na gida sun samar da ƙarfe, fasahar da aka samu daga Philippines.[11]
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1292 Jan 1

Han Sinanci tuntuɓar Taiwan

Taiwan
A lokacindaular Yuan (1271-1368), Han Sinanci ya fara binciken Taiwan.[12] Sarkin Yuan, Kublai Khan, ya aika da jami'ai zuwa masarautar Ryukyu a cikin 1292 don tabbatar da ikon Yuan, amma bisa kuskure sun sauka a Taiwan.Bayan wani rikici da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar sojoji uku, nan take suka koma Quanzhou na kasar Sin.Wang Dayuan ya ziyarci Taiwan a shekara ta 1349, inda ya lura cewa mazaunanta suna da al'adu daban-daban daga na Penghu.Bai ambaci wasu mazauna kasar Sin ba, amma ya bayyana irin salon rayuwa a yankuna masu suna Liuqiu da Pisheye.[13] Binciken tukwanen Chuhou daga Zhejiang ya nuna cewa 'yan kasuwan kasar Sin sun ziyarci Taiwan a shekarun 1340.[14]
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Rubuce-rubucen farko na asusun Taiwan
Ƙabilar Aboriginal na Taiwan ©HistoryMaps
1349 Jan 1

Rubuce-rubucen farko na asusun Taiwan

Taiwan
A cikin 1349, Wang Dayuan ya rubuta ziyararsa zuwa Taiwan, [15] yana mai nuni da rashin kasancewar Sinawa a tsibirin, amma kasancewarsu a Penghu.[16] Ya bambanta yankuna daban-daban na Taiwan kamar Liuqiu da Pisheye.An bayyana Liuqiu a matsayin kasa mai fadin gandun daji da tsaunuka mai zafi fiye da Penghu.Mazaunan cikinta suna da al'adu na musamman, sun dogara da raƙuman ruwa don sufuri, suna sa tufafi masu kala, kuma suna samun gishiri daga ruwan teku da barasa daga rake.Sun aikata cin naman mutane a kan abokan gaba kuma suna da kayayyaki iri-iri na gida da kayayyakin kasuwanci.[17 <>] A daya bangaren kuma, Pisheye, dake gabas, tana da yanayin tsaunuka da ƙarancin noma.Mazaunanta suna da jarfa daban-daban, suna sa gashi a cikin tufa, kuma suna kai hari da garkuwa da mutane.[18] Masanin tarihi Efren B. Isorena ya gano cewa mutanen Pisheye na Taiwan da Visayans daga Philippines suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud, kamar yadda aka san Visayans zuwa Taiwan kafin su kai hari China.[19]
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Farkon Ciniki na Taiwan da Zamanin Pirate
Sojojin Anti-wokou Ming suna rike da takubba da garkuwa. ©Anonymous
1550 Jan 1

Farkon Ciniki na Taiwan da Zamanin Pirate

Taiwan
Ya zuwa farkon karni na 16, an sami karuwar masunta, 'yan kasuwa, da 'yan fashin tekuna kasar Sin da ke zuwa kudu maso yammacin Taiwan.Wasu ƴan kasuwan Fujian ma sun ƙware cikin harsunan Formosan.Yayin da karni ke ci gaba, Taiwan ta zama wata hanya mai mahimmanci ga 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin da 'yan fashin teku da ke guje wa ikon Ming , inda wasu suka kafa 'yan tsiraru a tsibirin.An yi amfani da sunaye kamar Xiaodong dao da Dahui guo don nufin Taiwan a wannan lokacin, tare da "Taiwan" daga kabilar Tayouan.Fitattun 'yan fashin teku kamar Lin Daoqian da Lin Feng suma sun yi amfani da Taiwan a matsayin sansanin wucin gadi kafin fuskantar adawa daga kungiyoyin 'yan asalin kasar da kuma sojojin ruwa na Ming.A shekara ta 1593, jami'an Ming sun fara amincewa da cinikin haramtacciyar hanya da ake yi a arewacin Taiwan ta hanyar ba da lasisi ga barasa na kasar Sin don yin ciniki a can.[20]Da farko 'yan kasuwan kasar Sin sun yi cinikin karfe da masaku da 'yan asalin yankin arewacin Taiwan domin samun albarkatu kamar gawayi, sulfur, zinariya, da nama.Duk da haka, yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, yankin kudu maso yammacin Taiwan ya zama babban abin da 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin suka fi mayar da hankali a kai, saboda yawan kifin alkama da na barewa.Na ƙarshe ya kasance mai riba musamman, saboda ana sayar da su gaJafanawa don samun riba mai yawa.[21] Wannan ciniki ya bunƙasa bayan 1567, wanda ya zama wata hanya ta kai tsaye ga Sinawa don shiga cikin kasuwancin Sin da Japan duk da haramcin.A cikin 1603, Chen Di ya jagoranci wani balaguro zuwa Taiwan don yaƙar 'yan fashin Wokou, [20] a lokacin da ya ci karo da kuma rubuta ƙabilun ƴan asalin yankin da salon rayuwarsu a cikin "Dongfanji (Asusun Barbar na Gabas)."
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Turawa na farko a Taiwan
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1582 Jan 1

Turawa na farko a Taiwan

Tainan, Taiwan
Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal , da suka wuce Taiwan a shekara ta 1544, sun fara rubuta sunan tsibirin Ilha Formosa a cikin katako na jirgin ruwa, ma'ana "Tsibiri mai kyau".A cikin 1582, waɗanda suka tsira daga hatsarin jirgin ruwa na Portuguese sun shafe makonni goma (kwana 45) suna yakar zazzabin cizon sauro da ƴan asalin ƙasa kafin su dawo Macau a kan jirgin ruwa.
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1603 Jan 1

Asusu na Barbar Gabas

Taiwan
A farkon karni na 17, Chen Di ya ziyarci Taiwan yayin wani balaguron yaki da'yan fashin teku na Wokou .[21] Bayan wata arangama, Janar Shen na Wuyu ya yi galaba a kan 'yan fashin, kuma dan asalin garin Damila ya ba da kyaututtuka don godiya.[22] Chen da kyau ya rubuta abubuwan da ya lura a cikin Dongfanji (Asusun Barbar na Gabas), [23] yana ba da haske game da mazaunan Taiwan na asali da kuma hanyar rayuwarsu.Chen ya bayyana 'yan asalin kasar da aka fi sani da Barbarians na Gabas, da zama a yankuna daban-daban na Taiwan kamar Wanggang, Dayuan, da Yaogang.Wadannan al'ummomi, daga mutane 500 zuwa 1000, ba su da shugabanci na tsakiya, sau da yawa girmamawa da bin mutumin da ya fi zuriya.Mazaunan sun kasance ’yan wasa da sauri, masu iya gudu mai nisa a cikin gudu irin na dawakai.Sun sasanta rikice-rikice ta hanyar yaƙin da aka amince da su, suna yin farauta, [24] da magance barayi ta hanyar kisa ga jama'a.[25]Yanayin yankin ya yi zafi, wanda hakan ya sa mazauna yankin su sa tufafin da ba su da yawa.Maza suna wasa gajeriyar gashi da huda kunnuwa, mata kuma suna yin tsayin gashi suna ƙawata haƙora.Musamman mata sun kasance masu aiki tuƙuru da masu cin abinci na farko, yayin da mazan suka kasance suna zaman banza.[25] ’Yan asalin ƙasar ba su da tsarin kalandar na yau da kullun, wanda ya sa suka rasa tarihin lokaci da shekarun su.[24]An gina gidajensu ne daga bamboo da ciyayi, kayan da ke da yawa a yankin.Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu suna da "gidan gama-gari" ga mazan da ba su yi aure ba, wanda kuma ya zama wurin taron tattaunawa.Al’adun aure sun kasance na musamman;Lokacin zabar abokin tarayya, yaro zai ba da beads agate ga yarinya mai sha'awa.Karɓar kyautar zai sa a fara zawarcin waƙa, sannan yaron ya shiga tare da dangin yarinyar bayan an yi aure, dalilin da ya sa aka fi fifita ’ya’ya mata.A fannin noma, ƴan ƙasar sun yi noman yankan-baya.Sun noma amfanin gona irin su waken soya, lentil, da sesame, sun kuma sha dadin kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa iri-iri da suka hada da dankalin turawa, citta, da rake.An bayyana shinkafar su a matsayin mafi girma a dandano da tsayi idan aka kwatanta da abin da Chen ya saba da shi.Bukukuwan sun hada da shan barasa da aka yi da shinkafa da ganyaye, tare da wakoki da raye-raye.[26] Abincinsu ya haɗa da barewa da naman alade amma an cire kaji, [27] kuma sun tsunduma cikin farauta ta amfani da bamboo da mashin ƙarfe.Abin sha’awa shi ne, duk da kasancewarsu mazauna tsibirin, ba su shiga cikin teku ba, sun takaita kamun kifi zuwa kananan koguna.A tarihi, a lokacin Yongle, shahararren mai binciken Zheng He ya yi ƙoƙari ya kulla dangantaka da waɗannan kabilun na asali, amma sun kasance ba a ganuwa ba.A cikin shekarun 1560, bayan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku na Wokou, kabilun 'yan asalin kasar sun fara hulda da kasar Sin.'Yan kasuwa na kasar Sin daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban sun kafa hanyar kasuwanci, suna musayar kayayyaki da kayayyakin barewa.'Yan asalin ƙasar sun ba da daraja irin su tufafin Sinawa, sanye da su kawai yayin hulɗar kasuwanci.Chen, yana tunani a kan salon rayuwarsu, ya yaba da sauƙi da gamsuwa.
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Mamayar Tokugawa Shogunate na Taiwan
Jirgin ruwan hatimi na Jafananci ©Anonymous
1616 Jan 1

Mamayar Tokugawa Shogunate na Taiwan

Nagasaki, Japan
A cikin 1616, Tokugawa Shogunate ya ba da umarnin Murayama Tōan don ya mamaye Taiwan.[28] Wannan ya biyo bayan aikin bincike na farko da Arima Harunobu ya yi a cikin 1609. Manufar ita ce kafa tushe don samar da siliki kai tsaye dagakasar Sin , [29] maimakon ya samar da shi daga Macao - Sarrafawa koMutanen Espanya - Manila. .Murayama yana da rundunar jiragen ruwa 13 da kuma mutane wajen 4,000, karkashin jagorancin daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa.Sun bar Nagasaki a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1616. Yunkurin mamayewa ya ƙare cikin rashin nasara.Wata mahaukaciyar guguwa ta tarwatsa rundunar tare da kawo karshen yunkurin mamayar da wuri.[30] Sarkin Ryukyu Sho Nei ya gargadi Ming China game da aniyar Japan na kama tsibirin da kuma yin amfani da shi a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kasar Sin, [29] amma a kowane hali jirgi daya ne ya isa tsibirin kuma ya kasance. sojojin yankin suka tunkara.An yi wa jirgin kwanton bauna ne a kogin Formosan, kuma dukkan ma'aikatanta sun kashe kansu ("seppuku") don guje wa kamawa.[28] Jiragen ruwa da yawa sun karkatar da kansu don yin fashi a gabar tekun China kuma an ba da rahoton "sun kashe sama da 1,200 Sinawa, kuma sun kwashe duk wani bawon ko barasa da suka hadu da su, suna jefa mutanen a cikin ruwa".[31]
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1624 - 1668
Kasashen Holland da Mutanen Espanyaornament
Yaren mutanen Holland Formosa
Kamfanin Dutch East India ©Anonymous
1624 Jan 2 - 1662

Yaren mutanen Holland Formosa

Tainan, Taiwan
Daga 1624 zuwa 1662 da kuma daga 1664 zuwa 1668, tsibirin Taiwan, wanda aka fi sani da Formosa, yana ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka na Jamhuriyar Holland .A lokacin Age of Discovery, Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya kafa tushe a Formosa don sauƙaƙe kasuwanci tare da yankuna makwabta kamar Masarautar Ming aChina da Tokugawa Shogunate aJapan .Bugu da ƙari, sun yi niyya don tinkarar ciniki da yunƙurin mulkin mallaka na Portuguese daMutanen Espanya a Gabashin Asiya.Duk da haka, 'yan kasar Holland sun fuskanci turjiya kuma dole ne su murkushe tashe-tashen hankula daga 'yan asalin kasar da 'yan kabilar Han na baya-bayan nan.Yayin da daular Qing ta bulla a karni na 17, kamfanin kasar Holland na Gabashin Indiya ya sauya mubaya'arsa daga Ming zuwa Qing, domin samun damar shiga hanyoyin kasuwanci ba tare da katsewa ba.Wannan babin mulkin mallaka ya ƙare bayan da sojojin Koxinga suka kewaye Fort Zeelandia a 1662, wanda ya kai ga korar Dutch da kafa Ming-loyalist, daular Tungning mai adawa da Qing.
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Mutanen Espanya Formosa
Mutanen Espanya Formosa. ©Andrew Howat
1626 Jan 1 - 1642

Mutanen Espanya Formosa

Keelung, Taiwan
Sifen Formosa wani yanki ne na Daular Sipaniya da ke arewacin Taiwan daga 1626 zuwa 1642. An kafa shi don kare kasuwancin yanki da Philippines daga tsoma bakin Holland , wani bangare ne na Indies Gabas ta Spain da ke Manila.Duk da haka, mahimmancin yankin ya ragu, kuma hukumomin Spain a Manila ba su son saka hannun jari a cikin tsaro.Bayan shekaru 17, 'yan Holland sun kewaye tare da kama sansanin soja na Spain na karshe, suna samun iko a kan wani yanki mai yawa na Taiwan.Daga ƙarshe an ba da yankin ga Jamhuriyar Holland a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Tamanin.
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An fara a Taiwan
Hakka mace in Taiwan. ©HistoryMaps
1630 Jan 1

