Daular Ming

Shekaru na ƙarshe na daular Yuan sun kasance cikin gwagwarmaya, yunwa, da ɗacin rai a tsakanin jama'a.A cikin lokaci, magadan Kublai Khan sun rasa duk wani tasiri a kan sauran ƙasashen Mongol a fadin Asiya, yayin da Mongols da ke bayan Masarautar Tsakiyar Tsakiya suna ganin su ma Sinawa ne.Sannu a hankali, sun rasa tasiri a kasar Sin ma.Mulkin sarakunan Yuan na baya ya kasance gajere kuma yana da ƙima da hamayya.Ba tare da sha'awar gudanar da mulki ba, an raba su da sojoji da jama'a, kuma China ta wargaje saboda rashin jituwa da tashin hankali.'Yan sanda sun mamaye kasar ba tare da tsoma baki daga raunanan sojojin Yuan ba.Tun daga karshen shekarun 1340 zuwa gaba, jama'ar karkara sun sha fama da bala'o'i akai-akai kamar fari, ambaliya da kuma yunwar da ta haifar, kuma rashin ingantaccen manufofin gwamnati ya haifar da asarar goyon bayan jama'a.

Tawayen jajayen rawani ( Sinanci: 紅巾起義; pinyin: Hóngjīn Qǐyì) sun kasance tawaye ga daular Yuan tsakanin 1351 zuwa 1368, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga rugujewar daular Yuan.Ragowar kotun daular Yuan ta koma arewa kuma daga baya ake kiranta Yuan ta Arewa a tarihin tarihi.

Sarkin Hongwu, sunan kansa Zhu Yuanzhang shi ne sarkin da ya kafa daular Ming, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1368 zuwa 1398.Yayin da yunwa, annoba, da tawayen manoma suka karu a fadin kasar Sin a cikin karni na 14, Zhu Yuanzhang ya tashi ya jagoranci sojojin da suka mamaye kasar Sin yadda ya kamata, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Yuan karkashin jagorancin Mongol tare da tilasta sauran kotun Yuan (wanda aka sani da Yuan ta Arewa a tarihin tarihi) ja da baya zuwa Mongolian Plateau.A farkon shekarar 1368 Zhu ya yi iƙirarin ikon sama kuma ya kafa daular Ming a farkon shekara ta 1368 kuma ya mamaye babban birnin Yuan, Khanbaliq (Beijing na yanzu), tare da sojojinsa a wannan shekarar.Sarkin ya soke mukamin kansila, ya kuma rage rawar da eunus na kotuna ke yi, ya kuma dauki tsauraran matakai don magance cin hanci da rashawa.Ya karfafa aikin noma, rage haraji, karfafa noman sabbin filaye, da kafa dokokin kare kadarorin manoma.Ya kuma kwace filaye da manyan gidaje ke rike da su ya kuma haramta bautar da mutane.A lokaci guda kuma, ya haramta zirga-zirgar 'yanci a cikin daular tare da sanya nau'ikan sana'o'in gado ga gidaje.Ta hanyar wadannan matakai, Zhu Yuanzhang ya yi yunkurin sake gina kasar da yaki ya daidaita, da takaitawa da sarrafa kungiyoyin al'umma, da sanya dabi'un al'adun gargajiya a cikin al'ummarsa, daga karshe ya samar da tsarin al'umma mai dogaro da kai.Sarkin ya gina makarantu a kowane mataki kuma ya kara yawan karatun litattafai da kuma litattafai na kyawawan halaye.An rarraba littattafan al'ada na Neo-Confucian kuma an sake dawo da tsarin jarrabawar ma'aikatan farar hula don daukar ma'aikata a cikin ofis.

Jami'in tsaron Uniform da aka yi wa ado shi ne 'yan sandan sirri na sarki da ke hidima ga sarakunan daular Ming a kasar Sin.Sarkin Hongwu ne ya kafa mai gadin a shekara ta 1368 don zama masu tsaron lafiyarsa.A cikin 1369 ya zama rundunar soja ta sarki.An ba su ikon soke shari’ar da ake yi a gaban shari’a tare da cikakken ‘yancin kai wajen kamawa da yi wa kowa tambayoyi da hukunta duk wanda ya hada da manya da dangin sarki.Jami'an Tsaron Uniform da aka yi wa ado an ba su aikin tattara bayanan soji kan abokan gaba da kuma shiga cikin fadace-fadace a lokacin shiryawa.Masu gadin sun sanya wani riga na musamman na zinariya-yellow, tare da kwamfutar hannu da ke sanye a jikin sa, kuma suna dauke da makami na musamman.

