Tarihin Thailand Tsarin lokaci

appendices

bayanin kula

nassoshi


Tarihin Thailand
History of Thailand ©HistoryMaps

1500 BCE - 2024

Tarihin Thailand



Kabilar Tai sun yi ƙaura zuwa cikin babban yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya tsawon ƙarni.Wataƙila kalmar Siam ta samo asali daga Pali ko Sanskrit श्याम ko Mon ရာမည, mai yiwuwa tushen guda ɗaya da Shan da Ahom.Xianluo shine sunan kasar Sin don Masarautar Ayutthaya, wanda aka haɗe daga birnin Suphannaphum wanda ke tsakiyar Suphan Buri na zamani da birnin Lavo wanda ke tsakiyar Lop Buri na zamani.Ga Thai, yawancin sunan shine Mueang Thai.[1]Naɗin ƙasar a matsayin Siam ta Turawan Yamma wataƙila ya fito ne daga Portuguese .Litattafan tarihin Portuguese sun lura cewa Borommatrailokkanat, Sarkin Masarautar Ayutthaya, ya aika da balaguro zuwa Masarautar Malacca a iyakar kudancin tsibirin Malay a shekara ta 1455. Bayan da suka ci Malacca a shekara ta 1511, Portuguese sun aika da jakadan diplomasiyya zuwa Ayutthaya.Ƙarni daga baya, a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1612, The Globe, wani ɗan kasuwa na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ɗauke da wasiƙa daga Sarki James I, ya isa "Hanyar Syam".[2] "A ƙarshen karni na 19th, Siam ya zama mai ɓoye a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanki har an yi imani da cewa da wannan sunan kuma ba wani da zai ci gaba da saninsa da kuma salo."[3]MasarautarIndiyawa irin su Mon, daular Khmer da Jihohin Malay na yankin Malay Peninsula da Sumatra sun mallaki yankin.Thaiwan sun kafa jihohinsu: Ngoenyang, Masarautar Sukhothai, Masarautar Chiang Mai, Lan Na, da Masarautar Ayutthaya.Waɗannan jihohin sun yi yaƙi da juna kuma suna fuskantar barazana daga Khmers, Burma da Vietnam .A cikin karni na 19 da farkon 20, Thailand ce kawai ta tsira daga barazanar turawan mulkin mallaka a kudu maso gabashin Asiya saboda daidaita sauye-sauyen da Sarki Chulalongkorn ya yi da kuma saboda Faransa da Birtaniya sun yanke shawarar cewa za ta zama yanki mai tsaka-tsaki don kauce wa rikici tsakanin yankunansu.Bayan kawo karshen mulkin kama karya a shekara ta 1932, Thailand ta jure shekaru sittin na kusan mulkin soja na dindindin kafin a kafa gwamnati ta dimokiradiyya.
1100 BCE Jan 1

Asalin mutanen Tai

Yangtze River, China
Binciken harshe na kwatankwacin yana nuna cewa al'ummar Tai al'adun Proto-Tai-Kadai ne na kudancin kasar Sin kuma sun watsu zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Yawancin masana harsuna suna ba da shawarar cewa mutanen Tai-Kadai na iya danganta su ta asali da mutanen Proto-Austronesia, Laurent Sagart (2004) ya yi hasashen cewa mutanen Tai-Kadai na iya kasancewa asalin asalin Austronesia ne.Kafin zama a babban yankin kasar Sin, ana tunanin al'ummar Tai-Kadai sun yi hijira daga kasarsu ta tsibirin Taiwan , inda suke magana da yare na Proto-Austronesia ko kuma daya daga cikin yarensa.[19] Ba kamar ƙungiyar Malayo-Polynesian waɗanda daga baya suka tashi zuwa kudu zuwa Philippines da sauran sassan tekun kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kakannin mutanen Tai-Kadai na zamani sun yi tafiya zuwa yamma zuwa babban yankin kasar Sin kuma mai yiwuwa sun yi tafiya tare da kogin Pearl, inda harshensu ya yi yawa. canza daga sauran harsunan Australiya a ƙarƙashin tasirin jiko na Sino-Tibet da Hmong-Mien.[20] Baya ga shaidar harshe, ana iya samun alaƙa tsakanin Austronesia da Tai-Kadai a cikin wasu al'adu na gama gari.Roger Blench (2008) ya nuna cewa ficewar haƙora, yin tattoo fuska, baƙar hakora da ƙungiyoyin macizai suna da alaƙa tsakanin mutanen Austronesians na Taiwan da mutanen Tai-Kadai na Kudancin China.[21]James R. Chamberlain ya ba da shawarar cewa an kafa dangin harshen Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) a farkon karni na 12 KZ a tsakiyar tafkin Yangtze, wanda ya yi daidai da kafuwarkasar Chu da farkon daular Zhou. .Bayan hijira zuwa kudu na mutanen Kra da Hlai (Rei/Li) a cikin karni na 8 KZ, Yue ('yan kabilar Be-Tai) sun fara watsewa zuwa gabar tekun gabas a lardin Zhejiang na yanzu, a karni na 6. BC, kafa jihar Yue da kuma mamaye jihar Wu jim kadan bayan haka.A cewar Chamberlain, mutanen Yue (Be-Tai) sun fara yin ƙaura zuwa kudu tare da gabashin gabar tekun China zuwa yankin Guangxi da Guizhou da arewacin Vietnam , bayan da Chu ta ci Yue a shekara ta 333 KZ.A can ne Yue (Be-Tai) suka kafa Luo Yue, wanda ya koma Lingnan da Annam sannan ya koma yamma zuwa arewa maso gabashin Laos da Sip Song Chau Tai, daga baya kuma ya zama Tai ta tsakiya da kudu maso yammacin kasar, sai Xi Ou, wanda ya zama Arewacin Tai.[22]
68 - 1238
Samar da Masarautun Thaiornament
Funan
Hindu Temple a cikin Masarautar Funan. ©HistoryMaps
68 Jan 1 00:01 - 550

Funan

Mekong-delta, Vietnam
Sanannun sanannun bayanan ƙungiyar siyasa a Indochina ana danganta su ga Funan - wanda ke tsakiyar Mekong Delta kuma ya ƙunshi yankuna a cikin Thailand ta zamani.[4] Littattafan tarihin kasar Sin sun tabbatar da kasancewar Funan a farkon karni na farko AZ.Takaddun kayan tarihi na archaeological suna nuna tarihin matsugunin ɗan adam tun daga ƙarni na huɗu KZ.[5] Ko da yake marubutan kasar Sin suna la'akari da shi a matsayin tsarin siyasa guda ɗaya, wasu malaman zamani suna zargin cewa Funan na iya kasancewa tarin biranen birane waɗanda wani lokaci suna yaƙi da juna kuma a wasu lokuta ya zama haɗin kai na siyasa.[6] Daga shaidar archaeological, wanda ya haɗa da Roman,Sinanci , da kayanIndiya da aka tono a tsohuwar cibiyar kasuwancin Oc Eo a kudancin Vietnam , an san cewa Funan dole ne ya kasance wata ƙasa mai karfi ta kasuwanci.[7] Binciken da aka yi a Angkor Borei a kudancin Cambodia ya kuma ba da shaidar wani muhimmin sulhu.Tun da yake Oc Eo yana da alaƙa da tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin teku da kuma Angkor Borei ta hanyar tsarin magudanar ruwa, yana yiwuwa duk waɗannan wurare tare sun kasance babban yankin Funan.Funan shine sunan da masu zane-zane na kasar Sin, masu zane-zane da marubuta suka ba wa tsohuwar jihar Indiyanci-ko kuma, a maimakon haka wata hanyar sadarwa ta jihohi (Mandala) [8] - wanda ke cikin babban yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya ya dogara ne akan Mekong Delta wanda ya kasance daga farko zuwa shida. karni CE.Ana samun sunan a cikin litattafan tarihi na kasar Sin da ke bayyana masarautun, kuma mafi girman kwatancin sun dogara ne kan rahoton jami'an diflomasiyyar kasar Sin guda biyu, Kang Tai da Zhu Ying, dake wakiltar daular Wu ta Gabas da suka yi baƙunci a Funan a tsakiyar karni na 3 AD. .[9]Kamar sunan masarauta, yanayin kabilanci da harshe na mutane shine batun tattaunawa da yawa tsakanin kwararru.Babban hasashe shine cewa Funanese galibinsu Mon– Khmer ne, ko kuma galibin Austronesiya ne, ko kuma sun kafa al'umma mai yawan kabilu.Shaidar da ake da ita ba ta da tushe kan wannan batu.Michael Vickery ya ce, ko da yake ba za a iya gano yaren Funan ba, amma shaidun sun nuna cewa mutanen Khmer ne.[10]
Masarautar Dvaravati (Litinin).
Thailand, Ku Bua, (al'adun Dvaravati), 650-700 CE.Mawaƙa uku a dama suna wasa (daga tsakiya) lute mai kirtani 5, kuge, bututun zither ko mashaya tare da resonator na gourd. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
600 Jan 1 - 1000

Masarautar Dvaravati (Litinin).

Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
Yankin Dvaravati (wanda yake yanzu Tailandia) mutanen Mon ne suka fara zama da suka isa kuma suka bayyana ƙarni a baya.An kafa tushen tushen addinin Buddah a tsakiyar kudu maso gabashin Asiya tsakanin ƙarni na 6 zuwa na 9 lokacin da al'adun Buddha na Theravada da ke da alaƙa da mutanen Mon suka haɓaka a tsakiya da arewa maso gabashin Thailand.Theravadin Buddhist sun yi imanin cewa za a iya samun wayewa ne kawai ta mutum wanda yake rayuwa a rayuwar ɗan zuhudu (ba ta ɗan ƙasa ba).Ba kamar Mahayana Buddha ba, waɗanda suka shigar da rubutun Buddha da yawa da Bodhisattvas cikin canon, Theravadans suna girmama Buddha Gautama kawai, wanda ya kafa addinin.Masarautun Buddhist na Mon da suka tashi a cikin yankunan Laos a yanzu da Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Thailand ana kiran su Dvavati gaba ɗaya.Kusan karni na goma, jihohin Dvaravati na birni sun haɗu zuwa mandalas guda biyu, Lavo (Lopburi na zamani) da Suvarnabhumi (Suphan Buri na zamani).Kogin Chao Phraya da ke tsakiyar kasar Thailand ya taba zama gidan al'adun Mon Dvaravati, wanda ya yi mulki tun daga karni na bakwai zuwa karni na goma.[11] Samuel Beal ya gano siyasa a cikin rubuce-rubucen Sinawa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a matsayin "Duoluobodi".A farkon karni na 20 binciken binciken kayan tarihi wanda George Coedès ya jagoranta ya gano lardin Nakhon Pathom ya zama cibiyar al'adun Dvaravati.Al'adun Dvaravati ya samo asali ne a kusa da garuruwan da ba su da yawa, wanda farkonsu ya bayyana U Thong a lardin Suphan Buri a yanzu.Sauran mahimman rukunin yanar gizon sun haɗa da Nakhon Pathom, Phong Tuk, Si Thep, Khu Bua da Si Mahosot, da sauransu.[12] Rubutun Dvaravati sun kasance a cikin Sanskrit da Mon ta amfani da rubutun da aka samo daga haruffan Pallava na daular Pallava ta Kudu ta Indiya.Dvaravati wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta jihohin birni da ke ba da yabo ga masu iko bisa ga tsarin siyasar mandala.Al'adun Dvaravati ya faɗaɗa zuwa cikin Isan da kuma kudu har zuwa Kra Isthmus.Al'adar ta rasa iko a kusan karni na goma lokacin da suka mika wuya ga tsarin mulkin Lavo- Khmer .Kusan karni na goma, jihohin Dvaravati na birni sun haɗu zuwa mandalas guda biyu, Lavo (Lopburi na zamani) da Suvarnabhumi (Suphan Buri na zamani).
Masarautar Haripuñjaya
Hoton Haripuñjaya na Buddha Shakyamuni daga karni na 12-13 AZ. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
629 Jan 1 - 1292

