Tarihin Indonesia

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2000 BCE - 2023

Tarihin Indonesia



Tarihin Indonesiya an tsara shi ne ta hanyar matsayin ƙasa, albarkatun ƙasa, jerin ƙaura da hulɗar ɗan adam, yaƙe-yaƙe na mamayewa, yaduwar Musulunci daga tsibirin Sumatra a ƙarni na 7 AD da kafa masarautun Musulunci.Matsayin da ƙasar ke da mahimmanci ta hanyar teku ta haɓaka kasuwancin tsibirai da na ƙasa da ƙasa;ciniki tun daga tushe ya tsara tarihin Indonesiya.Yankin Indonesiya yana da jama'a na ƙaura daban-daban, suna haifar da bambancin al'adu, ƙabilanci, da harsuna.Tsarin tsibirai da yanayin sun yi tasiri sosai a harkar noma da kasuwanci, da kafa jihohi.Iyakokin jihar Indonesiya sun yi daidai da kan iyakokin ƙarni na 20 na Indies Gabashin Dutch .Mutanen Australiya, wadanda su ne mafi yawan al'ummar zamani, ana zaton sun fito ne daga Taiwan kuma sun isa Indonesia a shekara ta 2000 KZ.Daga karni na 7 AD, mulkin sojan ruwana Srivijaya mai karfi ya bunkasa yana kawo tasirin Hindu da Buddha tare da shi.Daular Buddhist Sailendra da Hindu Mataram daga baya sun bunƙasa kuma sun ƙi a cikin ƙasar Java.Muhimmiyar daular da ba ta musulmi ba ta ƙarshe, masarautar Hindu Majapahit, ta bunƙasa daga ƙarshen karni na 13, kuma tasirinta ya mamaye yawancin Indonesia.Shaidar farko ta al'ummar musulmi a Indonesia ta kasance a karni na 13 a arewacin Sumatra;sauran yankunan Indonesiya sun karbi Musulunci a hankali, wanda ya zama addini mafi rinjaye a Java da Sumatra a karshen karni na 12 har zuwa karni na 16.A galibin bangare, Musulunci ya lullube kuma ya gauraye da tasirin al'adu da na addini.Turawa irin su Portuguese sun isa Indonesiya daga karni na 16 suna neman su mallaki tushen goro, cloves, da barkono mai kubewa a Maluku.A cikin 1602, Dutch ya kafa Kamfanin Dutch East India Company (VOC) kuma ya zama babban ikon Turai a shekara ta 1610. Bayan fatara, VOC ta narkar da shi a hukumance a shekara ta 1800, kuma gwamnatin Netherlands ta kafa Indies Gabas ta Netherlands a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati.A farkon karni na 20, rinjayen Dutch ya fadada zuwa iyakoki na yanzu.MamayewarJafananci da mamayar da ta biyo baya a cikin 1942-1945 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya kawo karshen mulkin Dutch, kuma ya karfafa yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indonesiya a baya.Kwanaki biyu bayan mika wuya na Japan a watan Agustan 1945, shugaban masu kishin kasa Sukarno ya ayyana 'yancin kai kuma ya zama shugaban kasa.Netherlands ta yi ƙoƙarin sake kafa mulkinta, amma yaƙin neman zaɓe da makami da diflomasiyya ya ƙare a watan Disamba na 1949, lokacin da ake fuskantar matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa, Dutch ɗin sun amince da 'yancin kai na Indonesiya.Yunkurin juyin mulki a shekara ta 1965 ya haifar da tashin hankali da sojoji suka jagoranci kawar da gurguzu inda aka kashe sama da rabin miliyan.Janar Suharto ya zarce shugaba Sukarno a siyasance, kuma ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Maris na 1968. Sabon tsarin mulkinsa ya samu tagomashin kasashen Yamma, wadanda jarin su a Indonesia ya kasance wani babban al’amari a cikin shekaru talatin da suka biyo baya na gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki.A karshen shekarun 1990, duk da haka, Indonesiya ita ce kasar da ta fi fama da rikicin hada-hadar kudi na gabashin Asiya, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar jama'a da murabus din Suharto a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1998. Zamanin Reformasi bayan murabus din Suharto, ya haifar da karfafa tsarin dimokuradiyya, ciki har da shirin 'yancin cin gashin kai na yanki, ballewar Gabashin Timor, da kuma zaben shugaban kasa na farko kai tsaye a shekara ta 2004. Rikicin siyasa da tattalin arziki, tashin hankalin jama'a, cin hanci da rashawa, bala'o'i, da ta'addanci sun ja baya.Ko da yake dangantaka tsakanin addinai da kabilu daban-daban tana da jituwa sosai, rashin jin daɗi na bangaranci da tashe-tashen hankula sun kasance matsaloli a wasu yankuna.
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Ziyarci Shago

2000 BCE Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Indonesia
Mutanen Austronesiya sune mafi yawan al'ummar zamani.Wataƙila sun isa Indonesiya kusan 2000 KZ kuma ana tsammanin sun samo asali ne daga Taiwan .[81] A wannan lokacin, sassan Indonesia sun shiga cikin hanyar Maritime Jade Road, wanda ya wanzu tsawon shekaru 3,000 tsakanin 2000 KZ zuwa 1000 CE.[82] Al'adun Dong Son ya bazu zuwa Indonesiya yana kawo dabarun noman shinkafa jika, sadaukarwar buffalo, simintin tagulla, ayyukan megalithic, da hanyoyin sakar ikat.Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun kasance a yankunan da suka haɗa da yankunan Batak na Sumatra, Toraja a Sulawesi, da kuma tsibirai da yawa a Nusa Tenggara.Indonesiya na farko sun kasance masu son rai waɗanda suke girmama ruhohin matattu suna gaskata rayukansu ko kuma ƙarfin rayuwarsu na iya taimaka wa masu rai.Ingantattun yanayin noma, da ƙwarewar noman shinkafa mai jika tun farkon karni na 8 KZ, [83] ya ba da damar ƙauyuka, garuruwa, da ƙananan masarautu su bunƙasa a ƙarni na farko AZ.Waɗannan masarautu (ƙaɗan fiye da tarin ƙauyuka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙananan sarakuna) sun samo asali ne da nasu kabilanci da addinan kabilanci.Zafin Java har ma da zafin jiki, yawan ruwan sama da ƙasa mai aman wuta, sun kasance cikakke don noman shinkafa jika.Irin wannan noma na bukatar al’umma mai tsari, sabanin al’ummar da ta dogara da busasshiyar shinkafa, wadda ita ce hanya mafi sauki ta noman da ba ta bukatar ingantaccen tsarin zamantakewa don tallafa mata.
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300 - 1517
Al'adun Hindu-Budaornament
Kamfanin
Kyakkyawan aikin tubali a gindin Batujaya Buddhist stupa a Karawang, kwanan wata daga ƙarshen lokacin Tarumanagara (ƙarni na 5-7) zuwa farkon tasirin Srivijaya (ƙarni na 7-10). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
450 Jan 1 - 669

Kamfanin

Jakarta, Indonesia
Indonesiya kamar yawancin kudu maso gabashin Asiya al'adunIndiya sun rinjayi.Daga karni na 2, ta cikin daular Indiya kamar Pallava, Gupta, Pala da Chola a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa har zuwa karni na 12, al'adun Indiyawa sun bazu a duk kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Tarumanagara ko Masarautar Taruma ko kuma kawai Taruma wata masarauta ce ta Indiyawan Sundan ta farko, wacce ke yammacin Java, wanda mai mulkinsa na ƙarni na 5, Purnawarman, ya samar da sanannun rubuce-rubuce a Java, waɗanda aka ƙiyasta zuwa yau daga kusan 450 CE.Akalla rubuce-rubucen dutse bakwai da ke da alaƙa da wannan masarauta an gano su a yankin Yammacin Java, kusa da Bogor da Jakarta.Rubutun Ciaruteun, Kebon Kopi, Jambu, Pasir Awi, da Muara Cianten ne a kusa da Bogor;Rubutun Tugu kusa da Cilincing a Arewacin Jakarta;da rubutun Cidanghiang a ƙauyen Lebak, gundumar Munjul, kudu da Banten.
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Masarautar Kalinga
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
500 Jan 1 - 600

Masarautar Kalinga

Java, Indonesia
Kalinga wata masarauta ce ta Indiyawa ta ƙarni na 6 a arewacin gabar tekun Java ta Tsakiya, Indonesia.Ita ce farkon daular Hindu-Buda a tsakiyar Java, kuma tare da Kutai, Tarumanagara, Salakanagara, da Kandis sune mafi dadewa masarautu a tarihin Indonesia.
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Sunda Kingdom
Jam'iyyar Masarautar Sundan ta tashi zuwa Majapahit ta Jong sasanga wangunan zobe Tatarnagari tiniru, nau'in takarce, wanda kuma ya hada da fasahohin kasar Sin, kamar yin amfani da kusoshi na karfe tare da dowels na katako, da gina babban kanti mai ruwa, da kuma karin katako na tsakiya. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
669 Jan 1 - 1579

Sunda Kingdom

Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Masarautar Sunda masarautar Hindu ce ta Sundanese wacce ke yammacin tsibirin Java daga 669 zuwa kusa da 1579, wacce ta mamaye yankin Banten, Jakarta, Yammacin Java, da yammacin tsakiyar Java.Babban birnin Masarautar Sunda ya motsa sau da yawa a tarihinsa, yana canzawa tsakanin yankin Galuh (Kawali) a gabas da Pakuan Pajajaran a yamma.Masarautar ta kai kololuwarta a zamanin Sarki Sri Baduga Maharaja, wanda a al'adance ake tunawa da mulkinsa daga shekara ta 1482 zuwa 1521 a matsayin zamanin zaman lafiya da wadata a tsakanin al'ummar Sundan.Mazauna masarautan sun kasance asalin 'yan kabilar Sundan ne, yayin da yawancin addinin Hindu ne.
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671 Jan 1 - 1288

