Tarihin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin

A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1949, Mao Zedong ya shelanta kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a wani biki a dandalin Tiananmen da ke sabuwar hedkwatar birnin Beijing (tsohon Beiping).A wannan muhimmin taron, an ayyana gwamnatin jama'ar tsakiya karkashin jagorancin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin a hukumance, tare da rera taken kasar ta PRC karo na farko, wato Maris na 'yan sa kai.Sabuwar al'ummar ta yi bikin kaddamar da babbar tutar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin mai taurari biyar a hukumance, wadda aka daga a yayin bikin, inda aka ji karar gaisuwar bindiga 21 daga nesa.Bayan da aka daga tuta, sai sojojin 'yantar da jama'a suka yi bikin da fareti na sojoji.

Gangamin murkushe masu adawa da juyin juya hali wani yakin neman zabe na siyasa ne da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP) ta kaddamar a farkon shekarun 1950, bayan nasarar da CCP ta samu a yakin basasar kasar Sin.Makasudin yakin neman zaben su ne daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyin da ake ganin su ne masu adawa da juyin juya hali ko kuma "makiya masu fada aji" na CCP, wadanda suka hada da masu gidaje, manoma masu arziki, da tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin kishin kasa.A lokacin kamfen, an kama dubban ɗaruruwan mutane, an azabtar da su, da kuma kashe su, kuma an tura da yawa zuwa sansanonin ƙwadago ko kuma a kai su gudun hijira zuwa yankuna masu nisa na China.Kamfen din ya kuma kasance da cin fuska da wulakanci da jama'a ke yi, kamar nuna wadanda ake zargin 'yan juyin-juya hali ne a kan tituna dauke da allunan da ke bayyana laifukan da ake zaton sun aikata.Gangamin murkushe masu adawa da juyin juya hali wani bangare ne na babban kokarin da CCP ke yi na karfafa iko da kawar da barazanar da ake gani ga mulkinta.Kamfen din ya kuma taso ne saboda son sake raba filaye da dukiya daga masu hannu da shuni zuwa ga talakawa da ma’aikata.An ƙare yaƙin neman zaɓe a hukumance a shekara ta 1953, amma irin wannan zalunci da tsanantawa ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Kamfen din ya kuma yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kasar Sin da al'adun gargajiya, saboda ya haifar da fargaba da rashin yarda da juna, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga al'adun murkushe siyasa da nuna kyama da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a halin yanzu.An kiyasta cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga yakin neman zabe ya kai dubu dari zuwa sama da miliyan daya.

Jamhuriyar Jama'arkasar Sin ta shiga cikin rikici na farko na kasa da kasa cikin sauri jim kadan bayan kafuwarta a watan Yunin shekarar 1950, lokacin da sojojin Koriya ta Arewa suka tsallaka karo na 38 tare da mamayeKoriya ta Kudu .A mayar da martani, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, karkashin jagorancin Amurka , ta shiga don kare Kudu.Tunanin nasarar Amurka zai kasance mai haɗari a lokacin yakin cacar baka , Tarayyar Soviet ta bar China alhakin kubutar da gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa.Jirgin na 7 na Amurka an aike da shi ne zuwa mashigin Taiwan domin hana kai farmakin kwaminisanci a tsibirin, kuma China ta yi gargadin cewa ba za ta amince da Koriyar da Amurka ke marawa baya ba a kan iyakarta.Bayan da dakarun MDD suka 'yantar da birnin Seoul a watan Satumba, sojojin kasar Sin da aka fi sani da 'yan sa kai na jama'a, sun mayar da martani ta hanyar tura dakaru zuwa kudanci don hana sojojin MDD keta yankin kogin Yalu.Duk da rashin kwarewar sojojin kasar Sin da fasahar zamani da fasahar yaki da yaki da ta'addanci, kungiyar Resist America, Aid Korea Campaign ta yi nasarar tura dakarun MDD komawa mataki na 38.Yakin ya yi wa kasar Sin tsada, domin fiye da masu aikin sa kai ne kawai aka tattara kuma wadanda aka kashe sun zarce na MDD sosai.An kawo karshen yakin a watan Yulin shekarar 1953 da makami na MDD, kuma ko da yake an kawo karshen rikicin, ya hana yiwuwar daidaita dangantakar dake tsakanin Sin da Amurka tsawon shekaru da dama.Baya ga yakin, kasar Sin ta kuma mayar da yankin Tibet a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1950, tana mai cewa tana karkashin ikon sarakunan kasar Sin ne a shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce.

Gangamin Furanni Dari wani yunkuri ne da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta kaddamar a watan Mayun shekarar 1956. Lokaci ne da 'yan kasar Sin suka kwadaitar da su karara wajen sukar gwamnatin kasar Sin da manufofinta.Manufar kamfen dai ita ce a ba da damar bayyana ra'ayoyi daban-daban da kuma jin ra'ayoyin gwamnati, wanda ke fatan samar da al'umma mai fa'ida.Mao Zedong ne ya fara yakin neman zaben kuma ya dauki tsawon kusan watanni shida.A cikin wannan lokacin, an ƙarfafa 'yan ƙasa su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan batutuwa daban-daban na siyasa da zamantakewa, ciki har da ilimi, aiki, doka, da kuma adabi.Kafofin yada labaran gwamnatin kasar sun yada wannan kira na suka tare da yabawa yadda mutane ke fitowa da ra'ayoyinsu.Sai dai kash, cikin gaggawa yakin neman zaben ya yi tsami a lokacin da gwamnati ta fara daukar tsauraran matakai kan masu yin suka.Yayin da sukar gwamnati ke karuwa, sai gwamnati ta fara murkushe masu sukar, tare da kamawa da kuma aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a wasu lokutan wadanda ake ganin suna da illa ga gwamnati.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Fure ɗari an yi shi a ƙarshe a matsayin gazawa, saboda ya kasa samar da al'umma mai fa'ida kuma ya haifar da ƙara murkushe masu adawa da gwamnati.Ana kallon gangamin a matsayin daya daga cikin manya-manyan kura-kurai na jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin, kuma labari ne na taka tsantsan ga sauran gwamnatocin da ke son karfafa tattaunawa ta gaskiya da gaskiya da 'yan kasarsu.

Gangamin yaki da hakki wani yunkuri ne na siyasa da aka gudanar a kasar Sin tsakanin shekarar 1957 zuwa 1959. Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) ce ta kaddamar da shi da nufin tantancewa, suka, da kuma wanke wadanda ake ganin cewa masu gaskiya ne, ko kuma wadanda suka yi imani da shi. bayyana ra'ayi na adawa da Kwaminisanci ko na juyin juya hali.Gangamin wani bangare ne na gangamin yakin neman zaben Furanni dari, wanda ya nemi karfafa tattaunawa da muhawara kan batutuwan siyasa da zamantakewa a kasar.A shekarar 1957 ne aka kaddamar da gangamin yaki da ‘yan rajin kare hakkin bil-Adama a matsayin martani ga yakin neman zaben Furanni dari, wanda ya karfafa masu hankali wajen sukar Jam’iyyar Kwaminisanci.Shugabancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, karkashin jagorancin Mao Zedong, ba su yi tsammanin zarge-zargen za su yadu da kuma bayyana a fili ba.Sai suka ga wannan suka a matsayin barazana ga karfin jam’iyyar, don haka suka yanke shawarar kaddamar da yakin neman zabe domin takaita tattaunawa da sarrafa.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ga gwamnati ta lakafta duk wanda ya bayyana wani sukar Jam’iyyar a matsayin “mai haƙƙi”.Daga nan sai aka rika sukar wadannan mutane da cin mutuncin jama’a, sannan aka rika yi musu wariya tare da cire su daga mukamansu.An tura da yawa zuwa sansanonin aiki, wasu ma an kashe su.An yi kiyasin cewa mutane kusan 550,000 ne aka yiwa lakabi da masu hakki kuma aka yiwa yakin neman zabe.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 'yan haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban yanayin danne siyasa a kasar Sin a wannan lokacin.Duk da tsauraran matakan da aka dauka kan masu rajin kare hakkin bil adama, yakin neman zaben bai yi nasara ba wajen dakile suka da adawa.Yawancin masanan kasar Sin sun ci gaba da sukar manufofin jam'iyyar, kuma yakin neman zabe ya kara nisantar da su.Kamfen din ya kuma yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, saboda yadda korar masana da yawa daga mukaman mukamai ya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki.

Kamfen na ƙwari huɗu wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne da Mao Zedong ya ƙaddamar a shekarar 1958 a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi niyya ne don kawar da kwari guda huɗu da ke da alhakin yaduwar cututtuka da lalata amfanin gona: beraye, kwari, sauro, da sparrows.Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe wani ɓangare ne na gabaɗayan shirin Babban Leap Forward don inganta ayyukan noma.Don kawar da kwari, an ƙarfafa mutane su kafa tarko, amfani da feshin sinadarai, da kuma kunna wuta don tsoratar da tsuntsaye.Gangamin kuma wani yunkuri ne na zamantakewa, tare da jama'a suna gudanar da ayyukan jama'a da aka sadaukar don kawar da kwari.Gangamin ya yi nasara sosai wajen rage yawan kwari, amma kuma yana da sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba.Yawan sparrow ya ragu sosai har ya rushe ma'aunin muhalli, wanda ya haifar da karuwar kwari masu cin amfanin gona.Wannan kuma ya haifar da raguwar noma da yunwa a wasu yankunan.An ƙare yaƙin neman zaɓe huɗu a cikin 1962, kuma yawan sparrow ya fara farfadowa.