Masarautar Haripuñjaya

Lamphun, Thailand
Haripuñjaya [13] Masarautar Mon ce a yanzu a Arewacin Thailand, wacce ta kasance daga karni na 7 ko 8 zuwa 13 AZ.A wancan lokacin, mafi yawan abin da ke tsakiyar Thailand a yanzu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin jihohin Mon birni daban-daban, waɗanda aka fi sani da masarautar Dvavati tare.Babban birninta yana Lamphun, wanda a lokacin kuma ake kira Haripuñjaya.[14] Tarihi sun ce Khmer sun yi rashin nasara sun kewaye Haripuñjaya sau da yawa a cikin karni na 11.Ba a bayyana ba idan tarihin ya bayyana ainihin abubuwan da suka faru ko na almara, amma sauran masarautun Dvaravati Mon a hakika sun fada hannun Khmers a wannan lokacin.Farkon karni na 13 ya kasance lokacin zinari ga Haripuñjaya, kamar yadda tarihin ya yi magana game da ayyukan addini ko gina gine-gine kawai, ba game da yaƙe-yaƙe ba.Duk da haka, Sarkin Tai Yuan Mangrai ya kewaye Haripuñjaya a cikin 1292, wanda ya shigar da ita cikin masarautarsa ​​ta Lan Na ("Filin Shinkafa Miliyan Daya").Shirin da Mangrai ya kafa don shawo kan Haripuñjaya ya fara ne ta hanyar aika Ai Fa kan aikin leken asiri don haifar da hargitsi a Haripuñjaya.Ai Fa ya yi nasarar yada rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin jama'a, wanda ya raunana Haripuñjaya kuma ya ba da damar Mangrai ya karɓi mulkin.[15]
Masarautar Faɗuwa
Hoton sojojin haya na Siamese a Angkor Wat.Daga baya Siamese za su kafa daularsu kuma su zama babban abokin hamayyar Angkor. ©Michael Gunther
648 Jan 1 - 1388

Masarautar Faɗuwa

Lopburi, Thailand
Bisa ga Tarihi na Arewacin Thai, Lavo ya samo asali ne daga Phraya Kalavarnadishraj, wanda ya zo daga Takkasila a 648 AD.[16] A cewar bayanan Thai, Phraya Kakabatr daga Takkasila (an ɗauka cewa birnin Tak ne ko Nakhon Chai Si) [17] ya kafa sabon zamani, Chula Sakarat a 638 AZ, wanda shine zamanin da Siamese suka yi amfani da shi da kuma Burma har zuwa karni na 19.Ɗansa, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj ya kafa birnin bayan shekaru goma.Sarki Kalavarnadishraj ya yi amfani da sunan "Lavo" a matsayin sunan masarautar, wanda ya fito daga sunan Hindu "Lavapura", ma'ana "birnin Lava", dangane da tsohon birnin Kudancin Asiya na Lavapuri (Lahore na yanzu).[18] A kusan ƙarshen karni na 7, Lavo ya faɗaɗa zuwa arewa.Ana samun 'yan bayanai game da yanayin masarautar Lavo.Yawancin abin da muka sani game da Lavo daga shaidar archaeological ne.Kusan karni na goma, jihohin Dvaravati na birni sun haɗu zuwa mandalas guda biyu, Lavo (Lopburi na zamani) da Suvarnabhumi (Suphan Buri na zamani).A cewar wani almara a tarihin Arewa, a shekara ta 903, wani sarkin Tambralinga ya mamaye Lavo ya nada wani basarake na Malay a kan karagar Lavo.Yariman Malay ya auri wata gimbiya Khmer wadda ta gudu daga zubar da jinin daular Angkoriya.Ɗan ma'auratan ya yi hamayya da kursiyin Khmer kuma ya zama Suryavarman I, don haka ya kawo Lavo ƙarƙashin Khmer ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar aure.Suryavarman Na kuma faɗaɗa cikin Khorat Plateau (daga baya mai salo "Isan"), yana gina haikali da yawa.Suryavarman, duk da haka, ba shi da magada maza kuma Lavo ya kasance mai zaman kansa.Bayan mutuwar sarki Narai na Lavo, duk da haka, Lavo ya fada cikin yakin basasa mai zubar da jini kuma Khmer karkashin Suryavarman II ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar mamaye Lavo kuma ya sanya dansa a matsayin Sarkin Lavo.Maimaitawar amma dakatar da mulkin Khmer daga ƙarshe Khmerized Lavo.An canza Lavo daga birnin Theravadin Mon Dvaravati zuwa na Hindu Khmer.Lavo ya zama tushen al'adun Khmer da ikon kogin Chao Phraya.Bas-relief a Angkor Wat yana nuna sojojin Lavo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan Angkor.Wani abin lura shi ne cewa an nuna sojojin Tai a matsayin wani bangare na sojojin Lavo, karni daya kafin kafuwar "Mulkin Sukhothai".
Zuwan Tais
Labarin Khun Borom. ©HistoryMaps
700 Jan 1 - 1100

Zuwan Tais

Điện Biên Phủ, Dien Bien, Viet
Ka'idar baya-bayan nan kuma sahihiyar ka'ida game da asalin kabilar Tai ta nuna cewa Guangxi a kasar Sin hakika ita ce mahaifar Tai maimakon Yunnan.Yawancin mutanen Tai da aka fi sani da Zhuang suna zaune a Guangxi a yau.A wajen shekara ta 700 AZ, mutanen Tai wadanda ba su shiga karkashin ikon kasar Sin sun zauna a yanzu Điện Biên Phủ a cikin Vietnam ta zamani bisa ga almara Khun Borom.Dangane da nau'ikan kalmomin lamuni na kasar Sin a cikin proto-Kudu maso Yamma Tai da sauran shaidun tarihi, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ƙaura dole ne ya faru tsakanin ƙarni na takwas zuwa 10.[23] Ƙabilun Tai sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da koguna da kuma kan ƙananan hanyoyi zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, watakila ta hanyar fadadawa da danniya na kasar Sin.Labarin Simhanavati ya gaya mana cewa wani sarkin Tai mai suna Simhanavati ya kori mutanen Wa na asali kuma ya kafa birnin Chiang Saen a shekara ta 800 AD.A karon farko, al'ummar Tai sun yi hulɗa da masarautun Buddha na Theravadin na kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Ta Hariphunchai, Tais na Chiang Saen sun rungumi addinin Buddha na Theravada da sunayen sarauta na Sanskrit.Wat Phrathat Doi Tong, wanda aka gina kusan 850, ya nuna tsoron Allah na mutanen Tai akan addinin Buddah na Theravada.Kusan 900, an yi manyan yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Chiang Saen da Hariphunchaya.Sojojin Mon sun kama Chiang Saen kuma sarkinta ya gudu.A cikin 937, Prince Prom the Great ya dawo da Chiang Saen daga Mon kuma ya yi mummunan rauni a kan Hariphunchaya.A shekara ta 1100 AZ, Tai sun kafa kansu a matsayin Po Khuns (uban mulki) a Nan, Phrae, Songkwae, Sawankhalok, da Chakangrao a kan kogin Chao Phraya.Waɗannan sarakunan Tai na kudancin sun fuskanci tasirin Khmer daga Masarautar Lavo.Wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance ƙarƙashinsa.
Daular Khmer
Gina Angkor Wat, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi na addini a duniya, a Cambodia lokacin mulkin Suryavarman II na daular Khmer. ©Anonymous
802 Jan 1 - 1431

Daular Khmer

Southeast Asia
Daular Khmer ta kasance daular Hindu - Buddhist a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wacce ke kewaye da garuruwan ruwa a cikin arewacin Cambodia a yanzu.An san shi da Kambuja ta mazaunanta, ya girma daga tsohuwar wayewar Chenla kuma ya kasance daga 802 zuwa 1431. Daular Khmer ta yi mulki ko kuma ta mamaye mafi yawan yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya [24] kuma ta kai har zuwa arewa har zuwa kudancin kasar Sin.[25] A kololuwarta, Daular ta fi daular Byzantine girma, wacce ta wanzu kusan lokaci guda.[26]An kafa farkon daular Khmer a shekara ta 802, lokacin da yariman Khmer Jayavarman II ya ayyana kansa chakravartin a tsaunukan Phnom Kulen.Ko da yake a al'adance an yi wa ƙarshen daular Khmer alama da faduwar Angkor zuwa Masarautar Siamese Ayutthaya a shekara ta 1431, har yanzu ana muhawara a tsakanin masana dalilan rugujewar daular.[27] Masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa wani lokaci da aka yi ruwan sama mai karfi ya biyo bayan mummunan fari a yankin, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa ga kayan aikin ruwa na daular.Bambance-bambance tsakanin fari da ambaliya shi ma matsala ce, wanda watakila ya sa mazauna yankin yin ƙaura zuwa kudu da kuma nesa da manyan biranen daular.[28]
1238 - 1767
Masarautar Sukhothai da Ayutthayaornament
Masarautar Sukhothai
A matsayinsa na babban birnin Siam na farko, Masarautar Sukhothai (1238 – 1438) ita ce shimfiɗar shimfiɗar wayewar Thai - wurin haifuwar fasahar Thai, gine-gine da harshe. ©Anonymous
1238 Jan 1 00:01 - 1438

Masarautar Sukhothai

Sukhothai, Thailand
Jihohin birnin Thai a hankali sun zama masu cin gashin kansu daga daular Khmer mai rauni.Sukhothai asalinsa cibiyar kasuwanci ce a Lavo - ita kanta a ƙarƙashin ikon daular Khmer - lokacin da mutanen tsakiyar Thailand karkashin jagorancin Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, shugaban yankin, suka yi tawaye kuma suka sami 'yancin kai.Bang Klang Hao ya ɗauki sunan sarauta na Si Inthratit kuma ya zama sarki na farko na daular Phra Ruang.Masarautar ta kasance ta tsakiya kuma ta faɗaɗa zuwa mafi girmanta a lokacin mulkin Ram Khamhaeng the Great (1279-1298), wanda wasu masana tarihi suka ɗauka sun gabatar da addinin Buddha na Theravada da rubutun Thai na farko ga masarautar.Ram Khamhaeng ya kuma kaddamar da dangantaka da Yuan kasar Sin, ta yadda masarautar ta bunkasa fasahohin kera da fitar da tukwane kamar sangkhalok ware.Bayan mulkin Ram Khamhaeng, masarautar ta fada cikin durkushewa.A cikin 1349, lokacin mulkin Li Thai (Maha Thammaracha I), Masarautar Ayutthaya, makwabciyarta ta Thailand ta mamaye Sukhothai.Ta ci gaba da zama jihar Ayutthaya ta tributary har sai da masarautar ta mamaye ta a cikin 1438 bayan mutuwar Borommapan.Duk da haka, sarakunan Sukhothai sun ci gaba da yin tasiri a masarautar Ayutthaya a cikin ƙarni bayan ta hanyar daular Sukhothai.An san Sukhothai bisa al'ada da "sarauta ta Thai ta farko" a cikin tarihin tarihin Thai, amma yarjejeniya ta tarihi ta yanzu ta yarda cewa tarihin mutanen Thai ya fara tun da farko.
Da Mulkinsa
Mangrai shi ne sarki na 25 na Ngoenyang. ©Wattanai Techasuwanna
1292 Jan 1 - 1775 Jan 15