Srivijaya Empire

Palembang, Palembang City, Sou
Srivijaya ya kasance daular thalassocratic na addinin Buddah [5] wanda ya danganci tsibirin Sumatra, wanda ya rinjayi yawancin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Srivijaya wata muhimmiyar cibiya ce don faɗaɗa addinin Buddha daga karni na 7 zuwa 12 AZ.Srivijaya ita ce siyasa ta farko da ta mamaye yawancin yammacin tekun kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Saboda wurin da yake, Srivijaya ya ɓullo da fasaha mai rikitarwa ta amfani da albarkatun ruwa.Bugu da kari, tattalin arzikinta ya ci gaba da dogaro da bunkasuwar ciniki a yankin, ta yadda ya mayar da shi tattalin arzikin tushen kayayyaki mai martaba.[6]Maganar farko game da ita ta samo asali ne daga karni na 7.Wani malamin kasar Sin mai suna Yijing na daular Tang ya rubuta cewa ya ziyarci Srivijaya a shekara ta 671 har tsawon watanni shida.[7] [8] Rubutun farko da aka sani wanda sunan Srivijaya ya bayyana kuma ya fito ne daga karni na 7 a cikin rubutun Kedukan Bukit da aka samo kusa da Palembang, Sumatra, mai kwanan wata 16 Yuni 682. [9] Tsakanin ƙarshen 7th zuwa farkon karni na 11. Srivijaya ya tashi ya zama hegemon a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Ya kasance cikin hulɗar kut-da-kut, sau da yawa fafatawa, tare da Mataram, Khmer da Champa.Babban sha'awar Srivijaya a waje shi ne kula da yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci masu riba da Sin da kasar Sin wadanda suka dade tun daga zamanin Tang zuwa daular Song.Srivijaya yana da alaƙar addini, al'adu da kasuwanci tare da Buddha Pala na Bengal, da kuma da Halifancin Musulunci a Gabas ta Tsakiya.Kafin karni na 12, Srivijaya ya kasance tushen siyasa na farko maimakon ikon ruwa, jiragen ruwa suna samuwa amma sun kasance a matsayin tallafin kayan aiki don sauƙaƙe hasashen ikon ƙasa.Dangane da sauyin tattalin arzikin yankin tekun Asiya, da kuma barazanar rasa masu dogaro da shi, Srivijaya ya ɓullo da dabarun sojan ruwa don jinkirta faɗuwar sa.Dabarun sojan ruwa na Srivijaya ya kasance mafi yawan azabtarwa;an yi hakan ne don tilasta wa jiragen ruwa kiranye zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa.Daga baya, dabarun sojan ruwa ya rikide zuwa kai hari.[10]Masarautar ta daina wanzuwa a cikin karni na 13 saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da fadada daulolin Javanese Singhasari da Majapahit mai fafatawa.[11] Bayan Srivijaya ya fadi, an manta da shi sosai.Sai a shekara ta 1918 ne ɗan tarihin Faransa George Cœdès, na l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, ya bayyana kasancewarsa a hukumance.
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Masarautar Mataram
Borobudur, mafi girman tsarin addinin Buddah guda ɗaya a duniya, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da daular Shailendra ta Masarautar Mataram ta gina. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
716 Jan 1 - 1016

Masarautar Mataram

Java, Indonesia
Masarautar Mataram masarautar Javanese ce ta Hindu – Buddhist wacce ta yi girma tsakanin ƙarni na 8 da 11.Ya kasance a tsakiyar Java, daga baya kuma a Gabashin Java.Sarki Sanjaya ne ya kafa wannan masarautar, ta kasance karkashin daular Shailendra da daular Ishana.A mafi yawan tarihinta da alama Masarautar ta dogara sosai kan noma, musamman noman shinkafa mai yawa, sannan kuma ta ci gajiyar kasuwancin teku.Bisa ga majiyoyin kasashen waje da binciken binciken kayan tarihi, da alama masarautar tana da yawan jama'a kuma tana da wadata sosai.Masarautar ta haɓaka al'umma mai sarƙaƙƙiya, [12] tana da ingantaccen al'adu, kuma ta sami digiri na ƙwarewa da ingantaccen wayewa.A tsakanin ƙarshen karni na 8 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 9, masarautar ta ga bunƙasa fasahar fasaha da gine-ginen Javanese na gargajiya da aka nuna a cikin saurin haɓakar ginin haikalin.Haikali sun ɗora yanayin filin zuciyarta a cikin Mataram.Mafi shahara daga cikin haikalin da aka gina a Mataram sune Kalasan, Sewu, Borobudur da Prambanan, duk suna kusa da birnin Yogyakarta a yau.A lokacin kololuwarta, masarautar ta zama daula mai girma wacce ta yi amfani da ikonta ba kawai a Java ba, har ma a Sumatra, Bali, kudancin Thailand , daular Indiyawan Philippines , da Khmer a Cambodia .[13] [14] [15]Daga baya daular ta kasu kashi biyu dauloli guda biyu da aka gano ta hanyar daulolin addinin Buddah da Shaivite.Yakin basasa ya biyo baya.Sakamakon haka shi ne, an raba masarautar Mataram zuwa masarautu biyu masu karfi;Daular Shaivite na masarautar Mataram a Java karkashin jagorancin Rakai Pikatan da daular Buddhist na masarautar Srivijaya a Sumatra karkashin jagorancin Balaputradewa.Kiyayyar da ke tsakaninsu ba ta kare ba sai a shekara ta 1016 lokacin da kabilar Shailendra da ke Srivijaya suka tayar da tawaye daga Wurawari, wani basarake na masarautar Mataram, suka kori babban birnin Watugaluh a Gabashin Java.Srivijaya ya tashi ya zama daular hegemonic da ba a jayayya a yankin.Daular Shaivite ta tsira, ta sake kwato gabashin Java a shekarar 1019, sannan ta kafa daular Kahuripan karkashin jagorancin Airlangga, dan Udayana na Bali.
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Mulkin da ba a iya gani
King Airlangga wanda aka nuna a matsayin Vishnu hawa Garuda, wanda aka samo a cikin haikalin Belahan. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1019 Jan 1 - 1045

Mulkin da ba a iya gani

Surabaya, Surabaya City, East
Kahuripan wata masarautar Hindu-Buddha ta Javanese ce ta karni na 11 wacce ke da babban birninta da ke kusa da kwarin Brantas River a Gabashin Java.Masarautar ba ta daɗe ba, kawai ta wuce tsakanin 1019 zuwa 1045, kuma Airlangga shine kawai raja na masarautar, wanda aka gina shi daga baraguzan Masarautar Mataram bayan mamayar Srivijaya.Airlangga daga baya a cikin 1045 ya yi murabus don neman 'ya'yansa maza biyu kuma ya raba masarautar zuwa Janggala da Panjalu (Kadiri).Daga baya a karni na 14 zuwa na 15, an san tsohuwar daular a matsayin daya daga cikin larduna 12 na Majapahit.
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1025 Jan 1 - 1030

Chola mamayewa na Srivijaya

Palembang, Palembang City, Sou
A cikin mafi yawan tarihin da suka yi tarayya da su, tsohuwar Indiya da Indonesiya suna jin daɗin dangantakar abokantaka da lumana, don haka ya sa wannan mamayarIndiya ta zama wani abu na musamman a tarihin Asiya.A cikin karni na 9 da na 10, Srivijaya ya ci gaba da kulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da Daular Pala a Bengal, kuma rubutun Nalanda na 860 CE Maharaja Balaputra na Srivijaya ya sadaukar da gidan sufi a Nalanda Mahavihara a yankin Pala.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Srivijaya da daular Chola na kudancin Indiya ta kasance abokantaka ne a zamanin mulkin Raja Raja Chola I. Sai dai a lokacin mulkin Rajendra Chola I dangantakar ta tabarbare, yayin da sojojin ruwan Cholas suka kai farmaki kan garuruwan Srivijayan.An san Cholas sun ci gajiyar satar fasaha da kasuwancin waje.Wani lokaci hawan tekun Chola ya kai ga ganima da cin galaba har zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[16] Srivijaya yana sarrafa manyan wuraren shaƙa na ruwa guda biyu ( Malacca da mashigin Sunda) kuma a lokacin ya kasance babbar daular ciniki wacce ke da manyan sojojin ruwa.Mashigin Malacca na arewa maso yamma an sarrafa shi daga Kedah a gefen Malay Peninsula da Pannai a gefen Sumatran, yayin da Malayu (Jambi) da Palembang ke sarrafa budewar kudu maso gabas da kuma Sunda Strait.Sun kasance suna yin cinikin ruwa ne kawai wanda ya tilasta duk wani jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci da ya bi ta cikin ruwansu ya kira tashar jiragen ruwa ko kuma a yi wa ganima.Dalilan wannan balaguron jiragen ruwa ba su da tabbas, masanin tarihi Nilakanta Sastri ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa harin ya faru ne ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Srivijayan na jefa cikas a cikin hanyar cinikin Chola tare da Gabas (musamman China), ko kuma wataƙila, sha'awa mai sauƙi akan wani ɓangare na Rajendra don ƙaddamar da digvijaya zuwa ƙasashen da ke ƙetare tekun da aka sani da batunsa a gida, don haka ya kara haske ga rawaninsa.Mamayewar Cholan ya haifar da faduwar daular Sailendra na Srivijaya.
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Masarautar Kediri
Vajrasattva.Gabashin Java, lokacin Kediri, karni na 10-11 AZ, tagulla, 19.5 x 11.5 cm ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1042 Jan 1 - 1222

Masarautar Kediri

Kediri, East Java, Indonesia
Masarautar Kediri ta kasance Masarautar Javanese Hindu-Buddha mai tushe a Gabashin Java daga 1042 zuwa kusan 1222. Kediri shine magajin masarautar Kahuripan ta Airlangga, kuma ana tunanin ci gaban Daular Isyana a Java.A cikin 1042, Airlangga ya raba masarautarsa ​​ta Kahuripan gida biyu, Janggala da Panjalu (Kadiri), kuma ya yi murabus don neman 'ya'yansa maza su rayu a matsayin masu son rai.Masarautar Kediri ta kasance tare da daular Srivijaya da ke Sumatra a cikin karni na 11 zuwa 12, kuma da alama sun ci gaba da kulla huldar kasuwanci dakasar Sin har zuwa wani lokaciIndiya .Asusun kasar Sin ya bayyana wannan masarauta a matsayin Tsao-wa ko Chao-wa (Java), adadin bayanan kasar Sin yana nuna cewa masu bincike da 'yan kasuwa na kasar Sin sun ziyarci wannan masarauta.Dangantaka da Indiya al'adu ce ta daya, kamar yadda lambobi na Javanese rakawi (mawaki ko masani) suka rubuta wallafe-wallafen da suka samo asali daga tatsuniyar Hindu, imani da almara irin su Mahabharata da Ramayana.A cikin karni na 11, mulkin Srivijayan a cikin tsibiran Indonesiya ya fara raguwa, wanda Rajendra Chola ya mamaye yankin Malay Peninsula da Sumatra.Sarkin Chola na Coromandel ya ci Kedah daga Srivijaya.Rashin raunin mulkin Srivijayan ya ba da damar kafa masarautun yanki, kamar Kediri, bisa aikin gona maimakon kasuwanci.Daga baya Kediri ya yi nasarar sarrafa hanyoyin cinikin kayan yaji zuwa Maluku.
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1200
Zamanin Daular Musulunciornament
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1200 Jan 1