Babban Leap Forward wani shiri ne da Mao Zedong ya aiwatar akasar Sin a tsakanin shekarar 1958 zuwa 1961 don bunkasa tattalin arziki da zamantakewa cikin sauri a kasar.Shirin ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan injiniya na tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a tarihi da nufin bunkasa masana'antun kasar Sin cikin sauri da kuma sauya ta daga al'ummar noma zuwa al'ummar zamani mai ci gaban masana'antu.Shirin ya yi kokarin kara samar da noma da masana'antu ta hanyar kafa tararrabi a cikin tsarin kwaminisanci, da bullo da sabbin fasahohi da kuma kara yawan ma'aikata.Babban yunƙurin da aka yi na sabunta tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, kuma ya sami babban nasara wajen raya tattalin arziki cikin gajeren lokaci.A shekara ta 1958, yawan amfanin gona ya karu da kimanin kashi 40 cikin dari, kuma samar da masana'antu ya karu da kimanin kashi 50 cikin dari.Har ila yau, Babban Leap Forward ya sami kyakkyawar ingantuwar zaman rayuwa a biranen kasar Sin, inda aka yi kiyasin karuwar kashi 25% na matsakaicin kudin shiga na birane a shekarar 1959.Koyaya, Babban Leap Forward shima yana da wasu sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba.Sadar da aikin noma ya haifar da raguwar bambancin amfanin gona da inganci, kuma amfani da sabbin fasahohin da ba a gwada su ba ya haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin gona.Ban da wannan kuma, matsananciyar bukatar ƙwadago na babban haƙiƙa ya haifar da koma baya ga lafiyar jama'ar Sinawa.Wannan, tare da mummunan yanayi da kuma illar yaki a kan tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, ya kai ga wani lokaci na yunwa mai tsanani, kuma a karshe an yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane miliyan 14-45.A ƙarshe, babban yunƙuri na neman zamanantar da tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'ummar Sinawa, kuma a lokacin da aka fara samun nasarar bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin, daga ƙarshe ya ci tura saboda matsanancin buƙatunsa ga jama'ar Sinawa.

Babban yunwar kasar Sin wani lokaci ne da aka yi fama da matsananciyar yunwa a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasarSin tsakanin shekarar 1959 zuwa 1961. An kiyasta cewa tsakanin mutane miliyan 15 zuwa 45 ne suka mutu sakamakon yunwa, da yawan aiki, da cututtuka a wannan lokaci.Wannan dai ya samo asali ne sakamakon haduwar bala’o’i da suka hada da ambaliya da fari, da kuma bala’o’in da dan Adam ya yi, irin su Babban Leap Forward.Babbar Jagora Ching Hai 31 yaƙin neman zaɓe na tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma wanda Mao Zedong, shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin ya kaddamar a shekarar 1958, don sauya kasar cikin sauri daga tattalin arzikin noma zuwa zamantakewar gurguzu.Gangamin an yi shi ne da nufin kara samar da noma da masana'antu, amma abin ya faskara saboda rashin gudanar da aiki da kuma manufofin da ba su dace ba.Gangamin ya haifar da cikas ga ayyukan noma, wanda ya haifar da yunwa da yunwa.Yunwa ta yi kamari a yankunan karkara, inda akasarin al'ummar kasar ke rayuwa.An tilasta wa mutane da yawa su ci duk abin da ake da su, ciki har da haushi, ganye, da ciyawa.A wasu yankunan, mutane sun koma cin naman mutane don su rayu.Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi tafiyar hawainiya wajen mayar da martani kan rikicin, kuma kiyasin adadin mutanen da suka mutu ya sha banban sosai.Babbar yunwa ta kasar Sin wani lamari ne da ya yi barna a tarihin kasar Sin, kuma ya zama abin tunatarwa kan illolin rashin sarrafa albarkatun kasa da kuma bukatar yin shiri da sa ido kan manufofin tattalin arziki cikin tsanaki.

Rarraba tsakanin kasar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance sabani na geopolitical da akida tsakanin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) da Tarayyar Soviet Socialist (USSR) wanda ya faru a karshen shekarun 1950 zuwa farkon shekarun 1960.An samu rarrabuwar kawuna ne sakamakon haduwar bambance-bambancen siyasa da tattalin arziki da na kashin kai da kuma sabanin akida da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu na gurguzu.Ɗaya daga cikin tushen tashin hankali shine fahimtar USSR cewa PRC ta zama mai zaman kanta kuma ba ta cika bin tsarin zamantakewar Soviet ba.Tarayyar ta USSR ta kuma nuna rashin jin dadin yadda kasar Sin ke kokarin yada tsarin mulkin kwaminisanci ga sauran kasashe a cikin kungiyar gurguzu, abin da USSR ta dauka a matsayin kalubale ga shugabancinta.Bugu da kari, an samu takaddamar tattalin arziki da yanki tsakanin kasashen biyu.Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance tana ba wa kasar Sin taimakon tattalin arziki da na soja a lokacin yakin Koriya, amma bayan yakin, sun sa ran kasar Sin za ta mayar da tallafin da albarkatun kasa da fasaha.China, duk da haka, tana ganin taimakon a matsayin kyauta kuma ba ta jin wani nauyi na ta biya.Lamarin dai ya kara ta'azzara saboda dangantakar da ke tsakanin shugabannin kasashen biyu.Shugaban Tarayyar Soviet Nikita Khrushchev da shugaban kasar Sin Mao Zedong suna da mabanbantan akidu da hangen nesa game da makomar gurguzu.Mao ya ga Khrushchev shi ma ya mai da hankali kan zaman lafiya tare da yammacin duniya kuma bai isa ya jajirce wajen juyin juya halin duniya ba.An tsara rarrabuwar kawuna a farkon shekarun 1960, lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta janye masu ba da shawara daga kasar Sin, kuma kasar Sin ta fara aiwatar da manufar harkokin waje mai cin gashin kanta.Kazalika kasashen biyu sun fara taimakawa bangarorin da ke adawa da juna a rikice-rikice daban-daban a duniya.Rarraba tsakanin Sino-Soviet ya yi babban tasiri a duniyar kwaminisanci da daidaiton iko na duniya.Hakan ya haifar da sauye-sauyen kawance da kuma bayyanar da kasar Sin a matsayin babbar mai taka rawa a harkokin kasa da kasa.Har ila yau, ya yi matukar tasiri ga bunkasuwar tsarin gurguzu a kasar Sin, wanda ya kai ga bullo da wani nau'in tsarin gurguzu na kasar Sin, wanda ya ci gaba da tsara harkokin siyasa da zamantakewar kasar har zuwa yau.

Yakin Sin da Indiya wani rikici ne na soji tsakanin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) da Jamhuriyar Indiya wanda ya faru a shekarar 1962. Babban abin da ya haddasa yakin shi ne takaddamar kan iyaka da aka dade ana yi tsakanin kasashen biyu, musamman kan yankin Himalayan. Yankunan da ke kan iyaka na Aksai Chin da Arunachal Pradesh.A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin yakin, Indiya ta yi ikirarin mallakar wadannan yankuna, yayin da kasar Sin ta ci gaba da cewa, wani yanki ne na kasar Sin.An dade ana takun saka tsakanin kasashen biyu, amma a shekarar 1962 ne sojojin kasar Sin suka tsallaka kan iyakar kasar da Indiya, suka fara shiga yankin da Indiya ke ikirarin cewa.An fara yakin ne a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1962, inda Sinawa suka kai hari ba zato ba tsammani a kan wuraren da Indiyawan ke yankin Ladakh.Dakarun na China sun mamaye wuraren Indiya cikin sauri kuma sun yi nisa zuwa cikin yankin da Indiyawan ke da'awar.An kama sojojin Indiya ba tare da kariya ba kuma sun kasa kafa ingantaccen tsaro.Fadan dai ya takaita ne a yankunan kan iyaka da tsaunuka kuma an yi shi da kananan ayyuka, inda bangarorin biyu suka yi amfani da dabarun yaki na gargajiya da na bindigu.Sojojin kasar Sin sun sami fa'ida a fili ta fuskar kayan aiki, horarwa da dabaru, kuma sun sami damar mamaye wuraren Indiya cikin sauri.Yaƙin ya ƙare a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1962, tare da tsagaita wuta.Ya zuwa wannan lokaci, Sinawa sun kwace wani yanki mai yawan gaske na kasar Indiya, ciki har da yankin Aksai Chin, wanda suke ci gaba da rikewa har ya zuwa yau.Indiya ta sha kashi sosai, kuma yakin ya yi tasiri sosai kan tunanin al'ummar kasar da manufofin kasashen waje.