Da Mulkinsa

Chiang Rai, Thailand
Mangrai, sarki na 25 na Ngoenyang (Chiang Saen na zamani) na daular Lavachakkaraj, wanda mahaifiyarsa yar sarauta ce a Sipsonppanna ("al'ummai goma sha biyu"), ya daidaita mueangs na Ngoenyang zuwa cikin hadaddiyar masarauta ko mandala kuma suna da alaƙa da Makwabciyar Masarautar Phayao.A cikin 1262, Mangrai ya ƙaura babban birnin kasar daga Ngoenyang zuwa sabuwar Chiang Rai da aka kafa - ya sanya sunan birnin.Daga nan sai Mangrai ya fadada zuwa kudu kuma ya mamaye daular Mon na Hariphunchai (wanda ke tsakiyar Lamphun na zamani) a cikin 1281. Mangrai ya koma babban birnin sau da yawa.Ya bar Lamphun saboda tsananin ambaliya, ya yi nisa har ya zauna a kuma gina Wiang Kum Kam a shekara ta 1286/7, ya zauna a can har zuwa 1292 a lokacin ya koma inda zai zama Chiang Mai.Ya kafa Chiang Mai a cikin 1296, ya fadada ta ya zama babban birnin Lan Na.Ci gaban al'adun mutanen Arewacin Thai ya faro tun kafin lokacin da masarautu masu zuwa suka gabaci Lan Na.A matsayin ci gaban daular Ngoenyang, Lan Na ya fito da karfi sosai a karni na 15 don ya fafatawa da Masarautar Ayutthaya, wadda aka gwabza yaki da ita.Duk da haka, Masarautar Lan Na ta yi rauni kuma ta zama jihar daular Taungoo a shekara ta 1558. Sarakunan vassal da suka biyo baya sun yi sarautar Lan Na, kodayake wasu sun sami yancin kai.A hankali mulkin Burma ya janye amma sai ya ci gaba yayin da sabuwar Daular Konbaung ta fadada tasirinta.A cikin 1775, shugabannin Lan Na sun bar ikon Burmese don shiga Siam, wanda ya kai ga Yaƙin Burmese-Siamese (1775-76).Bayan ja da baya na sojojin Burma, ikon Burma a kan Lan Na ya zo ƙarshe.Siam, karkashin Sarki Taksin na Masarautar Thonburi, ta sami iko da Lan Na a shekara ta 1776. Daga nan ne Lan Na ta zama jihar Siam a karkashin daular Chakri da ta gaje shi.A cikin rabin karshen shekarun 1800, jihar Siamese ta wargaza 'yancin kai na Lan Na, tare da shigar da ita cikin sabuwar kasar Siamese.[29] Tun daga 1874, jihar Siamese ta sake tsara masarautar Lan Na a matsayin Monthon Phayap, wanda aka kawo ƙarƙashin ikon Siam kai tsaye.[] [30] Masarautar Lan Na ta zama ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsarin mulkin Siamese thesaphiban da aka kafa a 1899. Birtaniya da Faransanci.[32]
Mulkin Ayutthaya
Sarki Naresuan ya shiga Bago da aka watsar, Burma a cikin 1600, zanen bangon bango na Phraya Anusatchitrakon, Wat Suwandararam, Ayutthaya Historical Park. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1351 Jan 1 - 1767

Mulkin Ayutthaya

Ayutthaya, Thailand
Masarautar Ayutthaya ta fito ne daga mandala/ haɗewar wasu biranen teku guda uku a kan ƙananan kwarin Chao Phraya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 13 da 14 (Lopburi, Suphanburi, da Ayutthaya).[33] Masarautar farko ƙungiya ce ta teku, wacce ta keɓe zuwa bayan Srivijaya Maritime Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, tana gudanar da hare-hare da haraji daga waɗannan jihohin teku.Sarkin farko na Masarautar Ayutthaya, Sarki Uthong (r. 1351-1369), ya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa guda biyu ga tarihin Thai: kafuwa da haɓaka addinin Buddha Theravada a matsayin addini na hukuma don bambanta mulkinsa daga masarautar Hindu da ke makwabtaka da Angkor kuma. haɗar Dharmaśāstra, lambar doka ta tushen Hindu da al'adar Thai na gargajiya.Dharmaśāstra ya kasance kayan aiki na dokar Thai har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.A cikin 1511 Duke Afonso de Albuquerque ya aika Duarte Fernandes a matsayin manzo zuwa Masarautar Ayutthaya, wanda Turawa suka fi sani da "Mulkin Siam".Wannan hulda da kasashen Yamma a karni na 16 ya haifar da bunkasar tattalin arziki yayin da aka kafa hanyoyin kasuwanci masu riba.Ayutthaya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi wadata a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.A cewar George Modelski, Ayutthaya an kiyasta shi ne birni mafi girma a duniya a cikin 1700 AZ, yana da mutane kusan miliyan daya.[34] Ciniki ya bunƙasa, tare da Yaren mutanen Holland da Fotigal a cikin manyan baki masu ƙwazo a masarautar, tare daSinawa da Malayans .Hatta 'yan kasuwa na Luzones da mayaka daga Luzon, Philippines ma sun halarta.[35] Dangantakar Philippines-Thailand sun riga sun riga sun kasance a cikin wannan, Thailand sau da yawa tana fitar da yumbura zuwa jihohin Filipino da yawa kamar yadda ya nuna cewa lokacin da balaguron Magellan ya sauka a Cebu Rajahnate, sun lura da ofishin jakadancin Thai zuwa sarki, Rajah Humabon.[36] Lokacin daMutanen Espanya suka yi wa Philippines mulkin mallaka ta hanyar Latin Amurka, Mutanen Espanya da Mexicans sun shiga Philippines don kasuwanci a Thailand.Sarautar Narai (r. 1657-1688) sananne ne ga Farisa kuma daga baya, Turai, tasiri da aika da ofishin jakadancin Siamese na 1686 zuwa kotun Faransa ta Sarki Louis XIV.Lokacin Marigayi Ayutthaya ya ga tafiyar Faransanci da Ingilishi amma suna haɓaka shahararSinawa .An bayyana wannan lokacin a matsayin "zamanin zinare" na al'adun Siyama kuma ya ga karuwar kasuwancin kasar Sin da shigar da tsarin jari-hujja a cikin kasar Siam, [37] ci gaban da zai ci gaba da fadada cikin shekaru aru-aru bayan faduwar Ayutthaya.[38 <>] kuma an dauki lokacin Ayutthaya a matsayin "zamanin magani na zinariya a Thailand" saboda ci gaban da aka samu a fannin likitanci a lokacin.[39]Kasawar Ayutthaya na samar da tsarin gadon mulki cikin lumana da gabatar da tsarin jari hujja ya gurgunta tsarin gargajiya na jiga-jiganta da kuma tsohuwar dangantakar kula da ma'aikata wacce ta kafa kungiyar soja da gwamnatin masarautar.A tsakiyar karni na 18, daular Konbaung ta Burma ta mamaye Ayutthaya a cikin 1759-1760 da 1765–1767.A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1767, bayan wata 14 da aka yi wa birnin Ayutthaya kawanya, ya fada wa sojojin Burma kawanya kuma an lalata shi gaba daya, wanda hakan ya kawo karshen mulkin Ayutthaya mai shekaru 417.Siam, duk da haka, cikin sauri ya murmure daga rugujewar kuma aka koma kujerar mulkin Siamese zuwa Thonburi-Bangkok cikin shekaru 15 masu zuwa.[40]
Farkon Burma-Yaƙin Siamese
Zanen da Yarima Narisara Nuvadtivongs ya yi, yana nuna Sarauniya Suriyothai (tsakiyar) a kan giwarta tana sanya kanta tsakanin Sarki Maha Chakkrapat (dama) da Mataimakin Prome (hagu). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1547 Oct 1 - 1549 Feb

Farkon Burma-Yaƙin Siamese

Tenasserim Coast, Myanmar (Bur
Yaƙin Burma –Siamese (1547 – 1549), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Shwehti, shine yaƙin farko da aka gwabza tsakanin daular Toungoo na Burma da Masarautar Ayutthaya ta Siam, kuma farkon yaƙe-yaƙe na Burma – Siamese wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19.Yakin ya yi fice wajen shigar da yakin zamani na farko a yankin.Har ila yau, abu ne sananne a tarihin Thai ga mutuwar a yakin Sarauniyar Siamese Suriyothai a kan giwarta na yaki;Ana yawan kiran rikicin a Tailandia a matsayin yakin da ya kai ga asarar Sarauniya Suriyothai.An bayyana casus belli a matsayin wani yunƙuri na Burma na faɗaɗa yankinsu zuwa gabas bayan rikicin siyasa a Ayutthaya [41] da kuma yunƙurin dakatar da kutse na Siamese a gabar Tenasserim na sama.[42] Yaƙin, a cewar Burma, ya fara ne a cikin Janairu 1547 lokacin da sojojin Siamese suka mamaye garin Tavoy (Dawei).Daga baya a cikin shekarar, sojojin Burma karkashin jagorancin Janar Saw Lagun Ein sun sake kwace gabar Tenasserim ta Upper zuwa Tavoy.A shekara ta gaba, a cikin Oktoba 1548, sojojin Burma uku karkashin jagorancin Sarki Tabinshwehti da mataimakinsa Bayinnaung sun mamaye Siam ta hanyar Pagodas Uku.Dakarun Burma sun kutsa har zuwa babban birnin kasar Ayutthaya amma sun kasa kwace birnin mai kagara.Wata daya a cikin kewayen, hare-haren ramuwar gayya na Siamese sun karya shingen, suka kori sojojin mamaya.Amma Burma sun yi shawarwarin zaman lafiya don musanya dawowar wasu manyan sarakunan Siamese guda biyu (magaji Yarima Ramesuan, da Yarima Thammaracha na Phitsanulok) da suka kama.
Yaki akan Farar Giwaye
War over the White Elephants ©Anonymous
1563 Jan 1 - 1564

Yaki akan Farar Giwaye

Ayutthaya, Thailand
Bayan yakin 1547-49 da Toungoo, Sarkin Ayutthaya Maha Chakkrahat ya gina kariyar babban birninsa a shirye-shiryen yaki da Burma.Yaƙin 1547-49 ya ƙare a cikin nasarar tsaro ta Siamese da kiyaye 'yancin kai na Siamese.Duk da haka, burin Baynnaung na yanki ya sa Chakkraphat ya shirya wani hari.Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da ƙidayar jama'a waɗanda suka shirya duk masu iya zuwa yaƙi.Gwamnati dai ta kwashe makamai da dabbobi a shirye-shiryen wani gagarumin yakin yaki, sannan Chakraphat ya kama wasu fararen giwaye guda bakwai domin samun sa'a.Labarin shirye-shiryen sarki Ayutthaya ya bazu cikin sauri, daga ƙarshe ya isa Burma.Bayinnaung ya yi nasarar karbe birnin Chiang Mai a cikin daular Lan Na da ke kusa a cikin 1556. Yunkurin da ya biyo baya ya bar yawancin arewacin Siam karkashin ikon Burma.Wannan ya bar masarautar Chakkraphat a cikin wani yanayi mara kyau, yana fuskantar yankin abokan gaba a arewa da yamma.Bayinnaung daga baya ya bukaci biyu daga cikin fararen giwayen Sarki Chakkrahat a matsayin girmamawa ga daular Toungoo mai tasowa.Chakkrahat ya ƙi, wanda ya kai ga mamayewar Burma na biyu na Masarautar Ayutthaya.Sojojin Bayinnaung sun yi tattaki zuwa Ayutthaya.A can, sansanin Siamese ya ajiye su na tsawon makonni, tare da taimakon jiragen ruwa na Portugal guda uku da batura na bindigogi a tashar jiragen ruwa.A ƙarshe maharan sun kama jiragen ruwa da batura na Portuguese a ranar 7 ga Fabrairun 1564, bayan haka katangar ta fadi nan da nan.[43] Tare da dakaru mai karfi 60,000 a yanzu hade da sojojin Phitsanulok, Bayinnaung ya isa ganuwar birnin Ayutthaya, inda suka yi ruwan bama-bamai a birnin.Ko da yake sun fi karfinsu, Burma ba su sami damar kama Ayutthaya ba, amma sun bukaci Sarkin Siamese ya fito daga birnin a karkashin tutar sasantawa don yin shawarwarin zaman lafiya.Ganin cewa 'yan kasarsa ba za su iya daukar dogon lokaci ba, Chakkraphat ya yi shawarwarin zaman lafiya, amma a farashi mai yawa.A musanya ja da baya na sojojin Burma, Bayinnaung ya ɗauki Yarima Ramesuan (ɗan Chakraphat), Phraya Chakri, da Phraya Sunthorn Songkhram tare da shi zuwa Burma a matsayin garkuwa, da kuma fararen giwayen Siamese huɗu.Mahathamraja, ko da yake ya ci amana, an bar shi a matsayin mai mulkin Phitsanulok da mataimakin Siam.Masarautar Ayutthaya ta zama mai mulkin daular Toungoo, wacce ake buƙata ta ba da giwaye talatin da garken azurfa ɗari uku ga Burma kowace shekara.
&#39;Yancin Ayutthaya daga Toungoo Vassalage
Yaƙin Burma-Siamese (1584-1593). ©Peter Dennis
1584 Jan 1 - 1590