An fara a Taiwan

Taoyuan, Taiwan
Hakkas suna zaune a lardunan Honan da Shantung da ke arewacin tsakiyarkasar Sin kimanin karni na uku KZ.Daga nan sai aka tilasta musu ƙaura zuwa kudancin kogin Yangtze don gujewa ɗimbin gungun makiyaya daga arewa.A ƙarshe sun sauka a Kiangsi, Fukien, Kwangtung, Kwangsi, da Hainan.An kira su "baƙi" ta wurin mutanen ƙasar.Fitowar farko na Hakkas zuwa Taiwan ya faru ne a shekara ta 1630 lokacin da yunwa mai tsanani ta addabi yankin.[33] A lokacin zuwan Hakkas, Hoklos sun karɓi mafi kyawun ƙasa kuma an riga an kafa garuruwan.Bugu da ƙari, mutanen biyu sun yi magana da yaruka daban-daban.“Baƙi” sun sami wahalar samun wuri a cikin al’ummomin Hoklo.Yawancin Hakkas an mayar da su yankunan karkara, inda suka yi noma a fili.Yawancin Hakkas har yanzu suna zaune a irin waɗannan yankuna na noma kamar Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, da Pingtung.Waɗanda ke Chiayi, Hualien, da Taitung sun yi ƙaura zuwa can daga wasu wurare a lokacin da Jafanawa suka mamaye.Hijira ta biyu ta Hakkas zuwa Taiwan ta kasance a cikin shekaru kadan bayan 1662, lokacin da Cheng Cheng-kung, janar na kotun Ming kuma aka fi sani da Koxinga a Yamma, ya kori mutanen Holland daga tsibirin.Wasu masana tarihi sun ce Cheng, ɗan ƙasar Amoy, ɗan Hakka ne.Don haka Hakkas sun sake zama "baƙi", saboda yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Taiwan sun zo ne bayan karni na 16.
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Yaƙin Liaoluo Bay
©Anonymous
1633 Jul 7 - Oct 19

Yaƙin Liaoluo Bay

Fujian, China
A karni na 17, gabar tekun kasar Sin ta fuskanci karuwar cinikayyar teku, amma raunanan sojojin ruwan Ming ya baiwa 'yan fashin damar sarrafa wannan ciniki.Fitaccen shugaban 'yan fashin teku, Zheng Zhilong, yana amfani da fasahar Turai, ya mamaye gabar tekun Fujian.A cikin 1628, daular Ming da ke raguwa ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar shi.A halin yanzu, Yaren mutanen Holland , da nufin samun ciniki kyauta akasar Sin , da farko sun kafa matsayi a kan Pescadores.Duk da haka, bayan shan kaye da Ming suka yi, sun koma Taiwan.Zheng, wanda yanzu shi ne Admiral na Ming, ya hada kai da gwamnan Holland Hans Putmans, don yaki da satar fasaha.Duk da haka, an taso ne saboda rashin cika alkawuran kasuwanci da Zheng ya yi, wanda ya kai ga wani harin ba-zata da kasar Holland ta kai kan sansanin Zheng a shekara ta 1633.Tawagar ta Zheng, da ƙirar Turai ta yi tasiri sosai, harin na Holland ya kama su, suna tunanin abokan zama.An lalata akasarin jiragen, tare da wasu ma'aikata kalilan, wadanda suka tsere daga wurin.Bayan wannan harin, 'yan kasar Holland sun mamaye teku, suna kwashe kauyuka tare da kame jiragen ruwa.Har ma sun kafa kawancen 'yan fashin teku.Duk da haka, dabarunsu na zalunci sun haɗa Zheng da abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa.Lokacin da yake shirye-shiryen ramuwar gayya, Zheng ya sake gina rundunarsa, kuma, ta yin amfani da dabaru masu tsauri, yana jiran cikakkiyar damar buga wasan.A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1633, an yi wani gagarumin yaƙin sojan ruwa a Liaoluo Bay.Jirgin ruwan Ming, yana amfani da jiragen ruwan gobara, ya yi mummunar barna a kan mutanen Holland.Mafi kyawun fasahar tuƙi na ƙarshen ya ba wa wasu damar tserewa, amma nasarar gaba ɗaya ta tafi ga Ming.Nasarar da Ming ta samu a tekun Liaoluo ya maido da ikon kasar Sin a mashigin tekun Taiwan, lamarin da ya sa 'yan kasar Holand suka dakatar da fashin da suke yi a gabar tekun kasar Sin.Yayin da 'yan Holland suka yi imanin cewa sun nuna ƙarfinsu, Ming sun ji cewa sun sami gagarumar nasara.An daukaka matsayin Zheng Zhilong bayan yakin, kuma ya yi amfani da tasirinsa wajen baiwa 'yan kasar Holland damar kasuwanci da suke nema.Sakamakon haka, yayin da Zheng ya zabi kada ya sake gina jiragen ruwa irin na Turai da suka bata a harin na 1633, ya karfafa ikon kasuwancin kasar Sin a ketare, ya zama daya daga cikin masu arziki a kasar Sin.
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Yakin Fasifik na Dutch
Robert Junius, daya daga cikin jagororin tafiyar Mattau ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1635 Jan 1 - 1636 Feb

Yakin Fasifik na Dutch

Tainan, Taiwan
A cikin 1630s, Kamfanin Dutch East India Company (VOC) ya yi niyyar faɗaɗa ikonsa a kudu maso yammacin Taiwan, inda suka kafa kafa a Tayouan amma sun fuskanci turjiya daga ƙauyuka na asali.Ƙauyen Mattau ya kasance maƙiya musamman, inda ya yi kwanton bauna tare da kashe sojojin Holland sittin a shekara ta 1629. A cikin 1635, bayan samun ƙarfafawa daga Batavia , Dutch ya fara yaƙi da waɗannan ƙauyuka.Ƙaƙƙarfan nunin ƙarfin sojan Holland ya haifar da saurin mamaye manyan ƙauyuka kamar Mattau da Soulang.Shaidawa haka, ƙauyuka da yawa da ke kewaye da son rai sun nemi zaman lafiya da Yaren mutanen Holland, sun gwammace mika wuya ga rikici.Ƙarfafa mulkin Dutch a kudu maso yamma ya ba da damar samun nasarar mulkin mallaka a nan gaba.Sabbin yankunan da aka samu sun buɗe dama a cikin cinikin barewa, wanda ya zama riba mai yawa ga mutanen Holland.Ban da wannan kuma, filaye masu albarka sun jawo hankalin ma'aikatan Sinawa, wadanda aka shigo da su don yin noma.Ƙauyen ƙauyukan ƙauyukan ƙauyuka ba kawai sun zama abokan ciniki ba har ma sun ba da mayaka don taimakawa Dutch a rikice-rikice daban-daban.Bugu da ƙari, yankin da ya daidaita ya ƙyale ’yan mishan na Holland su yaɗa imaninsu na addini, wanda ya ƙara kafa tushen mulkin mallaka.Wannan zamanin na kwanciyar hankali wani lokaci ana kiransa da Pax Hollandica (Peace Peace) ta malamai da masana tarihi, suna yin daidai da Pax Romana.[39]
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1652 Sep 7 - Sep 11

Tawayen Guo Huaiyi

Tainan, Taiwan
A tsakiyar karni na 17, ' yan kasar Holland sun karfafa yawanSinawa Hanna zuwa Taiwan, musamman daga kudancin Fujian.Waɗannan baƙin, galibi matasa maza marasa aure, sun yi shakkar zama a tsibirin, wanda ya haifar da mummunan suna a tsakanin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da masu bincike.Tashin hankali ya ta'azzara saboda hauhawar farashin shinkafa, harajin Holland na zalunci, da kuma jami'an cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya kai ga tawayen Guo Huaiyi na 1652. Tawayen ya kasance mai mayar da martani kai tsaye ga waɗannan abubuwan kuma Dutch ɗin sun murkushe su, tare da kashe 25% na 'yan tawayen. cikin kankanin lokaci.[32]A karshen shekarun 1640, kalubale daban-daban da suka hada da karuwar yawan jama'a, harajin da Dutch ta kakaba mata, da hani ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin mazauna kasar Sin.A shekara ta 1643, wani ɗan fashin teku mai suna Kinwang ya fara kai hare-hare a ƙauyuka na asali, wanda ya ƙara dagula zaman lafiyar yankin.Daga karshe ‘yan kasar suka kama shi suka mika shi ga ‘yan kasar Holland domin a kashe shi.Duk da haka, gadonsa ya ci gaba lokacin da aka gano wata takarda da ke ingiza Sinawa su yi tawaye ga mutanen Holland.Tawayen da Guo Huaiyi ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1652 ya ga wani babban sojojin kasar Sin na kasar Sin sun kai hari kan Sakam.Duk da yawan su, sun yi fice da haɗin gwiwar wutar lantarki na Holland da mayaƙan asali.Bayan haka, an sami gagarumin kisan kiyashi da aka yi wa 'yan tawayen China, inda dubbai suka rasa rayukansu.Bayan tawaye, Taiwan ta fuskanci matsalar noma sakamakon asarar ma'aikatanta na karkara, domin yawancin 'yan tawayen manoma ne.Girbin da aka samu a shekara ta 1653 ba shi da kyau musamman saboda ƙarancin aiki.Duk da haka, ƙaura da Sinawa da yawa suka yi zuwa Taiwan saboda tashe-tashen hankulan yankin ya haifar da farfadowar aikin gona mai sauƙi a shekara mai zuwa.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Sinawa da Holland ta kara tabarbarewa, inda mutanen Holland suka sanya kansu a matsayin masu kare kasashensu daga fadada Sinawa.A wannan lokacin kuma an sami karuwar kyamar Sinawa, inda aka shawarci 'yan kasar da su kiyaye nesa da Sinawa mazauna.Duk da gagarumin tawaye, 'yan Holland sun yi shirye-shiryen soji kadan, suna dogara da cewa yawancin Sinawa masu arziki sun kasance da aminci a gare su.
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Ƙarshen Tasirin Yaren mutanen Holland a Taiwan
Mika wuya na Fort Zeelandia. ©Jan van Baden
1661 Mar 30 - 1662 Feb 1

Ƙarshen Tasirin Yaren mutanen Holland a Taiwan

Fort Zeelandia, Guosheng Road,
Siege na Fort Zeelandia (1661-1662) ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Taiwan, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ikon Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da kuma shigar da Mulkin Tungning.Yaren mutanen Holland sun kafa kasancewarsu a Taiwan, musamman a Fort Zeelandia da lardin Fort Provintia.Duk da haka, a tsakiyar shekarun 1660, Koxinga, mai biyayya ga Ming , ya ga mahimmancin mahimmancin Taiwan.Makamashi da cikakken sani daga wanda ya sauya sheka kuma yana da manyan runduna da sojoji, Koxinga ya kaddamar da farmaki.Duk da tsayin daka na farko, Dutch ɗin sun yi nasara kuma sun yi nasara.Bayan da aka daɗe ana yaƙi, da raguwar kayayyaki, kuma ba su da bege na ƙarfafawa, ƴan ƙasar Holland, karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Frederick Coyett, sun mika wuya ga Fort Zeelandia ga Koxinga.Bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da munanan dabaru yayin rikicin.Sinawa sun kama fursunonin Holland da yawa, kuma bayan yunƙurin shawarwarin da suka gaza, sun kashe da yawa, ciki har da ɗan mishan Antonius Hambroek.An bautar da mata da yaran Holland, inda aka tilasta wa wasu matan zama ƙwaraƙwara.Har ila yau, mutanen Holland sun yi taho-mu-gama da al'ummomin yankin Taiwan na yankin, wadanda a lokuta daban-daban suka yi kawance da 'yan kasar Holland da Sinawa.Bayan harin, 'yan kasar Holland sun yi yunkurin kwato yankunansu da suka bata amma sun fuskanci kalubale.Sun kulla kawance da daular Qing a kan sojojin Zheng, wanda ya haifar da fadace-fadacen jiragen ruwa a lokaci-lokaci.A shekara ta 1668, juriya na ƙabilanci da ƙalubalen dabaru sun tilasta wa mutanen Holland barin sansaninsu na ƙarshe a Keelung, wanda ke nuna cikakkiyar ficewarsu daga Taiwan.Sai dai an ci gaba da gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin 'yan kasar Holand da Koxinga, inda 'yan kasar suka kara shan kashi.
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Play button
1661 Jun 14 - 1683

Masarautar Tungning

Tainan, Taiwan
Masarautar Tungning wata ƙasa ce mai daɗaɗɗen ruwa wacce ke mulkin wasu sassa na kudu maso yammacin Taiwan da tsibirin Penghu daga 1661 zuwa 1683. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) ne ya kafa ta wanda ya canza sunan Zeelandia zuwa Anping da lardin zuwa Chikan [40] bayan ya karɓe ikon Taiwan. daga Dutch .A ranar 29 ga Mayu 1662, an sake sunan Chikan zuwa "Ming Eastern Capital" (Dongdu Mingjing).Daga baya "Babban birnin Gabas" (Dongdu) an sake masa suna Dongning (Tungning), wanda ke nufin "Eastern Pacification," [41]An amince da ita a matsayin jiha ta farko a tarihin Taiwan da ta kasance mafi rinjayen kabilar Han, tasirinta a teku ya mamaye manyan hanyoyin teku a cikin tekun kasar Sin guda biyu, tare da hada-hadar kasuwanci dagaJapan zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Masarautar ta kasance tushe ga masu biyayya ga daular Ming , wanda daular Qing ta mamayekasar Sin .A lokacin mulkinta, Taiwan ta fuskanci rugujewa yayin da daular Zheng ke da niyyar karfafa juriya da Qing.Masarautar ta wanzu har zuwa shigarta cikin daular Qing a shekara ta 1683.
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Sincization
Zheng Jing ©HistoryMaps
1665 Jan 1