Juyin juya halin al'adu ya kasance lokaci ne na juyin juya halin zamantakewa da siyasa a kasar Sin daga shekarar 1966 zuwa 1976. Mao Zedong, shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin ne ya kaddamar da shi, da nufin tabbatar da ikonsa kan kasar, da tsarkake jam'iyyar " najasa” abubuwa.Juyin juya halin al'adu ya ga tasowar wata al'ada ta dabi'a a kusa da Mao da kuma zalunci miliyoyin mutane, ciki har da masana, malamai, marubuta, da duk wani wanda ake ganin ya zama "burgeois" na al'umma.Juyin juya halin al'adu ya fara ne a cikin 1966, lokacin da Mao Zedong ya buga wata takarda da ke kira ga "Babban Juyin Al'adun Proletarian."Mao ya bayar da hujjar cewa, jama'ar kasar Sin sun yi watsi da su, kuma kasar na cikin hadarin komawa cikin tsarin jari-hujja.Ya yi kira ga dukkan 'yan kasar Sin da su shiga cikin juyin juya hali, su kuma kai hari kan hedkwatar jam'iyyar kwaminisanci domin kawar da gurbatattun abubuwa.Juyin juya halin al'adu ya kasance da kafa ƙungiyoyin Red Guard, waɗanda galibi matasa ne kuma Mao ke jagoranta.An bai wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ikon kai hari da kuma tsananta wa duk wani da suka ɗauka a matsayin wani ɓangare na "burgeois" na al'umma.Hakan ya haifar da tarzoma da hargitsi a fadin kasar, tare da lalata kayayyakin al'adu da na addini da dama.Har ila yau juyin juya halin al'adu ya ga bullar "Gang of Four", wani rukuni na manyan mutane hudu na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci wadanda ke da alaka da Mao kuma suna da iko mai yawa a lokacin.Su ne ke da alhakin yawancin tashin hankali da danniya na juyin juya halin al'adu kuma an kama su bayan mutuwar Mao a 1976.Juyin juya halin al'adu ya yi tasiri matuka a kan al'ummar kasar Sin da siyasar kasar, kuma har yanzu ana jin abin da ya bari.Ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar miliyoyin mutane tare da raba wasu miliyoyi.Har ila yau, ya haifar da sake dawo da tunanin kishin kasa da kuma mayar da hankali kan gwagwarmayar masu fada aji da ci gaban tattalin arziki.A karshe juyin juya halin al'adu ya kasa cimma burinsa na maido da ikon Mao da tsarkake jam'iyyar daga abubuwan da ba ta dace ba, amma har yanzu gadonsa yana nan a cikin siyasa da zamantakewar kasar Sin.

Kisan al'adun gargajiya na Guangxi yana nufin kisan gilla mai yawa da danniya da ake ganin abokan gaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) ne a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu (1966-1976).Juyin juya halin al'adu wani shiri ne na siyasa na tsawon shekaru goma da Mao Zedong ya kaddamar don sake tabbatar da ikonsa a kan kasar Sin ta hanyar kawar da 'yan adawa da karfafa iko.A lardin Guangxi, shugabannin kananan hukumomi na jam'iyyar CCP sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin gangami na kashe-kashe da danniya.Alkalumman hukuma sun nuna cewa tsakanin mutane 100,000 zuwa 150,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon tashe tashen hankula daban-daban kamar su sare kai, duka, binne rai, jifa, nutsewa, tafasa, da kuma zubar da ciki.A yankuna kamar gundumar Wuxuan da gundumar Wuming, an sha cin naman mutane duk da cewa babu yunwa.Bayanan jama'a sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da aƙalla mutane 137, kodayake adadin na iya zama mafi girma.Dubban mutane a Guangxi an yi imanin sun shiga cikin cin naman mutane, kuma wasu rahotanni sun bayyana mutane 421 da abin ya shafa.Bayan juyin juya halin al'adu, an yi wa mutanen da ke da hannu a kisan kiyashi ko cin naman mutane a lokacin "Boluan Fanzheng";A gundumar Wuxuan, inda aka ci aƙalla mutane 38, 15 daga cikin mahalarta taron an gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a kuma an daure su har na tsawon shekaru 14, an kori mambobin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin (CCP) 91 daga jam'iyyar, sannan talatin. -An rage ma'aikata tara wadanda ba jam'iyya ba ko kuma an rage musu albashi.Duk da cewa ofisoshin jam'iyyar gurguzu da na 'yan tawaye sun sanya takunkumin hana cin naman mutane, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ta nuna cewa duk wani a cikin shugabancin jam'iyyar gurguzu na kasa ciki har da Mao Zedong ya goyi bayan cin naman mutane ko ma ya san hakan.Koyaya, wasu masana sun lura cewa gundumar Wuxuan, ta hanyoyin cikin gida, ta sanar da hukumomin tsakiya game da cin naman mutane a 1968.

A watan Afrilun shekarar 1969, Lin ya zama shugaba na biyu na kasar Sin bayan kammala cikakken zama karo na 1 na kwamitin tsakiya na 9 na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin.Shi ne babban kwamandan rundunar 'yantar da jama'a kuma Mao ya nada wanda zai gaje shi.Ana sa ran zai karbi ragamar shugabancin jam'iyyar Kwaminis da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin bayan rasuwar Mao.Bangaren sa ne ke da rinjaye a ofishin siyasa kuma ikonsa ya kasance na biyu bayan na Mao.Duk da haka, a cikakken zama na biyu na kwamitin tsakiya na 9 da aka gudanar a Lushan a shekarar 1970, Mao bai ji dadin ci gaban ikon Lin ba.Mao ya goyi bayan kokarin Zhou Enlai da Jiang Qing na takaita ikon Lin ta hanyar gyara jami'an farar hula da aka wanke a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu da kyautata dangantakar Sin da Amurka.A watan Yulin 1971, Mao ya yanke shawarar cire Lin da magoya bayansa, kuma Zhou Enlai ya yi ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙudurin Mao amma ya kasa.A cikin watan Satumban 1971, jirgin Lin Biao ya fado a Mongoliya a cikin yanayi na ban mamaki.Daga baya an bayyana cewa, Lin ya yi yunkurin tserewa zuwa Tarayyar Soviet bayan da Mao ya zarge shi da yunkurin juyin mulki kan jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China.Mutuwar Lin ta kasance abin kaduwa ga jama'ar kasar Sin, kuma bayanin da jam'iyyar ta yi a hukumance game da lamarin shi ne, Lin ya mutu a wani hadarin jirgin sama yayin da yake kokarin tserewa daga kasar.Ko da yake wannan bayani ya samu karbuwa sosai, amma an yi ta rade-radin cewa gwamnatin kasar Sin ce ta kashe shi domin hana shi hambarar da Mao.Lamarin Lin Biao ya bar tarihi a tarihin kasar Sin, kuma yana ci gaba da zama tushen hasashe da muhawara.Ana kallon shi a matsayin wani muhimmin misali na gwagwarmayar mulki da aka yi a cikin jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin a cikin shekaru na karshe na mulkin Mao.

A watan Fabrairun 1972, shugaba Richard Nixon ya kai ziyara mai tarihi a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasarSin .Wannan ziyara dai ita ce karon farko da wani shugaban kasar Amurka ya ziyarci al'ummar kasar cikin shekaru 22, tun bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a shekarar 1949. Wannan dai wani gagarumin sauyi ne a fagen yakin cacar baka tsakanin Amurka da Sin, wadanda suka kasance masu adawa da juna. tun kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'a.Shugaba Nixon ya dade yana neman bude wata tattaunawa da kasar Sin, kuma ana kallon ziyarar a matsayin wani babban mataki na daidaita dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu.Ana kuma kallon wannan ziyarar a matsayin wata hanya ta karfafa matsayin Amurka a yakin cacar baka.A yayin ziyarar, shugaba Nixon da firaministan kasar Sin Zhou Enlai sun yi shawarwari tare da tattauna batutuwa da dama.Sun tattauna kan daidaita huldar diflomasiyya, halin da ake ciki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da kuma bukatar hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya.Har ila yau, sun tattauna yiwuwar kara hadin gwiwa a fannin tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu.Ziyarar ta kasance nasara ce ga dangantakar jama'a ga shugaba Nixon da Sin.An yaɗa shi sosai a cikin Amurka da ma duniya baki ɗaya.Ziyarar ta taimaka wajen rage zaman dar-dar a tsakanin kasashen biyu tare da bude kofar tattaunawa da tattaunawa.An shafe shekaru da dama ana jin tasirin ziyarar.A shekarar 1979, Amurka da Sin sun kulla huldar diflomasiyya, kuma a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kasashen biyu sun zama abokan huldar kasuwanci.Ana kuma ganin ziyarar ta taimaka wajen kawo karshen yakin cacar baka.