'Yancin Ayutthaya daga Toungoo Vassalage

Tenasserim, Myanmar (Burma)
A shekara ta 1581, Sarki Bayinnaung na daular Toungoo ya rasu, kuma dansa Nanda Bayin ya gaje shi.Sai kawun Nanda Viceroy Thado Minsaw na Ava ya yi tawaye a 1583, wanda ya tilastawa Nanda Bayin kira ga mataimakan Prome, Taungoo, Chiang Mai, Vientiane, da Ayutthaya don neman taimako wajen murkushe tawayen.Bayan da Ava ya fadi da sauri, sojojin Siamese sun janye zuwa Martaban (Mottama), kuma suka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1584.Nanda ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe guda hudu a kan Ayuthayya.A yakin karshe, Burma ya kaddamar da sojojin mamaye na 24,000 a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1592. Bayan makonni bakwai, sojojin sun yi yaki zuwa Suphan Buri, wani gari da ke yammacin Ayutthaya.[44] A nan tarihin Burma da tarihin tarihin Siamese suna ba da lissafi daban-daban.Tarihi na Burma ya ce an yi yaƙi a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1593, inda Mingyi Swa da Naresuan suka yi yaƙi da giwayensu na yaƙi.A yakin, an kashe Mingyi Swa da harbin bindiga, bayan da sojojin Burma suka ja da baya.Kamar yadda tarihin Siamese ya nuna, an yi yaƙin ne a ranar 18 ga Janairun 1593. Kamar dai a tarihin ƙasar Burma, an fara yaƙi tsakanin sojojin biyu amma tarihin Siamese ya ce ana tsakiyar yaƙin, bangarorin biyu sun amince da yanke sakamakon da za a yi ta hanyar samun duel tsakanin Mingyi Swa da Naresuan akan giwayensu, kuma Naresuan ya yanke Mingyi Swa.[45] Bayan haka ne sojojin Burma suka ja da baya, inda suka sha da kyar a hanya yayin da Siyama suka fatattaki sojojinsu da kuma lalata su.Wannan shi ne karo na karshe na yakin da Nanda Bayin ya yi na mamaye Siam.Yaƙin Nandric ya jagoranci Ayutthaya daga Burma vassalship.sannan kuma ya 'yantar da Siam daga mamayar Burma tsawon shekaru 174.
Mulkin Narai
Ofishin Jakadancin Siamese zuwa Louis XIV a 1686, na Nicolas Larmessin. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1656 Jan 1 - 1688

Mulkin Narai

Ayutthaya, Thailand
Sarki Narai mai girma shine sarki na 27 na masarautar Ayutthaya, sarki na 4 kuma na ƙarshe na daular Prasat Thong.Shi ne sarkin masarautar Ayutthaya daga 1656 zuwa 1688 kuma za a iya cewa shi ne sarkin da ya fi shahara a daular Prasat Thong.Mulkinsa ya kasance mafi wadata a lokacin Ayutthaya kuma ya ga manyan ayyukan kasuwanci da diplomasiyya tare da kasashen waje ciki har da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Yamma.A cikin shekarun mulkinsa na ƙarshe, Narai ya ba da abin da ya fi so - ɗan wasan ƙasar Girka Constantine Phaulkon - iko sosai wanda a zahiri Phaulkon ya zama shugaban gwamnati.Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Phaulkon, masarautar Siamese ta shiga dangantakar diflomasiya ta kud da kud da kotun Louis XIV da sojojin Faransa da mishan sun cika sarakunan Siamese da tsaro.Mallakar jami'an Faransa ya haifar da cece-kuce a tsakanin su da 'yan asalin kasar Mandarin kuma ya kai ga juyin juya hali na 1688 zuwa karshen mulkinsa.
Juyin juya halin Siamese na 1688
Hoton Faransanci na zamani na Sarkin Narai na Siam ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1688 Jan 1

Juyin juya halin Siamese na 1688

Bangkok, Thailand
Juyin juya halin Siamese na 1688 wani babban bore ne na jama'a a Masarautar Siamese Ayutthaya (Tailan ta zamani) wanda ya kai ga kifar da sarki Narai na Siamese mai goyon bayan Faransa.Phetracha, wanda a baya ɗaya daga cikin amintattun mashawarcin soja na Narai, ya yi amfani da rashin lafiyar Narai tsoho, kuma ya kashe magajin Narai Kirista, tare da wasu mishan da yawa da kuma babban ministan harkokin wajen Narai, ɗan ƙasar Girka Constantine Phaulkon.Daga nan sai Phetracha ya auri ‘yar Narai, ya hau karagar mulki, ya kuma bi manufar korar tasirin Faransa da sojojin kasar daga Siam.Daya daga cikin fitattun fadace-fadacen shi ne Siege na Bangkok na 1688, lokacin da dubun dubatar sojojin Siamese suka shafe watanni hudu suna yiwa wani katanga na Faransa kawanya a cikin birnin.Sakamakon juyin juya hali, Siam ya yanke muhimmiyar alaƙa da yammacin duniya, ban da Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Dutch, har zuwa karni na 19.
Ayuthayya ya kama Cambodia
Tufafin Thai a Tsakiya zuwa Lokacin Ayutthaya na ƙarshe ©Anonymous
1717 Jan 1

Ayuthayya ya kama Cambodia

Cambodia
A cikin 1714, Sarki Ang Tham ko Thommo Reachea na Cambodia ya kori Kaev Hua, wanda Ubangijin Nguyen na Vietnamese ya goyi bayansa.Ang Tham ya sami mafaka a Ayutthaya inda Sarki Thaisa ya ba shi wurin zama.Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin 1717, Sarkin Siamese ya aika da sojoji da na ruwa don kwato Cambodia don Ang Tham, wanda ya kai ga Yaƙin Siamese – Vietnamese (1717).Manyan sojojin Siamese guda biyu sun mamaye Cambodia a kokarin taimakawa Prea Srey Thomea ya dawo kan karagar mulki.Sojojin Siamese guda daya sun sha mugun mugun mugun zagon kasa daga Kambodiya da abokansu na Vietnam a yakin Bantea Meas.Sojojin Siamese na biyu sun kama babban birnin Cambodia na Udong inda Vietnamese suka goyi bayan sarkin Cambodia ya sauya mubaya'a ga Siam.Vietnam ta yi hasarar ikon Cambodia amma ta hade lardunan kan iyaka da Cambodia.
Yaki da Konbaung
Sarki Hsinbyushin na Konbaung. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1759 Dec 1 - 1760 May

Yaki da Konbaung

Tenasserim, Myanmar (Burma)
Yaƙin Burma-Siamese (1759-1760) shine rikicin soja na farko tsakanin daular Konbaung na Burma (Myanmar) da daular Ban Phlu Luang na masarautar Ayutthaya ta Siam.Ya jagoranci rikicin da aka kwashe shekaru aru-aru a tsakanin kasashen biyu na kudu maso gabashin Asiya wanda zai dau tsawon wani karni.Burma sun kasance "a kan gaɓar nasara" kwatsam sai suka janye daga kewayen Ayutthaya saboda sarkinsu Alaungpaya ya kamu da rashin lafiya.[46] Ya rasu bayan makonni uku, ya kawo karshen yakin.Casus belli sun kasance kan kula da gabar Tenasserim da kasuwancinsa, [47] da goyon bayan Siamese ga 'yan tawayen kabilar Mon na Masarautar Hanthawaddy da aka dawo da su.[46] Sabuwar daular Konbaung da aka kafa ta so ta sake kafa ikon Burma a babban gabar Tenasserim (jihar Mon ta yau) inda Siamese suka ba da tallafi ga 'yan tawayen Mon tare da tura sojojinsu.Siamese sun ki amincewa da bukatar Burma na mika shugabannin Mon ko kuma su daina kutsawa cikin abin da Burma ke daukar yankinsu.[48]Yaƙin ya fara ne a cikin Disamba 1759 lokacin da sojojin Burma 40,000 karkashin jagorancin Alaungpaya da dansa Hsinbyushin suka mamaye gabar Tenasserim daga Martaban.Shirin yaƙin nasu shine su zagaya wuraren da Siamese ke karewa tare da gajeru, hanyoyin mamayewa kai tsaye.Dakarun mamayar sun mamaye kariyar Siamese masu sirara a bakin teku, suka ketara tudun Tenasserim zuwa gabar Tekun Siam, suka juya arewa zuwa Ayutthaya.Abin da ya ba su mamaki, Siamese sun yunƙura don saduwa da Burma a kudancin su, kuma suka kafa matakan tsaro masu ruɗi a kan hanyar zuwa Ayutthaya.Amma sojojin kasar Burma masu tsananin fada sun sami galaba a kan tsaron Siamese masu yawan gaske kuma suka isa wajen babban birnin kasar Siamese a ranar 11 ga Afrilun 1760. Amma kwanaki biyar kacal da kewayen, ba zato ba tsammani sarkin Burma ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma umurnin Burma ya yanke shawarar janyewa.Ingantacciyar aikin gadi na Janar Minkhaung Nawrahta ya ba da izinin janyewa cikin tsari.[49]Yakin bai cika ba.Yayin da Burma suka sake samun iko da babban teku har zuwa Tavoy, ba su kawar da barazanar da suke da shi a yankunan da ke kewaye ba, wanda ya kasance mai tsanani.An tilasta musu su yi maganin tawayen kabilanci masu goyon bayan Siamese a bakin teku (1762, 1764) da kuma Lan Na (1761-1763).
Fall of Ayoudia
Fall of Ayutthaya City ©Anonymous
1765 Aug 23 - 1767 Apr 7