Yakin Jingnan, ko tawayen Jingnan, ya kasance yakin basasa na shekaru uku daga 1399 zuwa 1402 a farkon shekarun daular Ming ta kasar Sin.Ya faru tsakanin zuri'a biyu na wanda ya kafa daular Ming Zhu Yuanzhang: jikansa Zhu Yunwen ta dansa na fari, da dan Zhu Yuanzhang na hudu Zhu Di, Yariman Yan.Ko da yake Zhu Yunwen ya kasance zababben yarima mai jiran gado na Zhu Yuanzhang kuma aka nada shi sarki bayan rasuwar kakansa a shekara ta 1398, an fara rikici nan da nan bayan mutuwar Yuanzhang.Zhu Yunwen ya fara kame sauran 'ya'yan Zhu Yuanzhang nan take, suna neman rage barazanarsu.Amma a cikin shekara guda aka fara rikicin soji, kuma yakin ya ci gaba har sai da sojojin Yariman Yan suka kwace babban birnin Nanjing na daular.Faduwar Nanjing ta biyo bayan rasuwar Zhu Yunwen, Sarkin Jianwen da Zhu Di ta haka ne aka nada sarautar Ming sarki na uku na Daular Ming, Sarkin Yongle.

Sarkin Yongle shi ne sarki na uku na daular Ming, wanda ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 1402 zuwa 1424. Zhu Di shi ne ɗa na huɗu ga Sarkin Hongwu, wanda ya kafa daular Ming.An fara ba shi sarauta a matsayin Yariman Yan (燕王) a watan Mayu 1370, tare da babban birnin sarautarsa ​​a Beiping (Beijing ta zamani).Zhu Di ya kasance kwamandan kwamandan yaƙi da Mongols.Da farko ya amince da nadin mahaifinsa na babban yayansa Zhu Biao sannan dan Zhu Biao Zhu Yunwen a matsayin yarima mai jiran gado, amma lokacin da Zhu Yunwen ya hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin Sarkin Jianwen ya fara kisa tare da tsige kawunsa masu girma, Zhu Di ya sami dalilin tashi tawaye ga kaninsa.Tare da taimakon manyan sarakunan sarakunan Hongwu da na Jianwen, wadanda suka nuna goyon baya ga malaman Confucian-mahukunta, Zhu Di ya tsira daga harin farko da aka kai kan masarautarsa ​​kuma ya kori kudu don kaddamar da yakin Jingnan kan Sarkin Jianwen a Nanjing.A shekara ta 1402, ya yi nasarar hambarar da dan uwansa ya kuma mamaye babban birnin kasar Nanjing, bayan haka kuma aka nada shi a matsayin sarki, ya kuma karbi sunan zamanin Yongle, wanda ke nufin "farin ciki na dindindin".Zhu Di ya yi marmarin kafa nasa haƙƙinsa, Zhu Di ya ɓata sarautar Sarkin Jianwen kuma ya kafa wani yunƙuri mai fa'ida don ruguza ko karya bayanan da suka shafi yarinta da tawaye.Wannan ya haɗa da babban tsarkake malaman Confucian a Nanjing da kuma ba da izini na musamman ga 'yan sandan sirri na eunuch.Ɗayan da aka fi so shi ne Zheng He, wanda ya yi amfani da ikonsa don ƙaddamar da manyan tafiye-tafiye na bincike a cikin Kudancin Pacific da Tekun Indiya.Wahalhalun da ke faruwa a Nanjing kuma sun sa Sarkin Yongle ya sake kafa Beiping (Beijing na yanzu) a matsayin sabon babban birnin daular.Ya gyara kuma ya sake buɗe Babban Canal kuma, tsakanin 1406 zuwa 1420, ya ba da umarnin gina birnin Haramun.Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin Hasumiyar Porcelain na Nanjing, wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya kafin halakar da 'yan tawayen Taiping suka yi a 1856. A ci gaba da yunƙurinsa na sarrafa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jami'an Confucian, Sarkin Yongle ya kuma faɗaɗa sosai. tsarin jarrabawar sarki a madadin mahaifinsa ya yi amfani da shawarar kansa da nadinsa.Waɗannan malaman sun kammala babban littafin Yongle Encyclopedia a lokacin mulkinsa.Sarkin Yongle ya mutu ne yayin da da kansa yake jagorantar yakin yaki da Mongols.An binne shi a dakin kabari na Changling, tsakiya kuma mafi girma a kaburburan Ming dake arewacin birnin Beijing.

Littafin Encyclopedia na Yongle wani littafin leishu ne na kasar Sin da aka yi asara da yawa wanda Sarkin Yongle na daular Ming ya ba da izini a shekara ta 1403 kuma ya kammala a shekara ta 1408. Ya ƙunshi juzu'i ko surori 22,937 na rubutun hannu, a cikin juzu'i 11,095.Kasa da juzu'i 400 sun tsira a yau, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan surori 800 (rolls), ko kashi 3.5 na ainihin aikin.Yawancin ya ɓace a cikin rabi na 2 na karni na 19, a cikin tsakiyar abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin Yaƙin Opium na Biyu , Tawayen Dambe da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa na gaba.Girman girmansa da girmansa ya sanya ya zama mafi girman kundin sani a duniya har sai da Wikipedia ya zarce shi a ƙarshen 2007, kusan ƙarni shida bayan haka.