Sincization

Taiwan
Zheng Jing ya ci gaba da gadon sarautar Ming a Taiwan, yana samun goyon bayan masu biyayya ga Ming .Gwamnatinsa karkashin jagorancin iyalai da jami’ansa, ta mayar da hankali ne kan ayyukan noma da samar da ababen more rayuwa.A shekara ta 1666, Taiwan ta kasance mai dogaro da kanta dangane da girbin hatsi.[42] A karkashin mulkinsa, an kafa cibiyoyin al'adu da ilimi daban-daban, ciki har da Kwalejin Imperial da Confucian Shrine, tare da aiwatar da jarrabawar aikin farar hula na yau da kullum.[43] Zheng Jing ya kuma nemi ilmantar da kabilun na asali, inda ya gabatar da su ga ci gaban fasahar noma da harshen Sinanci.[44]Duk da yunƙurin da aka yi na haɗa ƴan ƙabilar ƙasar, faɗaɗa matsugunan Sinawa ya haifar da tashin hankali da tawaye.Mulkin Zheng Jing ya kasance mai tsauri ga waɗanda suka bijirewa manufofinsa;misali an kashe 'yan kabilar Shalu dari da dama a wani yakin neman zabe.A lokaci guda kuma, yawan jama'ar Sinawa a Taiwan sun ninka fiye da ninki biyu, [45] kuma an mayar da sojojin soja zuwa yankunan soja.A shekara ta 1684, gonakin Taiwan ya ninka sau uku idan aka kwatanta da yadda yake a ƙarshen zamanin Netherlands a 1660. [46] Jiragen ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Zheng sun sami damar ci gaba da hulɗar kasuwanci da Japan da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, suna samun riba ta mashigin Taiwan.Taiwan karkashin Zheng Jing ba wai kawai ta mallaki wasu kayayyaki kamar fata barewa da rake ba, har ma ta sami rarrabuwar kawuna a fannin tattalin arziki fiye da yankin Holland da ta maye gurbinsa.Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarshen mulkin Zheng a shekara ta 1683, gwamnati tana samar da fiye da kashi 30 cikin 100 na kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara na azurfa fiye da a karkashin mulkin Holland a 1655.
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Gasar Qing ta Taiwan
Navy na daular Qing ©Anonymous
1683 Jul 1

Gasar Qing ta Taiwan

Penghu, Taiwan
Shi Lang, wanda da farko shugaban soja ne a karkashin Zheng Zhilong, daga baya ya koma daular Qing bayan rikici da Zheng Chenggong.A matsayinsa na wani bangare na Qing, Shi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin da ake yi da sojojin Zheng, ta hanyar amfani da cikakken iliminsa game da ayyukan cikin gida na Zheng.Ya ci gaba da matsayi kuma aka nada shi a matsayin kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Fujian a shekara ta 1662. A cikin shekaru da yawa, ya ci gaba da ba da shawarwari da kuma jagorantar ayyukan ta'addanci a kan Zheng, har ma ya yi karo da sojojin Holland a cikin ayyukansa.A shekara ta 1664, duk da wasu nasarorin da aka samu, Shi bai iya kawar da babban birnin Zheng gaba daya a babban yankin kasar Sin ba.Shi Lang ya ba da shawarar kai hari kan Taiwan bisa manyan tsare-tsare, yana mai jaddada bukatar yin riga-kafi kan Zheng.Duk da haka, rashin jituwa game da tsarin da jami'ai kamar Yao Qisheng ya haifar da rikici na tsarin mulki.Shirin Shi'a ya mayar da hankali ne kan kame Penghu da farko, amma Yao ya ba da shawarar kai hare-hare a lokaci guda a bangarori da dama.Da farko Sarkin Kangxi bai baiwa Shi cikakken ikon mamayewa ba.A halin da ake ciki, a cikin Taiwan, rikice-rikice na cikin gida da matsin lamba na waje sun raunana matsayin Zheng, wanda ya haifar da koma baya da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali.A shekara ta 1683, Shi, yanzu yana da manyan runduna da sojoji, ya fara mamaye Taiwan.Bayan da aka samu koma baya na farko da kuma sake haduwa da dabara, sojojin Shi'a sun fatattaki rundunar ta Zheng da ke gabar tekun Magong, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar Zheng mai yawa.Bayan wannan nasara, dakarun Qing sun yi gaggawar kwace birnin Penghu da kuma Taiwan.Jagororin tsibirin, ciki har da Zheng Keshuang, sun mika wuya a hukumance, sun rungumi al'adun Qing tare da kawo karshen mulkin Zheng a Taiwan yadda ya kamata.
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1683 - 1895
Dokar Qingornament
1684 Jan 1 - 1795

Qing Taiwan: Maza, Hijira, da Aure

Taiwan
A lokacin mulkin daular Qing a kan Taiwan, da farko gwamnati ta takaita kaura daga babban yankin zuwa Taiwan saboda fargabar yawan jama'a da haifar da rikici.Duk da haka, ƙaura ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ya bunƙasa, yayin da ƙarancin ma'aikata na cikin gida ya sa jami'ai su kalli wata hanya ko ma su shawo kan mutane.A cikin karni na 18, gwamnatin Qing ta yi watsi da manufofin ƙaura, a wasu lokuta tana barin iyalai su shiga Taiwan, a wasu lokutan kuma ta hana su.Wadannan rashin daidaituwa sun haifar da yawancin mazauna ƙaura waɗanda sukan yi aure a cikin gida, suna haifar da kalmar "yana da mahaifin Tangshan, babu mahaifiyar Tangshan."Gwamnatin Qing ta yi taka-tsan-tsan a tsarin tafiyar da harkokin Taiwan, musamman game da fadada yankuna da mu'amala da 'yan asalin tsibirin.Da farko sun iyakance ikon gudanarwa zuwa manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da wasu wuraren fili, suna buƙatar izini ga mazauna don fadadawa fiye da waɗannan yankuna.A tsawon lokaci, saboda ci gaba da kwato filaye da ƙaura ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, Qing ya tsawaita iko a duk filayen yamma.An karkasa mutanen asali zuwa waɗanda suka ƙirƙira (shufan) da waɗanda ba su da (shengfan), amma ƙoƙarin gudanar da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ya yi kadan.An kafa iyakoki don ware ƴan ƙabila daga mazauna kuma an ƙarfafa su sau da yawa cikin shekaru.Duk da haka, aiwatar da aikin ya yi rauni, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da mamaye mazauna yankunan na asali.Duk da irin tsattsauran ra'ayi da gwamnatin Qing ta yi na tafiyar da al'amuran 'yan asalin kasar, mazauna yankin sukan yi amfani da auren mata 'yan asalin a matsayin hanyar neman fili, wanda a shekarar 1737 aka haramta irin wadannan kungiyoyin.A karshen karni na 18, gwamnatin Qing ta fara sassauta tsauraran ka'idojinta game da ƙaura daga mashigin teku, kuma daga ƙarshe ta daina tsoma baki cikin himma, a ƙarshe ta soke duk wani takunkumi kan shiga Taiwan a shekara ta 1875.
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Tawayen Aborijin
Kama Zhuang Datian. ©Anonymous
1720 Jan 1 - 1786

Tawayen Aborijin

Taiwan
A lokacin mulkin daular Qing a kan Taiwan, an yi tawaye iri-iri, wanda ke nuna sarkakiya tsakanin kabilu daban-daban da jihar.A shekara ta 1723, ƙabilun ƙabilun da ke tsakiyar bakin tekun da mazauna Han a gundumar Fengshan sun yi tawaye dabam-dabam, wanda ya nuna rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin mazauna yankin da kuma mulkin Qing.A cikin 1720, tawayen Zhu Yigui ya fito a matsayin mayar da martani ga ƙarin haraji, yana kwatanta matsin tattalin arziki da jama'ar yankin ke ji.Zhu Yigui da shugaban Hakka Lin Junying ne suka jagoranci 'yan tawayen a wani gagarumin nasara da suka samu kan dakarun Qing a fadin Taiwan.Duk da haka, kawancensu bai daɗe ba, kuma an aika da rundunar Qing ƙarƙashin Shibian don murkushe tawayen.An kama Zhu Yigui tare da kashe shi, tare da kashe daya daga cikin manyan boren kin jinin Qing na Taiwan a wannan lokacin.A shekara ta 1786, wani sabon tawaye ya barke karkashin jagorancin Lin Shuangwen na al'ummar Tiandihui, wanda ya haifar da kame 'yan al'umma saboda kaucewa biyan haraji.Tun da farko dai tawayen ya kara karfi, inda 'yan tawaye da dama suka kunshi sabbin bakin haure daga babban yankin kasar Sin wadanda suka yi ta faman neman filaye.Duk da yunkurin neman goyon baya daga al'ummar Hakka, Qing ta yi nasarar murkushe boren da aka yi a shekara ta 1788 tare da dakaru 50,000 karkashin jagorancin Li Shiyao, daga baya kuma, karin dakarun da Fuk'anggan da Hailanqa suka jagoranta.Ba kamar tashe-tashen hankula na baya ba, tawayen Tiandihui ba wai korafe-korafe na kasa ko na kabilanci ne ya motsa shi ba, amma ya kasance alama ce ta faffadan tarzomar zamantakewa.An kashe Lin Shuangwen, wanda ke nuna kawo karshen wani gagarumin kalubale ga hukumar Qing a Taiwan.A cikin shekaru 200 na mulkin Qing, an lura cewa, mazauna karkara galibi ba 'yan tawaye ba ne, kuma an bar mazaunan tsaunuka su kadai har zuwa shekaru na karshe na gwamnatin Qing.Yawancin tawaye mazauna Han ne suka fara, galibi saboda dalilai kamar haraji ko rashin jituwa a tsakanin al'umma maimakon muradun kabilanci ko na kasa.
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Yunkurin mamayar da Birtaniyya ta yi a Taiwan
Jirgin ruwan Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya (karni na 19) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1840 Jan 1 - 1841

Yunkurin mamayar da Birtaniyya ta yi a Taiwan

Keelung, Taiwan
A shekara ta 1831, Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ya yanke shawarar cewa ba ya son yin kasuwanci tare daSinawa a kan sharuɗɗansu kuma ya tsara matakan da suka dace.Idan aka yi la’akari da dabaru da darajar kasuwancin Taiwan, akwai shawarwarin Birtaniyya a cikin 1840 da 1841 don kwace tsibirin.William Huttman ya rubuta wa Lord Palmerston yana mai nuni da "Kyakkyawan mulkin China akan Taiwan da kuma dabarun kasuwanci da tsibirin."[47] Ya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya mamaye Taiwan da jirgin ruwan yaki kawai da sojoji kasa da 1,500, kuma Ingilishi za su iya yada addinin Kiristanci a tsakanin 'yan kasar tare da bunkasa kasuwanci.[48] ​​A cikin 1841, lokacin Yaƙin Opium na Farko , Burtaniya sun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka tsayin daka a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Keelung sau uku amma sun kasa.[49 <] > Daga ƙarshe, Birtaniya ba su iya kafa kafa mai ƙarfi ba, kuma ana ɗaukar balaguron gazawa.
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Expedition na Formosa
Hare-haren da sojojin ruwa na Amurka da na jiragen ruwa suka kai kan 'yan fashin teku na tsibirin Formosa, Gabashin Indiya, Harper's Weekly ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1867 Jun 1

Expedition na Formosa

Hengchun, Hengchun Township, P
Balaguron Formosa wani balaguro ne na ladabtarwa da Amurka ta kaddamar kan Paiwan, ƴan asalin kabilar Taiwan.An gudanar da wannan balaguron ne domin ramuwar gayya kan lamarin Rover, inda aka farfasa rover, wani bawon Ba'amurke, tare da kashe ma'aikatansa da mayaka na Paiwan suka yi a watan Maris na 1867. Wani kamfanin sojan ruwa da na ruwa na Amurka ya sauka a kudancin Taiwan kuma ya yi yunkurin shiga cikin tekun Taiwan. Kauyen Paiwan.Mutanen Paiwan sun mayar da martani da yakin sari-ka-noke, suka yi ta kwanton bauna, da fafatawa, da ficewa da kuma ja da baya.Daga karshe dai an kashe kwamandan sojojin ruwa, inda suka koma cikin jirginsu saboda gajiya da tsananin zafi, sai Paiwan suka watse suka koma cikin daji.Ana ɗaukar matakin a matsayin gazawar Amurka.
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Lamarin Mudan
Ryūjō ita ce alamar balaguron Taiwan. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1874 May 6 - Dec 3

Lamarin Mudan

Taiwan
A watan Disamba na 1871, wani jirgin ruwa na Ryukyuan ya nutse a gabar tekun Taiwan, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar ma'aikatan ruwa 54 a hannun 'yan asalin Paiwan.Wannan lamari da aka fi sani da Mudan Incident, daga karshe ya dauki hankalin duniya.Da farko, daular Qing , wacce ke da dogon tarihi na maido da wadanda suka tsira daga jirgin ruwa na Ryukyuan, ta magance lamarin ta hanyar ba da damar dawo da ma'aikatan jirgin da suka tsira.Duk da haka, lamarin ya tayar da tarzoma a siyasance, musamman lokacin da Janar Sukenori Kabayama na Japan ya ba da shawarar daukar matakin soji kan Taiwan, kumaJapan ta tsige sarkin Ryukyuan.Tattaunawar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan da Qing ta kara tsananta, inda ta kai ga ziyarar da sojojin Japan suka kai Taiwan a shekara ta 1874. Duk da nasarorin da aka samu a farko, balaguron ya fuskanci koma baya, ciki har da yakin neman zabe daga kabilun 'yan asalin kasar, da barkewar zazzabin cizon sauro da ya yi illa ga sojojin.Wakilan Qing da kabilun yankin sun koka da cin zarafi na Japan amma an yi watsi da su.Jafanawan sun kafa sansani da tutoci, inda suka tabbatar da ikonsu kan yankunan da suka ci karo da su.Daga karshe, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da tabarbarewar lafiyar sojojin kasar Japan sun kai ga yin shawarwarin diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan da Qing China, wanda ya haifar da yarjejeniyar Peking.Kasar Japan ta samu amincewar Ryukyu a matsayin kasarta, kuma ta samu biyan diyya daga kasar Sin, inda daga karshe ta janye sojojinta daga Taiwan a watan Disamba na shekarar 1874. Lamarin da ya faru a Mudan da abin da ya biyo bayansa ya kasance wani muhimmin batu a huldar dake tsakanin Sin da Japan, wanda ke nuna yadda kasar Japan ke ci gaba da tabbatar da zaman lafiya a yankin. al'amura da kuma kafa tarihi ga rigingimun da ke faruwa a nan gaba tsakanin kasashen biyu.
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Ƙarfafawa da Juriya: Aboriginen Taiwan a ƙarƙashin Dokar Qing
©Anonymous
1875 Jan 1 - 1895