Fall of Ayoudia

Ayutthaya, Thailand
Yakin Burma-Siamese (1765-1767), wanda kuma aka fi sani da faduwar Ayoudhia shi ne rikicin soja na biyu tsakanin daular Konbaung na Burma (Myanmar) da daular Ban Phlu Luang na daular Ayutthaya ta Siam, da yakin da ya kare. Masarautar Ayutthaya mai shekaru 417.[50] Wannan yakin shine ci gaba da yakin 1759-60.Kazalika na wannan yaki shi ne iko da gabar Tenasserim da kasuwancinsa, da kuma goyon bayan Siamese ga 'yan tawaye a yankunan iyakar Burma.[51] Yaƙin ya fara ne a cikin watan Agustan 1765 lokacin da sojojin arewacin Burma mai ƙarfi 20,000 suka mamaye arewacin Siam, kuma sojojin kudanci uku na sama da 20,000 suka haɗa su a cikin Oktoba, a cikin wani motsi na pincer akan Ayutthaya.Ya zuwa ƙarshen Janairu 1766, sojojin Burma sun sami nasara a adadi mai yawa amma ba su da tsarin tsaro na Siamese mara kyau, kuma sun haɗu a gaban babban birnin Siamese.[50]An fara kewayen Ayutthaya ne a lokacin farmakin farko na Qing na Burma.Siamese sun yi imanin cewa idan za su iya tsayawa har zuwa lokacin damina, ambaliya ta yanayi ta tsakiyar yankin Siamese zai tilasta ja da baya.Amma sarki Hsinbyushin na Burma ya yi imanin cewa yakin China ƙaramin rikici ne na kan iyaka, kuma ya ci gaba da kewaye.A lokacin damina na shekara ta 1766 (Yuni-Oktoba), yakin ya koma ruwa na filin da aka yi ambaliya amma ya kasa canza matsayin.[50] Lokacin da noman rani ya zo, Sinawa sun kai hari mafi girma amma Hsinbyushin ya ƙi tunawa da sojojin.A cikin Maris 1767, Sarkin Ekkathat na Siam ya yi tayin zama mai gayya amma Burma ya bukaci mika wuya ba tare da wani sharadi ba.[52] A ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1767, Burma ya kori birnin da ke fama da yunwa a karo na biyu a tarihinta, inda suka aikata ta'asa da suka bar babban baƙar fata ga dangantakar Burma da Thailand har zuwa yau.Dubban mutanen Siamese da aka yi garkuwa da su sun koma Burma.Aikin Burma bai daɗe ba.A cikin watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1767, Sinawa sun sake kai hari tare da mafi yawan sojojinsu, a karshe suka shawo kan Hsinbyushin ya janye sojojinsa daga Siam.A yakin basasar da ya biyo baya a Siam, jihar Siame ta Thonburi karkashin jagorancin Taksin, ta samu nasara, inda ta yi galaba a kan sauran jihohin Siamese da suka balle tare da kawar da duk wata barazana ga sabuwar mulkinsa a shekara ta 1771. [53] Burma, duk tsawon lokacin, sun kasance sun kasance a cikin yakin basasa. ya shagaltu da kayar da mamayar kasar Sin ta hudu a Burma a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1769.
1767 - 1782
Lokacin Thonburi da Kafa na Bangkokornament
Mulkin Thonburi
Nadin sarautar Taksin a Thonburi (Bangkok), 28 ga Disamba 1767 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1767 Jan 1 00:01 - 1782

Mulkin Thonburi

Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
Masarautar Thonburi babbar masarauta ce ta Siamese wacce ta wanzu a kudu maso gabashin Asiya daga 1767 zuwa 1782, wacce ke kewaye da birnin Thonburi, a cikin Siam ko Thailand ta yau.Taksin mai girma ne ya kafa Masarautar, wanda ya sake hada Siam bayan rugujewar masarautar Ayutthaya, wacce ta raba kasar zuwa jahohi biyar masu fada da juna.Masarautar Thonburi ta kula da saurin sake haɗewa da sake kafa Siam a matsayin babban ƙarfin soja a cikin yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, yana kula da faɗaɗa ƙasar zuwa mafi girman yankinta har zuwa wannan lokacin a cikin tarihinta, wanda ya haɗa da Lan Na, masarautun Laotian (Luang Phrabang, Vientiane). , Champasak), da Cambodia a ƙarƙashin tasirin Siamese.[54]A zamanin Thonburi, farkon yawan shige da fice na kasar Sin ya fada hannun Siam.Ta hanyar samun ma'aikatan kasar Sin, kasuwanci, noma da masu sana'a sun bunkasa.Koyaya, dole ne a murkushe tawayen China na farko.Duk da haka, daga baya saboda damuwa da abubuwa da yawa, Sarki Taksin ya sami raunin hankali.Bayan juyin mulkin da ya kawar da Taksin daga kan karagar mulki, Janar Chao Phraya Chakri ya dawo da kwanciyar hankali, wanda daga baya ya kafa Masarautar Rattanakosin , daula ta hudu kuma mai mulki a Thailand.
Gwagwarmaya don Indochina
Sarki Taksin Mai Girma ©Anonymous
1771 Oct 1 - 1773 Mar

Gwagwarmaya don Indochina

Cambodia
A cikin 1769, Sarki Taksin na Thonburi ya aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga Sarkin Kambodiya mai goyon bayan Bietnam, Ang Ton na Cambodia, yana roƙon Cambodia da ta ci gaba da aika harajin biyayya na itacen zinariya da azurfa ga Siam.Ang Ton ya ki amincewa da cewa Taksin dan kasar China ne.Taksin ya fusata kuma ya ba da umarnin mamayewa don mamaye Cambodia kuma ya sanya pro-Siamese Ang Non akan kursiyin Cambodia.Sarki Taksin ya mamaye kuma ya mamaye wasu sassan Cambodia.A shekara ta gaba an yi yaƙi tsakanin Vietnam da Siam a Cambodia lokacin da Nguyễn Lords suka mayar da martani ta hanyar kai hari a garuruwan Siamese.A farkon yakin, Taksin ya ci gaba ta hanyar Cambodia kuma ya sanya Ang Non II a kan kursiyin Cambodia.Vietnamese ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kwato babban birnin Cambodia tare da sanya Outey II a matsayin sarkin da suka fi so.A cikin 1773, Vietnamese sun yi sulhu da Siamese don magance tawayen Tây Sơn, wanda ya kasance sakamakon yakin da Siam.Bayan shekaru biyu aka ayyana Ang Non II a matsayin sarkin Cambodia.
Suna cewa Yaƙin Wungyi
Nunin Yaƙin Bangkaeo daga Fadar Tsohon Thonburi. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1775 Oct 1 - 1776 Aug

Suna cewa Yaƙin Wungyi

Thailand
Bayan Tawayen Mon na 1774 da nasarar Siamese na kame Chiang Mai da ke karkashin Burma a 1775, Sarki Hsinbyushin ya nada Maha Thiha Thura Janar Janar na Yakin Sino-Burmese don gudanar da wani gagarumin farmaki na Arewacin Siam a karshen 1775 domin dakile. Karkashin ikon Siamese karkashin Sarki Taksin na Thonburi.Yayin da sojojin Burma suka zarce na Siamese, hari na tsawon watanni uku na Phitsanulok shine babban yakin.Masu kare Phitsanulok, karkashin jagorancin Chaophraya Chakri da Chaophraya Surasi, sun bijirewa Burma.Yakin dai ya kai ga rashin nasara har sai da Maha Thiha Thura ya yanke shawarar kawo cikas ga layin samar da kayayyaki na Siamese, wanda ya kai ga faduwar Phitsanulok a watan Maris na shekara ta 1776. Burma ta samu galaba amma rasuwar sarki Hsinbyushin ba da dadewa ba ta lalata ayyukan Burma kamar yadda sabon sarkin Burma ya ba da umarnin janyewar. na duk sojojin da suka koma Ava.Ficewar Maha Thiha Thura da wuri daga yaƙi a 1776 ya bar sauran sojojin Burma a Siam don ja da baya cikin rudani.Daga nan sai Sarki Taksin ya yi amfani da wannan damar ya tura wasu Janar dinsa domin su addabi Burma da ke ja da baya.Sojojin Burma sun bar Siam gaba daya a watan Satumba na 1776 kuma yakin ya ƙare.Mamayewar Maha Thiha Thira na Siam a cikin 1775-1776 shine yakin Burma-Siamese mafi girma a lokacin Thonburi.Yaƙin (da yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba) gaba ɗaya ya ruguje kuma ya lalata manyan sassan Siam shekaru da yawa masu zuwa, wasu yankuna ba za su sake zama gaba ɗaya ba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.[55]
1782 - 1932
Zaman Rattanakosin da Zamantakewaornament
Masarautar Rattanakosin
Chao Phraya Chakri, daga baya Sarki Phuthayotfa Chulalok ko Rama I (r. 1782–1809) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1782 Jan 1 00:01 - 1932

Masarautar Rattanakosin

Bangkok, Thailand
An kafa Masarautar Rattanakosin a cikin 1782 tare da kafa Rattanakosin (Bangkok), wanda ya maye gurbin birnin Thonburi a matsayin babban birnin Siam.Matsakaicin yankin tasirin Rattanakosin ya haɗa da jahohin vassal na Cambodia , Laos , Shan Jihohin, da kuma arewacin Malay.Rama I na Daular Chakri ne ya kafa Masarautar.Rabin farko na wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwar ikon Siamese a tsakiyar yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya kuma ya kasance a cikin gasa da yaƙe-yaƙe don samun yancin yanki tare da masu adawa da Burma da Vietnam .[56] Lokacin na biyu shine ɗayan haɗin gwiwa tare da turawan mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya da Faransa wanda Siam ya kasance ƙasa ɗaya tilo a kudu maso gabashin Asiya don ci gaba da 'yancin kai.[57]A ciki Masarautar ta samu ci gaba ta zama kasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, mai kishin gaskiya, kasa mai iyaka da aka ayyana ta hanyar mu'amala da kasashen yamma.An yi wannan lokacin ne ta hanyar ƙara yawan ikon masarautar, da kawar da ikon ma'aikata, miƙa mulki ga tattalin arziƙin noma, faɗaɗa iko kan jihohin da ke nesa, da samar da asalin ƙasa ɗaya ɗaya, da bullowar tsakiyar birane. aji.Duk da haka, rashin aiwatar da gyare-gyaren dimokuradiyya ya ƙare a juyin juya halin Siamese na 1932 da kafa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki.
Yakin Sojoji Tara
Yarima Maha Sura Singhanat na Fadar Fada, kanin Sarki Rama I, wanda aka sani a majiyoyin Burma da Einshe Paya Peikthalok, shi ne babban shugaban Siamese a Yamma da Kudancin Gabas. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1785 Jul 1 - 1787 Mar

Yakin Sojoji Tara

Thailand
Yaƙin Burma –Siamese (1785 – 1786), wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Sojojin Nine a tarihin Siamese saboda Burma sun zo cikin runduna tara, shine yaƙin farko [58] tsakanin daular Konbaung na Burma da Masarautar Siamese Rattanakosin na Chakri. daular.Sarki Bodawpaya na Burma ya yi wani gagarumin kamfen na fadada mulkinsa zuwa Siam.A cikin 1785, shekaru uku bayan kafuwar Bangkok a matsayin sabon kujerar sarauta da daular Chakri, Sarki Bodawpaya na Burma ya yi jerin gwano mai yawan gaske tare da adadin 144,000 don mamaye Siam a cikin runduna tara ta hanyoyi biyar [58] ciki har da Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi,Lanna. , Tak, Thalang (Phuket), da kuma kudancin Malay Peninsula.Duk da haka, dakaru da suka yi yawa da kuma karancin wadata da ake ganin yakin Burma ya gaza.Siamese karkashin Sarki Rama I da kaninsa Yarima Maha Sura Singhanat sun yi nasarar kawar da mamayar Burma.A farkon 1786, Burma ya koma baya sosai.Bayan sulhun da aka yi a lokacin damina, Sarki Bodawpaya ya ci gaba da yakin neman zabensa a karshen shekara ta 1786. Sarki Bodawpaya ya aika da dansa Yarima Thado Minsaw domin ya tattara sojojinsa kan Kanchanaburi a hanya daya tilo don yakar Siam.Siamese sun hadu da Burma a Tha Dindaeng, saboda haka kalmar "kamfen na Tha Din Daeng".An sake fatattakar Burma kuma Siam ya yi nasarar kare iyakarta ta yamma.Waɗannan hare-hare guda biyu da suka gaza ƙarshe sun zama babban mamayewa na ƙarshe na Siam daga Burma.
Masarautar Chiang Mai
Inthawichayanon (r. 1873–1896), sarki na ƙarshe na Chiang Mai mai cin gashin kansa.Ana kiran sunan Doi Inthanon. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1802 Jan 1 - 1899

Masarautar Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai, Thailand

Masarautar Rattanatingsa koMasarautar Chiang Mai ita ce vassal ta Masarautar Siamese Rattanakosin a karni na 18 da 19 kafin a hade shi bisa tsarin tsarin tsakiya na Chulalongkorn a shekara ta 1899. Masarautar ta kasance magajin masarautar Lanna ta tsakiya, wacce ta kasance a zamanin da. Karkashin mulkin Burma na tsawon karni biyu har sai da sojojin Siamese karkashin Taksin na Thonburi suka kama shi a shekara ta 1774. Daular Thipchak ce ta mulki ta kuma ta zo karkashin ikon Thonburi.