A shekara ta 1404, Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu ya karɓi lakabin Sinanci "Sarkin Japan" alhali ba shi ne Sarkin Japan ba.Shogun shi ne ainihin mai mulkin Japan.Sarkin Jafan ya kasance shugaban da ba shi da iko a lokacin tashin hankalin Japan , kuma ya kasance cikin jinƙan Shogun.Na ɗan gajeren lokaci har zuwa mutuwar Yoshimitsu a shekara ta 1408, Japan wata hukuma ce ta daular Ming.Wannan dangantakar ta ƙare a shekara ta 1549, lokacin da Japan, ba kamarKoriya ba, ta zaɓi kawo ƙarshen amincewa da ikon mallakar yankin China tare da soke duk wani aikin karramawa.Yoshimitsu shi ne shugaban Japan na farko kuma tilo a farkon zamanin da ya karɓi lakabin Sinawa.Kasancewa cikin tsarin karba-karba ya kasance wani sharadi ga duk wani musayar tattalin arziki da kasar Sin;A yayin ficewa daga tsarin, Japan ta yanke huldar kasuwanci da kasar Sin.

Tafiyar taska ta Ming ita ce balaguro bakwai na ruwa da jiragen ruwa na Ming na kasar Sin suka yi a tsakanin shekarun 1405 zuwa 1433. Sarkin Yongle ya ba da umarnin gina rundunar taska a shekara ta 1403. Babban aikin ya haifar da balaguro mai nisa a teku zuwa yankunan bakin teku da tsibirai. da kuma kewayen Tekun Kudancin China, Tekun Indiya, da sauran su.Admiral Zheng He an umurce shi da ya ba da umarni ga rundunar jiragen ruwa don balaguro.Shida daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen sun faru ne a lokacin mulkin Yongle (r. 1402–24), yayin da tafiya ta bakwai ta faru a lokacin mulkin Xuande (r. 1425–1435).Tafiyar farko ta uku ta kai zuwa Calicut a gabar tekun Malabar ta Indiya, yayin da tafiya ta hudu ta kai har zuwa Hormuz a cikin Tekun Fasha.A cikin tafiye-tafiye uku na ƙarshe, jiragen sun yi tattaki zuwa yankin Larabawa da Gabashin Afirka.Rundunar sojojin kasar Sin ta yi balaguro sosai, kuma tana dauke da dukiya mai tarin yawa, wadanda suka yi amfani da karfin iko da arzikin kasar Sin ga duniya da aka sani.Sun dawo da jakadun ƙasashen waje da yawa waɗanda sarakunansu da sarakunansu suka yarda su ayyana kansu a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Sin.A cikin tafiye-tafiyen, sun lalata rundunar 'yan fashin teku ta Chen Zuyi a Palembang, sun kame daular Sinhalese Kotte ta Sarki Alekeshvara, kuma sun fatattaki sojojin Semudera pretender Sekandar a arewacin Sumatra.Rikicin tekun kasar Sin ya sanya kasashen waje da dama cikin tsarin rabe-raben jama'ar kasar da kuma yin tasiri ta hanyar karfin soja da na siyasa, wanda hakan ya sanya kasashe cikin tsarin duniya mafi girma na kasar Sin karkashin jagorancin Ming suzerainty.Bugu da kari, kasar Sin ta sake gyare-gyare tare da kafa ikon gudanar da wani faffadan hanyar sadarwa ta teku, inda yankin ya hade, kasashensa suka kulla alaka ta fuskar tattalin arziki da siyasa.

Sarkin Yongle ya mayar da birnin Beijing babban birni na biyu na daular Ming, kuma an fara ginin a shekara ta 1406 na abin da zai zama birnin da aka haramta.Masu gine-gine da masu zanen kaya da yawa ne suka tsara shirin birnin da aka haramta, sannan Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Sarkin sarakuna ta duba shi.Manyan gine-gine da injiniyoyi sun hada da Cai Xin, Nguyen An, eunuch dan Vietnam (bayanan da ba a tantance ba), Kuai Xiang, Lu Xiang da sauransu.Gine-ginen ya ɗauki shekaru 14 kuma ya ɗauki aikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 100,000 da ma'aikata har zuwa miliyan ɗaya.An yi ginshiƙan manyan ɗakuna da dukan gundumomi na itacen Phoebe zhennan mai daraja ( Sinawa: 楠木; pinyin: nánmù) da aka samu a cikin gandun daji na kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin.Ba za a sake maimaita irin wannan ba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa - manyan ginshiƙai da aka gani a yau an sake gina su ta hanyar amfani da guntun pinewood da yawa a daular Qing .An yi manyan filaye da manyan sassa na duwatsu da aka yi da duwatsu daga katafaren duwatsu da ke kusa da birnin Beijing.Ba za a iya ɗaukar manyan ɓangarorin na al'ada ba.Maimakon haka, an haƙa rijiyoyi a kan hanya, kuma ana zubar da ruwa daga rijiyoyin a kan hanya a cikin sanyi mai zurfi, ya zama ƙanƙara.An ja duwatsun tare da kankara.