Musulunci a Indonesia

Indonesia
Akwai shaidar Larabawa musulmi 'yan kasuwa sun shigo Indonesia tun farkon karni na 8.[19] [20] Amma, sai a karshen karni na 13 ne aka fara yaduwar Musulunci.[19] Da farko an shigo da musulunci ta hannun yan kasuwa musulmi larabawa, sai kuma aikin mishan na malamai.Hakan ya kara taimaka wa sarakunan yankin da kuma sauya sheka.[20] Mishan sun samo asali ne daga ƙasashe da yankuna da yawa, tun farko daga Kudancin Asiya (watau Gujarat) da kudu maso gabashin Asiya (watau Champa), [21] daga baya kuma daga Kudancin Larabawa (watau Hadramaut).[20]A karni na 13, siyasar Musulunci ta fara bulla a arewacin gabar tekun Sumatra.Marco Polo, a kan hanyarsa ta komawa gida dagaChina a shekara ta 1292, ya ba da rahoton akalla wani gari na musulmi.[22] Hujja ta farko ta daular musulmi ita ce dutsen kabari, mai kwanan wata CE 1297, na Sultan Malik al Saleh, sarkin musulmi na farko na Samudera Pasai Sultanate.A karshen karni na 13, an kafa Musulunci a Arewacin Sumatra.A karni na 14, an kafa Musulunci a arewa maso gabashin Malaya, Brunei, kudu maso yammacin Philippines , da kuma tsakanin wasu kotuna na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Java ta Tsakiya, kuma a karni na 15, a Malacca da sauran yankunan Malay Peninsula.[23] Ƙarni na 15 ya ga raguwar daular Hindu Javanese Majapahit, a matsayin musulmi yan kasuwa daga Larabawa,Indiya , Sumatra da Malay Peninsula, da kuma kasar Sin ta fara mamaye kasuwancin yankin da 'yan kasuwa na Javanese Majapahit ke sarrafawa.Daular Ming ta kasar Sin ta ba da tallafi bisa tsari ga Malacca.Tafiyar Ming ta Zheng He na kasar Sin (1405 zuwa 1433) ta samu ne don samar da matsugunan musulmin kasar Sin a Palembang da arewacin gabar tekun Java.[24] Malacca ya ba da kwarin gwiwa ga musulunta a yankin, yayin da jirgin ruwa na Ming ya kafa al'ummar musulmin kasar Sin-Malay a arewacin Java na gabar teku, don haka ya haifar da adawa ta dindindin ga Hindu na Java.A shekara ta 1430, balaguro ya kafa al'ummomin Sinawa Musulmi, Larabawa da Malay a arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa na Java kamar Semarang, Demak, Tuban, da Ampel;don haka Musulunci ya fara samun gindin zama a arewacin gabar tekun Java.Malacca ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin kariyar Ming ta Sin, yayin da Majapahit ke ci gaba da korar da baya.[25] Mafi rinjayen masarautun musulmi a wannan lokacin sun hada da Samudera Pasai a arewacin Sumatra, Malacca Sultanate a gabashin Sumatra, Demak Sultanate a tsakiyar Java, Gowa Sultanate a kudancin Sulawesi, da sultanates na Ternate da Tidore a tsibirin Maluku zuwa gabas.
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Masarautar Singhasari
An gina haikalin Singhasari azaman haikalin gawawwaki don girmama Kertanegara, sarkin Singhasari na ƙarshe. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1222 Jan 1 - 1292

Masarautar Singhasari

Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Singhasari masarautar Hindu ce ta Javanese dake gabashin Java tsakanin 1222 zuwa 1292. Masarautar ta gaji daular Kediri a matsayin babbar masarauta a gabashin Java.Singhasari Ken Arok ne ya kafa shi (1182-1227/1247), wanda labarinsa shahararre ne a tsakiyar Java da Gabas.A cikin shekara ta 1275, Sarki Kertanegara, mai mulki na biyar na Singhasari wanda ke mulki tun 1254, ya kaddamar da yakin ruwa na lumana a arewa zuwa ga raunanan Srivijaya [17] a matsayin martani ga ci gaba da hare-haren 'yan fashin teku na Ceylon da mamayewar masarautar Chola daga Indiya wanda ya ci gaba da mamayewa. Ya ci Kedah na Srivijaya a cikin 1025. Mafi ƙarfi daga cikin waɗannan masarautun Malaya shine Jambi, wanda ya mamaye babban birnin Srivijaya a 1088, sannan masarautar Dharmasraya ta biyo baya, da masarautar Temasek ta Singapore .Tafiyar Pamalayu daga 1275 zuwa 1292, daga lokacin Singhasari zuwa Majapahit, an rubuta shi a cikin littafin Jafananci Nagarakrtagama.Ta haka yankin Singhasari ya zama yankin Majapahit.A cikin shekara ta 1284, Sarki Kertanegara ya jagoranci wani mummunan balaguron Pabali zuwa Bali, wanda ya haɗa Bali cikin yankin masarautar Singhasari.Sarkin ya kuma aika da sojoji da zagayawa da wakilai zuwa wasu masarautu da ke kusa kamar masarautar Sunda-Galuh, masarautar Pahang, masarautar Balakana (Kalimantan/Borneo), da masarautar Gurun (Maluku).Ya kuma kulla kawance da sarkin Champa (Vietnam).Sarki Kertanegara ya kawar da duk wani tasiri na Srivijayan daga Java da Bali a shekara ta 1290. Duk da haka, yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙare yawancin sojojin Masarautar kuma a nan gaba za su tayar da wani makirci na kisan kai ga Sarki Kertanegara wanda ba a san shi ba.A matsayin cibiyar iskar kasuwanci ta Malayan, karfin iko, tasiri, da dukiyar daular Javanese Singhasari ya zo hankalin Kublai Khan na daular Mongol Yuan mai tushe akasar Sin .
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Sultanate na Ternate
Tashar jiragen ruwa na ternatean sun yi maraba da zuwan Francis Drake. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1256 Jan 1

Sultanate na Ternate

Ternate, Ternate City, North M
Sultanate of Ternate daya ne daga cikin tsoffin masarautun musulmi a Indonesia baya ga Tidore, Jailolo, da Bacan.Momole Cico, shugaban Ternate na farko ne ya kafa Masarautar Ternate, mai lakabin Baab Mashur Malamo, a al'adance a shekara ta 1257. Ta kai ga Golden Age a zamanin Sarkin Musulmi Baabullah (1570-1583) kuma ta mamaye mafi yawan yankunan gabashin kasar. Indonesia da wani yanki na kudancin Philippines.Ternate ya kasance babban mai samar da cloves da ikon yanki daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa 17.
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Majapahit Empire
©Anonymous
1293 Jan 1 - 1527

Majapahit Empire

Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesi
Majapahit ɗan Hindu Hindu ne na Javanese - Buddhist thalassocratic daular a kudu maso gabashin Asiya wanda ya dogara akan tsibirin Java.Ya kasance daga 1293 zuwa kusan 1527 kuma ya kai kololuwar daukaka a zamanin Hayam Wuruk, wanda mulkinsa daga 1350 zuwa 1389 ya sami nasara da yaƙe-yaƙe da suka mamaye ko'ina cikin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Haka kuma wannan nasarar da ya samu ta samu ne ga firaministansa, Gajah Mada.Bisa ga Nagarakretagama (Desawarñana) da aka rubuta a cikin 1365, Majapahit ya kasance daular 98, wanda ya tashi daga Sumatra zuwa New Guinea;wanda ya ƙunshi Indonesia a yau, Singapore , Malaysia , Brunei, kudancin Thailand , Timor Leste, kudu maso yammacin Philippines (musamman Sulu Archipelago) duk da cewa girman tasirin Majapahit har yanzu shine batun muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi.Yanayin dangantakar Majapahit da tasirinsa a kan 'yan barandanta na ketare, da kuma matsayinta na daula har yanzu suna haifar da tattaunawa.Majapahit ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan daulolin Hindu-Buddha na karshe na yankin kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin dauloli mafi girma da karfi a tarihin Indonesia da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Wani lokaci ana ganin shi a matsayin abin koyi ga iyakokin zamani na Indonesiya. Tasirinsa ya wuce yankin Indonesiya na zamani kuma ya kasance batun bincike da yawa.
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1293 Jan 22 - Aug

Mamayewar Mongol na Java

East Java, Indonesia
Daular Yuan karkashin Kublai Khan ta yi ƙoƙari a cikin 1292 don mamaye Java, tsibiri a Indonesia ta zamani, tare da sojoji 20,000 [18] zuwa 30,000.An yi niyya ne a matsayin balaguron ladabtarwa akan Kertanegara na Singhasari, wanda ya ƙi biyan haraji ga Yuan kuma ya raunata ɗaya daga cikin jakadun su.A cewar Kublai Khan, idan sojojin Yuan suka samu nasara kan Singhasari, sauran kasashen da ke kewaye da su za su mika kansu.Daular Yuan za ta iya sarrafa hanyoyin cinikayyar tekun Asiya, saboda yanayin yanayin da tsibiran ke da shi wajen ciniki.Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun tsaka-tsakin tsakanin Kertanegara ya ƙi da zuwan balaguron zuwa Java, an kashe Kertanegara kuma Kediri ya kama Singhasari.Don haka, an umurci rundunar ta Yuan da ta mika wuya ga kasar da ta gaje ta, Kediri, maimakon haka.Bayan kamfe mai tsanani, Kediri ya mika wuya, amma sojojin na Yuan sun ci amanar tsohon abokinsu, Majapahit, karkashin Raden Wijaya.A ƙarshe, mamayewar ya ƙare da gazawar Yuan da nasara ga sabuwar jiha, Majapahit.
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1500 - 1949
Zamanin Mulkiornament
Kama Malacca
Karkar Portuguese.Rundunar Portuguese ta ba da tallafin wuta ga sojojin da ke sauka tare da manyan bindigogi ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1511 Aug 15

Kama Malacca

Malacca, Malaysia
Kame Malacca a shekara ta 1511 ya faru ne lokacin da gwamnan Portuguese Indiya Afonso de Albuquerque ya ci birnin Malacca a shekara ta 1511. Birnin Malacca mai tashar jiragen ruwa yana sarrafa kunkuntar mashigin mashigin mashigin mashigin, ta inda duk kasuwancin teku tsakaninChina daIndiya ya tattara.[26] Kama Malacca sakamakon wani shiri ne na Sarki Manuel I na Portugal, wanda tun 1505 ya yi niyyar doke Castilians zuwa Gabas mai nisa, da kuma aikin Albuquerque na kafa tushe mai ƙarfi ga Indiyawan Portuguese, tare da Hormuz. Goa da Aden, don a ƙarshe sarrafa kasuwanci tare da dakile jigilar musulmi a cikin tekun Indiya.[27]Da ya fara tashi daga Cochin a cikin Afrilu 1511, balaguron ba zai iya juyawa ba saboda sabanin iskar damina.Idan da kasuwancin ya gaza, Portuguese ba za su iya fatan ƙarfafawa ba kuma da sun kasa komawa sansaninsu a Indiya.Shi ne mamaye yanki mafi nisa a tarihin ɗan adam har zuwa lokacin.[28]
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1595 Jan 1

Balaguron Farko na Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Gabashin Indiya

Indonesia
A cikin karni na 16, cinikin kayan yaji ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai, amma daular Portugal ta shakule kan tushen kayan yaji, Indonesia.Na ɗan lokaci, ’yan kasuwa na Netherlands sun gamsu da karɓar wannan kuma suka sayi dukan kayan yaji a Lisbon, Portugal, domin har yanzu suna iya samun riba mai kyau ta hanyar sake sayar da su a duk faɗin Turai.Duk da haka, a cikin 1590s Spain, wadda ke yaki da Netherlands, ta kasance cikin haɗin kai tare da Portugal, don haka ya sa ci gaba da kasuwanci ba zai yiwu ba.[29] Wannan ba zai iya jurewa ga Dutch ba waɗanda za su yi farin ciki da za su keta mulkin mallaka na Portuguese kuma su tafi kai tsaye zuwa Indonesia.Ziyarar farko ta Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Gabashin Indiya wani balaguro ne da ya gudana daga 1595 zuwa 1597. Ya kasance mai taka rawa wajen bude cinikin kayan yaji na Indonesiya ga ’yan kasuwa wanda a karshe suka kafa Kamfanin Dutch East India Company, kuma ya kawo karshen mamayar daular Portugal a cikin yankin.
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Mulkin kamfani a cikin Dutch East Indies
Kamfanin Dutch East India Company. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1610 Jan 1 - 1797