Ƙarfafawa da Juriya: Aboriginen Taiwan a ƙarƙashin Dokar Qing

Taiwan
Tun daga shekarar 1874 zuwa karshen mulkin Qing a Taiwan ya kasance da gagarumin kokarin da ake yi na yin iko da tsibirin da kuma zamanantar da shi.Bayan mamayarda Japan ta yi na wucin gadi a shekara ta 1874, gwamnatin Qing ta yi niyyar karfafa ikonta kan Taiwan, musamman a yankunan da 'yan kabilar ke zaune.An fara ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, da suka hada da hanyoyin tsaunuka da layukan telegraph, kuma an shigar da kabilu na asali a karkashin mulkin Qing.Duk da wannan kokarin, Qing ya fuskanci kalubale kamar yakin Sin da Faransa, wanda ya sa Faransa ta mamaye wasu sassan Taiwan na wani dan lokaci.Taiwan ta sami sauye-sauye iri-iri a harkokin mulki da ababen more rayuwa a karkashin mulkin Qing.Liu Mingchuan, kwamishinan tsaron Taiwan, ya taka rawar gani musamman a kokarin zamani, ciki har da samar da hasken wutar lantarki, da layin dogo, da injinan masana'antu.Koyaya, waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun gamu da ƙarancin nasara kuma sun jawo suka game da tsadar su dangane da fa'idodin su.Daga ƙarshe Liu ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1891, kuma ƙoƙarin yin mulkin mallaka ya ƙare.Ya zuwa karshen zamanin Qing, tsibirin yana da mazauna Sinawa kusan miliyan 2.5 a cikin filayen yammacin duniya, yayin da yankunan tsaunuka suka kasance masu cin gashin kansu da 'yan asalin kasar.Ko da yake an yi kokarin mayar da 'yan kabilar Qing karkashin ikon Qing, inda kimanin 148,479 suka gabatar da su a hukumance, amma kudin da aka kashe a wannan kokarin ya yi yawa kuma ba ya da inganci.Bugu da ƙari, ƙirƙira ya haifar da babban tasiri, wanda ya lalata al'adu da matsayin mallakar filaye na ƴan ƙauyuka.
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Yakin Keelung
La Galissonnière ta yi ruwan bama-bamai kan kariyar Sinawa a Keelung, 5 ga Agusta 1884 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1884 Aug 1 - 1885 Mar

Yakin Keelung

Taiwan, Northern Taiwan
A lokacin yakin Sino da Faransa, Faransawa sun kai hari kan Taiwan a yakin Keelung na shekarar 1884. Da farko sojojin Faransa karkashin jagorancin Sébastien Lespès sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a tashar jiragen ruwa na Keelung, amma sun fuskanci turjiya daga babban sojojinkasar Sin karkashin Liu Mingchuan, lamarin da ya tilasta musu janyewa.Duk da haka, a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, Amédée Courbet ya jagoranci sojojin Faransa 2,250 don samun nasarar kama Keelung, duk da rashin nasarar daukar Tamsui.Bayan haka Faransawa sun sanya wa Taiwan wani shingen shinge, amma wani bangare ne kawai ya yi tasiri.Jiragen ruwan Faransa sun kama wasu barasa a kusa da gabar tekun kasar Sin don yin amfani da mutanen da ke ciki wajen gina ayyukan tsaro a Keelung, amma kayayyakin da ake amfani da su sun ci gaba da isa Takau da Anping, lamarin da ya lalata shingen.A karshen watan Janairun 1885, sojojin kasar Sin sun sha kashi sosai a kusa da Keelung.Duk da kwace birnin, Faransawa sun kasa tsawaita ikonsu fiye da iyakokinsa.Yunkurin kama Tamsui ya ci tura a cikin watan Maris, kuma wani harin bam da sojojin ruwan Faransa suka kai ya kai ga mika wuya na Penghu.Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin sojojin Faransa sun kamu da rashin lafiya jim kaɗan bayan haka, inda suka raunana ƙarfinsu.An kai hari a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1885, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen tashin.Faransawa sun kammala kwashe su daga Keelung a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, kuma Penghu ya ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin ikon kasar Sin.Duk da nasarorin farko da suka samu da kuma sanya shinge, yakin Faransa a Taiwan a ƙarshe ya haifar da iyakataccen riba mai mahimmanci.
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1895 - 1945
Daular Japanornament
Daular Qing ta mika Taiwan ga Japan
Woodblock Print of Treaty of Shimonoseki shawarwari ©Courtesy of Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
1895 Apr 17

Daular Qing ta mika Taiwan ga Japan

Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
Yarjejeniyar Shimonoseki wata yarjejeniya ce da aka sanya hannu a otal din Shunpanrō, Shimonoseki, Japan a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1895, tsakanin DaularJapan da Qing China, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin Sino-Japan na farko.Daga cikin sharuddan yarjejeniya.Labari na 2 & 3: Kasar Sin ta mika wa kasar Japan cikin dawwama da cikakken ikon mallakar kungiyar Pescadores, Formosa (Taiwan) da yankin gabas na gabar tekun Liaodong Peninsula (Dalian) tare da duk wani katafaren kagara, da makamai, da dukiyoyin jama'a.A lokacin taron kolin da aka yi tsakanin wakilan Japan da Qing a watan Maris da Afrilu na shekarar 1895, firaministan kasar Hirobumi Ito da ministan harkokin wajen kasar Munemitsu Mutsu sun so rage karfin daular Qing a zirin Koriya ba kadai ba, har ma da tsibirin Taiwan.Bugu da ƙari, Mutsu ya riga ya lura da muhimmancinsa don faɗaɗa ikon sojan Japan zuwa kudancin Sin da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Har ila yau, zamanin mulkin mallaka ne, don haka Japan ta yi burin yin koyi da abin da ƙasashen yammacin duniya ke yi.Daular Japan tana neman mallaka da albarkatu a yankin Koriya da babban yankin kasar Sin don yin gogayya da kasancewar kasashen yamma a lokacin.Wannan ita ce hanyar da shugabannin Japan suka zaɓa don kwatanta irin saurin da Imperial Japan ta samu idan aka kwatanta da yammacin Turai tun lokacin da aka dawo da Meiji a shekara ta 1867, da kuma yadda take son gyara yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba da kasashen yamma suka kulla a Gabas mai Nisa.A gun taron zaman lafiya tsakanin Daular Qing da Daular Qing, Li Hongzhang da Li Jingfang, jakadu a teburin shawarwari na daular Qing, tun da farko ba su yi shirin mika Taiwan ba, saboda sun fahimci babban wurin da Taiwan ke yin ciniki da kasashen yamma.Saboda haka, ko da yake Qing ya yi rashin nasara a yakin da Birtaniya da Faransa a karni na 19, Sarkin Qing ya kasance da gaske game da kiyaye Taiwan karkashin mulkinsa, wanda ya fara a 1683.A rabin farko na taron, Ito da Mutsu sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba da cikakken ikon mallakar Taiwan wani sharadi ne cikakke, kuma sun nemi Li ya mika cikakken ikon tsibirin Penghu da kuma gabashin gabar tekun Liaotung (Dalian).Li Hongzhang ya ki amincewa da cewa, Taiwan ba ta taba zama fagen fama ba a lokacin yakin farko na yakin Sino da Japan tsakanin 1894 zuwa 1895. A matakin karshe na taron, yayin da Li Hongzhang ya amince da mika cikakken ikon tsibirin Penghu da gabashin kasar Sin. wani yanki na gabar tekun Liaotung Peninsula zuwa Imperial Japan, har yanzu ya ki mika Taiwan.Kamar yadda Taiwan ta kasance lardi tun 1885, Li ya ce, "Taiwan ta riga ta zama lardi, don haka ba za a ba da ita ba."Duk da haka, yayin da mulkin mallaka na Japan ya sami damar yin amfani da soja, kuma daga bisani Li ya bar Taiwan.A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1895, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Daular Japan da daular Qing, sannan kuma nasarar da Japan ta mamaye Taiwan ta biyo baya.Wannan ya yi tasiri mai girma da dorewa ga Taiwan, mayar da tsibirin zuwa ga Imperial Japan wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Qing na shekaru 200 duk da tsayin daka da kasar Sin ta yi kan mamayar yankin, wanda Japanawa suka yi gaggawar rushe shi.
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1895 Apr 17 - 1945

Taiwan karkashin mulkin Japan

Taiwan
Taiwan ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Jafan ne a shekara ta 1895 bayan yerjejeniyar Shimonoseki, wadda ta ƙareyakin farko na Sin da Japan .Daular Qing ta mika yankin gakasar Japan , wanda ya kai shekaru hamsin na mulkin kasar Japan.Tsibirin ya yi aiki a matsayin mulkin mallaka na farko na Japan kuma an yi niyya ya zama "mallakar abin ƙira," tare da saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin ci gaban tattalin arziki da jama'a.Har ila yau, Japan ta yi niyya don haɗa Taiwan ta al'ada kuma ta kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban akan muhimman kayayyaki kamar opium, gishiri, da man fetur.Ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya kawo ƙarshen ikon mulkin Japan a kan Taiwan.Kasar Japan ta mika wuya a watan Satumba na shekarar 1945, kuma jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) ta karbi ikon mallakar yankin, bayan da aka ba da umarni mai lamba 1. Japan a hukumance ta yi watsi da ikon mallakar Taiwan tare da yarjejeniyar San Francisco, wadda ta fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Afrilu. 1952.Zamanin mulkin Japan ya bar gado mai sarkakiya a Taiwan.Tattaunawar bayan yakin duniya na biyu a Taiwan na da ra'ayoyi mabambanta kan batutuwa da dama da suka shafi wannan zamani, ciki har da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1947, da ranar sake dawo da Taiwan, da halin da matan Taiwan ke ciki.Kwarewar ta kuma taka rawa a ci gaba da muhawara game da kasancewar Taiwan ta kasa da kabila, da kuma yunkurinta na 'yancin kai.
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Yunkurin mamayar Japanawa kan Taiwan
Sojojin Japan sun mamaye Taipei, 7 ga Yuni 1895 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1895 May 29 - Oct 18

Yunkurin mamayar Japanawa kan Taiwan

Tainan, Taiwan
Yunkurin mamaye Taiwan wani rikici ne tsakanin DaularJapan da sojojin Jamhuriyar Formosa na gajeren lokaci bayan da Daular Qing ta janye Taiwan zuwa Japan a watan Afrilun 1895 a karshen yakin farko na Sin da Japan .Jafanawan sun nemi karbe ikon mallakar sabon mallakarsu, yayin da sojojin Republican suka yi yaki don adawa da mamayar Japan.Jafanawa sun sauka a kusa da Keelung a arewacin gabar tekun Taiwan a ranar 29 ga Mayun 1895, kuma a cikin yakin neman zabe na tsawon watanni biyar sun nufi kudu zuwa Tainan.Ko da yake ci gaban da suka samu ya ragu ta hanyar ayyukan gungun, Jafanawa sun ci nasara da sojojin Formosan (haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin Sinawa na yau da kullum da na Hakka na gida) a duk lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari su tsaya.Nasarar da Japan ta samu a Baguashan a ranar 27 ga Agusta, yaƙi mafi girma da aka taɓa yi a ƙasar Taiwan, ya halaka juriyar Formosan da aka yi da wuri.Faduwar Tainan a ranar 21 ga Oktoba ta kawo karshen tsarin adawa da mamayar Japan, da kuma kaddamar da mulkin Japan na shekaru 5 a Taiwan.
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Juriya da Makami ga Dokar Jafananci
Tashin Musha (Wushe) a 1930, karkashin jagorancin al'ummar Seediq. ©Seediq Bale (2011)
1895 Nov 1 - 1930 Jan