Zamani na Hudu na Mulkin Arewa lokaci ne na tarihin Vietnam , daga 1407 zuwa 1427, lokacin da daular Ming ta kasar Sin ta yi mulkin Vietnam a matsayin lardin Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ).An kafa mulkin Ming a Vietnam bayan cin nasarar daular Hồ.Lokutan da suka gabata na mulkin kasar Sin, wadanda aka fi sani da Bắc thuộc, sun dade sosai kuma sun kai kusan shekaru 1000.Lokaci na hudu na mulkin kasar Sin a kan Vietnam ya ƙare tare da kafa daular Later Lê.

An sake gyara Babban Canal kusan gaba ɗaya tsakanin 1411 zuwa 1415 a lokacin daular Ming (1368-1644).Mai shari'a na Jining, Shandong ya aika da takarda zuwa ga karagar mulkin Yongle Sarkin Yongle yana nuna rashin amincewa da hanyoyin da ba a iya amfani da su ba na jigilar 4,000,000 dan (lita 428,000) na hatsi a kowace shekara ta hanyar kai shi tare da koguna daban-daban da magudanan ruwa a cikin jiragen ruwa da suka tashi daga mai zurfi zuwa zurfi bayan kogin Huai, sa'an nan kuma a mayar da shi zuwa manyan jiragen ruwa masu zurfi da zarar jigilar hatsi ta isa kogin Yellow.Injiniyoyi na kasar Sin sun gina dam don karkatar da kogin Wen zuwa kudu maso yamma domin ciyar da kashi 60% na ruwan da yake arewa zuwa mashigin Grand Canal, sauran kuma za su je kudu.Sun tona manyan tafkunan ruwa guda hudu a birnin Shandong domin daidaita matakan ruwa, wanda hakan ya basu damar kaucewa fitar da ruwa daga majiyoyin gida da kuma tasoshin ruwa.Tsakanin 1411 zuwa 1415 jimlar ma'aikata 165,000 ne suka ja magudanar ruwa a Shandong kuma suka gina sabbin tashoshi, shinge, da makullan canal.Sarkin Yongle ya mayar da babban birnin Ming daga Nanjing zuwa Beijing a shekara ta 1403. Wannan matakin ya hana Nanjing matsayin babbar cibiyar siyasa ta kasar Sin.Har ila yau, sake bude kogin na Grand Canal ya amfanar da Suzhou a birnin Nanjing, tun lokacin da tsohon ya samu kyakkyawan matsayi a babban tashar ruwa ta Grand Canal, don haka ya zama cibiyar tattalin arziki mafi girma ta kasar Sin Ming.Don haka, kogin Grand Canal ya yi aiki don yin ko karya arzikin tattalin arzikin wasu biranen da ke kan hanyarsa kuma ya zama hanyar tattalin arziki na cinikayyar 'yan asalin kasar Sin.Baya ga aikinsa a matsayin hanyar jigilar hatsi da kuma babban jigon kasuwancin 'yan asalin koguna a kasar Sin, babban kogin Grand Canal ya kasance hanyar jigilar kayayyaki da gwamnati ke tafiyar da ita.A cikin daular Ming, an sanya tashoshin jigilar kayayyaki na hukuma a tazarar kilomita 35 zuwa 45 (22 zuwa 28 mi).

Sarkin Xuande (16 Maris 1399 - 31 Janairu 1435), sunansa Zhu Zhanji, shi ne sarki na biyar na daular Ming, ya yi mulki daga 1425 zuwa 1435. Sunansa na zamanin "Xuande" yana nufin "sharar da nagarta".Sarkin Xuande ya ba wa Zheng He damar jagorantar balaguron teku na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe.Bayan da sojojin Ming suka yi mummunan rauni a Vietnam , sarki ya aika Liu Sheng tare da sojoji.Wa] annan mutanen Vietnam sun yi galaba a kansu sosai.Sojojin Ming sun janye kuma daga karshe Sarkin Xuande ya amince da 'yancin kai na Việt Nam.A arewa, kotun daular Ming na karbar dawakai a kowace shekara daga Aughtai, amma Oirats ya ci shi a shekara ta 1431 kuma an kashe shi a 1434 lokacin da Toghon ta mamaye gabashin Mongoliya.Daga nan gwamnatin Ming ta ci gaba da kyautata dangantakar abokantaka da Oirats.Dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasar Sin daJapan ta inganta a shekarar 1432. Dangantakar da Koriyar ta kasance mai kyau gaba daya, in ban da Koriyar da ke nuna bacin ransu kan aika budurwoyi lokaci-lokaci zuwa ga sarkin sarakunan Xuande.Sarkin Xuande ya rasu ne saboda rashin lafiya a shekara ta 1435 bayan ya shafe shekaru goma yana mulki.Ya yi mulki a lokacin zaman lafiya mai ban mamaki ba tare da wata matsala ta waje ko ta ciki ba.Daga baya masana tarihi sun dauki mulkinsa a matsayin kololuwar zamanin zinare na daular Ming.