Canji da Al&#39;ada karkashin Rama I da II
Rama II ©Anonymous
1809 Jan 1 - 1851 Jan

Canji da Al'ada karkashin Rama I da II

Thailand
A zamanin mulkin Rama na biyu, masarautar ta ga an farfado da al'adu bayan dimbin yake-yake da suka addabi mulkin magabacinsa;musamman a fagen fasaha da adabi.Mawakan da Rama II ya yi aiki sun haɗa da Sunthorn Phu marubucin maye (Phra Aphai Mani) da Narin Dhibet (Nirat Narin).Tun farko dai alakar kasashen waje ta mamaye dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita, yayin da wadanda ke da turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara shiga ta baya.A cikin Cambodia da Laos , Vietnam ta sami rinjaye, gaskiyar da Rama II ta yarda da farko.Lokacin da tawaye ya barke a Vietnam a karkashin Rama III a cikin 1833-34, ya yi ƙoƙarin rinjayar sojojin Vietnamese, amma wannan ya haifar da rashin nasara ga sojojin Siamese.A cikin 1840s, duk da haka, Khmer da kansu sun yi nasarar korar Vietnamese, wanda daga baya ya haifar da babban tasiri na Siam a Cambodia.A sa'i daya kuma, Siam ya ci gaba da aika da yabo ga Qing China .Karkashin Rama II da Rama III, al'adu, raye-raye, wakoki da sama da duka gidan wasan kwaikwayo sun kai kololuwa.Rama III ne ya gina haikalin Wat Pho, wanda aka sani da jami'ar farko ta ƙasar.Mulkin Rama III.a karshe aka yi alama da rarrabuwar kawuna game da manufofin kasashen waje.Ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun nuna adawa da wani ƙaramin rukuni na masu ba da shawarar karbe fasahohin Yammacin Turai da sauran nasarorin da aka samu, wanda ya ba da shawarar keɓance mai ƙarfi maimakon.Tun da sarakunan Rama II da Rama III, da'irori masu ra'ayin mazan jiya-addini sun fi dacewa da son kai.Mutuwar Rama III a shekara ta 1851 kuma tana nuna ƙarshen tsohuwar masarautun gargajiya ta Siamese: an riga an sami bayyanannun alamun canje-canje masu zurfi, waɗanda magada biyu na sarki suka aiwatar.
1809 Jun 1 - 1812 Jan

Yaƙin Burma-Siamese (1809-1812)

Phuket, Thailand
Yakin Burma-Siamese (1809-1812) ko kuma mamayewar Burma na Thalang wani rikici ne na makami da aka gwabza tsakanin Burma karkashin daular Konbaung da Siam karkashin daular Chakri, a tsakanin watan Yuni 1809 da Janairu 1812. Yakin ya ta'allaka ne kan kula da 'yan tawaye. Tsibirin Phuket, wanda kuma aka sani da Thalang ko Junk Ceylon, da kuma bakin tekun Andaman mai albarka.Yakin kuma ya shafi masarautar Kedah .Wannan taron shi ne balaguro na ƙarshe na Burma zuwa yankunan Siamese a tarihin Thai, tare da mallakar Birtaniyya na Tekun Tenasserim a 1826, bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Burmese na Farko, wanda ya kawar da mil ɗari da yawa na kan iyakar ƙasar da ke tsakanin Siam da Burma.Yakin ya kuma bar Phuket ya lalace kuma ya lalace tsawon shekaru da yawa har sai da ya sake fitowa a matsayin cibiyar hakar ma'adinai na Tin a ƙarshen karni na 19.
Zamantakewa
Sarki Chulalongkorn ©Anonymous
1851 Jan 1 - 1910

Zamantakewa

Thailand
Lokacin da sarki Mongkut ya hau kan karagar Siamese, jihohin da ke makwabtaka da shi sun yi masa barazana sosai.Turawan mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya da Faransa sun riga sun ci gaba zuwa yankunan da asalinsu na yankin Siamese ne.Mongkut da magajinsa Chulalongkorn (Rama V) sun fahimci wannan halin da ake ciki kuma sun yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa dakarun tsaron Siam ta hanyar zamani, don shawo kan nasarorin kimiyya da fasaha na yammacin Turai, don haka kauce wa mulkin mallaka.Sarakunan biyu, wadanda suka yi mulki a wannan zamani, su ne na farko da aka samu Turawa.Sarki Mongkut ya rayu shekaru 26 a matsayin mai yawo kuma daga baya a matsayin abbot na Wat Bowonniwet Vihara.Ba wai kawai ya kware a al'adun gargajiya da ilimin addinin Buddah na Siam ba, har ma ya yi magana sosai kan kimiyyar yammacin zamani, ta hanyar yin amfani da ilimin mishan na turai da wasikunsa da shugabannin yammacin Turai da Paparoma.Shi ne sarkin Siamese na farko da ya fara jin Turanci.Tun a shekara ta 1855, John Bowring, gwamnan Birtaniya a Hong Kong, ya bayyana a cikin wani jirgin ruwan yaki a bakin kogin Chao Phraya.Karkashin tasirin nasarorin da Birtaniyya ta samu a makwabciyarta Burma , Sarki Mongkut ya rattaba hannu kan abin da ake kira "Yarjejeniyar Bowring", wadda ta kawar da mulkin mallaka na cinikin waje na sarauta, da soke ayyukan shigo da kayayyaki, kuma ta bai wa Biritaniya wata magana mai kyau.Yarjejeniyar Bowring na nufin hadewar Siam a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, amma a lokaci guda, gidan sarauta ya rasa mafi mahimmancin hanyoyin samun kudin shiga.An kulla irin wannan yarjejeniyoyin tare da dukkan ikon yammacin duniya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kamar a cikin 1862 da Prussia da 1869 tare da Austria-Hungary.Harkokin diflomasiyya na rayuwa, wanda Siam ya noma a kasashen waje na dogon lokaci, ya kai kololuwar a wannan zamani.[59]Haɗin kai cikin tattalin arzikin duniya yana nufin Siam cewa ya zama kasuwar tallace-tallace don kayayyakin masana'antu na Yamma da kuma saka hannun jari ga babban birnin Yamma.An fara fitar da albarkatun noma da ma'adinai da suka hada da shinkafa da pewter da itacen teak guda uku, wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen samar da kashi casa'in cikin dari na kudaden da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen ketare.Sarki Mongkut ya ba da himma wajen sa kaimi ga fadada filayen noma ta hanyar kara haraji, yayin da gina hanyoyin zirga-zirga (magudanar ruwa, tituna da kuma layin dogo daga baya) da kwararar bakin haure na kasar Sin sun ba da damar raya aikin gona na sabbin yankuna.Noman rayuwa a cikin ƙananan kwarin Menam ya haɓaka zuwa manoma a zahiri suna samun kuɗi da amfanin amfanin gona.[60]Bayan yakin Franco-Siamese na 1893, Sarki Chulalongkorn ya fahimci barazanar turawan mulkin mallaka na yamma, kuma ya hanzarta yin gyare-gyare a cikin harkokin mulki, soja, tattalin arziki da al'ummar Siam, tare da kammala ci gaban al'umma daga tsarin gargajiya na gargajiya wanda ya dogara da shi. mulkin kai da abin dogaro, wanda yankunan da ke kewayen su ba a kaikaice suke daure su da ikon tsakiya (Sarki) ba, zuwa wata kasa mai ci gaba da mulki a tsakiya mai kafa iyakoki da cibiyoyin siyasa na zamani.A cikin 1904, 1907 da 1909, an sami sabbin gyare-gyaren kan iyaka da ke goyon bayan Faransa da Burtaniya.Lokacin da Sarki Chulalongkorn ya mutu a shekara ta 1910, Siam ya cimma iyakar Thailand ta yau.A cikin 1910 dansa Vajiravudh, wanda ya yi sarauta a matsayin Rama VI ya gaje shi cikin lumana.Ya yi karatu a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst da Jami'ar Oxford kuma ya kasance mutumin kirki Edwardian.Lallai, daya daga cikin matsalolin Siam ita ce tazarar da ke tsakanin gidan sarautar Turawan Yamma da manyan sarakuna da sauran sassan kasar.An ɗauki ƙarin shekaru 20 kafin ilimin Yammacin Turai ya kai ga sauran jami'an gwamnati da sojoji.
Yakin Franco-Siamese
Wani zane mai ban dariya daga jaridar The Sketch na Burtaniya ya nuna wani sojan Faransa yana kai hari ga wani sojan Siamese wanda aka kwatanta a matsayin wani katako mara lahani, wanda ke nuna fifikon fasahar sojojin Faransa. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1893 Jul 13 - Oct 3

Yakin Franco-Siamese

Indochina
Yaƙin Franco-Siamese na 1893, wanda aka sani a Tailandia da Lamarin RS 112 rikici ne tsakanin Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Faransa da Masarautar Siam.Auguste Pavie, mataimakin jakadan Faransa a Luang Prabang a shekara ta 1886, shi ne babban jami'in inganta muradun Faransa a Laos .Abubuwan da ya yi, waɗanda suka yi amfani da raunin Siamese a yankin da kuma mamayewar da 'yan tawayen Vietnamese suka yi daga Tonkin na lokaci-lokaci, ya ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin Bangkok daParis .Bayan rikicin, Siamese sun amince su mika Laos ga Faransa, aikin da ya haifar da fadada Indochina na Faransa.A cikin 1896, Faransa ta rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya da Biritaniya da ke fayyace iyakar Laos da yankin Birtaniyya a Burma ta sama.Masarautar Laos ta zama mai karewa, da farko an sanya shi ƙarƙashin Gwamna Janar na Indochina a Hanoi.Pavie, wanda kusan shi kadai ya kawo Laos karkashin mulkin Faransa, ya ga hukuma a Hanoi.
1909 Jan 1

Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Siamese ta 1909

Thailand
Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Siamese ta 1909 yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Burtaniya da Masarautar Siam wacce ta fayyace iyakoki na zamani tsakanin Thailand da yankunan da Birtaniyya ke iko da Malaysia .Ta wannan yarjejeniya, Siam ya ba da ikon mallakar wasu yankuna (ciki har da jihohin Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, da Terengganu) ga ikon Birtaniyya.Duk da haka, ta kuma ba da izini ga Birtaniyya ta amince da ikon Siamese a kan yankunan da suka rage, don haka mafi yawa sun tabbatar da matsayin Siam mai cin gashin kansa.Yarjejeniyar ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da Siam a matsayin "kasa mai cin gashin kai" tsakanin Indochina da ke karkashin ikon Faransa da kuma Malaya da ke karkashin ikon Burtaniya.Wannan ya baiwa Siam damar ci gaba da 'yancin kai yayin da kasashen makwabta suka yi wa mulkin mallaka.
Ƙirƙirar ƙasa ƙarƙashin Vajiravudh da Prajadhipok
Sarkin Vajiravudh, 1911. ©Anonymous
1910 Jan 1 - 1932