Mulkin kamfani a cikin Dutch East Indies

Jakarta, Indonesia
Mulkin kamfani a cikin Gabashin Gabas ta Yaren mutanen Holland ya fara ne lokacin da Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya nada gwamna-janar na farko na Dutch East Indies a cikin 1610, [30] kuma ya ƙare a cikin 1800 lokacin da kamfanin ya rushe kuma aka ba da dukiyarsa a matsayin Gabashin Dutch. IndiesA lokacin ta yi amfani da ikon yanki akan yawancin tsibirai, musamman akan Java.A cikin 1603, an kafa gidan kasuwancin Dutch na farko na dindindin a Indonesia a Banten, arewa maso yammacin Java.An mai da Batavia babban birnin kasar daga 1619 zuwa gaba.[31] Cin hanci da rashawa, yaki, fasa-kwauri, da rashin gudanar da mulki sun haifar da faduwar kamfanin a karshen karni na 18.An narkar da kamfanin a hukumance a cikin 1800 kuma Jamhuriyar Batavian ta mallaki mallakar mallakar mulkin mallaka a matsayin Indies Gabashin Dutch.[32]
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1740 Kisan Kisan Batavia
A ranar 10 ga Oktoban 1740 ne 'yan kasar Holland suka kashe fursunonin Sinawa. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1740 Oct 9 - Nov 22

1740 Kisan Kisan Batavia

Jakarta, Indonesia
Kisan kiyashin Batavia a shekara ta 1740 kisan kiyashi ne da bacin rai wanda sojojin Turawa na Kamfanin Kamfanonin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya da abokan aikin Javanese suka kashe 'yan kabilarChina mazauna tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Batavia (Jakarta ta yau) a yankin Gabashin Indiyawan Holland.Rikicin da aka yi a birnin ya dade daga ranar 9 ga Oktoban 1740, har zuwa ranar 22 ga Oktoba, inda aka ci gaba da yin arangama a wajen bangon har zuwa watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar.Masana tarihi sun yi kiyasin cewa an kashe akalla ‘yan kabilar China 10,000;kawai 600 zuwa 3,000 ne aka yi imanin sun tsira.A watan Satumba na shekara ta 1740, yayin da tashe-tashen hankula suka tashi a tsakanin al'ummar kasar Sin, sakamakon takurawar gwamnati da raguwar farashin sukari, Gwamna-janar Adrian Valckenier ya bayyana cewa, duk wani tashin hankali, za a fuskanci mummunar tasiri.A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, daruruwan 'yan kabilar Sinawa, wadanda yawancinsu ma'aikatan aikin sarrafa sukari ne, suka kashe sojojin kasar Holland 50, lamarin da ya sa sojojin kasar Holland suka kwace dukkan makamai daga hannun jama'ar kasar Sin tare da sanya Sinawa karkashin dokar hana fita.Bayan kwanaki biyu, jita-jitar ta'asar Sinawa ta sa wasu 'yan kabilar Batavia suka kona gidajen Sinawa dake gefen kogin Besar, yayin da sojojin Holland suka harba bindigogi a gidajen Sinawa domin daukar fansa.Ba da daɗewa ba tashin hankalin ya bazu ko'ina cikin Batavia, wanda ya kashe ƙarin Sinawa.Ko da yake Valckenier ya ayyana yin afuwa a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba, gungun barayi sun ci gaba da farautar Sinawa tare da kashe su har zuwa ranar 22 ga Oktoba, lokacin da babban gwamnan ya yi kira da karfi da karfe da a daina tashin hankali.A wajen katangar birnin, an ci gaba da gwabza fada tsakanin sojojin Holland da ma'aikatan sarrafa sukari masu tayar da tarzoma.Bayan wasu 'yan makonni da aka kwashe ana gwabzawa, sojojin da Holand suka jagoranta sun kai hari kan sansanonin Sinawa a cikin masana'antar sukari a duk fadin yankin.A shekara mai zuwa, hare-haren da aka kaiwa 'yan kabilar Sinawa a duk fadin Java ya haifar da yakin Java na tsawon shekaru biyu wanda ya hada da sojojin kabilar Sinawa da na Javanese da sojojin kasar Holland.Daga baya aka sake kiran Valckenier zuwa Netherlands kuma an tuhume shi da laifukan da suka shafi kisan kiyashin.Kisan gillar ya yi yawa a cikin adabin Dutch, kuma ana ba da misali da yiwuwar sunan wasu yankuna a Jakarta.
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Dutch Gabashin Indiya
Hoton soyayya na De Grote Postweg kusa da Buitenzorg. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1800 Jan 1 - 1949

Dutch Gabashin Indiya

Indonesia
Gabashin Gabashin Yaren mutanen Holland yanki ne na Dutch wanda ya ƙunshi abin da ake kira Indonesia a yanzu.An kafa ta ne daga wuraren kasuwancin da aka ba da izini na Kamfanin Dutch East India Company, wanda ya zo ƙarƙashin gwamnatin gwamnatin Holland a cikin 1800.A cikin karni na 19, dukiyar Dutch da mulkin mallaka sun fadada, sun kai mafi girman yanki a farkon karni na 20.Ƙasar Indies ta Gabas ta Holland ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ƙima a ƙarƙashin mulkin Turawa, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga shaharar duniya ta Dutch a cinikin kayan yaji da tsabar kuɗi a cikin ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon 20th.[33] Tsarin zamantakewa na mulkin mallaka ya dogara ne akan tsattsauran ra'ayi na kabilanci da zamantakewa tare da ƙwararrun mutanen Holland waɗanda ke zaune daban amma suna da alaƙa da batutuwa na asali.An fara amfani da kalmar Indonesiya don yanayin ƙasa bayan shekara ta 1880. A farkon karni na 20, masu ilimin cikin gida sun fara haɓaka tunanin Indonesiya a matsayin ƙasa ta ƙasa, kuma sun kafa matakin neman 'yancin kai.
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Padri War
Wani lamari na yakin Padri.Sojojin Yaren mutanen Holland da Padri suna fada akan ma'aunin Dutch a 1831. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1803 Jan 1 - 1837

Padri War

Sumatra, Indonesia
An yi yakin Padri daga 1803 zuwa 1837 a West Sumatra, Indonesia tsakanin Padri da Adat.Padri limaman musulmi ne daga Sumatra da suka so kafa Sharia a kasar Minangkabau da ke yammacin Sumatra, Indonesia.Adat ya ƙunshi sarakunan Minangkabau da sarakunan gargajiya.Sun nemi taimakon Dutch, wanda ya shiga tsakani a cikin 1821 kuma ya taimaka wa masu mulki su ci nasara da bangaren Padri.
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Mamaya na Java
Kyaftin Robert Maunsell yana kama jirgin ruwan Faransa daga bakin Indramayo, Yuli 1811. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1811 Aug 1 - Sep 18

Mamaya na Java

Java, Indonesia
Mamayewar Java a cikin 1811 wani nasara ne mai ban tsoro na Birtaniyya a kan tsibirin Java na Gabashin Indiya na Dutch wanda ya faru tsakanin Agusta da Satumba 1811 a lokacin Yaƙin Napoleon.Asalin da aka kafa a matsayin mulkin mallaka na Jamhuriyar Holland, Java ya kasance a hannun Dutch a duk lokacin juyin juya halin Faransanci da na Napoleonic Wars, lokacin da Faransanci suka mamaye Jamhuriyar kuma suka kafa Jamhuriyar Batavia a 1795, da Masarautar Holland a 1806. Masarautar mulkin mallaka. An hade Holland zuwa Daular Faransa ta farko a cikin 1810, kuma Java ya zama mulkin mallaka na Faransanci, ko da yake an ci gaba da gudanar da shi da kuma kare shi ta farko daga ma'aikatan Holland.Bayan faduwar mulkin mallaka na Faransa a yammacin Indiya a cikin 1809 da 1810, da kuma nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na Faransawa a Mauritius a cikin 1810 da 1811, hankali ya koma kan Indies Gabas ta Holland.An aika wani balaguro daga Indiya a cikin Afrilu 1811, yayin da aka ba da umarnin wani ƙaramin rundunar sojan ruwa da su yi sintiri a tsibirin, suna kai hare-hare tare da ƙaddamar da hare-hare masu ban tsoro ga maƙasudin damar.An saukar da sojoji a ranar 4 ga Agusta, kuma a ranar 8 ga Agusta, birnin Batavia da ba shi da kariya ya mamaye.Masu tsaron bayan sun janye zuwa wani katafaren wuri da aka shirya a baya, Fort Cornelis, wanda Birtaniyya ta yi wa kawanya, inda suka kama shi da sanyin safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Agusta.Sauran masu karewa, da suka hada da na Holland da Faransanci da kuma 'yan bindiga na asali, sun janye, Birtaniya sun bi su.Wasu jerin hare-hare da ake kai wa da bama-bamai da filaye sun kame galibin wuraren da suka rage, kuma birnin Salatiga ya mika wuya a ranar 16 ga Satumba, sannan kuma a hukumance ya mika tsibirin ga Burtaniya a ranar 18 ga Satumba.
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Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch ta 1814
Lord Castlereagh Marquess na Londonderry ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1814 Jan 1

Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch ta 1814

London, UK
An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Dutch na 1814 da Burtaniya da Netherlands a London a ranar 13 ga Agusta 1814. Yarjejeniyar ta maido da mafi yawan yankuna a Moluccas da Java da Birtaniyya ta kwace a yakin Napoleon, amma ta tabbatar da mallakar Birtaniyya. Cape Colony a kudancin Afirka, da kuma wasu sassan Kudancin Amirka.Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, ya sanya hannu a madadin Burtaniya da jami'in diflomasiyya Hendrik Fagel, a madadin Dutch.
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Yakin Java
Submitaddamar da Dipo Negoro zuwa De Kock. ©Nicolaas Pieneman
1825 Sep 25 - 1830 Mar 28

Yakin Java

Central Java, Indonesia
An yi yakin Java a tsakiyar Java daga 1825 zuwa 1830, tsakanin daular Holland ta mulkin mallaka da kuma 'yan tawayen Javanese na asali.Yakin ya fara ne a matsayin tawaye karkashin jagorancin Yarima Diponegoro, babban memba na masu fada a ji na Javanese wanda a baya ya yi hadin gwiwa da Dutch.Dakarun 'yan tawayen sun yiwa Yogyakarta kawanya, matakin da ya hana samun nasara cikin gaggawa.Hakan ya bai wa Holland lokaci don ƙarfafa sojojinsu da sojojin mulkin mallaka da na Turawa, wanda ya ba su damar kawo ƙarshen kewayen a shekara ta 1825. Bayan wannan shan kaye, ’yan tawayen sun ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe na tsawon shekaru biyar.Yaƙin ya ƙare da nasara a Netherlands, kuma an gayyaci Yarima Diponegoro zuwa taron zaman lafiya.Aka ci amanar shi aka kama shi.Sakamakon tsadar yakin, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Holland sun aiwatar da manyan gyare-gyare a cikin Gabashin Gabashin Dutch don tabbatar da cewa yankunan sun ci gaba da samun riba.
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Tsarin Noma
Tattara robar halitta a cikin shuka a Java.Yaren mutanen Holland ne suka gabatar da bishiyar roba daga Kudancin Amurka. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1830 Jan 1 - 1870