Rikicin sansanin Tumu ya kasance rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin daular Yuan ta Arewa da Ming.Sarkin Oirat na Yuan na Arewa, Esen, ya kama Sarkin Ming Yingzong a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1449.Gabaɗayan balaguron ya kasance ba dole ba ne, rashin tunani, da rashin ba da umarni.Nasarar Yuan ta Arewa ta samu nasara ne da wani jami'in tsaro na gaba da suka yi kasa da sojoji 5,000.Esen, a nasa bangare, bai shirya don girman nasarar da ya samu ba ko kuma kama Sarkin Ming.Da farko ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da sarkin da aka kama don tara kuɗin fansa da kuma yin shawarwari mai kyau wanda ya haɗa da fa'idodin kasuwanci.Duk da haka, shirin nasa ya ci tura a fannin tsaron birnin Beijing, saboda jajircewar da kwamandan Ming ya yi a babban birnin kasar, Janar Yu Qian.Shugabannin Ming sun ki amincewa da tayin Esen, Yu yana mai cewa ƙasar ta fi rayuwar sarki muhimmanci.Ming bai taba biyan fansa don dawowar Sarkin ba, kuma Esen ya sake shi bayan shekaru hudu.Esen da kansa ya fuskanci babban zargi saboda gazawarsa don yin amfani da nasarar da ya samu akan Ming kuma an kashe shi shekaru shida bayan yakin a 1455.

Sarkin Jingtai shi ne sarki na bakwai na daular Ming, ya yi sarauta daga shekara ta 1449 zuwa 1457. Dan sarki na biyu na Sarkin Xuande, an zabe shi a shekara ta 1449 don ya gaji babban dan uwansa Emperor Yingzong (sannan ya yi sarauta a matsayin "Sarkin Zhengtong"), lokacin Mongols sun kama na karshen bayan rikicin Tumu.A lokacin mulkinsa, tare da taimakon ƙwararren minista Yu Qian, Jingtai ya mai da hankali sosai kan batutuwan da suka shafi ƙasarsa.Ya gyara Babban Canal da kuma tsarin dykes tare da kogin Yellow.A sakamakon gwamnatinsa tattalin arziki ya bunkasa, daular ta kara karfi.Ya yi sarauta na tsawon shekaru 8 kafin a cire shi daga kan karagar mulki da babban wansa Emperor Yingzong (sannan ya yi sarauta a matsayin "Tianshun Emperor").Sunan zamanin Sarkin sarakuna Jingtai, "Jingtai", yana nufin "ɗaukakin gani".

Haramcin Hăijìn ko teku jerin manufofin keɓancewa ne masu alaƙa da ke hana kasuwancin teku masu zaman kansu da matsugunan bakin teku a yawancin daular Ming da farkon daular Qing .Duk da shela a hukumance ba a aiwatar da manufar Ming a aikace ba, kuma ciniki ya ci gaba ba tare da tsangwama ba.Farkon daular Qing na yaki da masu tada kayar baya "Babban Kare" ya kasance mafi ma'ana tare da mummunar illa ga al'ummomin da ke bakin teku.Da farko da aka fara aiwatar da shi don tunkarar matsalar satar fasaha ta Japan a yayin da ake kifar da 'yan jam'iyyar Yuan, haramcin teku bai yi tasiri ba: a karni na 16, fashin teku da fasa kwauri sun zama ruwan dare kuma galibi sun hada da Sinawa wadanda manufar ta kwace.Kasuwancin waje na kasar Sin ya takaita ne ga ayyukan bayar da haraji marasa tsari da tsada, kuma matsin lambar soja daga Mongols bayan mummunan yakin Tumu ya kai ga soke jiragen ruwa na Zheng He.Satar fasaha ya ragu zuwa matakan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba ne kawai a ƙarshen manufar a cikin 1567, amma daga baya Qing ya karɓi wani tsari.Wannan ya haifar da Tsarin Canton na masana'antu goma sha uku, amma har da safarar opium wanda ya haifar da yakin Opium na farko da na biyu a karni na 19.An kwaikwayi manufar kasar Sin a zamanin EdoJapan ta Tokugawa shogunate , inda aka san manufar da kaikin (海禁)/Sakoku (鎖国);Har ila yau , Joseon Korea ya kwaikwayi shi, wanda aka fi sani da "Mulkin Hermit", kafin a bude su ta hanyar soja a 1853 da 1876.