Lokacin daga 1949 zuwa 1976 a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ana kiransa "zamanin Mao".Tun bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong, an yi ta muhawara da tattaunawa game da abin da ya gada.An yi ta cece-kuce da rashin sarrafa kayan abinci da kuma yadda ya fi mayar da hankali kan sana’ar karkara ya janyo mutuwar miliyoyin mutane a dalilin yunwa.Duk da haka, an kuma sami sauye-sauye masu kyau a lokacin mulkinsa.Misali, jahilci ya ragu daga kashi 80% zuwa kasa da 7%, kuma matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa ya karu da shekaru 30.Bugu da kari, yawan mutanen kasar Sin ya karu daga 400,000,000 zuwa 700,000,000.A karkashin mulkin Mao, kasar Sin ta iya kawo karshen "karni na wulakanci" tare da dawo da matsayinta na babbar kasa a fagen kasa da kasa.Har ila yau, Mao ya inganta masana'antun kasar Sin sosai, kuma ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da ikonta.Bugu da ƙari, ƙoƙarin da Mao ya yi na kawar da ƙa'idodin Confucian da ɓatanci yana da tasiri.A shekarar 1976, tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ya karu zuwa girman da yake da shi a shekarar 1949 har sau uku, ko da yake har yanzu kashi goma ne kawai na girman tattalin arzikinta a shekarar 1936. Duk da cewa ta samu wasu halaye na kasa mai karfin gaske kamar makaman nukiliya da shirin sararin samaniya. Har yanzu kasar Sin ta kasance matalauta sosai kuma tana bayan Tarayyar Soviet , Amurka ,Japan , da Yammacin Turai ta fuskar ci gaba da ci gaba.Saurin bunƙasar tattalin arziƙin da aka gani tsakanin 1962 zuwa 1966 juyin juya halin al'adu ya shafe shi.An soki Mao da rashin karfafa tsarin hana haihuwa, a maimakon haka yana kokarin kara yawan jama'a, tare da kalmar "Yawancin mutane, karin iko".Wannan daga karshe ya haifar da cece-kuce mai cike da cece-kuce da shugabannin kasar Sin suka sanya a kan yaro daya.Fassarar Mao na Marxism-Leninism, wanda aka sani da Maoism, an tsara shi cikin Tsarin Mulki a matsayin akida mai jagora.Bangaren kasa da kasa, an ga tasirin Mao a cikin ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali a duniya, irin su Khmer Rouge na Cambodia, Hanyar Shining ta Peru, da yunkurin juyin juya hali a Nepal.An daina yin Maoism a kasar Sin, ko da yake har yanzu ana yin ishara da sahihancin jam'iyyar CCP da kuma tushen juyin juya hali na kasar Sin.Wasu 'yan kabilar Mao na daukar sauye-sauyen Deng Xiaoping a matsayin cin amana ga gadon Mao.

Bayan mutuwar Mao Zedong a watan Satumba na shekarar 1976, jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta bukaci a ci gaba da yin la'akari da manufofin juyin juya hali na Mao a cikin harkokin waje.A lokacin mutuwarsa, kasar Sin ta kasance cikin wani mawuyacin hali na siyasa da tattalin arziki sakamakon babban juyin al'adun gargajiya na Proletarian da kuma fadan bangaranci da ya biyo baya.Hua Guofeng, wanda ya nada Mao wanda zai gaje shi, ya karbi mukamin shugaban jam'iyyar tare da kama kungiyar Gang of Four, wanda ya haifar da bukukuwa a fadin kasar.Hua Guofeng ya yi ƙoƙari ya cika takalman mashawarcinsa ta hanyar, a cikin wasu abubuwa, wasan kwaikwayon aski iri ɗaya da shelar "Abin da ke faruwa guda biyu", ma'ana "Duk abin da shugaba Mao ya ce, za mu ce, kuma duk abin da shugaba Mao ya yi, za mu yi."Hua ya dogara da tsarin addinin Maoist, amma manufofinsa marasa tunani ba su sami goyon baya kaɗan ba, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin jagora maras kyau.An maido da Deng Xiaoping a cikin tsoffin mukamansa a watan Yuli na shekarar 1977, kuma an gudanar da taron jam'iyyar karo na 11 a watan Agusta, wanda ya sake gyara Deng tare da tabbatar da zabensa a matsayin sabon mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kuma mataimakin shugaban hukumar soji ta tsakiya.Deng Xiaoping ya yi ziyararsa ta farko zuwa kasar waje a watan Mayun shekarar 1978, inda ya ziyarci kasar Koriya ta Arewa.Kasar Sin ta gyara shinge da shugaban kasar Yugoslavia Josip Tito, wanda ya ziyarci birnin Beijing a watan Mayun shekarar 1977, kuma a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1978, Deng Xiaoping ya ziyarci kasar Japan, inda ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da firaministan kasar Takeo Fukuda, a hukumance ya kawo karshen yakin da aka yi tsakanin kasashen biyu. kasashe biyu tun daga 1930s.Dangantaka da Vietnam ba zato ba tsammani ta zama maƙiya a cikin 1979, kuma a cikin Janairu 1979, an kai wani cikakken harin Sinawa a kan iyakar Vietnam.A karshe kasar Sin ta kulla huldar diflomasiyya da Amurka a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1979. kulla huldar diflomasiyya da Amurka ya haifar da martani iri-iri daga kasashen 'yan gurguzu.Sauyin mulki ga Deng Xiaoping da magoya bayansa wani lokaci ne mai cike da rudani a tarihin kasar Sin, yayin da aka kawo karshen zamanin tunanin Mao Zedong, da farkon zamanin yin gyare-gyare da bude kofa ga waje.Tunanin Deng na zamanantar da tattalin arziki da kuma tsarin tafiyar da harkokin mulki ya zo kan gaba, kuma magoya bayansa sun yi kokarin samar da daidaiton al'umma ta hanyar gyare-gyaren hukumomi.Sabon shugaban ya mai da hankali kan bunkasuwar tattalin arziki sabanin gwagwarmayar masu fada aji da kishin juyin juya hali, wani babban sauyi ne a manufofin kasar Sin, kuma yana tare da sauye-sauye da dama a fannonin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.Yayin da tsofaffin masu gadin juyin juya halin al'adu suka maye gurbinsu da wasu matasa na shugabanni, jam'iyyar CCP ta yi alkawarin ba za ta taba maimaita kura-kuran da aka yi a baya ba, kuma za ta ci gaba da yin garambawul a sannu a hankali maimakon canji mai tsauri.

An amince da kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin na shekarar 1978 a hukumance a taron farko na majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar Sin karo na biyar a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1978, shekaru biyu bayan faduwar kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Hudu.Wannan shi ne Kundin Tsarin Mulki na uku na PRC, kuma ya ƙunshi batutuwa 60 idan aka kwatanta da 30 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1975.Ya maido da wasu siffofi na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1954, kamar kayyade wa'adin shugabannin jam'iyya, zabuka, da kara samun 'yancin kai a bangaren shari'a, da kuma gabatar da sabbin abubuwa kamar manufofin zamani na zamani guda hudu da kuma wani sashe da ya ayyana Taiwan a matsayin wani bangare na kasar Sin.Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma tabbatar da 'yancin 'yan kasa, ciki har da 'yancin yin yajin aiki, yayin da ake bukatar goyon bayan shugabancin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin da tsarin gurguzu.Duk da yarensa na juyin juya hali, kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin na shekarar 1982 ya maye gurbinsa a zamanin Deng Xiaoping.

Lokacin Boluan Fanzheng wani lokaci ne a tarihin jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, lokacin da Deng Xiaoping ya jagoranci wani babban kokari na gyara kura-kuran juyin al'adu da Mao Zedong ya fara.Wannan shiri dai ya yi kokarin kawo karshen manufofin Ma'asumai da aka aiwatar a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, da gyara wadanda aka zalunta ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kawo sauye-sauye na zamantakewa da siyasa daban-daban, da kuma taimakawa wajen dawo da zaman lafiya a kasar cikin tsari.Ana kallon wannan lokaci a matsayin babban sauyi da kuma tushen tsarin gyarawa da buɗewa, wanda ya fara a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1978.A shekarar 1976, bayan da aka kammala juyin juya halin al'adu, Deng Xiaoping ya ba da shawarar manufar "Boluan Fanzheng".Wasu mutane irin su Hu Yaobang ne suka taimaka masa, wanda daga karshe za a nada shi babban sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP).A watan Disamba na shekarar 1978, Deng Xiaoping ya iya fara shirin Boluan Fanzheng kuma ya zama shugaban kasar Sin.Wannan lokacin ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, lokacin da CCP da gwamnatin kasar Sin suka karkata akalarta daga "gwagwarmayar fada" zuwa "gina tattalin arziki" da "zamani".Duk da haka, lokacin Boluan Fanzheng ya haifar da cece-kuce da dama, kamar takaddama kan tunkarar Mao, shigar da "ka'idoji hudu masu muhimmanci" a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Sin wanda ya kiyaye tsarin mulkin jam'iyyar CCP daya tilo na kasar Sin, da muhawarar shari'a ciki har da gaskiyar cewa da yawa daga cikin masu kula da kuma mahalarta kisan kiyashin juyin juya halin al'adu sun sami ko dai a'a ko kadan hukunci.CCP ba ta bayyana cikakken rahotannin da ke da alaƙa da juyin juya halin al'adu ba, kuma tana iyakance nazarin ilimi da tattaunawa tsakanin jama'a game da al'ummar Sinawa.Ban da wannan kuma, an yi fargaba game da koma baya ga manufofin Boluan Fanzheng, da kuma sauya tsarin mulki na mutum daya wanda ya bayyana a fili tun bayan da Xi Jinping ya zama babban sakataren CCP a shekarar 2012.