Tsarin Noma

Indonesia
Duk da karuwar da aka samu daga tsarin harajin ƙasar Holland, kuɗin da aka kashe na Yaƙin Java da Padri Wars ya yi tasiri sosai ga kudaden Dutch.Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Beljiyam a 1830 da sakamakon da aka samu na kiyaye sojojin Holland a fagen yaƙi har zuwa 1839 ya kawo Netherlands ga ɓarnar fatara.A cikin 1830, an nada sabon gwamna janar, Johannes van den Bosch, don ƙara yawan amfani da albarkatun ƙasashen Gabashin Gabashin Holland.An fara aiwatar da tsarin noman ne a Java, cibiyar mulkin mallaka.Maimakon harajin filaye, kashi 20% na filayen ƙauye dole ne a keɓe ga amfanin gonakin gwamnati don fitar da su zuwa waje ko kuma, a madadin, manoma su yi aiki a gonakin gwamnati na kwanaki 60 na shekara.Don ba da damar aiwatar da waɗannan manufofin, mazauna ƙauyen Javan sun fi alaƙa da ƙauyukansu kuma a wasu lokuta ana hana su tafiya cikin walwala a cikin tsibirin ba tare da izini ba.Sakamakon wannan manufar, yawancin Java ya zama shukar Yaren mutanen Holland.Wasu maganganun yayin da a ka'idar kawai kashi 20% na ƙasar da aka yi amfani da su azaman shuka amfanin gona zuwa waje ko kuma manoma sun yi aiki na tsawon kwanaki 66, a aikace sun yi amfani da wasu sassa na filaye (majiyoyin iri ɗaya sun yi iƙirarin kusan kusan 100%) har sai al'ummomin ƙasar ba su da ɗan shuka abinci. amfanin gona wanda ke haifar da yunwa a yankuna da yawa kuma, wani lokacin, manoma har yanzu suna aiki fiye da kwanaki 66.Manufar ita ce ta kawo babban arziƙin Dutch ta hanyar haɓakar fitar da kayayyaki, matsakaicin kusan 14%.Ya dawo da Netherlands daga ɓarnar fatarar kuɗi kuma ya sanya Indies Gabas ta Gabas ta Gabas ta zama mai dogaro da kanta da riba sosai cikin sauri.Tun daga shekarar 1831, manufar ta ba da damar daidaita kasafin kudin Dutch East Indies, kuma an yi amfani da rarar kudaden shiga don biyan basussukan da suka rage daga rugujewar tsarin VOC.[34] Tsarin noman yana da alaƙa, duk da haka, da yunwa da annoba a cikin 1840s, na farko a Cirebon sannan Java ta tsakiya, kamar yadda ake shuka amfanin gona irin su indigo da sukari maimakon shinkafa.[35]Matsin lamba na siyasa a cikin Netherlands wanda ya haifar da wani bangare daga matsalolin da kuma wani bangare na haya na neman 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka fi son ciniki cikin 'yanci ko fifikon gida daga ƙarshe ya haifar da kawar da tsarin tare da maye gurbinsu da lokacin Liberal na 'yanci na kasuwa wanda aka ƙarfafa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
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Jirgin kasa a Indonesia
Dandalin tashar farko na Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Kamfanin Railway na Dutch-Indies) a Semarang. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1864 Jun 7

Jirgin kasa a Indonesia

Semarang, Central Java, Indone
Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) ita ce kasa ta biyu a Asiya don kafa jigilar jirgin kasa, bayanIndiya ;China da Japan ne suka biyo baya.A ranar 7 ga Yuni 1864, Gwamna Janar Baron Sloet van den Beele ya ƙaddamar da layin dogo na farko a Indonesia akan ƙauyen Kemijen, Semarang, tsakiyar Java.Ya fara aiki a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1867 a tsakiyar Java kuma ya haɗa tashar Semarang ta farko zuwa Tanggung na tsawon kilomita 25.A ranar 21 ga Mayu 1873, layin ya haɗa zuwa Solo, duka a Java ta tsakiya kuma daga baya aka mika shi zuwa Yogyakarta.Wani kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ke sarrafa wannan layin, Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS ko NISM) kuma yayi amfani da 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) daidaitaccen ma'auni.Daga baya gine-ginen kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jihar sun yi amfani da ma'aunin mm 1,067 (3 ft 6 in).Gwamnatin Holland mai sassaucin ra'ayi na wannan lokacin ba ta son gina nata layin dogo, inda ta gwammace ta baiwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kyauta.
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Zaman Liberal a Indonesia
Rarraba ganyen taba a Java a lokacin mulkin mallaka, a/kafin 1939. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1870 Jan 1 - 1901

Zaman Liberal a Indonesia

Java, Indonesia
Tsarin Noma ya kawo wahalhalun tattalin arziki ga manoman Javanese, waɗanda suka sha fama da yunwa da annoba a cikin 1840s, suna jawo ra'ayin jama'a da yawa a cikin Netherlands.Kafin karshen koma bayan tattalin arziki na karni na 19, jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta kasance mai rinjaye a harkokin siyasa a Netherlands.Falsafar kasuwancinta na kyauta ta sami hanyar zuwa Indiya inda aka lalata tsarin noma.[36] A karkashin gyare-gyaren agrarian daga 1870, ba a tilasta masu samarwa su samar da amfanin gona don fitarwa ba, amma Indiyawan sun kasance a bude ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.'Yan kasuwan Holland sun kafa manyan gonaki masu riba.Yawan sukari ya ninka tsakanin 1870 zuwa 1885;sabbin kayan amfanin gona irin su shayi da cinchona sun bunƙasa, kuma an samar da roba, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙaruwar ribar ƙasar Holland.[37]Canje-canje ba a iyakance ga Java ba, ko aikin gona;Man fetur daga Sumatra da Kalimantan ya zama albarkatu mai mahimmanci don haɓaka masana'antu Turai.Ƙungiyoyin gonakin taba da roba na kan iyaka sun ga lalata daji a cikin Tsibiran Waje.[36] Sha'awar kasuwancin Dutch sun faɗaɗa daga Java zuwa tsibiran na waje tare da ƙarin ƙarin yanki suna zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Dutch kai tsaye ko rinjaye a ƙarshen rabin karni na 19.[37] An kawo dubun-dubatar kayan sanyi zuwa tsibiran waje daga China, Indiya, da Java don yin aikin gonakin kuma sun sha mugunyar magani da yawan mutuwa.[36]Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ce fa'idar fadada tattalin arziki za ta ragu zuwa matakin cikin gida.[36] Duk da haka, sakamakon ƙarancin ƙasa don noman shinkafa, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, musamman a Java, ya haifar da ƙarin wahala.[37] Tattalin arzikin duniya na ƙarshen 1880s da farkon 1890 ya ga farashin kayayyaki da Indies suka dogara da su ya ruguje.'Yan jarida da ma'aikatan gwamnati sun lura cewa yawancin al'ummar Indiya ba su da kyau fiye da tsarin tattalin arzikin Tsarin Noma da aka tsara a baya kuma dubun dubatar na fama da yunwa.[36]
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Aceh War
Hoton Artist na Yaƙin Samalanga a cikin 1878. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1873 Jan 1 - 1913

Aceh War

Aceh, Indonesia
Yakin Aceh wani rikici ne na soja da ke dauke da makamai tsakanin Sultanate of Aceh da Masarautar Netherlands wanda ya samo asali ne ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin wakilan Aceh da Amurka a Singapore a farkon 1873. [39] Yakin yana cikin jerin rikice-rikice. a ƙarshen karni na 19 wanda ya ƙarfafa mulkin Dutch akan Indonesiya ta zamani.Gangamin ya janyo cece-kuce a kasar Netherlands yayin da aka samu rahotannin hotuna da bayanan adadin wadanda suka mutu.Tashe-tashen hankula na zubar da jini sun ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen 1914 [38] kuma ƙarancin tashin hankali na juriyar Acehnese ya ci gaba har zuwa yakin duniya na biyu da mamayarJafananci .
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Shisshigin Dutch a Bali
Sojojin Holland a Sanur. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1906 Jan 1

Shisshigin Dutch a Bali

Bali, Indonesia
Shisshigin Dutch a Bali a 1906 tsoma bakin sojojin Holland ne a Bali a zaman wani bangare na murkushe ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Holland, inda ya kashe mutane sama da 1,000, wadanda yawancinsu fararen hula ne.Ya kasance wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin Yaren mutanen Holland don murkushe yawancin Netherlands Gabashin-Indies.Kamfen din ya kashe sarakunan Baliniya na Badung da matansu da 'ya'yansu, tare da lalata masarautun Bali na kudancin Badung da Tabanan tare da raunana masarautar Klungkung.Shi ne karo na shida da sojojin Holland suka shiga cikin Bali.
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1908
Fitowar Indonesiaornament
Budi Utomo
Dewa Agung na Klungkung, wanda ba shi da tushe na Bali, ya isa Gianyar don tattaunawa da Yaren mutanen Holland. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1908 Jan 1

Budi Utomo

Indonesia
An dauki Budi Utomo a matsayin al'umma ta farko mai kishin kasa a cikin Indies Gabashin Dutch.Wanda ya kafa Budi Utomo shi ne Wahidin Soerdirohoesodo, likitan gwamnati mai ritaya wanda yake ganin ya kamata masu ilimi na asali su inganta jin dadin jama'a ta hanyar ilimi da al'adu.[40]Budi Utomo na farko ba shine na siyasa ba.Koyaya, sannu a hankali ya koma ga manufofin siyasa tare da wakilai a cikin Volksraad masu ra'ayin mazan jiya (Majalisar Jama'a) da kuma majalissar larduna a Java.Budi Utomo ya rushe a hukumance a shekara ta 1935. Bayan rushewarta, wasu membobin sun shiga babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a lokacin, babbar jam'iyyar Indonesiya mai matsakaicin ra'ayi (Parindra).Yin amfani da Budi Utomo don nuna alamar kishin kasa na zamani a Indonesia ba tare da jayayya ba.Kodayake masana da yawa sun yarda cewa Budi Utomo ita ce ƙungiyar siyasa ta farko ta zamani ta zamani, [41] wasu suna tambayar ƙimarta a matsayin maƙasudin kishin ƙasar Indonesiya.
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Muhammadiyyah
Babban Masallacin Kauman ya zama tushen kafuwar Harkar Muhammadiyya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1912 Nov 18

Muhammadiyyah

Yogyakarta, Indonesia
A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1912, Ahmad Dahlan - wani jami'in kotu na kraton na Yogyakarta kuma malami musulmi mai ilimi daga Makka - ya kafa Muhammadiyya a Yogyakarta.Akwai dalilai da dama da suka sa aka kafa wannan yunkuri.Daga cikin muhimman abubuwa akwai koma bayan al'ummar musulmi da kuma shigar addinin Kiristanci.Ahmad Dahlan, wanda dan kawo sauyina Masar Muhammad Abduh ya yi tasiri sosai, ya yi la'akari da zamanantar da addini da tsarkakewa daga ayyukan daidaitawa na da matukar muhimmanci wajen gyara wannan addini.Don haka tun farkonsa Muhammadu ya damu matuka da kiyaye tauhidi da tace tauhidi a cikin al'umma.
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Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indonesiya
DN Aidit yana magana a taron zaɓe na 1955 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1914 Jan 1 - 1966

Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indonesiya

Jakarta, Indonesia
An kafa Indies Social Democratic Association a cikin 1914 ta ɗan gurguzu na Dutch Henk Sneevliet da wani ɗan gurguzu na Indies.ISDV mai mambobi 85 ya kasance hade ne na jam'iyyun gurguzu na Holland guda biyu (SDAP da Socialist Party of the Netherlands), wanda zai zama Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Netherlands tare da jagorancin Dutch East Indies.[42] Membobin Dutch na ISDV sun gabatar da ra'ayoyin gurguzu ga Indonesiya masu ilimi suna neman hanyoyin adawa da mulkin mallaka.Daga baya, ISDV ta ga abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya halin Oktoba a Rasha a matsayin wani abin zaburarwa ga irin wannan bore a Indonesia.Kungiyar ta samu karbuwa a tsakanin mazauna kasar Holland a cikin tsibirai.An kafa Red Guards, wanda adadinsu ya kai 3,000 a cikin watanni uku.A ƙarshen 1917, sojoji da ma'aikatan ruwa a sansanin sojojin ruwa na Surabaya sun yi tawaye kuma suka kafa Soviet.Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun murkushe Surabaya soviet da ISDV, waɗanda aka kora shugabannin Dutch (ciki har da Sneevliet) zuwa Netherlands.Kusan lokaci guda, ISDV da masu goyon bayan kwaminisanci sun fara kutsawa cikin wasu kungiyoyin siyasa a Gabashin Indiya a cikin dabarar da aka sani da dabarar "block in".Babban abin da ya fi fitowa fili shi ne kutsawar da aka yi wa wata kungiyar masu kishin kasa da addini da ake kira Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union) wacce ke ba da ra'ayin bin tsarin Musulunci da 'yanci daga mulkin mallaka.Membobi da yawa da suka haɗa da Semaun da Darsono sun sami nasara cikin nasara ta ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na hagu.Sakamakon haka, an samu nasarar dasa tunanin kwaminisanci da wakilan ISDV a cikin babbar kungiyar Musulunci a Indonesia.Bayan tafiyar wasu jami'an Holland da dama ba da gangan ba, haɗe da ayyukan kutsawa, membobin sun ƙaura daga rinjaye-Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa mafi rinjaye-Indonesiyan.
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Nahdlatul Ulama
Masallacin Jombang, mahaifar Nahdlatul Ulama ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1926 Jan 31

Nahdlatul Ulama

Indonesia
Nahdlatul Ulama kungiya ce ta Musulunci a Indonesia.Ƙididdigar membobinta sun kai daga miliyan 40 (2013) [43] zuwa sama da miliyan 95 (2021), [44] wanda ya sa ta zama babbar ƙungiyar Musulunci a duniya.[45] .Malamai da ‘yan kasuwa ne suka kafa NU a shekarar 1926 don kare al’adun Musulunci na gargajiya (kamar yadda mazhabar Shafi’i) da bukatun tattalin arzikin mambobinta.[4] Ana daukar ra'ayoyin addini na NU a matsayin "masu bin addinin gargajiya" ta yadda za su yi hakuri da al'adun gida matukar dai bai saba wa koyarwar Musulunci ba.[46] Akasin haka, ƙungiyar Musulunci ta biyu mafi girma a Indonesiya, Muhammadiya, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin "mai kawo sauyi" yayin da take ɗaukar ƙarin fassarar Kur'ani da Sunnah a zahiri.[46]Wasu jagororin Nahdlatul Ulama ƙwararrun masu fafutuka ne na Islama Nusantara, wani nau'in Musulunci daban-daban waɗanda aka yi mu'amala da su, yanayin yanayi, ba da asali, tafsiri, da ba da harshe bisa ga yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu a Indonesia.[47] Islam Nusantara yana inganta daidaitawa, anti-fundamentalism, pluralism, da, zuwa mataki, syncretism.[48] ​​Yawancin dattawan NU, shugabanni, da malaman addini, duk da haka, sun ƙi Islama Nusantara don goyon bayan tsarin ra'ayin mazan jiya.[49]
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Mallakar Jafananci na Indiyawan Gabas ta Gabas
Kwamandojin Japan suna sauraron sharuddan mika wuya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1942 Mar 1 - 1945 Sep

Mallakar Jafananci na Indiyawan Gabas ta Gabas

Indonesia
DaularJapan ta mamaye Indiyawan Gabas ta Gabas (yanzu Indonesia) a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu daga Maris 1942 har zuwa karshen yakin a watan Satumba na 1945. Yana daya daga cikin lokuta mafi mahimmanci da mahimmanci a tarihin Indonesiya na zamani.A cikin Mayu 1940, Jamus ta mamaye Netherlands , kuma an ayyana dokar yaƙi a cikin Indies Gabas ta Holland.Bayan gazawar shawarwarin da hukumomin Holland suka yi da Japanawa, an daskarar da kadarorin Japan da ke tsibirin.Kasar Holland ta shelanta yaki kan kasar Japan bayan harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 1941.Mamayewar Jafananci na Indies Gabas ta Holland ya fara ne a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1942, kuma Sojojin Japan na Imperial sun mamaye yankin gaba daya cikin kasa da watanni uku.'Yan kasar Holland sun mika wuya a ranar 8 ga Maris.Da farko, yawancin Indonesiya sun yi maraba da Japanawa a matsayin masu 'yantar da su daga masu mulkin mallaka na Holland.Tunanin ya canza, duk da haka, yayin da aka dauki tsakanin 4 zuwa 10 'yan Indonesiya a matsayin ma'aikatan tilastawa (romusha) akan ci gaban tattalin arziki da ayyukan tsaro a Java.An aika tsakanin 200,000 da rabin miliyan daga Java zuwa tsibiran waje, da kuma Burma da Siam .A cikin 1944-1945, sojojin da ke kawance sun mamaye yankin Gabashin Gabashin Dutch kuma ba su yi yaƙi da hanyarsu zuwa mafi yawan jama'a kamar Java da Sumatra ba.Don haka, yawancin Indies Gabas ta Holland har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin mamaya a lokacin da Japan ta mika wuya a watan Agustan 1945.Mamaya shine babban kalubale na farko ga mutanen Holland a cikin mulkin mallaka kuma ya kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na Holland.A ƙarshensa, canje-canje sun yi yawa da ban mamaki har juyin juya halin ƙasa na Indonesiya ya zama mai yiwuwa.Ba kamar mutanen Holland ba, Jafananci sun sauƙaƙe siyasar Indonesiya har zuwa matakin ƙauye.Jafanawa sun ba da ilimi, horarwa da makamai da makamai da yawa daga cikin matasan Indonesiya kuma sun baiwa shugabanninsu masu kishin kasa muryar siyasa.Don haka, ta hanyar lalata tsarin mulkin mallaka na Holland da kuma sauƙaƙe kishin ƙasa na Indonesiya, mamayar Japan ta haifar da yanayin shelar 'yancin kai na Indonesiya a cikin kwanakin da Japanawa suka mika wuya a cikin Pacific.
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1945 Aug 17 - 1949 Dec 27

Juyin Juya Halin Indonesiya

Indonesia
Juyin Juyin Juya Halin Indonesiya rikici ne na makami da gwagwarmayar diflomasiyya tsakanin Jamhuriyar Indonesiya da Daular Holland da juyin juya halin zamantakewa na cikin gida a lokacin bayan yakin da Indonesiya ta bayan mulkin mallaka.Ya faru ne tsakanin ayyana 'yancin kai na Indonesiya a shekara ta 1945 da kuma mika mulkin da Netherlands ta yi a kan Indiyan Gabashin Holland zuwa Jamhuriyar Amurka ta Indonesiya a karshen shekarar 1949.Gwagwarmaya ta shekaru hudu ta ƙunshi rikice-rikice na makami amma mai zubar da jini, rikicin siyasa na cikin gida na Indonesiya, da kuma wasu manyan tsoma bakin diflomasiyya biyu na duniya.Sojojin Holland (kuma, na dan lokaci, sojojin yakin duniya na biyu ) sun sami damar sarrafa manyan garuruwa, birane da kadarorin masana'antu a cikin yankunan Jamhuriyar Republican akan Java da Sumatra amma ba za su iya sarrafa yankunan karkara ba.A shekara ta 1949, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa a kan Netherlands, Amurka ta yi barazanar katse duk wani taimakon tattalin arziki don yakin duniya na biyu na sake gina kasar Netherlands da rikice-rikicen soja na soja ya zama irin wannan cewa Netherlands ta mika mulkin mallaka a kan Indies Gabas ta Gabas ga Jamhuriyar Holland. Amurka ta Indonesia.Juyin juya halin ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Indies Gabas ta Holland, in banda New Guinea.Hakanan ya canza ƙabilanci sosai tare da rage ikon da yawa daga cikin sarakunan yankin (raja).Bai inganta tattalin arziki ko siyasa na yawancin jama'a ba, kodayake wasu 'yan Indonesiya sun sami damar samun babban matsayi a kasuwanci.
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Zaman Dimokuradiyya na Liberal a Indonesia
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1950 Aug 17 - 1959 Jul 5

Zaman Dimokuradiyya na Liberal a Indonesia

Indonesia
Zaman dimokuradiyya a Indonesiya wani lokaci ne a tarihin siyasar Indonesiya, lokacin da kasar ke karkashin tsarin dimokaradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya fara a ranar 17 ga Agustan 1950 bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Amurka ta Indonesiya kasa da shekara guda da kafuwarta, kuma ta kare da sanya dokar ta-baci da dokar Shugaba Sukarno, wanda ya haifar da gabatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya mai jagora a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1959.Bayan fiye da shekaru 4 na mummunan fada da tashin hankali, juyin juya halin Indonesiya ya ƙare, tare da taron tebur na Dutch-Indonesia wanda ya haifar da mika mulki ga Amurka ta Indonesia (RIS).Koyaya, gwamnatin RIS ba ta da haɗin kai a ciki kuma 'yan jamhuriya da yawa sun nuna adawarsu.A ranar 17 ga Agusta, 1950, Jamhuriyar Amurka ta Indonesiya (RIS), wadda ta kasance wani nau'i na kasa a sakamakon yarjejeniyar taron tattaunawa da kuma amincewa da ikon mallaka tare da Netherlands, an rushe a hukumance.An kuma canza tsarin gwamnati zuwa tsarin dimokuradiyya na majalisa kuma bisa tsarin Tsarin Mulki na 1950.Koyaya, rarrabuwa a cikin al'ummar Indonesiya ya fara bayyana.Bambance-bambancen yanki na al'adu, ɗabi'a, al'ada, addini, tasirin Kiristanci da Marxism, da tsoron mamayar siyasar Javan, duk sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin haɗin kai.An kwatanta sabuwar ƙasar da talauci, ƙananan matakan ilimi, da al'adun masu mulki.Har ila yau ƙungiyoyin 'yan aware daban-daban sun taso don adawa da sabuwar jamhuriyar: mai fafutukar Darul Islam ('Islamic Domain') ya shelanta "Daular Musulunci ta Indonesiya" tare da kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da jamhuriya a yammacin Java daga 1948 zuwa 1962;a Maluku, Ambonese, tsohon sojan Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, ya shelanta Jamhuriyar Maluku ta Kudu mai cin gashin kanta;'Yan tawayen Permesta da PRRI sun gwabza da gwamnatin tsakiya a Sulawesi da West Sumatra tsakanin 1955 zuwa 1961.Tattalin arzikin ya kasance cikin wani mummunan yanayi bayan shekaru uku na mamayar Japan da kuma shekaru hudu na yaki da Dutch din.A hannun gwamnati mai matasa da ƙwararrun ƙwararru, tattalin arziƙin ya kasa haɓaka samar da abinci da sauran abubuwan buƙatu don tafiya tare da karuwar al'umma cikin sauri.Yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu ba, ba su da kwarewa, kuma suna fama da ƙarancin ƙwarewar gudanarwa.Hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya yi kamari, fasa-kwauri ya jawowa gwamnatin tsakiya tsadar kudaden waje, kuma an lalata da yawa daga cikin gonakin a lokacin mamaya da yaki.Zaman dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ya yi daidai da ci gaban jam'iyyun siyasa da kafa tsarin gwamnati na majalisar dokoki.A lokacin an gudanar da zabuka na farko na gaskiya da adalci a tarihin kasar, haka kuma an gudanar da zabe na farko da adalci har zuwa zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 1999, wanda aka gudanar a karshen tsarin mulkin kasar.Haka kuma wannan lokacin ya gamu da dadewa na rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, inda gwamnatocin ke faduwa daya bayan daya.[70]
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Jagoran Dimokuradiyya a Indonesiya
Shugaba Sukarno yana karanta umarninsa na 5 ga Yuli 1959. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1959 Jul 5 - 1966 Jan 1