Hare-haren na Jiajing wokou sun yi barna sosai a gabar tekun kasar Sin a karni na 16, a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Jiajing (r. 1521-67) a daular Ming.Kalmar "wokou" da farko tana nufin 'yan fashin teku na Japan da suka tsallaka teku suka kai farmaki ga Koriya da China;duk da haka, a tsakiyar Ming, wokou ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka haɗa da Jafananci da Portuguese, amma yawancinsu Sinawa ne a maimakon haka.Ayyukan wokou na tsakiyar Ming ya fara haifar da matsala mai tsanani a cikin 1540s, ya kai kololuwarsa a cikin 1555, kuma ya ragu a shekara ta 1567, tare da girman lalacewa ya bazu a yankunan bakin teku na Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, da Guangdong.

Sarkin Wanli shi ne sarki na 14 na daular Ming, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1572 zuwa 1620. "Wanli", sunan zamanin mulkinsa, a zahiri yana nufin "kalandar dubu goma".Shi ne ɗa na uku ga Sarkin Longqing.Mulkinsa na shekaru 48 (1572-1620) shi ne mafi tsawo a cikin dukkan sarakunan daular Ming kuma ta sami nasarori da dama a zamaninsa na farko da na tsakiya, sannan kuma daular ta koma bayan daular yayin da sarki ya janye daga aikinsa na gwamnati a shekara ta 1600. .A cikin shekaru goma na farko na zamanin Wanli, tattalin arzikin daular Ming da karfin soja ya samu ci gaba ta yadda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tun bayan daular Yongle da mulkin Ren da Xuan daga shekara ta 1402 zuwa 1435. Bayan rasuwar Zhang Juzheng, sarkin Wanli ya yanke shawarar karbar mulki. cikakken ikon mallakar gwamnati.A wannan sashe na farko na mulkinsa, ya nuna kansa a matsayin sarki mai ƙwazo da himma.Gabaɗaya, tattalin arzikin ya ci gaba da bunƙasa kuma daular ta kasance mai ƙarfi.Ba kamar shekaru 20 na mulkinsa ba, Sarkin Wanli a wannan lokaci zai halarci kotu da tattaunawa kan harkokin kasa.A cikin shekarun da suka wuce na Sarkin Wanli, ya zama mai nisantar da kansa sosai daga matsayinsa na masarauta, kuma, a zahiri, ya shiga yajin aiki.Ya ƙi halartar tarurrukan safiya, ko ganin ministocinsa ko kuma ya yi aiki da abin tunawa.Ya kuma ki yin nadin ma'aikata da suka dace, kuma a sakamakon haka, dukkanin manyan jami'an gwamnatin Ming sun zama marasa ma'aikata.

Compendium na Materia Medica wani kundi ne na ilimin tsiro na kasar Sin da aka rubuta a lokacin daular Ming.An kammala daftarinsa na farko a shekara ta 1578 kuma an buga shi a birnin Nanjing a shekara ta 1596. Compendium ya jera magungunan magungunan gargajiyar kasar Sin da aka sani a lokacin, wadanda suka hada da shuke-shuke, dabbobi, da ma'adanai wadanda aka yi imanin suna da kayan magani.An dangana rubutun ga Li Shizhen kuma ya ƙunshi kurakurai da yawa na gaskiya.Ya yi tunanin cewa waƙa na iya da darajar aikin likitanci kuma labarin baƙon zai iya kwatanta tasirin magani.

A cikin 1589, yankin Bozhou Tusi (Zunyi, Guizhou) ya barke cikin yakin kabilanci tsakanin sarakunan Tusi bakwai.Yaƙin ya haɗa kai zuwa ga cikakken tawaye tare da ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Tusi, Yang Yinglong, a kansa, kuma ya bazu zuwa Sichuan da Huguang inda suka yi ta yin fashi da barna.A shekara ta 1593 Sarkin Wanli ya yi wa Yang Yinglong afuwa idan ya jagoranci sojojinsa a yakin yaki da mamayar Japanawa na Joseon .Yang Yinglong ya amince da shawarar kuma ya kasance rabin hanya zuwa Koriya kafin Japan ta janye (kawai don sake kai hari a shekara mai zuwa).Yang ya koma Guizhou inda babban kodinetan Sichuan Wang Jiguang ya yi kira da a gurfana gaban kotu.Yang bai amince da hakan ba, kuma a shekara ta 1594, sojojin Ming na yankin sun yi yunƙurin shawo kan lamarin amma sun sha kashi a yaƙi.A shekara ta 1598 sojojin 'yan tawayen Yang sun karu zuwa 140,000 kuma an tilasta wa gwamnatin Ming tattara dakaru 200,000 tare da sojoji daga yankuna daban-daban.Sojojin Ming sun far wa 'yan tawayen daga wurare takwas.Li Hualong, da Liu Ting, da Ma Liying, da Wu Guang, da Cao Xibin, da Tong Yuanzhen, da Zhu Heling, da Li Yingxiang, da Chen Lin, sun taru a tungar Yang Yinglong dake tsaunin Lou (Lardin Bozhou), inda suka yi gaggawar kwace shi, lamarin da ya tilastawa 'yan tawayen tserewa daga arewa maso yammacin kasar. .Dakushewar 'yan tawaye ya dau tsawon watanni uku.Bayan da Yang Yinglong Janar Yang Zhu ya mutu a yakin, ya kashe kansa ta hanyar kona kansa, wanda ya kawo karshen tawayen.An kai danginsa zuwa birnin Beijing inda aka kashe su.An soke Bozhou tusi kuma an sake tsara yankinsa zuwa lardunan Zunyi da Pingyue.