Gyaran tattalin arzikin kasar Sin, wanda ake kuma kira da yin kwaskwarima da bude kofa ga waje, ya fara ne a karshen karni na 20, kuma masu neman sauyi a cikin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CPC) mai mulkin kasar suka bullo da shi.Bisa jagorancin Deng Xiaoping, an tsara gyare-gyaren ne don kawar da ayyukan noma da bude kofa ga kasashen waje, tare da baiwa 'yan kasuwa damar fara kasuwanci.Ya zuwa shekarar 2001, kasar Sin ta shiga kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya WTO, wadda ta samu ci gaban kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ya kai kashi 70 cikin 100 na jimillar GDP a shekarar 2005. Sakamakon gyare-gyaren da aka yi, tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ya bunkasa cikin sauri, inda ya karu da sauri. Kashi 9.5% a kowace shekara daga 1978 zuwa 2013. Zaman gyare-gyaren ya kuma haifar da gagarumin sauye-sauye a cikin al'ummar kasar Sin, da suka hada da raguwar talauci, karuwar matsakaicin kudin shiga da rashin daidaiton kudin shiga, da karuwar kasar Sin a matsayin babbar kasa.Duk da haka, akwai sauran batutuwa masu tsanani kamar su cin hanci da rashawa, gurbacewar yanayi da kuma yawan tsufa da gwamnatin kasar Sin za ta magance.Shugabanci na yanzu a karkashin Xi Jinping, ya rage sauye-sauyen da ake yi, tare da sake tabbatar da ikon gwamnati a fannoni daban daban na al'ummar kasar Sin, ciki har da tattalin arziki.

A shekarar 1978, a cikakken taro na uku na kwamitin kolin jam'iyyar na kasar Sin karo na 11, Deng Xiaoping ya kaddamar da kasar Sin kan hanyar yin gyare-gyare da bude kofa ga kasashen waje, da nufin kawar da gurguzu a yankunan karkara, da daidaita ikon gwamnati a fannin masana'antu.Har ila yau, ya gabatar da manufar "zamantarwa guda hudu" da manufar "xiaokang" ko "al'umma mai matsakaicin wadata."Deng ya ba da muhimmanci sosai ga masana'antar hasken wuta a matsayin wani tsani ga bunƙasa masana'antu masu nauyi kuma nasarar tattalin arzikin Singapore a karkashin Lee Kuan Yew ya yi tasiri sosai.Deng ya kuma kafa yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki (SEZ) a yankuna kamar Shenzhen, Zhuhai, da Xiamen don jawo hankalin masu zuba jari daga ketare ba tare da tsauraran ka'idojin gwamnati ba, da kuma tafiyar da tsarin jari hujja.Yankin masana'antu na Shekou da ke Shenzhen shi ne yanki na farko da aka bude kofa, kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban sauran sassan kasar Sin.Har ila yau, ya fahimci mahimmancin kimiyya da fasaha a cikin "zamantawa guda hudu" tare da amincewa da ayyuka da dama kamar su Beijing Electron-Positron Collider da Babban bangon bango, tashar bincike na farko na kasar Sin a Antarctica.A cikin 1986, Deng ya ƙaddamar da "Shirin 863" kuma ya kafa tsarin ilimi na wajibi na shekaru tara.Har ila yau, ya amince da gina cibiyoyin makamashin nukiliya guda biyu na farko a kasar Sin, wato tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya ta Qinshan dake Zhejiang da kuma tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Daya Bay dake Shenzhen.Bugu da kari, ya amince da nadin wasu 'yan kasashen waje da za su yi aiki a kasar Sin, ciki har da fitaccen masanin lissafi na kasar Sin-Ba'amurke Shiing-Shen Chern.Gabaɗaya, manufofin Deng da jagorancinsa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zamanantar da tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'ummar kasar Sin.

Yaƙin Sino-Bietnam ya faru ne a farkon shekarar 1979 tsakaninSin da Vietnam .Yakin ya samo asali ne sakamakon martanin da kasar Sin ta mayar kan matakin da Vietnam ta dauka kan Khmer Rouge a shekarar 1978, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin Khmer Rouge mai samun goyon bayan kasar Sin.Bangarorin biyu sun yi ikirarin samun nasara a yakin karshe na yakin Indochina.A lokacin yakin, sojojin kasar Sin sun mamaye arewacin Vietnam tare da kwace garuruwa da dama da ke kusa da kan iyaka.A ranar 6 ga Maris, 1979, kasar Sin ta bayyana cewa, ta cimma manufarta, sannan sojojinta sun janye daga Vietnam.Duk da haka, Vietnam ta ci gaba da rike dakaru a Cambodia har zuwa shekarar 1989, don haka burin kasar Sin na hana Vietnam shiga Cambodia bai cika cika ba.Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, an daidaita iyakar Sin da Vietnam.Ko da yake kasar Sin ba ta iya hana Vietnam daga korar Pol Pot daga Cambodia ba, ta nuna cewa Tarayyar Soviet, abokin hamayyarta na kwaminisanci na yakin cacar baka , ta kasa kare kawayenta na Vietnam.

A shekarar 1981, kotun kolin jama'ar kasar Sin ta gabatar da tsoffin shugabannin kasar Sin guda hudu na kungiyar Gang na hudu, inda Jiang Hua ke shugabanta.A yayin shari'ar, Jiang Qing ta yi kakkausar suka a zanga-zangar ta, kuma ita kadai ce daga cikin mutane hudun da ta yi gardama kan kare kanta ta hanyar cewa ta bi umarnin shugaba Mao Zedong.Zhang Chunqiao ya ki amincewa da aikata wani laifi, yayin da Yao Wenyuan da Wang Hongwen suka nuna tuba tare da amsa laifukan da ake zarginsu da aikatawa.Masu gabatar da kara sun raba kurakuran siyasa da aikata laifuka da suka hada da kwace ikon gwamnati da shugabancin jam’iyya, da kuma cin zarafin mutane 750,000, wanda 34,375 suka mutu a tsakanin shekarun 1966-1976.Har yanzu ba a fitar da bayanan shari’ar a hukumance ba.Sakamakon shari'ar, an yanke wa Jiang Qing da Zhang Chunqiao hukuncin kisa, wanda daga baya aka mayar da shi daurin rai da rai.Wang Hongwen da Yao Wenyuan an yankewa kowannensu rai da shekaru ashirin a gidan yari.Dukkanin mambobin kungiyar hudu na Gang na hudu sun rasu --Jiang Qing ya kashe kansa a shekarar 1991, Wang Hongwen ya rasu a shekarar 1992, sannan Yao Wenyuan da Zhang Chunqiao sun mutu a shekarar 2005, bayan da aka sake su daga kurkuku a shekarar 1996 da 1998, bi da bi.

A cikin 1983, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na hagu sun ƙaddamar da "Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Anti-Ruhaniya".Gangamin yaki da gurbacewar ruhi wani shiri ne na siyasa karkashin jagorancin 'yan mazan jiya na jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin da aka gudanar tsakanin Oktoba da Disamba na shekarar 1983. Gangamin da nufin murkushe ra'ayoyin 'yancin kai na yammacin duniya a tsakanin al'ummar Sinawa, wadanda ke samun karbuwa a matsayin kasa da kasa. sakamakon gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki da aka fara a 1978. An yi amfani da kalmar "Tsarin gurɓatawar Ruhaniya" don bayyana abubuwa da dama da ra'ayoyin da aka yi la'akari da su "batsa, rashin tausayi, ko mayar da hankali," kuma waɗanda aka ce sun yi tsayayya da yanayin. tsarin zamantakewar kasar.Deng Liqun, shugaban farfagandar jam'iyyar a lokacin, ya bayyana yakin a matsayin wata hanya ta yakar "kowane nau'i na bourgeois da ake shigo da su daga lalata zuwa rayuwa."Gangamin ya kai kololuwa a tsakiyar watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1983 amma ya yi kasa a gwiwa a shekarar 1984, bayan shiga tsakani daga Deng Xiaoping.Duk da haka, daga baya an sake amfani da wasu abubuwa na kamfen a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Bourgeois na shekarar 1986, wanda aka yi wa shugaban jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi Hu Yaobang.

Bayan zanga-zanga da kisan kiyashi a dandalin Tiananmen a shekarar 1989, Deng Xiaoping, wanda shi ne shugaban kasar Sin, ya yi murabus a hukumance, kuma tsohon sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin Jiang Zemin ya gaje shi.A cikin wannan lokaci da ake kira "Jiangist China", murkushe masu zanga-zangar ya haifar da babbar illa ga martabar kasar Sin a duniya tare da sanya takunkumi.Duk da haka, a ƙarshe lamarin ya daidaita.A karkashin jagorancin Jiang, an yi watsi da ra'ayin tabbatar da daidaito a cikin tsarin siyasa da Deng ya ba da shawarar a kai, yayin da Jiang ya karfafa ikon a cikin jam'iyya, jiha, da soja.A cikin shekarun 1990, kasar Sin ta samu ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin koshin lafiya, amma rufe kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati da karuwar cin hanci da rashawa da rashin aikin yi, tare da kalubalen muhalli sun ci gaba da zama matsala ga kasar.Cin kasuwa, aikata laifuka, da ƙungiyoyin addini na zamani kamar Falun Gong suma sun bayyana.A shekarun 1990 kuma an ga yadda aka mika Hong Kong da Macau cikin lumana ga ikon kasar Sin karkashin tsarin "Kasa daya, Tsari Biyu".Kasar Sin ta kuma ga sabon karuwar kishin kasa a lokacin da take fuskantar rikice-rikice a ketare.