Jagoran Dimokuradiyya a Indonesiya

Indonesia
Zaman dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Indonesiya, tun daga sake kafa jamhuriyar dunkulalliyar kasa a shekarar 1950 har zuwa lokacin da aka ayyana dokar ta-baci [71] a shekarar 1957, an samu tasowa da fadowar majalisar ministoci shida, mafi dadewa mai dorewa na kasa da shekaru biyu.Hatta zaben farko na kasar Indonesiya a shekarar 1955 ya kasa samar da kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa.Jagoran Dimokuradiyya shi ne tsarin siyasa da aka yi a Indonesia daga 1959 har zuwa sabuwar doka ta fara a 1966. Shugaba Sukarno ne ya kirkiro shi, kuma ƙoƙari ne na kawo kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.Sukarno ya yi imanin cewa tsarin ’yan majalisa da aka aiwatar a lokacin mulkin dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra’ayi a Indonesia ba shi da wani tasiri saboda yanayin siyasarsa da ya raba kansa a wancan lokacin.Maimakon haka, ya nemi tsarin da ya dogara da tsarin tattaunawa da fahimtar juna, wanda ya faru a karkashin jagorancin dattawan kauyen.Tare da ayyana dokar soja da gabatar da wannan tsarin, Indonesia ta koma tsarin shugaban kasa kuma Sukarno ya sake zama shugaban gwamnati.Sukarno ya ba da shawarar haɗa nau'ikan nasionalisme (ƙashin ƙasa), agama (addini), da komunisme (kwaminisanci) zuwa cikin haɗin gwiwar Nas-A-Kom ko Nasakom ra'ayin gwamnati.An yi niyya ne don gamsar da manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu na siyasar Indonesiya—sojoji, masu kishin ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin Islama, da ’yan gurguzu.Tare da goyon bayan sojoji, ya yi shelar Dimokuradiyya mai Jagora a cikin 1959 kuma ya ba da shawarar majalisar ministocin da ke wakiltar dukkanin manyan jam'iyyun siyasa ciki har da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indonesiya, ko da yake ba a taba ba wa na biyu mukaman ministocin aiki ba.
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1965
Sabon odaornament
30 Satumba Motsi
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1965 Oct 1

30 Satumba Motsi

Indonesia
Tun daga karshen shekarun 1950, matsayin Shugaba Sukarno ya dogara ne kan daidaita karfin sojojin da ke adawa da juna da kuma na PKI.Akidarsa ta “anti da mulkin mallaka” ta sa Indonesiya ta ƙara dogaro da Tarayyar Soviet da, musammanSin .A shekarar 1965, a lokacin yakin cacar baka , PKI ta shiga cikin dukkan matakan gwamnati.Tare da goyon bayan Sukarno da sojojin sama, jam'iyyar ta sami karin tasiri a cikin kudaden da ake kashewa na sojojin, wanda ya tabbatar da kiyayyar sojojin.A karshen shekarar 1965, an raba sojoji tsakanin bangaren hagu da ke kawance da PKI da kuma bangaren dama da Amurka ke zawarcinta.A yayin da take bukatar kawayen Indonesiya a yakin cacar-baka da Tarayyar Soviet, Amurka ta kulla alaka da jami’an soji ta hanyar musanya da kuma cinikin makamai.Hakan ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin sojojin kasar, inda Amurka da wasu ke goyon bayan bangaren dama na adawa da bangaren hagu da ke karkata zuwa ga PKI.Kungiyar ta talatin ga watan Satumba wata kungiya ce da ta ayyana kanta ta kungiyar sojojin kasar Indonesiya wacce a farkon ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1965, suka kashe janar-janar din sojojin Indonesia guda shida a wani juyin mulkin da aka yi.Da sanyin safiyar nan ne kungiyar ta bayyana cewa ita ce ke da iko da kafafen yada labarai da na sadarwa kuma ta dauki Shugaba Sukarno a karkashinta.Ya zuwa karshen wannan rana, yunkurin juyin mulkin ya ci tura a Jakarta.A halin da ake ciki kuma, a tsakiyar Java an yi yunƙurin karɓe ikon wani yanki na sojoji da garuruwa da dama.A lokacin da aka kawo karshen wannan tawaye, wasu manyan hafsoshi biyu sun mutu.
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Kashe-kashen jama'a na Indonesia
Kashe-kashen jama'a na Indonesia ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1965 Nov 1 - 1966

Kashe-kashen jama'a na Indonesia

Indonesia
An gudanar da manyan kashe-kashe da tashe-tashen hankulan jama'a da suka shafi 'yan jam'iyyar gurguzu (PKI) a Indonesiya daga 1965 zuwa 1966. Sauran kungiyoyin da abin ya shafa sun hada da masu goyon bayan gurguzu, matan Gerwani, 'yan kabilar Sinawa, wadanda basu yarda da Allah, da ake zargin "kafirai" ba, da kuma wadanda ake zargin 'yan hagu. .An yi kiyasin cewa an kashe mutane tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 1,000,000 a lokacin babban lokacin tashin hankalin daga watan Oktoban 1965 zuwa Maris 1966. Sojojin Indonesiya karkashin Suharto ne suka tayar da wannan ta'asa.Bincike da takaddun da ba a bayyana ba sun nuna hukumomin Indonesia sun sami tallafi daga ƙasashen waje kamar Amurka da Burtaniya.[50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55]Ya fara ne a matsayin kawar da gurguzu biyo bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin da Harkar 30 ga Satumba ta yi.Bisa kididdigar da aka fi wallafawa a kalla an kashe mutane 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1.2, [56] [57] [58] tare da wasu alkaluma sun kai miliyan biyu zuwa uku.[59] [60] Tsarkakewa ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin sauye-sauye zuwa "Sabon Order" da kuma kawar da PKI a matsayin karfi na siyasa, tare da tasiri a yakin caca na duniya.[61 <>] Tashin hankali ya kai ga faduwar shugaba Sukarno da kuma soma shugabancin Suharto na tsawon shekaru uku.Yunkurin juyin mulkin da ya zubar da ciki ya saki kiyayyar al'umma a Indonesia;Sojojin Indonesiya ne suka fantsama wadannan, inda nan take suka zargi PKI.Bugu da ƙari, hukumomin leƙen asiri na Amurka, Birtaniya da Ostiraliya sun tsunduma cikin yakin farfagandar baƙar fata ga 'yan gurguzu na Indonesiya.A lokacin yakin cacar baka, Amurka, gwamnatinta, da kawayenta na Yamma suna da burin dakatar da yaduwar tsarin gurguzu da kuma shigar da kasashe cikin fagen tasirin kasashen yammacin Turai.Biritaniya na da ƙarin dalilai na neman a cire Sukarno, saboda gwamnatinsa na da hannu a yakin da ba a bayyana ba tare da Tarayyar Malaya makwabciyarta, ƙungiyar Commonwealth na tsoffin ƙasashen Burtaniya.An kawar da 'yan gurguzu daga rayuwar siyasa, zamantakewa, da soja, kuma PKI da kanta an wargaza tare da dakatar da ita.An fara kashe-kashen jama’a ne a watan Oktoban shekarar 1965, a cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin, kuma ya kai kololuwarsu a cikin sauran shekara kafin a samu raguwa a farkon watannin 1966. An fara ne a babban birnin Jakarta, kuma suka bazu zuwa Tsakiya da Gabashin Java. kuma daga baya Bali.Dubban 'yan banga na yankin da na Sojoji sun kashe na hakika da kuma wadanda ake zargin 'yan PKI ne.Kashe-kashen ya faru a duk fadin kasar, tare da mafi muni a wuraren da PKI ke da karfi na Java ta Tsakiya, Java ta Gabas, Bali, da arewacin Sumatra.A watan Maris na 1967, majalisar wucin gadi ta Indonesia ta kwace Sukarno daga sauran ikonsa, kuma an nada Suharto a matsayin shugaban riko.A cikin Maris 1968, Suharto ya zama shugaban kasa.Duk da yarjejeniya mafi girma na gwamnatocin Amurka da na Biritaniya cewa ya zama dole "don rusa Sukarno", kamar yadda aka danganta a cikin wata sanarwa ta CIA daga 1962, [62] da kasancewar manyan cudanya tsakanin jami'an sojan gurguzu da Kafa sojan Amurka - horar da jami'ai sama da 1,200, "ciki har da manyan jami'an soji", da ba da makamai da taimakon tattalin arziki [63] [64] - CIA ta musanta hannu a kashe-kashen.Takardun da aka yi watsi da su a Amurka a cikin 2017 sun nuna cewa gwamnatin Amurka tana da cikakken masaniya game da kisan gillar da aka yi tun farko kuma tana goyon bayan ayyukan sojojin Indonesia.[65] [66] [67] Amurka ta hada baki wajen kashe-kashen, wanda ya hada da bayar da jerin sunayen jami'an PKI ga gungun masu mutuwa na Indonesiya, a baya masana tarihi da 'yan jarida sun kafa su.[66] [61]Wani rahoton sirri na CIA daga 1968 ya bayyana cewa kisan kiyashin "yana matsayin daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan gilla na karni na 20, tare da tsarkakewar Soviet na shekarun 1930, kisan gillar da aka yi wa Nazi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma zubar da jini na Maoist. farkon shekarun 1950."[37] [38]
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1966 Jan 1 - 1998

Canjawa zuwa Sabon oda

Indonesia
Sabuwar odar ita ce kalmar da shugaba Suharto na Indonesiya na biyu ya yi don siffanta gwamnatinsa lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1966 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi murabus a shekarar 1998. Suharto ya yi amfani da wannan lokaci wajen kwatanta shugabancinsa da na magabacinsa Sukarno.Nan da nan bayan yunkurin juyin mulki a 1965, yanayin siyasa bai tabbata ba, Suharto's New Order ya sami goyon baya da yawa daga kungiyoyin da ke son rabuwa da matsalolin Indonesia tun lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai.'ƙarni na 66' (Angkatan 66) ya kwatanta magana game da sabon rukunin shugabannin matasa da sabon tunani na hankali.Bayan rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da siyasa na Indonesiya, da durkushewar tattalin arzikinta da tabarbarewar zamantakewa a ƙarshen 1950s har zuwa tsakiyar 1960s, "New Order" ta himmatu wajen cimmawa da kiyaye tsarin siyasa, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kawar da yawan shiga cikin tsarin siyasa.Siffofin "Sabon oda" da aka kafa daga ƙarshen 1960s don haka sun kasance rawar siyasa mai ƙarfi ga sojoji, aikin bureaucratisation da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin siyasa da na al'umma, da zaɓi amma zalunci na abokan adawa.Tsananin kyamar kwaminisanci, kyamar gurguzu, da rukunan kyamar Islama sun kasance alamar shugabancin kasa tsawon shekaru 30 na gaba.A cikin ƴan shekaru, duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin abokansa na asali sun zama marasa ko in kula ko kuma kin amincewa da Sabon oda, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar soja da ke samun goyon bayan ƴan ƴan farar hula.Daga cikin mafi yawan masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya wanda ya tilasta wa Suharto yin murabus a juyin juya halin Indonesiya na 1998 sannan ya sami iko, kalmar "New Order" ta zo a yi amfani da ita ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba.An yi amfani da shi akai-akai don bayyana alkaluma waɗanda ko dai sun kasance suna da alaƙa da lokacin Suharto, ko kuma waɗanda suka goyi bayan ayyukan mulkin kama-karya, kamar cin hanci da rashawa, haɗa baki da son zuciya.
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mamayar Indonesiya na Gabashin Timor
Sojojin Indonesiya sun fito a watan Nuwamba 1975 a Batugade, Gabashin Timor tare da kama tutar Portugal. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1975 Dec 7 - 1976 Jul 17