Ƙirƙirar ƙasa ƙarƙashin Vajiravudh da Prajadhipok

Thailand
Magajin Sarki Chulalongkorn shine Sarki Rama VI a watan Oktoba 1910, wanda aka fi sani da Vajiravudh.Ya karanta shari'a da tarihi a Jami'ar Oxford a matsayin yarima mai jiran gado na Siamese a Burtaniya.Bayan hawansa karagar mulki, ya yafe wa manyan jami’ai ga abokansa masu kishin kasa, wadanda ba sa cikin manyan mutane, kuma ma ba su cancanta ba fiye da na magabata, matakin da ya taba yin irinsa a Siam.A cikin mulkinsa (1910-1925) an yi sauye-sauye da yawa, wanda ya kawo Siam kusa da kasashen zamani.Misali, an gabatar da Kalandar Gregorian, duk 'yan ƙasarsa dole ne su karɓi sunayen Iyali, an ƙarfafa mata su sanya siket da dogon gashin gashi da kuma dokar zama ɗan ƙasa, An ɗauki ƙa'idar "Ius sanguinis".A cikin 1917 an kafa Jami'ar Chulalongkorn kuma an gabatar da ilimin makaranta ga duk masu shekaru 7 zuwa 14.Sarki Vajiravudh ya kasance mai goyon bayan adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, ya fassara wallafe-wallafen kasashen waje da yawa zuwa Thai.Ya ƙirƙiri tushe na ruhaniya don wani nau'in kishin ƙasa na Thai, al'amarin da ba a san shi ba a Siam.Ya dogara ne akan haɗin kai na al'umma, addinin Buddha, da sarauta, kuma ya bukaci biyayya daga talakawansa zuwa dukan waɗannan cibiyoyi guda uku.Sarki Vajiravudh kuma ya fake da rashin hankali da sabani na kin jinin Sinicism.Sakamakon yawan shige da ficen da aka yi, sabanin yadda aka yi ta shige da fice daga kasar Sin a baya, mata da daukacin iyalai su ma sun shigo kasar, wanda hakan ke nufin Sinawa ba su da alaka da juna da kuma rike 'yancin kansu na al'adu.A wata makala da sarki Vajiravudh ya buga a karkashin sunan sa, ya bayyana tsirarun Sinawa a matsayin Yahudawan Gabas.A cikin 1912, wani tawaye na Fada, wanda matasan hafsoshin soja suka shirya, ya yi ƙoƙarin hambarar da kuma maye gurbin sarki bai yi nasara ba.[61] Manufar su shine canza tsarin gwamnati, rushe tsarin mulkin da kuma maye gurbinsa da tsarin tsarin mulkin zamani, na yammacin Turai, kuma watakila maye gurbin Rama VI tare da wani yarima mai tausayi ga imaninsu, [62] amma sarki ya tafi. a kan maharan, kuma an yanke wa da yawa daga cikin su hukuncin dauri mai tsawo a gidan yari.Mambobin makircin sun hada da sojoji da na ruwa, matsayin daular, ya zama kalubale.
Siam a yakin duniya na daya
Rundunar Siamese Expeditionary Force, 1919 Paris Nasara Parade. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1917 Jul 1 - 1918

Siam a yakin duniya na daya

Europe
A cikin 1917 Siam ya shelanta yaki a kan Daular Jamus da Ostiriya-Hungary, musamman don samun tagomashi tare da Burtaniya da Faransanci .Shigar da alamar Siam a yakin duniya na daya ya ba ta damar zama a taron zaman lafiya na Versailles, kuma ministan harkokin wajen kasar Devawongse ya yi amfani da wannan damar wajen yin muhawara kan soke yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba a karni na 19 da kuma maido da cikakken ikon mallakar Siamese.Amurka ta wajabta a 1920, yayin da Faransa da Biritaniya suka biyo baya a 1925. Wannan nasara ta sami ɗan farin jini ga sarki, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta yi nasara saboda rashin gamsuwa da wasu batutuwa, kamar almubazzaranci da ya yi, wanda ya zama sananne a lokacin da koma bayan tattalin arziki na Siam. a 1919. Akwai kuma cewa sarki ba shi da ɗa.Babu shakka ya fifita haduwar maza fiye da mata (al’amarin da shi kansa bai damu da ra’ayin Siyama ba, amma kuma ya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiyar masarautar saboda rashin magada).A ƙarshen yaƙi, Siam ya zama memba na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya.A shekara ta 1925, Amurka, Birtaniya, da Faransa sun yi watsi da yancinsu na ketare a Siam.
1932
Tailandia ta zamaniornament
Juyin juya halin Siamese na 1932
Sojojin da ke kan titi a lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1932 Jun 24

Juyin juya halin Siamese na 1932

Bangkok, Thailand
Wani karamin da'irar daga tashin bourgeoisie na tsofaffin ɗalibai (dukkanin waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu a Turai - galibin Paris), waɗanda wasu sojoji suka goyi bayansu, suka kwace mulki daga cikakkiyar masarauta a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1932 a kusan juyin juya halin rashin tashin hankali.Kungiyar, wacce ta kira kansu Khana Ratsadon ko masu daukar nauyi, ta tattara hafsoshi, hazikai da masu rike da mukamai, wadanda ke wakiltar ra'ayin kin amincewa da cikakken tsarin sarauta.Wannan juyin mulkin soja (na farko na Thailand) ya kawo karshen mulkin Siam na tsawon shekaru aru-aru na cikakken mulkin sarauta a karkashin daular Chakri, kuma ya haifar da juyin juya halin rashin jinni na Siam zuwa tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki, gabatar da dimokuradiyya da kundin tsarin mulki na farko, da kuma kafa majalisar dokoki ta kasa.Rashin gamsuwa da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, da rashin samun ingantacciyar gwamnati da kuma tasowar talakawa masu ilmin yammacin duniya ne suka haifar da juyin juya hali.
Yakin Franco-Thai
Plaek Phibunsongkhram yana duba sojoji a lokacin yakin ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1940 Oct 1 - 1941 Jan 28

Yakin Franco-Thai

Indochina
Lokacin da Phibulsonggram ya gaji Phraya Phahon a matsayin Firayim Minista a cikin Satumba 1938, sojoji da fuka-fukan farar hula na Khana Ratsadon sun kara rarrabuwa, kuma mamayar sojoji ta kara fitowa fili.Phibunsongkhram ya fara motsa gwamnati zuwa ga soja, da kama-karya, da kuma gina ɗabi'a a kusa da kansa.Tattaunawa da Faransa jim kadan kafin yakin duniya na biyu ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Faransa a shirye take ta yi sauye-sauyen da suka dace a kan iyakokin da ke tsakanin Thailand da Faransa Indochina, amma dan kadan.Bayan faduwar Faransa a 1940, Manjo-Janar Plaek Pibulsonggram (wanda aka fi sani da "Phibun"), Firayim Minista na Thailand, ya yanke shawarar cewa kashin da Faransa ta samu ya ba Thais dama mafi kyau don dawo da yankunan vassal da aka mika wa Faransa. a zamanin Sarki Chulalongkorn.Mamayewar da sojojin Jamus suka yi a Babban Birni Faransa ya sa Faransa ta rike mallakarta na ketare, gami da Indochina na Faransa.A yanzu dai an katse gwamnatin mulkin mallaka daga taimakon waje da kayayyaki na waje.Bayan daJapanawa suka mamaye Indochina na Faransa a watan Satumba na 1940, Faransawa sun tilasta wa Japan damar kafa sansanonin soji.Wannan dabi'ar da ake ganin ba ta da tushe ta sa gwamnatin Phibun ta yi imani cewa Faransa ba za ta yi tsayin daka da wata arangama ta soja da Thailand ba.Kashin da Faransa ta yi a yakin Faransa shi ne ya sanya shugabannin Thailand suka fara kai hari kan Indochina na Faransa.Ta sha kashi sosai a yakin teku na Ko Chang, amma ta mamaye kasa da sama.Daular Japan , wanda ya riga ya kasance mai iko a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ya karbi matsayin mai shiga tsakani.Tattaunawar ta kawo karshen rikicin tare da samun galaba a yankin da Faransa ta yi wa Laos da Cambodia .
Thailand a yakin duniya na biyu
Sojojin Thai Phayap suna yaƙi a Burma Campaign, 1943. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1941 Dec 1

Thailand a yakin duniya na biyu

Thailand
Bayan kawo karshen yakin Franco-Thai, gwamnatin kasar Thailand ta ayyana matsayinta na tsaka mai wuya.Lokacin daJapanawa suka mamaye Tailandia a ranar 8 ga Disamba 1941, 'yan sa'o'i kadan bayan harin da aka kai a Pearl Harbor , Japan ta bukaci 'yancin tura sojoji a fadin Thailand zuwa iyakar Malayan .Phibun ya karɓi buƙatun Japan bayan ɗan gajeren juriya.Gwamnati ta kyautata alaka da kasar Japan ta hanyar sanya hannu kan wata kawancen soji a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941. Sojojin Japan sun yi amfani da kasar a matsayin sansanin da suka mamaye Burma da Malaya.[63] .[64] A wata mai zuwa, Phibun ya shelanta yaki a kan Biritaniya da Amurka .Afirka ta Kudu da New Zealand sun shelanta yaki a Thailand a rana guda.Ostiraliya ta biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba.[65 <>] An kori duk waɗanda ke adawa da kawancen Japan daga gwamnatinsa.An nada Pridi Phanomyong a matsayin mai rikon kwarya ga Sarki Ananda Mahidol da ba ya nan, yayin da Direk Jayanama, fitaccen ministan harkokin wajen kasar wanda ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da adawa da Japanawa, aka tura Tokyo a matsayin jakada.Amurka ta dauki Thailand a matsayin yar tsana ta Japan kuma ta ki ayyana yaki.Lokacin da ƙawayen suka yi nasara, Amurka ta toshe ƙoƙarin Birtaniyya na sanya zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa.[66]Thais da Japan sun yarda cewa jihar Shan da Kayah za su kasance karkashin ikon Thai.A ranar 10 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1942 ne sojojin Phayap na kasar Thailand suka shiga jihar Shan ta gabashin kasar Burma, sojojin yankin Burma na kasar Thailand sun shiga jihar Kayah da wasu yankunan tsakiyar kasar ta Burma.Sojojin kasa uku na kasar Thailand da na sojan doki guda daya, wadanda ke karkashin jagorancin kungiyoyin leken asiri masu sulke da kuma goyon bayan sojojin sama, sun shiga runduna ta 93 ta kasar Sin da ke ja da baya.An kama Kengtung, babban makasudin, a ranar 27 ga Mayu.Sabbin hare-hare a watan Yuni da Nuwamba sun sa Sinawa sun koma Yunnan.[67] Yankin da ke ɗauke da jihohin Shan da Jihar Kayah ta kasance ƙasar Thailand a cikin 1942. Za a mayar da su Burma a 1945.Seri Thai (Free Thai Movement) wani yunkuri ne na juriya na karkashin kasa akan Japan wanda Seni Pramoj, jakadan Thai a Washington ya kafa.An jagorance shi daga cikin Thailand daga ofishin regent Pridi, yana gudanar da aikin kyauta, sau da yawa tare da goyon baya daga membobin gidan sarauta kamar Yarima Chula Chakrabongse, da membobin gwamnati.Yayin da Japan ta kusa shan kashi kuma adawar Japan na adawa da Seri Thai ke ci gaba da samun karfi, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta kori Phibun.Mulkinsa na shekaru shida a matsayin babban kwamandan sojoji ya kare.A wani bangare na murabus din nasa ya sa wasu manyan tsare-tsarensa guda biyu sun tabarbare.Daya shi ne mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Bangkok zuwa wani wuri mai nisa a cikin daji kusa da Phetchabun a arewa ta tsakiyar Thailand.Dayan kuma shi ne ya gina "birnin Buddha" kusa da Saraburi.An sanar da shi a lokacin mawuyacin halin tattalin arziki, waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun sa jami'an gwamnati da yawa suka ƙi shi.[68]A karshen yakin, an gurfanar da Phibun a gaban shari'a a kan dagewar Allied kan zargin aikata laifukan yaki, musamman na hada kai da ikon Axis.Sai dai kuma an wanke shi ne sakamakon matsin lamba da jama'a suka yi masa.Ra'ayin jama'a har yanzu yana da kyau ga Phibun, saboda ana tunanin ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don kare muradun Thai, musamman yin amfani da ƙawance da Japan don tallafawa faɗaɗa yankin Thai a Malaya da Burma.[69]
1947 juyin mulkin Thai
Phibun ya jagoranci mulkin soja a shekara ta 1947 bayan juyin mulkin ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1947 Nov 8