Juriya da Makami ga Dokar Jafananci

Taiwan
Mulkin mulkin mallakana Japan a Taiwan, wanda ya fara a 1895, ya gamu da gagarumin turjiya da makami wanda ya dade har zuwa farkon karni na 20.Jumhuriyar Formosa, jami'an Qing , da kuma 'yan sa-kai na gida ne suka jagoranci turjiya ta farko.Tun bayan faduwar Taipei, an ci gaba da yin bore da makami, inda mazauna kauyen Hakka da 'yan kishin kasar Sin suka jagoranci tayar da kayar baya.Musamman ma, an kashe dubbai a kisan kiyashi da tashe-tashen hankula daban-daban kamar kisan kiyashin Yunlin da kuma yakin gwagwarmaya na farko na 1895. An shawo kan manyan tawaye a shekara ta 1902, amma abubuwan da suka faru kamar tashin Beipu a 1907 da Tapani a 1915 sun nuna tashin hankali da tashin hankali. bijirewa mulkin Japan.Al'ummomin ƴan asalin suma sun yi tsayayya da ikon Jafananci har zuwa 1930s.Yakin da sojojin gwamnati suka yi a yankunan tsaunuka na Taiwan ya yi sanadin lalata kauyukan 'yan asalin kasar da dama, musamman abin da ya shafi kabilun Atayal da Bunun.Tashin hankali na ƙarshe na ƴan asalin ƙasa shine Tashin Musha (Wushe) a 1930, wanda al'ummar Seediq suka jagoranta.Wannan tawaye ya yi sanadin mutuwar ɗaruruwan mutane tare da kashe kashen shugabannin Seediq.Mummunan adawar mulkin Jafananci ya haifar da sauyi a manufofin mulkin mallaka, gami da matsayar sasantawa ga ƴan asalin ƙasar bayan waki'ar Musha.Duk da haka, gadon juriya ya yi tasiri sosai a tarihin Taiwan da kuma tunawa da gama-gari, yana mai da hankali kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin 'yan mulkin mallaka da masu mulkin mallaka.Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan zamani sun yi tasiri sosai a cikin zamantakewar jama'a da siyasa na Taiwan, suna ci gaba da yin tasiri a muhawara da ra'ayi game da ainihin kasa da kuma tarihin tarihi.
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1927 Aug 1 - 1949 Dec 7

Yakin basasar kasar Sin

China
An yi yakin basasa na kasar Sin tsakanin gwamnatin Kuomintang (KMT) ta gwamnatin jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) da dakarun jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP), wanda ya dau lokaci bayan shekara ta 1927.Gabaɗaya yaƙin ya kasu kashi biyu tare da tsaka mai wuya: daga watan Agusta 1927 zuwa 1937, KMT-CCP ​​Alliance ya ruguje a lokacin balaguron arewa, kuma masu kishin ƙasa ke iko da yawancin Sinawa.Daga shekara ta 1937 zuwa 1945, an dakatar da tashin hankali yayin da kungiyar hadin kan kasa ta biyu ta yaki da Japanawa ta mamaye kasar Sin tare da taimakon kasashen kawancen yakin duniya na biyu , amma ko a lokacin hadin gwiwa tsakanin KMT da CCP ya kasance kadan kuma fada tsakanin makamai sun kasance na kowa.Wani abin da ya kara dagula rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin kasar Sin shi ne, an kafa wata gwamnatin 'yar tsana, wadda Japan ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, wadda aka fi sani da Wang Jingwei, wadda za ta gudanar da sunan mulkin sassan kasar Sin karkashin mamayar Japan.Yakin basasa ya sake komawa da zarar an bayyana cewa an kusa shan kaye a Japan, kuma jam'iyyar CCP ta samu galaba a kashi na biyu na yakin daga 1945 zuwa 1949, wanda gaba daya ake kira da juyin juya halin gurguzu na kasar Sin.'Yan gurguzu sun sami iko da babban yankin kasar Sin, suka kafa jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC) a shekarar 1949, lamarin da ya tilasta wa shugabancin jamhuriyar Sin komawa tsibirin Taiwan.Tun daga shekarun 1950, an samu dawwamammiyar takaddamar siyasa da ta soji tsakanin bangarorin biyu na mashigin Taiwan, inda ROC na Taiwan da PRC a babban yankin kasar Sin, dukkansu suka yi ikirarin cewa su ne halaltacciyar gwamnatin kasar Sin.Bayan rikicin mashigin tekun Taiwan na biyu, dukkansu sun daina wuta cikin dabara a shekarar 1979;duk da haka, ba a taɓa sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ko makamai ba.
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1937 Jan 1 - 1945

Wurin murhu

Taiwan
A lokacin mulkin mallakana Jafanawa a Taiwan, gwamnatin Meiji ta aiwatar da cuku-cuwa mai karfi da kuma tsare-tsare don kafa iko.Count Kodama Gentarō, Gwamna-Janar na huɗu, da Gotō Shinpei, Babban Jami'in Harkokin Cikin Gida, sun gabatar da tsarin "karas da sanda" game da mulki.[34] Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman gyare-gyare na Gotō shine tsarin Hoko, wanda aka saba da shi daga tsarin baojia na daular Qing , don sarrafa ikon al'umma.Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi tsara al'ummomi zuwa rukunin gidaje goma, wanda ake kira Ko, don ayyuka kamar tattara haraji da lura da yawan jama'a.Gotō ya kuma kafa ofisoshin 'yan sanda a duk fadin tsibirin, wadanda suka dauki karin ayyuka kamar ilimi da kuma kula da kananan tattalin arziki a yankunan karkara da na asali.A shekara ta 1914, ƙungiyar haɗin kai ta Taiwan, wanda Itagaki Taisuke ke jagoranta, ta nemi haɗa Taiwan da Japan, don amsa kiraye-kirayen daga manyan mutanen Taiwan.An kafa al'ummar Taiwan Dokakai don wannan dalili kuma cikin sauri ta sami goyon baya daga jama'ar Japan da Taiwan.Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an watse al'umma, aka kama shugabanninta.Ba a cika samun cikakkiyar haɗuwa ba, kuma an kiyaye manufar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Jafanawa da Taiwan har zuwa 1922. [35] 'Yan Taiwan da suka ƙaura zuwa Japan don yin karatu na iya haɗa kai cikin 'yanci amma sun kasance suna sane da ainihin asalinsu.A cikin 1937, yayin da Japan ta tafi yaki dakasar Sin , gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta aiwatar da manufofin kominka da ke da nufin Japaning al'ummar Taiwan gaba daya.Wannan ya haɗa da kawar da al'adun Taiwan, gami da hana harshen Sinanci daga jaridu da ilimi, [36] shafe tarihin China da Taiwan, [37] da maye gurbin al'adun Taiwan na gargajiya da al'adun Japan.Duk da wannan yunƙurin, sakamakon ya kasance gauraye;kawai kashi 7% na Taiwanese sun karɓi sunayen Jafananci, [38] kuma yawancin iyalai masu ilimi sun kasa koyon yaren Jafananci.Wadannan manufofin sun bar tasiri mai ɗorewa a kan yanayin al'adun Taiwan, tare da jaddada sarƙaƙƙiyar yanayin tarihin mulkin mallaka.
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1945
Jamhuriyar Chinaornament
Ranar Juyawar Taiwan
Chen (dama) yana karɓar oda na 1 da Rikichi Andō (hagu) ya sanya wa hannu, Gwamna-Janar na Jafan na Taiwan na ƙarshe, a zauren birnin Taipei. ©Anonymous
1945 Oct 25

Ranar Juyawar Taiwan

Taiwan
A watan Satumba na shekarar 1945, Jamhuriyar Sin ta kafa gwamnatin lardin Taiwan [50] , ta kuma ayyana ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1945, a matsayin "Ranar Komawa Taiwan," ranar da sojojin Japan suka mika wuya.Duk da haka, kawancen yakin duniya na biyu ba su amince da wannan mamaye Taiwan bai daya ba, saboda har yanzuJapan ba ta bar ikon mallakar tsibirin a hukumance ba.A farkon shekarun bayan yakin, gwamnatin Kuomintang (KMT) karkashin jagorancin Chen Yi ta yi fama da cin hanci da rashawa da tabarbarewar tarbiyyar sojoji, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga tsarin gudanarwa.Tattalin arzikin tsibirin ya kuma fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa, da shiga cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki da kuma haifar da wahalhalun kuɗi da yawa.Kafin karshen yakin, kusan mazauna kasar Japan 309,000 ne suka zauna a Taiwan.[51] Bayan da Japanawa suka mika wuya a 1945 har zuwa 25 ga Afrilu, 1946, sojojin Jamhuriyar China sun mayar da kashi 90% na wadannan mazauna Japan zuwa Japan.[52] Tare da wannan komawa gida, an aiwatar da manufar "De-Japanization" wanda ya haifar da baraka na al'adu.Har ila yau, lokacin mika mulki ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin jama'ar da ke shigowa daga babban yankin kasar Sin da mazauna tsibirin kafin yakin.Chen Yi ya yi amfani da ikon sarrafa iko ya ta'azzara wadannan batutuwa, wanda ya haifar da yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali da ke tattare da matsalolin tattalin arziki da zaman dar-dar.
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1947 Feb 28 - May 16

Lamarin 28 ga Fabrairu

Taiwan
Lamarin da ya faru a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu a shekara ta 1947, ya nuna wani muhimmin sauyi a tarihin zamani na Taiwan, wanda ya kunna yunkurin ‘yancin kai na Taiwan.Rikicin adawa da gwamnati ya fara ne lokacin da jami'an Taba Sigari suka yi artabu da fararen hula, lamarin da ya kai ga harbe wani mutum har lahira.Lamarin dai ya kara ta'azzara yayin da jama'a a birnin Taipei, daga karshe kuma a duk fadin Taiwan suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Kuomintang (KMT) ta Jamhuriyar China.Korafe-korafensu sun hada da cin hanci da rashawa, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da rashin aikin yi.Duk da ikon farar hular Taiwan na farko da suka gabatar da jerin bukatu 32 na yin gyare-gyare, gwamnati, karkashin gwamnan lardin Chen Yi, tana jiran karin taimako daga babban yankin kasar Sin.Bayan isowar kayan ƙarfafawa, an ƙaddamar da mummuna farmaki.Rahotonni sun yi cikakken bayani game da kashe-kashe da kame da sojojin suka yi.An daure manyan masu shirya Taiwan cikin tsari ko kisa, tare da kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 18,000 zuwa 28,000.[53 <>] An ayyana wasu ƙungiyoyin Taiwan a matsayin ‘yan gurguzu,’ wanda ya kai ga kamawa da kashe membobinsu.Lamarin dai ya yi matukar tayar da hankali ga ‘yan kasar Taiwan wadanda a da suka taba yin aikin sojan kasar Japan, domin an kai musu hari musamman a lokacin da gwamnati ta dauki matakin ramuwar gayya.Lamarin da ya faru a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu yana da dawwamammen ra'ayi na siyasa.Duk da "rashin tausayi" da aka nuna wajen murkushe tashe tashen hankula, Chen Yi ya samu saukowa daga mukaminsa na gwamna fiye da shekara guda bayan haka.Daga karshe an kashe shi a shekarar 1950 saboda yunkurin sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin.Abubuwan da suka faru sun kara karfafa yunkurin 'yancin kai na Taiwan kuma ya kasance wani babi mai duhu a dangantakar Taiwan da ROC.
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Dokar soja a Taiwan
Ɗaga Dokar Martial da Buɗe Taiwan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1949 May 20 - 1987 Jul 15

Dokar soja a Taiwan

Taiwan
Chen Cheng, shugaban gwamnatin lardin Taiwan, ya ayyana dokar soja a Taiwan, a ranar 19 ga Mayu, 1949, a lokacin yakin basasar kasar Sin .Daga baya an maye gurbin wannan shela ta lardi da sanarwar dokar yaki da ta'addanci ta kasa baki daya daga gwamnatin tsakiya ta kasar Sin, wadda majalisar dokokin kasar Sin ta amince da ita a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1950. Wa'adin dokar soja, wanda rundunar sojojin kasar Sin ke kula da shi, da kuma lokacin da ake gudanar da ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci. Gwamnatin da Kuomintang ke jagoranta, ta kasance har zuwa lokacin da shugaban kasar Chiang Ching-kuo ya dauke ta a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1987. Tsawon dokar soja a Taiwan ya tsawaita fiye da shekaru 38, wanda ya zama mafi tsayin lokaci na dokar soja da kowane gwamnati ta kafa a cikin kasar. duniya a lokacin.Daga baya wannan tarihin ya zarce Syria.
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Farin Ta&#39;addanci
Binciken ban tsoro na kamfanin buga littattafai na Taiwan Li Jun. Ya bayyana yanayin rashin jituwa a Taiwan jim kadan bayan faruwar lamarin a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya nuna farkon lokacin farar ta'addanci. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1949 May 20 00:01 - 1990

Farin Ta'addanci

Taiwan
A kasar Taiwan, ana amfani da farar ta'addanci wajen bayyana irin zaluncin siyasa da gwamnatin jam'iyyar Kuomintang (KMT, wato jam'iyyar 'yan kishin kasa ta kasar Sin) ke yi wa fararen hula dake zaune a tsibirin da kuma yankunan dake karkashinta.An yi la'akari da lokacin farin ta'addanci ya fara ne lokacin da aka ayyana dokar ta-baci a Taiwan a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1949, wanda aka ba da izini ta hanyar tanadin wucin gadi na 1948 game da Tawayen Kwaminisanci, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1992 tare da soke Mataki na 100 na kundin tsarin mulki. Criminal Code, wanda ya ba da izinin gurfanar da mutane don ayyukan "anti-jihar";An soke tanade-tanaden na wucin gadi shekara guda da ta gabata a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1991 kuma an ɗage dokar yaƙi a ranar 15 ga Yuli 1987.
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1949 Oct 25 - Oct 27