Zanga-zangar da aka yi a dandalin Tiananmen na shekarar 1989 jerin zanga-zangar neman dimokuradiyya ce da ta gudana a dandalin Tiananmen da ke kusa da birnin Beijing, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin.An fara zanga-zangar ne a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1989, domin mayar da martani ga mutuwar tsohon babban sakataren jam'iyyar gurguzu Hu Yaobang, wanda aka sauke daga mukaminsa a shekarar 1987, sakamakon zanga-zangar dalibai.Nan da nan zanga-zangar ta samu karbuwa, kuma cikin makonni da dama masu zuwa, dalibai da 'yan kasar daga sassa daban-daban sun hallara a dandalin Tiananmen, domin gudanar da zanga-zangar neman karin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai da taro, da kawo karshen cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, da kuma kawo karshen jam'iyya daya tilo. mulkin jam'iyyar gurguzu.A ranar 19 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1989, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta ayyana dokar ta-baci a birnin Beijing, kuma an tura sojoji zuwa birnin don tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar.A ranakun 3 da 4 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1989, sojojin kasar Sin sun murkushe masu zanga-zangar da karfi, inda suka kashe daruruwan masu zanga-zangar tare da jikkata wasu dubbai.Bayan tashe-tashen hankulan, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sanya wasu jerin takunkumi kan 'yancin jama'a da 'yancin dan Adam, ciki har da hana tarukan jama'a da zanga-zanga, da kara sanya ido kan kafofin watsa labarai, da kara sanya ido kan 'yan kasar.Zanga-zangar ta dandalin Tiananmen na zama daya daga cikin manyan alamomin fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya a kasar Sin, kuma abin da ya bari na ci gaba da tsara yanayin siyasar kasar a yau.

Taron kolin Sino- Soviet taron ne na kwanaki hudu da ya gudana a birnin Beijing daga ranar 15 zuwa 18 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1989. Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko a hukumance tsakanin shugaban kwaminisanci na Tarayyar Soviet da shugaban gurguzu na kasar Sin tun bayan ballewar kasar Sin da Tarayyar Soviet a shekarun 1950.Shugaban Tarayyar Soviet na karshe da ya ziyarci kasar Sin shi ne Nikita Khrushchev a watan Satumba na shekarar 1959. Taron ya samu halartar Deng Xiaoping shugaban kasar Sin, da Mikhail Gorbachev, babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet.Shugabannin biyu sun bayyana cewa, taron ya zama mafarin daidaita huldar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu.Taron da aka yi tsakanin Gorbachev da babban sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP), Zhao Ziyang, an bayyana shi a matsayin "maido da dabi'a" na dangantakar jam'iyya da jam'iyya.

A watan Janairun shekarar 1992, Deng ya fara rangadi a lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, inda ya ziyarci birane da dama da suka hada da Shenzhen, da Zhuhai, da Shanghai.A cikin jawabansa, Deng ya yi kira da a kara samar da 'yancin walwala a fannin tattalin arziki da zuba jari a kasashen waje, ya kuma bukaci jami'ai da su dauki kwakkwaran matakai na gyara tattalin arzikin kasar.Ya kuma jaddada muhimmancin kirkire-kirkire da kasuwanci wajen bunkasar tattalin arziki.Jama'ar kasar Sin da masu zuba jari na kasashen waje sun sadu da rangadin da Deng ya yi a kudancin kasar, lamarin da ya haifar da sabon fatan alheri game da makomar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin.Har ila yau, ya kasance wata alama mai ƙarfi ga jami'ai da 'yan kasuwa na gida cewa ya kamata su yi amfani da sababbin damar da sake fasalin tattalin arziki da bude kofa ga juna suka bayar.Sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin yankuna, musamman lardunan kudanci, sun fara aiwatar da manufofin da suka shafi kasuwa, wanda ya haifar da karuwar tattalin arziki da zamanance.Ana kallon rangadin da Deng ya yi a kudancin kasar a matsayin wani sauyi a tarihin kasar Sin na zamani, domin ya nuna wani gagarumin sauyi a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa na kasar.Har ila yau, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara matakin samun bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin cikin sauri, da kuma bayyana matsayin babbar kasa a duniya a karni na 21.

Dam din Gorges Uku wani katafaren madatsar ruwa ne mai karfin ruwa wanda ya ratsa kogin Yangtze a gundumar Yiling da ke Yichang na lardin Hubei na kasar Sin.An gina shi a ƙarƙashin kwazazzabai uku.Tun daga shekara ta 2012, ita ce tashar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma a duniya wajen samar da wutar lantarki, mai karfin megawatt 22,500.Dam din yana samar da matsakaicin 95 ± 20 TW na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara, ya danganta da hazo na shekara-shekara a cikin kogin.Dam din ya karya tarihin duniya a baya na 103 TWh da Itaipu Dam ya kafa a shekarar 2016, lokacin da ya samar da kusan TWh 112 na wutar lantarki bayan da aka samu ruwan sama mai yawa a shekarar 2020.An fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa ne a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, 1994, kuma an kammala ginin madatsar ruwa a shekarar 2006. An kammala aikin samar da wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwan har zuwa ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2012, lokacin da na karshe na manyan injinan ruwa a karkashin kasa. shuka ya fara samarwa.Kowane babban injin turbin ruwa yana da karfin 700MW.Hada manyan injina guda 32 na madatsar ruwan da kananan janareta guda biyu (50MW kowanne) don samar da wutar lantarki da kanta, jimillar karfin samar da wutar lantarkin dam din ya kai megawatt 22,500.Babban sashi na ƙarshe na aikin, ɗaga jirgin, an kammala shi a cikin Disamba 2015.Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, madatsar ruwan na da nufin kara karfin jigilar kogin Yangtze da kuma rage yiwuwar samun ambaliyar ruwa a kasa, wanda a tarihi ya addabi yankin Yangtze.A shekara ta 1931, ambaliyar ruwa ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane miliyan 4.Sakamakon haka, kasar Sin ta dauki aikin a matsayin wani babban nasara a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, tare da kera manyan injinan injina na zamani, da wani mataki na takaita fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli.Duk da haka, dam din ya haifar da sauye-sauyen yanayi da suka hada da kara hadarin zaftarewar kasa wanda hakan ya sa ake cece-kuce a cikin gida da waje.

Rikicin mashigin tekun Taiwan na uku, wanda kuma aka fi sani da rikicin mashigin tekun Taiwan na tsakanin 1995-1996, lokaci ne da ake kara samun tashin hankali na soji tsakanin jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC) da Jamhuriyar Sin (ROC), wacce aka fi sani da Taiwan.Rikicin ya faro ne a karshen rabin shekarar 1995, kuma ya karu a farkon shekarar 1996.Rikicin ya samo asali ne sakamakon shawarar da shugaban ROC Lee Teng-hui ya yanke na neman karin amincewar kasashen duniya ga Taiwan a matsayin wata kasa ta daban.Ana dai kallon wannan mataki a matsayin kalubale kai tsaye ga manufar "Kasar Sin Daya" ta PRC, wadda ta ce Taiwan wani yanki ne na kasar Sin.A martanin da ta mayar, PRC ta fara atisayen soji da gwajin makami mai linzami a mashigin tekun Taiwan, da nufin tsoratar da Taiwan da kuma nuna aniyarta ta sake hade tsibirin da yankin tekun.Waɗannan atisayen sun haɗa da atisayen wuta mai raye-raye, gwajin makami mai linzami, da kuma mamayewa na ba'a.Amurka, wacce ke da dogon tarihi na baiwa Taiwan makamai na kariya, ta mayar da martani ta hanyar aike da kungiyoyin yaki da jiragen yaki guda biyu zuwa mashigin Taiwan.Ana kallon matakin a matsayin nuna goyon baya ga Taiwan da kuma gargadi ga China.Rikicin ya kai ga kololuwa a cikin Maris 1996, lokacin da PRC ta kaddamar da jerin gwaje-gwajen makamai masu linzami a cikin ruwan da ke kewayen Taiwan.Ana dai kallon gwaje-gwajen a matsayin barazana kai tsaye ga Taiwan wanda ya sa Amurka ta tura karin wasu kungiyoyin yaki da jiragen yaki guda biyu zuwa yankin.Rikicin ya kaure a karshe bayan da PRC ta kawo karshen gwajin makami mai linzami da kuma atisayen soji, kuma Amurka ta janye kungiyoyin da ke yaki da jiragen yakinta daga mashigin Taiwan.Duk da haka, tashin hankali tsakanin PRC da Taiwan ya ci gaba da yin la'akari kuma mashigin Taiwan ya kasance wani abin da zai iya haifar da rikici na soja.Rikicin mashigin tekun Taiwan na uku ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin lokuta mafi hadari a tarihin mashigin tekun Taiwan, kuma ya kawo yankin daf da fada.Ana dai kallon shigar Amurka cikin rikicin a matsayin wani muhimmin al'amari na hana barkewar rikici, amma kuma ya dagula dangantaka tsakanin Amurka da China.