Yunkurin Japanawa na Koriya ta 1592-1598 ko Imjin War ya ƙunshi mamayewa daban-daban amma an haɗa su: mamayewa na farko a 1592 (Imjin Disturbance), ɗan taƙaitaccen sulhu a 1596, da mamayewa na biyu a 1597 (Yaƙin Chongyu).Rikicin dai ya kawo karshe ne a shekara ta 1598 tare da janye sojojin Japan dagazirin Koriya bayan wani takun sakar soji a lardunan kudancin Koriya.Toyotomi Hideyoshi ne ya kaddamar da hare-haren da nufin mamaye yankin Koriya da kasar Sin daidai, wadanda daular Joseon da Ming suka yi.Nan da nanJapan ta yi nasarar mamaye wasu yankuna da dama na zirin Koriya, amma gudunmawar karfafawa da Ming ta bayar, da kuma katsewar jiragen ruwan Japan da ke gabar tekun yamma da kudancin kasar da sojojin ruwan Joseon karkashin jagorancin Yi Sun-sin suka yi, kuma Mutuwar Toyotomi Hideyoshi ta tilasta janyewar sojojin Japan daga Pyongyang da lardunan arewacin kasar da ke kudu a Busan da yankunan da ke kusa.Bayan haka, tare da rundunonin salihai (Rundunar farar hula na Joseon) suka kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a kan Japanawa da kuma samar da matsalolin da suka kawo cikas ga bangarorin biyu, ba su iya kai farmakin nasara ko samun wani yanki na gaba ba, wanda ya haifar da turmutsutsun soji.Kashi na farko na mamayewar ya kasance daga 1592 zuwa 1596, kuma ya biyo bayan tattaunawar zaman lafiya tsakanin Japan da Ming tsakanin 1596 da 1597.

Pavilion na Peony, wanda kuma ake kira The Return of Soul at the Peony Pavilion, wasan kwaikwayo ne na ban tausayi na soyayya wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tang Xianzu ya rubuta a shekara ta 1598. An zana shirin daga ɗan gajeren labarin Du Liniang Revives For Love, kuma yana nuna labarin soyayya tsakanin Du Liniang. da Liu Mengmei wanda ya shawo kan dukkan matsaloli.Wasan Tang ya bambanta da ɗan gajeren labari domin ya haɗa abubuwa na daular Ming, duk da an saita shi a cikin waƙar Kudancin.Tun asali an rubuta wasan ne don shiryawa a matsayin Kunqu opera, daya daga cikin nau'ikan fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiyar kasar Sin.An fara yin shi a cikin 1598 a Pavilion na Prince Teng.Marubucinsa, Tang Xianzu, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu shirya wasan kwaikwayo da marubuta a daular Ming, kuma ana iya daukar Pavilion na Peony a matsayin mafi kyawun zane a rayuwarsa.Wasan yana da jimillar fage 55, wanda zai iya gudana sama da awanni 22 akan mataki.

Juyin mulki daga Ming zuwa Qing, wanda aka fi sani da mika mulki na Ming-Qing ko kuma mamayewar Manchu na kasar Sin, daga 1618 zuwa 1683, ya ga canji tsakanin manyan dauloli biyu a tarihin kasar Sin.Rikici ne na tsawon shekaru da dama tsakanin daular Qing da ta kunno kai, da daular Ming mai ci, da kuma kananan bangarori da dama (kamar daular Shun da daular Xi).Ya ƙare tare da ƙarfafa mulkin Qing, da kuma faduwar Ming da wasu ƙungiyoyi da dama.