Yaƙin da Ya Ceci Taiwan: Yaƙin Guningtonu

Jinning, Jinning Township, Kin
Yaƙin Kuningtou, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Kinmen, ya faru ne a shekara ta 1949 a lokacin yakin basasar China .Wani muhimmin fada ne da aka gwabza a kan tsibirin Kinmen da ke mashigin Taiwan.Rundunar 'yan kwaminisanci ta PLA ta yi niyyar kwace tsibiran Kinmen da Matsu a matsayin matattakalar mamaye yankin Taiwan mafi girma, wanda Jamhuriyar China (ROC) ke karkashin Chiang Kai-shek.PLA ta raina sojojin ROC akan Kinmen, suna tunanin za su iya shawo kan su cikin sauƙi tare da sojojin su 19,000.Rundunar ROC, duk da haka, an yi shiri sosai kuma an yi mata kaffa-kaffa, tare da dakile farmakin da PLA ta yi ta kai farmaki tare da haddasa munanan raunuka.An fara yakin ne a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba lokacin da aka ga dakarun PLA suka fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani.Tsari mara kyau, rashin kimanta iyawar ROC, da matsalolin dabaru sun haifar da rashin tsari da kuma gazawar tabbatar da bakin teku ga PLA.Dakarun ROC sun kai farmaki sosai, inda suka yi amfani da ingantattun kariyarsu, nakiyoyin kasa, da sulke.PLA ta yi asara mai yawa, kuma sana'arsu ta sauka sun makale saboda sauye-sauyen ruwa, wanda hakan ya sa su fuskanci hare-hare daga jiragen ruwa na ROC da sojojin kasa.Rashin nasarar PLA na kama Kinmen ya haifar da sakamako mai yawa.Ga ROC, nasara ce mai ƙarfafawa wacce ta dakatar da shirin kwaminisanci na mamaye Taiwan.Barkewar yakin Koriya a shekarar 1950 da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsaron hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Amurka a shekara ta 1954 ya kara dakile shirin mamayewar kwaminisanci.Yakin da aka yi ba a bayyana shi ba a babban yankin kasar Sin, amma ana ganin yana da matukar muhimmanci a yankin Taiwan, yayin da ya tsara matsayin da ake ci gaba da kasancewa a siyasance tsakanin Taiwan da kasar Sin.
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1949 Dec 7

Komawar Kuomintang zuwa Taiwan

Taiwan
Komawar da Kuomintang ta yi zuwa Taiwan na nufin gudun hijirar da ragowar gwamnatin jamhuriyar Sin ta Kuomintang ta samu amincewar kasa da kasa zuwa tsibirin Taiwan (Formosa) a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1949, bayan da kasar Sin ta sha fama da yakin basasa a lokacin yakin basasar kasar Sin. babban kasa.Jam'iyyar Kuomintang (Jam'iyyar 'yan kishin kasa ta kasar Sin), jami'anta, da sojojin ROC kusan miliyan 2 ne suka halarci jana'izar, baya ga fararen hula da 'yan gudun hijira da dama, wadanda suka tsere daga ci gaban rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar kasar Sin ta jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP).Dakarun ROC galibi sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Taiwan ne daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, musamman lardin Sichuan, inda aka yi zaman karshe na babbar rundunar ROC.Jirgin zuwa Taiwan ya yi sama da watanni hudu bayan da Mao Zedong ya yi shelar kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) a birnin Beijing a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1949. Tsibirin Taiwan ya ci gaba da zama wani bangare na Japan a lokacin mamayar har sai da Japan ta yanke ikirarin yankinta. a cikin yarjejeniyar San Francisco, wanda ya fara aiki a 1952.Bayan ja da baya, shugabannin ROC, musamman Generalissimo da shugaban kasar Chiang Kai-shek, sun yi shirin mayar da zaman na wucin gadi ne kawai, da fatan sake haduwa, da karfafawa, da kuma sake mamaye babban yankin.[54 <] > Wannan shirin, wanda bai taɓa yin tasiri ba, an san shi da "Project National Glory", kuma ya ba da fifikon ƙasa na ROC akan Taiwan.Da zarar ya bayyana cewa ba za a iya aiwatar da irin wannan shirin ba, sai hankalin ROC na kasa ya koma ga zamani da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Taiwan.
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Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki
Kantin sayar da kayan abinci a Taiwan 1950s ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1950 Jan 1

Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki

Taiwan
A cikin shekaru bayan yakin duniya na biyu da lokacin yakin basasar kasar Sin , Taiwan ta fuskanci kalubalen tattalin arziki mai tsanani, ciki har da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da karancin kayayyaki.Jam'iyyar Kuomintang (KMT) ta karbe ikon Taiwan tare da mayar da kadarorin daJapanawa ta mallaka a baya.Tare da mayar da hankali kan aikin noma da farko, tattalin arzikin Taiwan ya sake farfado da matsayinsa kafin yakin a shekara ta 1953. Taimakon taimakon Amurka da manufofin cikin gida kamar "Masana'antu da aikin gona," gwamnati ta fara karkatar da tattalin arzikin zuwa masana'antu.An aiwatar da manufofin musanya shigo da kayayyaki don tallafawa masana'antun cikin gida, kuma a cikin shekarun 1960, Taiwan ta fara mai da hankali kan ci gaban da ya shafi fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje, da jawo jarin kasashen waje, da kafa yankin sarrafa fitar da kayayyaki na Asiya na farko a Kaohsiung.Yunkurin ya ci nasara, yayin da Taiwan ta ci gaba da bunƙasa matsakaicin matsakaicin ci gaban shekara-shekara daga 1968 zuwa rikicin mai na 1973.A cikin wannan lokacin farfadowa da haɓaka, gwamnatin KMT ta aiwatar da mahimman manufofin sake fasalin ƙasa waɗanda ke da tasiri mai yawa.Dokar rage haya 375 ta rage nauyin haraji a kan manoma, yayin da wata doka ta sake raba filaye tsakanin kananan manoma da kuma biyan diyya ga manyan masu gonaki da kayayyaki da kuma hannun jari a masana'antu mallakar gwamnati.Wannan tsarin bibiyu ba wai kawai ya sauƙaƙa wa al'ummar noma wahalhalun kuɗi ba, har ma ya haifar da ƴan jari hujja na masana'antu na farko na Taiwan.Manufofin kasafin kudi na gwamnati masu hankali, kamar mayar da ajiyar zinare na kasar Sin zuwa Taiwan, sun taimaka wajen daidaita sabuwar dalar Taiwan da aka fitar da kuma dakile hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.Kaddarorin gidaje, da aka ware daga kasar Japan, tare da taimakon Amurka kamar dokar ba da agaji ta kasar Sin da hukumar hadin gwiwa ta Sin da Amurka kan sake gina karkara, su ma sun taimaka wajen farfado da Taiwan cikin sauri bayan yakin.Ta hanyar yin amfani da waɗannan tsare-tsare da taimakon ƙasashen waje, Taiwan ta yi nasarar sauya sheka daga tattalin arzikin noma zuwa bunƙasa kasuwanci da masana'antu.
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Gyaran kasa a Taiwan
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1950 Jan 1

Gyaran kasa a Taiwan

Taiwan
A cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, Taiwan ta sami gagarumin gyare-gyaren filaye wanda aka aiwatar a matakai uku na farko.Kashi na farko a cikin 1949 ya ƙunshi kashe hayar aikin gona a kashi 37.5% na girbi.Kashi na biyu ya fara ne a cikin 1951 kuma ya mayar da hankali kan sayar da filayen jama'a ga manoman haya.Mataki na uku kuma na ƙarshe ya fara ne a cikin 1953 kuma ya ta'allaka ne kan wargaza filayen gonaki masu yawa don sake rarraba su ga manoman haya, tsarin da aka fi sani da "ƙasa-zuwa-mai-nono."Bayan da gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa ta koma Taiwan, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Sin da Amurka kan sake gina karkara ya sa ido kan sake fasalin kasa da ci gaban al'umma.Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya sa waɗannan gyare-gyaren suka fi dacewa shi ne yawancin manyan masu mallakar ƙasa Jafananci ne waɗanda suka riga sun bar tsibirin.Sauran manyan masu mallakar filaye an biya su diyya da kadarorin kasuwanci da masana'antu na Japan da aka kwace bayan Taiwan ta koma mulkin kasar Sin a shekarar 1945.Bugu da kari, shirin sake fasalin kasa ya ci gajiyar yadda akasarin shugabannin Kuomintang sun fito ne daga kasar Sin, don haka, suna da takaitaccen alaka da mazauna yankin Taiwan.Wannan rashin haɗin gwiwa ya sa gwamnati ta sami sauƙin aiwatar da gyare-gyaren filaye yadda ya kamata.
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Amurka Aid
Bayan shugaba Chiang Kai-shek, shugaban Amurka Dwight D. Eisenhower ya daga hannu ga taron jama'a a ziyarar da ya kai Taipei a watan Yunin 1960. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1950 Jan 1 - 1962

Amurka Aid

United States
Tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1965, Taiwan ta kasance mai samun gagarumin taimakon kuɗi daga Amurka , jimlar dala biliyan 1.5 na taimakon tattalin arziki da ƙarin tallafin soja na dala biliyan 2.4.[55] Wannan taimakon ya ƙare a cikin 1965 lokacin da Taiwan ta yi nasarar kafa tushen kuɗi mai ƙarfi.Bayan wannan lokaci na daidaita harkokin kuɗi, shugaban ROC Chiang Ching-kuo, ɗan Chiang Kai-shek, ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce irin na manyan ayyukan gine-gine goma.[56 <] > Waɗannan ayyuka sun aza harsashi don bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi mai ƙarfi wanda ke tafiyar da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ketare.
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Yarjejeniyar San Francisco
Yoshida da membobin tawagar Japan sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1951 Sep 8

Yarjejeniyar San Francisco

San Francisco, CA, USA
An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar San Francisco a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1951, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1952, a hukumance ta kawo karshen yakin da ake yi tsakaninJapan da Allied Powers da zama yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Japan bayan yakin duniya na biyu .Musamman ma, ba a gayyacikasar Sin don halartar shawarwarin yarjejeniyar ba, saboda takaddama kan wace gwamnati -Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) ko Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) - ta wakilci jama'ar Sin bisa ka'ida.Yarjejeniyar ta sa Japan ta yi watsi da duk wani iƙirari ga Taiwan, Pescadores, Tsibirin Spratly, da tsibirin Paracel.Kalmomin da ba su dace da yarjejeniyar ba game da matsayin siyasar Taiwan ya haifar da ka'idar matsayin Taiwan da ba a tantance ba.Wannan ka'idar ta nuna cewa ikon mallakar ko dai ROC ko PRC akan Taiwan na iya zama haram ko kuma na wucin gadi kuma yana jaddada cewa ya kamata a warware matsalar ta hanyar ka'idar cin gashin kai.Ka'idar gabaɗaya tana dogara ne ga 'yancin kai na Taiwan kuma ba yawanci tana da'awar cewa ya kamata Japan ta kasance tana da ikon mallakar Taiwan ba, kodayake akwai wasu keɓancewa.
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1954 Sep 3 - 1955 May 1

Rikicin mashigin Taiwan na farko

Penghu County, Taiwan
Rikicin mashigin tekun Taiwan na farko ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1954, lokacin da sojojin 'yantar da jama'a (PLA) na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kwaminis ta Sin (PRC) suka fara kai hare-hare a tsibirin Quemoy da ke karkashin ikon Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC), mai nisan mil kadan daga kasar Sin.Rikicin daga baya ya fadada zuwa wasu tsibiran dake hannun ROC na kusa kamar Matsu da Dachen.Duk da cewa da farko Amurka na kallon wadannan tsibiran a matsayin marasa kima a fannin soji, suna da matukar muhimmanci ga kwamitin ROC ga duk wani yunkurin kwato babban yankin kasar Sin a nan gaba.Don mayar da martani ga ayyukan PLA, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da kudurin Formosa a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1955, wanda ya ba wa shugaban kasa damar kare Taiwan da tsibiranta na ketare.Ayyukan soji na PLA ya kai ga kame tsibirin Yijiangshan a watan Janairun 1955, inda aka kashe ko raunata sojojin ROC 720.Wannan ya sa Amurka da ROC suka tsara yarjejeniyar tsaro ta Sino-Amurka a watan Disamba na 1954, wanda ya ba da damar goyon bayan sojojin ruwa na Amurka don kwashe sojojin kasa daga wurare masu rauni kamar tsibirin Dachen.Rikicin ya ga raguwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin Maris 1955 lokacin da PLA ta daina ayyukan harsasai.Rikicin mashigin tekun Taiwan na farko ya kawo karshe a hukumance a watan Afrilun shekarar 1955 a yayin taron Bandung, lokacin da firaministan kasar Sin Zhou Enlai ya sanar da aniyar kasar Sin na yin shawarwari da Amurka.Tattaunawar matakin jakadanci ta biyo baya ta fara ne a birnin Geneva a watan Agustan shekarar 1955, ko da yake ba a magance muhimman batutuwan da suka haddasa rikicin ba, wanda ya kafa wani sabon rikici bayan shekaru uku.
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1958 Aug 23 - Dec 1

Rikicin mashigin Taiwan na biyu

Penghu, Magong City, Penghu Co
Rikicin mashigin tekun Taiwan na biyu ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1958, wanda ya shafi ayyukan soja ta sama da na ruwa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) da Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC).Hukumar ta PRC ta fara kai hare-haren bama-bamai a kan tsibiran Kinmen (Quemoy) da ke karkashin ikon ROC da Tsibirin Matsu, yayin da ROC ta mayar da martani ta hanyar harba Amoy a kan babban yankin.Amurka ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar samar da jiragen yaki, da makami mai linzami, da kuma jiragen ruwan yaki ga ROC, amma ta kasa cika bukatar Chiang Kai-shek na yin bama-bamai a yankin China.Tsagaita wuta na yau da kullun ya shiga cikin wasa lokacin da PRC ta ayyana a ranar 25 ga Oktoba cewa za su yi wa Kinmen hari ne kawai a ranakun da ba su da adadi, wanda ya baiwa ROC damar sake samar da sojojinsu a cikin kwanakin da aka ƙidaya.Rikicin ya kasance mai mahimmanci yayin da ya haifar da tashin hankali da kuma kasadar jawo Amurka cikin babban rikici, mai yiwuwa ma na nukiliya.Amurka ta fuskanci kalubalen diflomasiyya, ciki har da kasadar kawar da manyan kawayenta kamar Faransa da Japan.Ɗaya daga cikin abin da ya faru a cikin Yuni 1960 lokacin da Shugaba Eisenhower ya ziyarci Taipei;Hukumar ta PRC ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kara kai hare-haren bama-bamai, lamarin da ya yi sanadin jikkatar bangarorin biyu.Duk da haka, bayan ziyarar Eisenhower, lamarin ya koma yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali.Rikicin ya barke ne a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, lokacin da Amurka cikin hikima ta janye karin kadarorinta na sojan ruwa daga mashigin tekun Taiwan, wanda hakan ya baiwa rundunar sojojin ruwa ta ROC damar ci gaba da yakinsu da rakiya.Yayin da ake kallon rikicin a matsayin sakamako na baya-bayan nan, ya sa sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka John Foster Dulles yanke shawarar cewa bai kamata a bar irin wannan lamarin ya sake faruwa ba.Wannan rikici ya biyo bayan wani rikici a mashigin tekun Taiwan kawai a cikin 1995-1996, amma babu wani rikici da ya shafi Amurka da ya faru a yankin tun 1958.
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An kori Taiwan daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
An kori Taiwan daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. ©Anonymous
1971 Oct 25