Mika mulki na Hong Kong shi ne mika mulkin mallaka ga masarautar Birtaniya ta Hong Kong daga Birtaniya zuwa Jamhuriyar Jama'arSin a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1997. Taron ya kawo karshen shekaru 156 na mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da kuma kafuwar kasar Sin. yankin musamman na Hong Kong (HKSAR) na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.An gudanar da bikin mika kayan ne a tsohon sansanin sojan Burtaniya, wato Flagstaff House da ke tsakiyar Hong Kong.Bikin ya samu halartar wakilan Birtaniya, China, da gwamnatin Hong Kong, da sauran manyan baki da sauran jama'a.Shugaban kasar Sin Jiang Zemin da firaministan Burtaniya Tony Blair sun gabatar da jawabai, inda suka bayyana fatan mika mulki ga wani sabon zamani na zaman lafiya da wadata a yankin.An gudanar da bikin mika ragamar mulki da dama da suka hada da fareti, wasan wuta, da liyafar cin abinci a gidan gwamnati.A kwanakin da suka rage a mika tutar kasar Birtaniya, an sauya tutar kasar da tutar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin.Mika mulki na Hong Kong ya zama wani babban ci gaba a tarihin Hong Kong da China.Bayan mika mulki, an kafa yankin musamman na Hong Kong, wanda ya baiwa yankin hukumarsa ta hukumar gudanarwa, dokoki, da yancin cin gashin kai.Ana ganin mika mulki a matsayin nasara, inda Hong Kong ke kiyaye tsarinta na tattalin arziki, al'adu, da rayuwarta, yayin da har yanzu tana da alaka ta kut da kut da kasar Sin.Canja wurin ya kasance alama ce ta bikin mika mulki wanda Charles III (a lokacin Yariman Wales) ya halarta kuma an watsa shi a duk duniya, yana nuna ƙarshen daular Burtaniya.

A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2001, kasar Sin ta shiga kungiyar WTO bayan shafe shekaru 15 ana tattaunawa.Wannan wani babban mataki ne ga kasar, yayin da ta bude kofa ga bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci da zuba jari da sauran kasashen duniya.Shiga WTO ya kuma bukaci kasar Sin da ta yi sauye-sauye kan tattalin arzikinta da tsarin shari'arta, da suka hada da rage haraji da sauran shingen cinikayya, da inganta kariyar fasaha, da karfafa matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa.Tun bayan shiga kungiyar WTO, kasar Sin ta zama daya daga cikin manyan kasashen ciniki a duniya, kuma babbar jagorar tattalin arzikin duniya.Kasancewar kungiyar ta taimaka wajen samar da miliyoyin ayyukan yi a fadin duniya da kuma rage talauci a kasashe masu tasowa.A sa'i daya kuma, kasar Sin na fuskantar suka daga wasu kasashe mambobin kungiyar WTO, wadanda ke ganin cewa, kasar ba ta cika ka'idojinta na WTO ba.

Tun daga shekarun 1980, Deng Xiaoping, shugaban kasar Sin, ya aiwatar da shekarun ritaya na wajibi ga manyan jami'an jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP).An tsara wannan tsarin ne a shekarar 1998. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2002, a babban taron jam'iyyar CCP karo na 16, babban sakataren jam'iyyar CCP na lokacin Jiang Zemin, ya sauka daga zaunannen kwamitin harkokin siyasa mai karfi, don ba da dama ga matasa masu tasowa karkashin jagorancin Hu Jintao, dan kabilar Tsinghua. digiri na injiniya.Koyaya, an yi hasashen cewa Jiang zai ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai.A lokacin, Jiang ya cika sabon kwamitin zaunannen kwamitin harkokin siyasa da aka fadada, wanda shi ne mafi karfi a kasar Sin, tare da manyan abokansa guda uku: tsohon sakataren Shanghai Huang Ju, tsohon sakataren jam'iyyar Beijing Jia Qinglin, da Li Changchun don sarrafa farfaganda.Bugu da kari, ana ganin sabon mataimakin shugaban kasar, Zeng Qinghong, a matsayin babban aminin Jiang, yayin da ya kasance wani bangare na kungiyar Jiang ta Shanghai.A yayin taron, Wen Jiabao, wanda shi ne na hannun daman Firimiya Zhu Rongji, shi ma ya samu daukaka.Ya zama Firimiya a cikin Maris 2003, kuma tare da Hu, an san su da Hu-Wen Administration.Sana'o'in Hu da Wen sun yi fice wajen cewa sun tsira daga rikicin siyasa na 1989, wanda ake dangantawa da matsakaitan ra'ayoyinsu da kulawa da hankali don kada su bata wa tsofaffin magoya baya rai.Hu Jintao shi ne sakataren kwamitin jam'iyyar na farko da ya shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu bayan juyin juya hali sama da shekaru 50 da suka gabata.Yana da shekaru 50, shi ne mamba mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin kwamitin dindindin na mutane bakwai.Wen Jiabao, injiniyan ilmin kasa, wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a yankunan kasar Sin, bai taba rasa nasaba da siyasa ba, duk da kasancewarsa tsohon aminin babban sakataren jam'iyyar CCP Zhao Ziyang.

Shenzhou 5 shi ne jirgin sama mai mutum na farko da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta harba.An harba kumbon ne a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2003, kuma ya dauki wani dan sama jannati Yang Liwei cikin sararin samaniya na tsawon sa'o'i 21 da mintuna 23.An harba kumbon ne ta hanyar amfani da rokar Long March 2F daga cibiyar harba tauraron dan adam ta Jiuquan dake arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin.An yi la'akari da wannan manufa a matsayin nasara, kuma ta kasance wani muhimmin ci gaba ga shirin sararin samaniyar kasar Sin.Shenzhou 5 shi ne karo na farko da aka aika wani dan sama jannatin kasar Sin zuwa sararin samaniya, kuma ya sanya kasar Sin ta zama kasa ta uku a duniya, bayan Rasha da Amurka, da ta harba dan Adam a sararin samaniya da kanta.

A gun gasar wasannin Olympics ta lokacin zafi na shekarar 2008 da aka yi a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin, an ba da lambar yabo ta jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin ta karbar bakuncin gasar a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2001, inda ta doke sauran kasashe hudu da suka fafata a wannan karo.Don shirye-shiryen bikin, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta zuba jari mai yawa kan sabbin wurare da tsarin sufuri, inda aka yi amfani da wurare 37 don daukar nauyin wasannin, ciki har da guda 12 da aka gina musamman domin wasannin na 2008.An gudanar da bukukuwan hawan dawaki a Hong Kong, yayin da aka gudanar da wasannin tukin jirgin ruwa a birnin Qingdao da kuma wasannin kwallon kafa a birane daban-daban.Tambarin wasannin na 2008, mai taken "Dancing Beijing", Guo Chunning ne ya kirkiro shi kuma ya nuna halin babban birnin kasar Sin (京) wanda aka yi masa salo da siffar dan Adam.Yayin da mutane biliyan 3.5 a duniya ke kallo, gasar Olympics ta 2008 ita ce gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi mafi tsada a kowane lokaci, kuma an gudanar da mafi tsayin nisa na mika wutar lantarki ta Olympics.Hu Jintao ya samu kulawa sosai saboda gasar Olympics ta Beijing ta shekarar 2008.Wannan taron, wanda ake nufin ya zama bikin jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, ya fuskanci zanga-zangar Tibet a watan Maris na shekarar 2008 da kuma zanga-zangar da suka hadu da fitilar Olympics a yayin da take kan hanyarta a fadin duniya.Wannan ya haifar da sake farfadowar kishin kasa a cikin kasar Sin, inda mutane ke zargin kasashen yammacin duniya da rashin adalci ga kasarsu.

Rikicin Tibet na shekarar 2008 ya kasance jerin zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin kasar Sin a Tibet wanda ya fara a watan Maris na shekarar 2008 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara mai zuwa.Zanga-zangar dai ta samo asali ne daga dalilai da dama, da suka hada da korafe-korafe da aka dade ana yi kan yadda kasar Sin ke murkushe al'adu da addini na Tibet, da kuma nuna takaici kan mayar da tattalin arziki da zaman al'umma saniyar ware.An fara tashe tashen hankula a Lhasa, babban birnin Tibet, inda limaman coci da 'yan zuhudu suka gudanar da zanga-zangar lumana, inda suka yi kira da a kara samun 'yancin addini da kuma dawowar Dalai Lama, wanda gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi gudun hijira daga Tibet a shekarar 1959. An gamu da wadannan zanga-zangar ta farko. martani mai tsanani daga hukumomin China, inda aka girke dubban sojoji domin kwantar da tarzoma, an kuma kame masu zanga-zangar da dama.Nan da nan zanga-zangar ta bazu zuwa wasu sassan Tibet da kewaye da ke da dimbin al'ummar Tibet, ciki har da lardin Sichuan, da Qinghai, da Gansu.Zanga-zangar da kuma arangama tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da jami'an tsaro na kara tada tarzoma, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane da jikkata wasu da dama.Dangane da tashe-tashen hankulan, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sanya dokar hana fita a birnin Lhasa da sauran yankunan kasar, tare da kafa dokar hana yada labarai, tare da hana 'yan jarida da masu sa ido na kasashen waje shiga Tibet.Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kuma zargi Dalai Lama da magoya bayansa da haddasa tarzoma, ta kuma zargi masu zanga-zangar da kasancewa "masu tayar da hankali" da "masu aikata laifuka."Rikicin Tibet na shekarar 2008 ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da kasar Sin ta fuskanta a tarihin Tibet.Yayin da mahukuntan kasar Sin suka yi watsi da zanga-zangar daga karshe, sun bayyana koke-koke da bacin rai da 'yan kabilar Tibet da dama ke nuna wa mulkin kasar Sin, lamarin da ya haifar da rashin jituwa tsakanin 'yan kabilar Tibet da gwamnatin kasar Sin.