mamayar Indonesiya na Gabashin Timor

East Timor
Gabashin Timor yana da bambancin yankinsa daga sauran Timor, da kuma tsibirin Indonesiya gaba ɗaya, don zama mulkin mallaka ta Portuguese , maimakon Dutch;An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba tsibirin tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu a shekara ta 1915.Japanawa sun maye gurbin mulkin mallaka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu , wanda mamayarsu ta haifar da wani yunkuri na juriya wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 60,000, kashi 13 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a lokacin.Bayan yakin, Indiyawan Gabas ta Holland sun sami 'yancin kai yayin da Jamhuriyar Indonesiya da Portuguese, a halin yanzu, suka sake kafa iko a Gabashin Timor.Masu rajin kishin kasa da na soji na Indonesiya, musamman shugabannin hukumar leken asiri ta Kopkamtib da sashin ayyuka na musamman, Opsus, sun dauki juyin mulkin 1974 na Portugal a matsayin wata dama ta mamaye gabashin Timor da Indonesiya ta yi.[72] Shugaban Opsus kuma mai ba da shawara ga shugaban Indonesiya Suharto, Manjo Janar Ali Murtopo, da mai kare shi Birgediya Janar Benny Murdani sun jagoranci ayyukan leken asiri na soji kuma suka jagoranci yunkurin mamaye Indonesiya.Yakin Indonesiya na Gabashin Timor ya fara ne a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1975 lokacin da sojojin Indonesiya (ABRI/TNI) suka mamaye Gabashin Timor a karkashin sunan yaki da mulkin mallaka da kwaminisanci don hambarar da gwamnatin Fretilin da ta bulla a shekarar 1974. Hambarar da shahararru. kuma a taƙaice gwamnatin Fretilin ta haifar da mummunan mamaya na ƙarni na kwata wanda kusan sojoji da fararen hula 100,000-180,000 aka kiyasta an kashe su ko kuma yunwa ta kashe su.[73] Hukumar liyafar, gaskiya da sulhu a Gabashin Timor ta rubuta mafi ƙarancin ƙididdiga na 102,000 da ke da alaka da rikici a Gabashin Timor a duk tsawon lokacin 1974 zuwa 1999, ciki har da 18,600 kashe-kashen tashin hankali da 84,200 mutuwar daga cututtuka da yunwa;Dakarun Indonesiya tare da hadin gwiwarsu ne ke da alhakin kashi 70% na kashe-kashen.[74] [75]A cikin watannin farko na mamayar, sojojin Indonesiya sun fuskanci turjiya mai tsanani a cikin tsaunukan tsibirin, amma daga 1977 zuwa 1978, sojojin sun sayo sabbin makamai daga Amurka, da wasu kasashe, don lalata tsarin Fretilin.Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata na karnin an ci gaba da samun tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Indonesiya da kungiyoyin Timore ta Gabas kan matsayin Timor ta Gabas, har zuwa 1999, lokacin da mafi yawan mutanen Gabashin Timore suka kada kuri'a da gagarumin rinjaye don samun 'yancin kai (madaidaicin zabin shine "'yancin cin gashin kai na musamman" yayin da ya rage wani bangare na Indonesia). ).Bayan wasu karin shekaru biyu da rabi na mika mulki karkashin kulawar ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban guda uku, East Timor ya sami 'yancin kai a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2002.
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Free Aceh Movement
Sojoji mata na Free Aceh Movement tare da kwamandan GAM Abdullah Syafei'i, 1999 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1976 Dec 4 - 2002

Free Aceh Movement

Aceh, Indonesia
Kungiyar Free Aceh Movement kungiya ce ta 'yan aware masu neman 'yancin kai ga yankin Aceh na Sumatra na kasar Indonesia.GAM ya fafata da sojojin gwamnatin Indonesiya a rikicin Aceh daga 1976 zuwa 2005, inda aka yi imanin an kashe sama da rayuka 15,000.[76] Kungiyar ta mika wuya ga manufar 'yan aware tare da rusa reshenta masu dauke da makamai biyo bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin Indonesiya ta 2005, sannan ta canza sunanta zuwa kwamitin mika mulki na Aceh.
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1993 Jan 1

Jemaah Islamiya ta kafa

Indonesia
Jemaah Islamiyah kungiya ce mai fafutukar kishin Islama a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ke da zama a kasar Indonesiya, wacce ta sadaukar da kanta wajen kafa daular musulunci a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2002, nan da nan bayan harin bam na JI da aka yi a Bali, an ƙara JI cikin ƙudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 1267 a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci mai alaƙa da Al-Qaeda ko Taliban.JI ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da sel a Indonesia, Singapore , Malaysia da Philippines .[78] Baya ga al-Qaeda, ana kuma tunanin kungiyar tana da alaka da Moro Islamic Liberation Front [78] da Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, wata tsaga ta JI wadda Abu Bakar Baasir ya kafa a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2008. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Australia, Canada ,China ,Japan , Birtaniya da Amurka sun sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci.A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2021, 'yan sandan kasar Indonesiya sun kaddamar da wani samame, wanda ya nuna cewa kungiyar ta gudanar da aikin ne a boye a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa, jam'iyyar Da'awah ta jama'ar Indonesia.Wannan fallasa ta girgiza mutane da dama, domin a karon farko a kasar Indonesiya ne wata kungiyar ta'addanci ta yi kama da jam'iyyar siyasa tare da yunkurin shiga tsakani da shiga harkokin siyasar kasar.[79]
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1998
Zamanin Gyaraornament
2004 girgizar kasa Tekun Indiya
Wani ƙauye kusa da bakin tekun Sumatra yana cikin kango. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2004 Dec 26

2004 girgizar kasa Tekun Indiya

Aceh, Indonesia
Indonesiya ita ce kasa ta farko da girgizar kasa da igiyar ruwa ta tsunami ta shafa a shekarar 2004 a ranar 26 ga Disamban 2004, ta mamaye yankunan arewaci da yammacin gabar tekun Sumatra, da kuma kananan tsibiran da ke kusa da Sumatra.Kusan dukkan hasarar rayuka da barna sun faru a lardin Aceh.Lokacin isowar tsunami ya kasance tsakanin mintuna 15 zuwa 30 bayan girgizar kasa mai muni.A ranar 7 ga Afrilun 2005 an rage kiyasin adadin wadanda suka bace da fiye da 50,000 wanda ya ba da jimillar 167,540 da suka mutu da bacewarsu.[77]
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2014 Oct 20 - 2023

Joko Widodo

Indonesia
An haifi Jokowi kuma ya girma a cikin unguwar marasa galihu da ke gefen kogi a Surakarta.Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Gadjah Mada a shekarar 1985, kuma ya auri matarsa, Iriana, bayan shekara guda.Ya yi aiki a matsayin kafinta da dillalan kayan daki kafin a zabe shi magajin garin Surakarta a shekarar 2005. Ya yi fice a kasar a matsayin magajin gari kuma an zabe shi gwamnan Jakarta a shekarar 2012, inda Basuki Tjahaja Purnama ya zama mataimakinsa.A matsayinsa na gwamna, ya sake karfafa siyasar cikin gida, ya gabatar da ziyarar blusukan da aka baiyana (tambayoyin tantancewa) [6] kuma ya inganta tsarin mulki na birni, rage cin hanci da rashawa a cikin tsari.Ya kuma gabatar da shirye-shirye na tsawon shekaru don inganta rayuwa, ciki har da kiwon lafiya na duniya, yashe babban kogin birnin don rage ambaliya, tare da kaddamar da aikin gina jirgin karkashin kasa na birnin.A shekarar 2014, an tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar PDI-P a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar, inda ya zabi Jusuf Kalla a matsayin abokin takararsa.An zabi Jokowi a kan abokin hamayyarsa Prabowo Subianto, wanda ya yi sabani da sakamakon zaben, kuma an kaddamar da shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 2014. Tun bayan hawansa mulki, Jokowi ya mayar da hankali kan bunkasar tattalin arziki da samar da ababen more rayuwa da kuma wani gagarumin ajandar lafiya da ilimi.Dangane da manufofin ketare, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada "kare ikon Indonesiya", tare da nutsewar jiragen kamun kifi na kasashen waje ba bisa ka'ida ba, tare da ba da fifiko da kuma tsara hukuncin kisa ga masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi.Na karshen ya kasance duk da zazzafar wakilci da zanga-zangar diflomasiyya daga kasashen waje, ciki har da Australia da Faransa.An sake zabe shi a 2019 a karo na biyu na shekaru biyar, inda ya sake doke Prabowo Subianto.
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Indonesia Malaysia History of Nusantara explained


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APPENDIX 2

Indonesia's Jokowi Economy, Explained


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APPENDIX 3

Indonesia's Economy: The Manufacturing Superpower


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APPENDIX 4

Story of Bali, the Last Hindu Kingdom in Southeast Asia


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APPENDIX 5

Indonesia's Geographic Challenge


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Characters



Joko Widodo

Joko Widodo

7th President of Indonesia

Ken Arok

Ken Arok

Founder of Singhasari Kingdom

Sukarno

Sukarno

First President of Indonesia

Suharto

Suharto

Second President of Indonesia

Balaputra

Balaputra

Maharaja of Srivijaya

Megawati Sukarnoputri

Megawati Sukarnoputri

Fifth President of Indonesia

Sri Jayanasa of Srivijaya

Sri Jayanasa of Srivijaya

First Maharaja (Emperor) of Srivijaya

Samaratungga

Samaratungga

Head of the Sailendra dynasty

Hamengkubuwono IX

Hamengkubuwono IX

Second Vice-President of Indonesia

Raden Wijaya

Raden Wijaya

Founder of Majapahit Empire

Cico of Ternate

Cico of Ternate

First King (Kolano) of Ternate

Abdul Haris Nasution

Abdul Haris Nasution

High-ranking Indonesian General

Kertanegara of Singhasari

Kertanegara of Singhasari

Last Ruler of the Singhasari Kingdom

Dharmawangsa

Dharmawangsa

Last Raja of the Kingdom of Mataram

Sutan Sjahrir

Sutan Sjahrir

Prime Minister of Indonesia

Wahidin Soedirohoesodo

Wahidin Soedirohoesodo

Founder of Budi Utomo

Rajendra Chola I

Rajendra Chola I

Chola Emperor

Diponegoro

Diponegoro

Javanese Prince opposed Dutch rule

Ahmad Dahlan

Ahmad Dahlan

Founder of Muhammadiyah

Sanjaya of Mataram

Sanjaya of Mataram

Founder of Mataram Kingdom

Airlangga

Airlangga

Raja of the Kingdom of Kahuripan

Cudamani Warmadewa

Cudamani Warmadewa

Emperor of Srivijaya

Mohammad Yamin

Mohammad Yamin

Minister of Information

Footnotes



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