An kori Taiwan daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

United Nations Headquarters, E
A shekarar 1971, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta fice daga majalisar dinkin duniya kafin kungiyar ta amince da jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC) a matsayin babbar wakiliyar kasar Sin a majalisar dinkin duniya.Yayin da shawarwarin wakilai biyu ke kan teburin, Chiang Kai-shek, shugaban ROC, ya dage kan ci gaba da zama a kwamitin sulhu na MDD, sharadin da PRC ba za ta amince da shi ba.Chiang ya bayyana matsayinsa a cikin wani fitaccen jawabi, inda ya bayyana "sama bai isa ga rana biyu ba."Sakamakon haka, babban taron MDD ya zartas da kuduri mai lamba 2758 a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1971, inda ya kori "wakilan Chiang Kai-shek" da haka ROC, tare da ayyana PRC a matsayin "China" a hukumance a cikin MDD.A cikin 1979, Amurka kuma ta canza matsayinta na diflomasiyya daga Taipei zuwa Beijing.
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Manyan Ayyukan Gina Goma
Port of Taichung, daya daga cikin Manyan Ayyukan Gina Goma ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1974 Jan 1

Manyan Ayyukan Gina Goma

Taiwan
Manyan Ayyukan Gina Goma sune ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na kasa a cikin shekarun 1970 a Taiwan.Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar China ta yi imanin cewa, kasar ba ta da muhimman ababen more rayuwa kamar manyan tituna, tashoshin jiragen ruwa, filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama da na samar da wutar lantarki.Haka kuma, Taiwan na fuskantar gagarumin tasiri daga rikicin mai na 1973.Don haka, don inganta masana'antu da ci gaban kasa, gwamnati ta tsara aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gine-gine guda goma.Firayim Minista Chiang Ching-kuo ne ya gabatar da su, tun daga shekarar 1974, tare da shirin kammala shi a shekarar 1979. Akwai ayyukan sufuri guda shida, da ayyukan masana'antu uku, da aikin gina tashar wutar lantarki guda daya, wanda a karshe ya kashe sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 300 gaba daya.Ayyuka Goma:Titin Arewa zuwa Kudu (Hanyar Babbar Hanya Na 1)Wutar lantarki na layin dogo na West CoastLayin dogo na Arewa-LinkFilin jirgin sama na Chiang Kai-shek (daga baya aka sake masa suna Taoyuan International Airport)Taichung PortSu-ao PortBabban Gidan Jirgin ruwa (Kaohsiung Shipyard of China Shipbuilding Corporation)Integrated karfe niƙa (China Steel Corporation)Matatar mai da wurin shakatawa na masana'antu (Kaohsiung Refinery of CPC Corporation)Cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Nuclear (Jinshan Nuclear Power Plant)
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1979 Apr 10

Dokar dangantakar Taiwan

United States
Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta kafa dokar dangantakar Taiwan (TRA) a shekara ta 1979 don gudanar da dangantakar da ba ta hukuma ba amma mai mahimmanci tsakanin Amurka da Taiwan, bayan amincewar da Amurka ta yi a hukumance ga Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC).Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan rugujewar yarjejeniyar tsaron hadin gwiwa tsakanin Sin da Amurka da Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC), hukumar mulkin Taiwan.Dukan gidaje biyu sun wuce kuma Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya sanya hannu, TRA ta kafa Cibiyar Amurka a Taiwan (AIT) a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kanta don gudanar da kasuwanci, al'adu, da sauran hulɗar kasuwanci ba tare da wakilcin diflomasiya na hukuma ba.Dokar ta sake fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1979, kuma ta ci gaba da cewa yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kafin 1979 tsakanin Amurka da ROC har yanzu tana nan daram sai dai in an kare a bayyane.TRA tana ba da tsari don haɗin gwiwar soja da tsaro.Ba ya ba da tabbacin shiga tsakani na sojan Amurka idan PRC ta kai wa Taiwan hari, amma ta ba da umarnin cewa Amurka ta ba da damar yin amfani da labarai da hidimomin tsaron Taiwan "a cikin adadin da ake bukata don baiwa Taiwan damar ci gaba da samun isassun karfin kariyar kai."Dokar ta jaddada cewa, duk wani yunkuri na rashin zaman lafiya na yanke shawara kan makomar Taiwan zai kasance "damuwa sosai" ga Amurka, kuma tana bukatar Amurka da ta sami karfin da za ta iya tinkarar duk wani karfi da ke kawo cikas ga tsaro, zamantakewa, ko tsarin tattalin arzikin Taiwan.A cikin shekaru da yawa, duk da bukatun da PRC da manufar Amurka ta Sin daya tak, gwamnatocin Amurka da suka shude sun ci gaba da sayar da makamai ga Taiwan karkashin tanadin TRA.Dokar ta kasance wani ginshiƙi daftarin aiki da ke bayyana manufofin Amurka game da Taiwan, tare da haɗawa da matsaya na "rashin fahimta" da nufin kawar da Taiwan daga ayyana 'yancin kai da PRC daga tilastawa haɗa Taiwan da babban yankin Sin.
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1987 Feb 1

Yunƙurin Taiwan a cikin mahimmin masana'antar semiconductor

Hsinchu, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
A shekara ta 1986, Li Kwoh-ting, wakilin babban jami'in Taiwan na kasar Sin, ya gayyaci Morris Chang, da ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Fasahar Masana'antu (ITRI) da nufin karfafa masana'antar sarrafa siminti ta Taiwan.A lokacin, babban farashi da kasadar da ke tattare da sashin semiconductor ya sa ya zama kalubale don nemo masu zuba jari.A ƙarshe, Philips ya amince da haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa, yana ba da gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 58 da canja wurin fasaha don kashi 27.5% a cikin sabon kafa Kamfanin Manufacturing Semiconductor Taiwan (TSMC).Gwamnatin Taiwan ta ba da kashi 48% na babban jarin farawa, yayin da sauran suka fito daga iyalai masu arziki na Taiwan, wanda ya sanya TSMC ya zama wani babban aikin jiha tun farkonsa.Tun daga lokacin TSMC ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci, duk da cewa yana da sauye-sauye saboda buƙatar kasuwa.A cikin 2011, kamfanin ya yi niyya don haɓaka ayyukan bincike da haɓakawa da kusan kashi 39% zuwa NT dalar Amurka biliyan 50 don magance hauhawar gasa.Har ila yau, ta yi niyyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin masana'anta da kashi 30% don biyan buƙatun kasuwa mai ƙarfi.Shekaru masu zuwa sun ga kamfanin ya kara haɓaka jarin jarin sa, gami da hukumar da ta amince da dala miliyan 568 a cikin 2014 don haɓaka ƙarfin masana'antu da ƙarin dala biliyan 3.05 daga baya a waccan shekarar.A yau, TSMC wani kamfani ne na masana'antu da ƙirar ƙira na Taiwan na ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma yana riƙe da bambance-bambancen zama cibiyar samar da semiconductor na farko a duniya.Shi ne kamfani mafi mahimmanci na semiconductor a duniya kuma kamfani mafi girma a Taiwan.Duk da cewa tana da mafi yawan masu zuba jari na kasashen waje, gwamnatin tsakiya ta Taiwan ta kasance mafi yawan hannun jari.TSMC ya ci gaba da kasancewa jagora a fagensa, tare da hedkwatarsa ​​da ayyukan farko da ke cikin Hsinchu Science Park a Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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1990 Mar 16 - Mar 22

Wild Lily Student Movement

Liberty Square, Zhongshan Sout
Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta kasance zanga-zangar kwanaki shida a cikin Maris 1990 da nufin inganta dimokuradiyya a Taiwan.Dalibai daga Jami'ar Taiwan ta kasa ne suka qaddamar, zaman ya gudana ne a dandalin tunawa da jama'a da ke Taipei (daga baya aka sake masa suna Liberty Square don girmama wannan motsi) kuma ya ga halartar taron ya kai ga masu zanga-zanga 22,000.Masu zanga-zangar, wadanda aka yi musu ado da farar lili na Formosa a matsayin wata alama ta dimokuradiyya, sun bukaci a gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa da mataimakinsa na Taiwan kai tsaye, da kuma sabon zaben fidda gwani na dukkan wakilai a majalisar dokokin kasar.Zanga-zangar ta zo daidai da bikin rantsar da Lee Teng-hui, wanda aka zaba karkashin tsarin mulkin jam'iyya daya ta Kuomintang.A ranar farko ta wa'adinsa, shugaba Lee Teng-hui ya gana da wakilan dalibai hamsin, ya kuma bayyana goyon bayansa ga burinsu na demokradiyya, yana mai alkawarin fara sauye-sauyen demokradiyya a lokacin bazara.Wannan yunkuri da dalibai ke jagoranta ya nuna wani gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Taiwan, inda ya kafa fagen yin gyare-gyaren dimokuradiyya.Shekaru shida bayan tafiyar, Lee ya zama zababben shugaba na farko a Taiwan a zaben da aka gudanar da sama da kashi 95% na masu jefa kuri'a.Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bukukuwan tunawa da wannan yunkuri a duk ranar 21 ga watan Maris, kuma an yi ta kiraye-kirayen a mayar da ranar matasan Taiwan zuwa wannan rana domin nuna godiya ga gudunmawar da daliban ke bayarwa ga dimokuradiyya.Tasirin kungiyar daliban daji ta Lily na da matukar daukar hankali idan aka kwatanta da yadda gwamnatin kasar Sin ta mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar dandalin Tiananmen, wanda ya gudana shekara guda kafin yunkurin Taiwan.Chen Shui-bian, magajin Lee, ya yi nuni da babban bambanci a yadda gwamnatocin biyu suka tafiyar da zanga-zangar dalibai.Yayin da zanga-zangar Tiananmen ta ƙare da murkushe tashe-tashen hankula, ƙungiyar Taiwan ta haifar da sauye-sauye na demokraɗiyya, ciki har da Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar ta jefa ƙuri'a don rushe kanta a shekara ta 2005.
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1996 Mar 23

1996 Zaben Shugabancin Taiwan

Taiwan
Zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a Taiwan a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1996, ya zama wani muhimmin tarihi a matsayin zaben shugaban kasa na farko kai tsaye a kasar.A baya dai, mataimakan majalisar dokokin kasar ne suka zabi shugaban kasa da mataimakinsa.Lee Teng-hui, dan takarar jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki, ya lashe zaben da kashi 54% na kuri'un da aka kada.Nasarar tasa ta zo ne duk da yunkurin da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China (PRC) ta yi na tsoratar da masu kada kuri'a na Taiwan ta hanyar gwajin makami mai linzami, dabarar da a karshe ta ci tura.Yawan fitowar masu jefa kuri'a ya kai kashi 76.0 cikin dari.A dai dai lokacin da ake shirin gudanar da zaben, rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar kasar Sin ta harba makamai masu linzami a cikin ruwa da ke kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Keelung da Kaohsiung na Taiwan tsakanin ranar 8 ga Maris zuwa 15 ga Maris. Matakin na da nufin hana masu kada kuri'a na Taiwan goyon bayan Lee da abokin takararsa. Peng, wanda Beijing ta zarge shi da neman "rabe kasar uwa."Wasu jiga-jigan siyasa, kamar Chen Li-an, har ma sun yi gargadin cewa jefa kuri'a ga Lee zai zama zabin yaki.An kwantar da rikicin lokacin da Amurka ta jibge ƙungiyoyin yaƙin dakon jiragen sama guda biyu kusa da Taiwan.Zaɓen ba wai kawai ya wakilci nasara ba ne ga Lee amma kuma ya nuna shi a matsayin jagora mai ƙarfi mai iya tsayawa kan PRC.Lamarin dai ya girgiza masu jefa kuri'a da dama, ciki har da na kudancin Taiwan wadanda suka amince da 'yancin kai, wajen kada kuri'unsu ga Lee.A cewar jaridar United Daily News, wata jaridar Taipei, kusan kashi 14 zuwa 15% na kuri'un Lee na kashi 54% magoya bayan jam'iyyar Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) ne suka ba da gudummawar, wanda ke nuna babban roko da ya samu saboda yadda ya tafiyar da rikicin. .
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2000 Jan 1

Ƙarshen mulkin Kuomintang (KMT).