A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2012, Xi Jinping ya zama babban sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin, kuma shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na soja, wadanda ake ganin su ne mukamai biyu mafi karfi a kasar Sin.Bayan wata daya, a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2013, ya zama shugaban kasar Sin na 7.Bugu da kari, a watan Maris din shekarar 2013, an nada Li Keqiang a matsayin firaministan kasar Sin.A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2022, an sake zaben Xi Jinping a matsayin babban sakataren jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin karo na uku, wanda ya karya ka'idar mutuwar Mao Zedong, kuma ya zama babban shugaban kasar Sin.

Yakin kasuwanci tsakanin Sin da Amurka na nufin rikicin tattalin arziki da ke tsakanin Sin da Amurka.An fara ne a shekarar 2018 lokacin da gwamnatin shugaba Donald Trump ta sanya haraji kan kayayyakin kasar Sin, a kokarinta na rage gibin cinikayyar da Amurka ke yi da kasar Sin, da kuma magance abin da gwamnatin kasar ke gani a matsayin rashin adalci a harkokin cinikayyar kasar Sin.China ta mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya haraji kan kayayyakin Amurka.Farashin kuɗin fito ya shafi kayayyaki iri-iri da suka haɗa da motoci, kayayyakin noma, da fasaha.Yakin kasuwanci ya haifar da hauhawar farashin kasuwanci da masu sayayya a kasashen biyu, kuma ya haifar da rashin tabbas a kasuwannin duniya.Kasashen biyu sun yi shawarwari da dama a kokarin da suke na warware yakin cinikayya, amma kawo yanzu ba a cimma cikakkiyar yarjejeniya ba.Har ila yau gwamnatin Trump ta dauki wasu matakai da dama don matsawa kasar Sin lamba, kamar takaita saka hannun jarin kasar Sin a Amurka da kuma takaita ayyukan kamfanonin fasaha na kasar Sin kamar Huawei.Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma sanya haraji kan kayayyakin wasu kasashe da dama, baya ga China.Yakin kasuwanci ya yi mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin duniya, domin ya haifar da koma baya a harkokin kasuwanci da kuma kara tsadar kasuwanci.Har ila yau, ya haifar da asarar ayyukan yi a masana'antun da suka dogara da fitar da kayayyaki zuwa China da Amurka.Yakin kasuwanci ya kuma dagula dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu, inda China da Amurka ke zargin juna da rashin adalci a harkokin kasuwanci.Bayan gwamnatin Trump, shugaba mai ci Joe Biden ya bayyana cewa gwamnatinsa na son ci gaba da tattaunawa da kasar Sin don warware takaddamar kasuwanci, amma kuma ya bayyana cewa ba za su ja da baya kan batutuwan da suka hada da kare hakkin bil'adama, satar fasaha da kuma tilastawa aiki.

Zanga-zangar Hong Kong na 2019-2020, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Dokar Amincewa da Dokar Ba da Agaji (Anti-ELAB), jerin zanga-zangar ne, yajin aiki, da tashe-tashen hankula a Hong Kong da suka fara a watan Yunin 2019. Zanga-zangar ta samo asali ne sakamakon zanga-zangar. wani kudirin mika mulki wanda zai ba da damar tasa keyar wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka daga Hong Kong zuwa babban yankin kasar Sin.Kudurin dai ya fuskanci adawa sosai daga 'yan kasar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, wadanda ke fargabar cewa za a yi amfani da shi wajen kai hari ga masu adawa da siyasa da kuma bata 'yancin cin gashin kai na Hong Kong.Nan da nan zanga-zangar ta yi girma da girma, inda aka yi jerin gwano da gangami a ko'ina cikin birnin.Yawancin zanga-zangar ta kasance cikin lumana, amma wasu sun koma tashin hankali, inda aka yi arangama tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda.An caccaki ‘yan sandan kan dabarun da suke amfani da su, da suka hada da amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye, harsashin roba, da kuma na ruwa.Masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci a janye kudirin mika mulki, da gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan yadda 'yan sanda ke tafiyar da zanga-zangar, da yin afuwa ga masu zanga-zangar da aka kama, da kuma zaben gama gari a Hong Kong.Sun kuma amince da wasu bukatu da dama, kamar "Bukatun Biyar, Ba Karami ba" da "Yantar da Hong Kong, juyin juya halin zamaninmu".Tun farko dai gwamnatin Hong Kong karkashin jagorancin shugabar zartarwa Carrie Lam ta ki amincewa da janye kudirin, amma daga baya ta dakatar da shi a watan Yunin shekarar 2019. Sai dai an ci gaba da zanga-zangar, inda masu zanga-zangar da dama ke kira ga Lam ya yi murabus.Lam ya sanar da janye kudirin a hukumance a watan Satumba na 2019, amma an ci gaba da zanga-zangar, inda masu zanga-zangar da dama ke kira da ta yi murabus tare da gudanar da bincike kan zaluncin ‘yan sanda.An ci gaba da zanga-zangar a duk shekara ta 2019 da 2020, inda 'yan sanda suka yi kame da dama tare da tuhumar yawancin masu zanga-zangar da laifuka daban-daban.Cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da raguwar girma da yawan zanga-zangar a cikin 2020, amma sun ci gaba da faruwa.Gwamnatin Hong Kong dai na shan suka daga kasashe daban-daban da suka hada da Amurka da Birtaniya kan yadda take tafiyar da zanga-zangar da kuma yadda take muzgunawa masu zanga-zangar.Har ila yau ana sukar gwamnatin kasar Sin da rawar da ta taka a zanga-zangar, inda wasu kasashen ke zarginta da keta 'yancin cin gashin kai na Hong Kong da kuma take hakkin dan Adam.Halin da ake ciki a Hong Kong yana ci gaba kuma yana ci gaba da zama tushen damuwa da kulawar duniya.

Tiangong, wanda aka fi sani da "Sky Palace," wani tashar sararin samaniya ce da kasar Sin ta gina da kuma sarrafa sararin samaniya a karkashin kasa maras nauyi, a tsayin daka tsakanin mil 210 zuwa 280 daga saman kasa.Ita ce tashar sararin samaniya ta farko ta kasar Sin ta dogon lokaci, wani bangare na shirin Tiangong, kuma jigon "mataki na uku" na shirin sararin samaniyar kasar Sin.Ƙarfin da aka matsa masa ya kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na girman tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya.Ginin tashar ya dogara ne da gogewar da aka samu daga magabatan Tiangong-1 da Tiangong-2.Module na farko, mai suna Tianhe ko "Harmony of the Heavens," an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2021, kuma an ƙaddamar da ayyuka da yawa na mutane da marasa matuƙa, da ƙarin ƙarin na'urori biyu na dakin gwaje-gwaje, Wentian da Mengtian, waɗanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 24 ga Yuli. 2022 da Oktoba 31, 2022 bi da bi.Babban makasudin binciken da aka gudanar akan tashar shine inganta karfin masana kimiyya wajen gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a sararin samaniya.

Kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a shekarar 1949 ya haifar da sakamako da tasiri mai yawa, a cikin gida da waje.A cikin gida, CCP ta aiwatar da wasu tsare-tsare da nufin sabuntar da masana'antu a kasar, irin su babban ci gaba da juyin juya halin al'adu.Wadannan manufofi sun yi tasiri sosai ga rayuwar jama'ar kasar Sin.Babban Juyin Juyin Juya Halin ya haifar da bala'in yunwa da barnar tattalin arziki, yayin da juyin juya halin al'adu ya kasance yana da gogewar siyasa, tashin hankali, da murkushe 'yancin ɗan adam.Wadannan manufofin sun haifar da mutuwar miliyoyin mutane, kuma sun yi tasiri na dogon lokaci a cikin al'ummar kasar Sin da siyasar kasar.A daya hannun kuma, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin ta aiwatar da manufofin da suka haifar da gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.Kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin ta haifar da saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arziki da zamanantar da jama'a, wanda ya fitar da miliyoyin jama'a daga kangin talauci da kyautata zaman rayuwar jama'a.Kasar ta kuma samu ci gaba sosai a fannin ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da ababen more rayuwa.CCP ta kuma kawo zaman lafiya da hadin kai a kasar da ta yi fama da yake-yake da tashe tashen hankula.Bangaren kasa da kasa, kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin ta yi babban tasiri a siyasar duniya.Nasarar da CCP ta samu a yakin basasa ya kai ga janyewar kasashen waje daga kasar Sin da kuma kawo karshen "karni na wulakanci."Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta zama kasa mai karfi, mai cin gashin kanta, kuma cikin sauri ta kafa kanta a matsayin babbar mai taka rawa a fagen duniya.Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin ta kuma yi tasiri kan gwagwarmayar akida tsakanin tsarin gurguzu da tsarin jari-hujja, sakamakon nasarar da kasar ta samu a yakin cacar-baka da kuma nasarar sauye-sauyen tattalin arzikinta ya haifar da sauyi kan daidaiton karfin iko a duniya, da samar da wani sabon salo. na ci gaba.