Sarkin Tianqi shi ne sarki na 16 na daular Ming, wanda ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 1620 zuwa 1627. Shi ne babban dan Sarkin Taichang, kuma dan uwa ga Sarkin Chongzhen, wanda ya gaje shi."Tianqi", sunan zamanin mulkinsa, yana nufin "budewar sama".Saboda Sarkin Tianqi ya kasa karanta abubuwan tunawa da kotuna da kuma rashin sha'awar al'amuran kasa, sai eunun kotun Wei Zhongxian da ma'aikaciyar jinya ta sarki Madam Ke suka kwace mulki tare da kula da kotun daular Ming, tare da Sarkin Tianqi a matsayin mai mulkin 'yar tsana kawai.Da alama Sarkin Tianqi ya sadaukar da lokacinsa wajen aikin kafinta.

Wei Zhongxian shi ne eunun kotu na kasar Sin wanda ya rayu a zamanin daular Ming.A matsayin eunuch ya yi amfani da sunan Li Jinzhong (李进忠).Ana daukarsa a matsayin fitaccen eunuch a tarihin kasar Sin.An fi saninsa da hidima a kotun Tianqi Sarkin sarakuna Zhu Youjiao (r. 1620-1627), lokacin da ikonsa ya bayyana yana adawa da na sarki.Mao Wenlong na daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin da Wei Zhongxian ya gabatar.A lokacin mulkin Zhu Youjiao, Wei zai aike da umarnin sarki zuwa ga rundunar da ke karkashin jagorancin daraktan gidan yari Xu Xianchun domin kawar da gurbatattun jami'ai da abokan gaba na siyasa.Daga nan Xu ya kama tare da sauke daruruwan jami'ai da malamai daga kungiyar Donglin, ciki har da Zhou Zongjian, Zhou Shunchang, da Yang Lian.Lokacin da Zhu Youjian ya hau kan karagar mulki, ya samu korafe-korafe game da ayyukan Wei da Xu.Daga nan sai Zhu Youjian ya umarci masu gadin Uniform da aka yi wa ado da su kama Wei Zhongxian.Sai Wei ya kashe kansa.

Sarkin Chongzhen shi ne sarki na 17 kuma na karshe na daular Ming sannan kuma shi ne dan kabilar Han na karshe da ya mulki kasar Sin kafin cin nasarar Manchu Qing .Ya yi sarauta daga 1627 zuwa 1644. "Chongzhen," sunan zamanin mulkinsa, yana nufin "mai daraja da daraja."Zhu Youjian ya yi yaƙi da tawayen manoma kuma bai iya kare iyakar arewa da Manchu ba.Lokacin da 'yan tawaye suka isa babban birnin Beijing a shekara ta 1644, ya kashe kansa, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Ming.Manchu ya kafa daular Qing da ta gaje shi.

Ambaliyar kogin Yellow na 1642 ko kuma ambaliya ta Kaifeng wani bala'i ne da mutum ya yi wanda ya shafi Kaifeng da Xuzhou.Kaifeng yana gefen kudu da Kogin Yellow River, wanda ke fuskantar tashin hankali a tsawon tarihinsa.A lokacin daular Ming ta farko, garin ya kasance wurin da aka yi manyan ambaliyar ruwa a cikin 1375, 1384, 1390, 1410, da 1416. A tsakiyar karni na 15, Ming ya kammala dawo da tsarin kula da ambaliya na yankin tare da sarrafa shi gaba daya. nasara sama da karni guda.Ambaliyar ta shekarar 1642, ba ta dace ba, amma gwamnan birnin Ming ne ya jagoranta da fatan yin amfani da ruwan da aka yi a birnin don karya wa'adin watanni shida da birnin ya fuskanta daga 'yan tawayen manoma da Li Zicheng ke jagoranta. a wani yunƙuri na mamaye 'yan tawayen, amma ruwan ya lalata Kaifeng.Sama da 300,000 daga cikin mazauna 378,000 ne ambaliyar ta kashe da kuma bala'o'i kamar yunwa da annoba.Idan aka ɗauke shi a matsayin bala'i, zai zama ɗaya daga cikin ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni a tarihi.Bayan wannan bala'i an yi watsi da birnin har zuwa shekara ta 1662 lokacin da aka sake gina shi a karkashin mulkin Sarkin Kangxi a daular Qing .

Duk da asarar Beijing da mutuwar sarki, ba a lalata ikon Ming kwata-kwata.Nanjing, da Fujian, da Guangdong, da Shanxi, da kuma Yunnan, duk sun kasance tungar Ming mai karfi.Duk da haka, akwai da yawa masu riya ga kursiyin Ming, kuma sojojinsu sun rabu.Wadannan ragowar Ming da suka warwatse a kudancin kasar Sin bayan shekara ta 1644, masana tarihi na karni na 19 sun ayyana su a matsayin Kudancin Ming.Duk wani shingen juriya na Qing ya sha kaye a kai har zuwa shekara ta 1662, lokacin da aka kama Sarkin Ming na Ming na karshe, Zhu Youlang, Sarkin Yongli, tare da kashe shi.Duk da shan kashi na Ming, ƙananan ƙungiyoyin masu biyayya sun ci gaba har zuwa shelar Jamhuriyar Sin .