Taiwan
Zaben shugaban kasa na 2000 ya kawo karshen mulkin Kuomintang (KMT).Dan takarar jam'iyyar DPP, Chen Shui-bian, ya lashe zaben da aka yi ta hanyoyi uku, wanda ya nuna cewa kuri'ar Pan-Blue ta raba tsakanin James Soong (wanda tsohon dan jam'iyyar Kuomintang ne) da dan takarar Kuomintang Lien Chan.Chen ya samu kashi 39% na kuri'un.
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2005 Mar 14

Dokar hana ballewa

China
Majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Sin ta kafa dokar hana ballewa daga kasar a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2005, kuma ta fara aiki nan take.Dokar da shugaba Hu Jintao ya tsara, ta kunshi batutuwa goma, musamman ma ta bayyana karara cewa, Sin na iya amfani da karfin soji a kan Taiwan, idan aka kare hanyar lumana ta hana Taiwan 'yancin kai.Duk da yake dokar ba ta fito fili ta ayyana "Kasar Sin" a matsayin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ba, amma abu ne na musamman domin kasancewarsa doka daya tilo da majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Sin ta amince da ita ba tare da jigon "Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin" ko kuma sanyawa a matsayin "Shawara/Kuduri". ."Dokar ta haifar da gagarumar zanga-zanga a Taiwan, inda dubban daruruwan mutane suka fito kan titunan Taipei a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2005, don nuna rashin jin dadinsu.Yayin da ake gudanar da wasu shawarwarin siyasa tsakanin Sin da Taiwan tun lokacin da aka amince da wannan doka, dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu tana cikin rashin tabbas.
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2014 Mar 18 - Apr 10

Sunflower Student Movement

Legislative Yuan, Zhongshan So
Kungiyar Daliban Sunflower a Taiwan ta bulla tsakanin 18 ga Maris zuwa 10 ga Afrilu, 2014, ta samo asali ne sakamakon amincewa da yarjejeniyar cinikayyar ba da hidima ta kasa da kasa (CSSTA) da kasar Sin da jam'iyyar Kuomintang (KMT) mai mulki ta yi ba tare da cikakken nazari ba.Masu zanga-zangar, galibi dalibai da kungiyoyin jama'a, sun mamaye majalisar dokokin Yuan, daga bisani kuma sun mamaye Yuan na zartaswa, suna adawa da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da suka yi imanin cewa za ta yi illa ga tattalin arzikin Taiwan, da kuma kara karfinta ga matsin lambar siyasa daga kasar Sin.Bukatunsu na farko na yin bitar yarjejjeniyar a cikin juzu'i-da-ba-da-baki daga karshe ya zama kiraye-kirayen kin amincewa da ita gaba daya, da kafa dokar da za ta sa ido sosai kan yarjejeniyoyin da za su kulla da kasar Sin nan gaba, da tattaunawa da 'yan kasar kan gyare-gyare kan kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.Duk da wasu budaddiyar da KMT ta yi na yin bitar yarjejeniyar layi-biyu, jam'iyyar ta ki mayar da ita domin tantance kwamitin.Ita ma jam'iyyar adawa ta Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) ta yi watsi da tayin da KMT ta yi daga baya na kafa kwamitin nazarin hadin gwiwa, inda ta dage kan cewa ya kamata a sake duba duk wasu yarjejeniyoyin da aka cimma, bisa la'akari da ra'ayoyin jama'a.Shawarar ta DPP ita ma KMT ta yi watsi da ita.Wani gangami da aka gudanar a ranar 30 ga Maris, ya ga dubunnan daruruwan mutane, a cewar masu shirya taron, sun taru don nuna goyon baya ga kungiyar Sunflower, yayin da masu fafutuka da kungiyoyi masu goyon bayan kasar Sin su ma suka gudanar da gangamin adawa.Daga karshe shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Wang Jin-pyng ya yi alkawarin dage duk wani nazari na yarjejeniyar kasuwanci har sai an samar da dokar sanya ido kan duk yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla, lamarin da ya sa masu zanga-zangar suka sanar da cewa za su fice daga wuraren da aka mamaye a ranar 10 ga Afrilu. shawarar bai-daya, DPP ta goyi bayansa.Shugaba Ma Ying-jeou, wanda bai san abin da Wang ya yi a baya ba, ya ci gaba da yin kira da a amince da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da wuri, yana mai bayyana rangwamen a matsayin rashin gaskiya.A karshe dai masu zanga-zangar sun fice daga majalisar, inda suka yi alkawarin ci gaba da tafiya a cikin al'ummar Taiwan, kuma sun share zauren majalisar kafin su tashi.
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2020 Jan 11

Zaben Shugabancin Taiwan na 2020

Taiwan
An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a Taiwan a ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2020, tare da zaben Yuan na majalisar dokoki karo na 10.Shugaba mai ci Tsai Ing-wen da abokin takararta, tsohon firaministan kasar Lai Ching-te, dukkansu daga jam'iyyar Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), sun samu nasara.Sun doke magajin garin Kaohsiung Han Kuo-yu na Kuomintang (KMT) da abokin takararsa Chang San-cheng, da kuma dan takara James Soong na jam'iyya ta uku.Nasarar ta zo ne bayan da Tsai ta yi murabus daga shugabancin jam'iyyar tata bayan ta sha kaye a zaben kananan hukumomi na 2018 kuma ta fuskanci kalubale na farko daga Lai Ching-te.A bangaren KMT kuwa, Han Kuo-yu ya doke tsohon dan takarar shugaban kasa Eric Chu da Shugaba na Foxconn Terry Gou a zaben fidda gwanin da aka yi.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ta'allaka ne a kan batutuwan cikin gida guda biyu kamar sake fasalin aiki da sarrafa tattalin arziki da kuma dangantakar Cross-Strait.Han ya soki Tsai da ganin gazawarta a bangarori daban-daban na siyasa, amma tsayin daka da Tsai ta dauka kan matsin lambar da Beijing ke fuskanta na hadin kai ya yi tasiri ga masu kada kuri'a.Wannan ya kasance gaskiya ne a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin baki a Hong Kong.Zaben dai ya samu fitowar masu kada kuri'a da kashi 74.9%, wanda shi ne mafi girma a zabukan kasar tun shekara ta 2008. Tsai ta samu kuri'u miliyan 8.17, wato kashi 57.1% na kuri'un jama'a, wanda ke nuna mafi yawan kuri'un dan takarar jam'iyyar DPP a zaben shugaban kasa.Jam'iyyar DPP ta yi nasarar mayar da dukiyar KMT a manyan yankunan birni, musamman a Kaohsiung.A halin da ake ciki, KMT ta ci gaba da nuna karfi a wasu yankuna na gabas da kuma wasu mazabu na tsibirin.An kaddamar da Tsai Ing-wen da Lai Ching-te a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2020, wanda ke nuna farkon wa'adinsu.
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Taiwan's Indigenous Peoples, Briefly Explained


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APPENDIX 2

Sun Yunsuan, Taiwan’s Economic Mastermind


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APPENDIX

From China to Taiwan: On Taiwan's Han Majority


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APPENDIX 4

Original geographic distributions of Taiwanese aboriginal peoples


Original geographic distributions of Taiwanese aboriginal peoples
Original geographic distributions of Taiwanese aboriginal peoples ©Bstlee

Characters



Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek

Chinese Nationalist Leader

Tsai Ing-wen

Tsai Ing-wen

President of the Republic of China

Koxinga

Koxinga

King of Tungning

Yen Chia-kan

Yen Chia-kan

President of the Republic of China

Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese Revolutionary Statesman

Zheng Zhilong

Zheng Zhilong

Chinese Admiral

Chiang Ching-kuo

Chiang Ching-kuo

President of the Republic of China

Sun Yun-suan

Sun Yun-suan

Premier of the Republic of China

Zheng Jing

Zheng Jing

King of Tungning

Lee Teng-hui

Lee Teng-hui

President of the Republic of China

Zheng Keshuang

Zheng Keshuang

King of Tungning

Gotō Shinpei

Gotō Shinpei

Japanese Politician

Seediq people

Seediq people

Taiwanese Indigenous People

Chen Shui-bian

Chen Shui-bian

President of the Republic of China

Morris Chang

Morris Chang

CEO of TSMC

Footnotes



  1. Olsen, John W.; Miller-Antonio, Sari (1992), "The Palaeolithic in Southern China", Asian Perspectives, 31 (2): 129–160, hdl:10125/17011.
  2. Jiao, Tianlong (2007), The neolithic of southeast China: cultural transformation and regional interaction on the coast, Cambria Press, ISBN 978-1-934043-16-5, pp. 91–94.
  3. "Foreign Relations of the United States". US Dept. of State. January 6, 1951. The Cairo declaration manifested our intention. It did not itself constitute a cession of territory.
  4. Chang, K.C. (1989), translated by W. Tsao, ed. by B. Gordon, "The Neolithic Taiwan Strait" (PDF), Kaogu, 6: 541–550, 569.
  5. Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Kaifu, Yousuke; Takai, Masanaru; Kono, Reiko T.; Grün, Rainer; Matsu'ura, Shuji; Kinsley, Les; Lin, Liang-Kong (2015). "The first archaic Homo from Taiwan". Nature Communications. 6 (6037): 6037.
  6. Jiao (2007), pp. 89–90.
  7. 李壬癸 [ Li, Paul Jen-kuei ] (Jan 2011). 1. 台灣土著民族的來源 [1. Origins of Taiwan Aborigines]. 台灣南島民族的族群與遷徙 [The Ethnic Groups and Dispersal of the Austronesian in Taiwan] (Revised ed.). Taipei: 前衛出版社 [Avanguard Publishing House]. pp. 46, 48. ISBN 978-957-801-660-6.
  8. Blust, Robert (1999), "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics", in E. Zeitoun; P.J.K Li (eds.), Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Taipei: Academia Sinica, pp. 31–94.
  9. Bellwood, Peter; Hung, Hsiao-Chun; Iizuka, Yoshiyuki (2011), "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction" (PDF), in Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.), Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indaonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Singapore: ArtPostAsia, pp. 31–41, hdl:1885/32545, ISBN 9789719429203, pp. 35–37, 41.
  10. Jiao (2007), pp. 94–103.
  11. Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158.
  12. Andrade, Tonio (2008f), "Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization", How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century, Columbia University Press.
  13. Thompson, Lawrence G. (1964). "The earliest eyewitness accounts of the Formosan aborigines". Monumenta Serica. 23: 163–204. doi:10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044. JSTOR 40726116, p. 168–169.
  14. Knapp, Ronald G. (1980), China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan, The University of Hawaii, p. 7–8.
  15. Rubinstein, Murray A. (1999), Taiwan: A New History, East Gate Books, p. 86.
  16. Wong, Young-tsu (2017), China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon, Springer, p. 82.
  17. Thompson, Lawrence G. (1964). "The earliest eyewitness accounts of the Formosan aborigines". Monumenta Serica. 23: 163–204. doi:10.1080/02549948.1964.11731044. JSTOR 40726116, p. 168–169.
  18. Thompson 1964, p. 169–170.
  19. Isorena, Efren B. (2004). "The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174–1190 Ad". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 32 (2): 73–95. JSTOR 29792550.
  20. Andrade, Tonio (2008), How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century, Columbia University Press.
  21. Jenco, Leigh K. (2020). "Chen Di's Record of Formosa (1603) and an Alternative Chinese Imaginary of Otherness". The Historical Journal. 64: 17–42. doi:10.1017/S0018246X1900061X. S2CID 225283565.
  22. Thompson 1964, p. 178.
  23. Thompson 1964, p. 170–171.
  24. Thompson 1964, p. 172.
  25. Thompson 1964, p. 175.
  26. Thompson 1964, p. 173.
  27. Thompson 1964, p. 176.
  28. Jansen, Marius B. (1992). China in the Tokugawa World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-06-7411-75-32.
  29. Recent Trends in Scholarship on the History of Ryukyu's Relations with China and Japan Gregory Smits, Pennsylvania State University, p.13.
  30. Frei, Henry P.,Japan's Southward Advance and Australia, Univ of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, ç1991. p.34.
  31. Boxer, Charles. R. (1951). The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. OCLC 318190 p. 298.
  32. Andrade (2008), chapter 9.
  33. Strangers in Taiwan, Taiwan Today, published April 01, 1967.
  34. Huang, Fu-san (2005). "Chapter 6: Colonization and Modernization under Japanese Rule (1895–1945)". A Brief History of Taiwan. ROC Government Information Office.
  35. Rubinstein, Murray A. (1999). Taiwan: A New History. Armonk, NY [u.a.]: Sharpe. ISBN 9781563248153, p. 220–221.
  36. Rubinstein 1999, p. 240.
  37. Chen, Yingzhen (2001), Imperial Army Betrayed, p. 181.
  38. Rubinstein 1999, p. 240.
  39. Andrade (2008), chapter 3.
  40. Wong, Young-tsu (2017), China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon, Springer, p. 105–106.
  41. Hang, Xing (2010), Between Trade and Legitimacy, Maritime and Continent, p. 209.
  42. Wong 2017, p. 115.
  43. Hang 2010, p. 209.
  44. Hang 2010, p. 210.
  45. Hang 2010, p. 195–196.
  46. Hang 2015, p. 160.
  47. Shih-Shan Henry Tsai (2009). Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West. Routledge. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-317-46517-1.
  48. Leonard H. D. Gordon (2007). Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers. Lexington Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7391-1869-6.
  49. Elliott, Jane E. (2002), Some Did it for Civilisation, Some Did it for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War, Chinese University Press, p. 197.
  50. 去日本化「再中國化」：戰後台灣文化重建（1945–1947）,Chapter 1. Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine publisher: 麥田出版社, author: 黃英哲, December 19, 2007.
  51. Grajdanzev, A. J. (1942). "Formosa (Taiwan) Under Japanese Rule". Pacific Affairs. 15 (3): 311–324. doi:10.2307/2752241. JSTOR 2752241.
  52. "Taiwan history: Chronology of important events". Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  53. Forsythe, Michael (July 14, 2015). "Taiwan Turns Light on 1947 Slaughter by Chiang Kai-shek's Troops". The New York Times.
  54. Han, Cheung. "Taiwan in Time: The great retreat". Taipei Times.
  55. Chan (1997), "Taiwan as an Emerging Foreign Aid Donor: Developments, Problems, and Prospects", Pacific Affairs, 70 (1): 37–56, doi:10.2307/2761227, JSTOR 2761227.
  56. "Ten Major Construction Projects - 台灣大百科全書 Encyclopedia of Taiwan".

References



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