1947 juyin mulkin Thai

Thailand
A watan Disamba 1945, matashin sarki Ananda Mahidol ya dawo Siam daga Turai, amma a watan Yuni 1946 an same shi har lahira a cikin gadonsa, a cikin yanayi na ban mamaki.An gurfanar da wasu ma'aikatan fadar guda uku tare da kashe shi saboda kisan nasa, duk da cewa akwai shakku game da laifinsu kuma lamarin ya kasance mai cike da rudani da kuma wani muhimmin batu a Thailand a yau.Kanensa Bhumibol Adulyadej ne ya gaje shi.A cikin watan Agusta an tilastawa Pridi yin murabus sakamakon zarginsa da hannu a cikin dokar.Ba tare da jagorancinsa ba, gwamnatin farar hula ta kafa, kuma a cikin Nuwamba 1947, sojojin, sun dawo da amincewa bayan 1945, sun kwace mulki.Juyin mulkin ya hambarar da gwamnatin Pridi Banomyong, Luang Thamrong, wanda ya maye gurbin Khuang Aphaiwong, mai goyon bayan masarautar, a matsayin Firayim Minista na Thailand.An yi juyin mulkin ne karkashin jagorancin shugaban koli na soja, Phibun, da Phin Choonhavan da Kat Katsongkhram, masu kawance da sarakuna don dawo da ikonsu na siyasa da kuma kadarorin Crown daga gyare-gyaren juyin juya halin Siamese na 1932. Pridi, kuma aka kori zuwa gudun hijira. , daga ƙarshe ya zauna a birnin Beijing a matsayin baƙo na PRC.Tasirin Jam'iyyar Jama'a ya ƙare
Thailand a lokacin yakin cacar baka
Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, shugaban mulkin soja kuma mai mulkin kama karya na Thailand. ©Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)
1952 Jan 1

Thailand a lokacin yakin cacar baka

Thailand
Komawar Phibun kan karagar mulki ya zo daidai da farkon yakin cacar baka da kafa mulkin gurguzu a Arewacin Vietnam .Akwai yunkurin juyin mulki da magoya bayan Pridi suka yi a 1948, 1949, da 1951, na biyu da ya kai ga kazamin fada tsakanin sojoji da na ruwa kafin Phibun ya yi nasara.A yunkurin da sojojin ruwan kasar suka yi a shekarar 1951, wanda aka fi sani da juyin mulkin Manhattan, an kusa kashe Phibun a lokacin da sojojin sama masu goyon bayan gwamnati suka kai wa jirgin da aka yi garkuwa da shi hari.Ko da yake suna da sarautar tsarin mulki, Tailandia ta kasance ƙarƙashin jerin gwamnatocin soja, waɗanda aka fi sani da Phibun, waɗanda suka shiga cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na dimokuradiyya.Thailand ta shiga yakin Koriya .Dakarun 'yan gurguzu na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Thailand sun yi aiki a cikin kasar tun daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa 1987. Sun hada da mayakan cikakken lokaci 12,000 a kololuwar motsi, amma ba su yi wata babbar barazana ga jihar ba.A shekara ta 1955 Phibun ya rasa babban matsayinsa na soja ga matasa matasa karkashin jagorancin Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat da Janar Thanom Kittikachorn, sojojin Sarit sun yi juyin mulki mara jini a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1957, wanda ya kawo karshen aikin Phibun da kyau.Juyin mulkin ya fara daɗaɗɗen al'ada na gwamnatocin soja da Amurka ke marawa baya a Thailand.Thanom ya zama Firayim Minista har zuwa 1958, sannan ya ba da matsayinsa ga Sarit, ainihin shugaban mulkin.Sarit ya rike madafun iko har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1963, lokacin da Thanom ya sake zama kan gaba.Gwamnatin Sarit da Thanom sun sami goyon bayan Amurka sosai .Tailandia ta zama ƙawance ta Amurka a 1954 tare da kafa SEATO Yayin da ake yaƙin Indochina tsakanin Vietnamese da Faransanci , Thailand (ba tare da son duka biyu daidai ba) ya tsaya a nesa, amma da zarar ya zama yaƙi tsakanin Amurka da 'Yan kwaminisanci na Vietnam, Thailand sun sadaukar da kansu ga bangaren Amurka, tare da kulla yarjejeniya ta asirce da Amurka a 1961, ta tura dakaru zuwa Vietnam da Laos , tare da barin Amurka ta yi amfani da sansanonin jiragen sama a gabashin kasar don gudanar da yakinta na bama-bamai da Arewacin Vietnam. .'Yan Vietnam sun mayar da martani ne ta hanyar mara wa jam'iyyar gurguzu ta kasar Tailan baya tada kayar baya a arewaci, arewa maso gabas, da kuma wasu lokutan a kudancin kasar, inda 'yan daba suka hada kai da musulmin yankin da ba su gamsu da su ba.A zamanin baya-bayan nan, Thailand na da dangantaka ta kud-da-kud da Amurka, wadda take gani a matsayin mai kariya daga juyin juya halin gurguzu a kasashe makwabta.Rundunar sojin saman Amurka ta bakwai da ta goma sha uku tana da hedikwata ne a sansanin sojin sama na Udon Royal Thai.[70]Agent Orange, wani sinadari mai kashe ciyawa da lalata da sojojin Amurka ke amfani da shi a matsayin wani bangare na shirin yaki da ciyawa, Operation Ranch Hand, Amurka ta gwada a Thailand a lokacin yakin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.An gano ganguna da aka binne kuma an tabbatar da cewa su ne Agent Orange a cikin 1999. [71] Ma'aikatan da suka gano ganguna sun kamu da rashin lafiya yayin da suke haɓaka filin jirgin sama kusa da gundumar Hua Hin, kilomita 100 kudu da Bangkok.[72]
Westernization
Westernisation ©Anonymous
1960 Jan 1

Westernization

Thailand
Yaƙin Vietnam ya hanzarta haɓakawa da haɓakar al'ummar Thai.Kasancewar Amurkawa da bayyanar da al'adun Yammacin Turai da suka zo tare da shi ya yi tasiri a kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar Thai.Kafin karshen shekarun 1960, samun cikakken damar yin amfani da al'adun yammacin duniya ya takaita ne ga manyan masu ilimi a cikin al'umma, amma yakin Vietnam ya sa kasashen waje su fuskanci manyan bangarori na al'ummar Thai ba kamar da ba.Tare da dalar Amurka ta haɓaka tattalin arziƙin, sabis, sufuri, da masana'antar gine-gine sun ƙaru sosai kamar yadda shan muggan ƙwayoyi da karuwanci suka yi, waɗanda ke amfani da Thailand a matsayin wurin "Huta da Nishaɗi" na sojojin Amurka.[73 [73] <] > An rushe rukunin dangin gargajiya na ƙauye yayin da ƴan Thais da yawa ke ƙaura zuwa birni don nemo sabbin ayyuka.Wannan ya haifar da rikici na al'adu yayin da Thais suka fallasa ra'ayoyin Yammacin Turai game da salon, kiɗa, dabi'u, da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a.Yawan jama'a ya fara karuwa da fashewa yayin da yanayin rayuwa ya tashi, kuma ambaliyar mutane ta fara ƙaura daga ƙauyuka zuwa birane, sama da duka zuwa Bangkok.Kasar Thailand tana da mutane miliyan 30 a shekarar 1965, yayin da a karshen karni na 20 yawan jama'a ya ninka sau biyu.Yawan mutanen Bangkok ya ninka sau goma tun 1945 kuma ya ninka sau uku tun 1970.Damar ilimi da bayyanawa ga kafofin watsa labarai sun karu a cikin shekarun Yaƙin Vietnam.Daliban jami'a masu haske sun koyi ƙarin ra'ayoyin da suka shafi tsarin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Thailand, wanda ya haifar da farfaɗo da gwagwarmayar ɗalibai.Har ila yau, lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam ya ga ci gaban rukunin tsakiyar Thai wanda a hankali ya haɓaka ainihin kansa da wayewar kansa.
Harkar Dimokuradiyya
A karkashin jagorancin dalibi mai fafutuka Thirayuth Boonmee (a baki), Cibiyar Dalibai ta kasa ta Thailand ta yi zanga-zangar neman sake fasalin kundin tsarin mulki.An kama Thirayuth, wanda ya kai ga ci gaba da zanga-zangar. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1973 Oct 14

Harkar Dimokuradiyya

Thammasat University, Phra Cha
Tare da rashin gamsuwar manufofin gwamnatin Amurka da ke goyon bayan gwamnatin soja da suka ba wa sojojin Amurka damar yin amfani da kasar a matsayin sansanin soja, yawan matsalolin karuwanci, 'yancin yada labarai da magana sun yi iyaka da kuma kwararar rashawar da ke haifar da rashin daidaito. na zamantakewa azuzuwan.An fara zanga-zangar ɗalibai a cikin 1968 kuma ta girma cikin girma da lambobi a farkon shekarun 1970 duk da ci gaba da hana tarurrukan siyasa.A cikin watan Yunin 1973, an kori daliban Jami'ar Ramkhamhaeng tara saboda buga wata kasida a wata jarida ta dalibai da ke sukar gwamnati.Jim kadan bayan haka, dubban dalibai sun gudanar da zanga-zangar neman a sake shigar da daliban tara a dakin taro na Dimokuradiyya.Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin rufe jami'o'in, amma jim kadan bayan haka ta ba da damar sake shigar da daliban.A watan Oktoba an kama wasu dalibai 13 bisa zargin hada baki da kifar da gwamnati.A wannan karon dalibai masu zanga-zangar sun hada da ma'aikata, 'yan kasuwa, da sauran talakawan kasa.Zanga-zangar dai ta kai dubu dari kuma batun ya kara ta'azzara tun bayan sakin daliban da aka kama domin neman a yi sabon kundin tsarin mulki da kuma maye gurbin gwamnatin mai ci.A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, gwamnati ta saki fursunonin.Jagororin zanga-zangar da suka hada da Seksan Prasertkul, sun dakatar da zanga-zangar kamar yadda sarkin ya fito fili ya nuna adawa da yunkurin dimokradiyya.A jawabinsa ga daliban da suka yaye, ya soki masu fafutukar neman dimokradiyya inda ya ce dalibai su maida hankali kan karatunsu su bar siyasa ga dattawansu [gwamnatin soja].Tashin hankali na 1973 ya haifar da mafi kyawun lokaci a tarihin Thai na baya-bayan nan, wanda ake kira "Zamanin lokacin da dimokuradiyya ta yi fure" da "gwajin demokradiyya," wanda ya ƙare a kisan kiyashin Jami'ar Thammasat da juyin mulki a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1976.
Kisan Kisan Jami&#39;ar Thammasat
Jama'a na kallo, wasu da murmushi a fuskarsu, yayin da wani mutum ya yi amfani da kujera mai nadewa ya doki gawar wani dalibin da ba a san ko wanene ba a wajen jami'ar da aka rataye. ©Neal Ulevich
1976 Oct 6

Kisan Kisan Jami'ar Thammasat

Thammasat University, Phra Cha
A ƙarshen 1976 ra'ayoyin matsakaicin matsakaici ya juya baya daga gwagwarmayar ɗaliban, waɗanda suka ƙaru zuwa hagu.Sojoji da jam'iyyun dama sun fara yakin farfaganda da 'yancin walwala na dalibai ta hanyar zargin 'yan gwagwarmayar dalibai da kasancewa 'yan gurguzu' kuma ta hanyar kungiyoyin sa kai na yau da kullun irin su Nawaphon, Village Scouts, da Red Gaurs, an kashe yawancin waɗannan daliban.Al'amura sun zo kan gaba a watan Oktoba lokacin da Thanom Kittikachorn ya koma Thailand don shiga gidan sufi na sarauta, Wat Bovorn.Tashin hankali tsakanin ma'aikata da masu masana'anta ya yi zafi, yayin da kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta kara karfi bayan 1973. Socialism da akidar hagu sun samu karbuwa a tsakanin masu hankali da masu aiki.Yanayin siyasa ya kara dagulawa.An gano ma'aikata sun rataye a Nakhon Pathom bayan sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da wani mai masana'anta.Sigar Thai ta McCarthyism anti-kwaminisanci ya bazu ko'ina.Duk wanda ya gudanar da zanga-zanga za a iya zarginsa da kasancewa wani bangare na makarkashiyar gurguzu.A cikin 1976, dalibai masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye harabar jami'ar Thammasat kuma sun gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da kisan gillar da ma'aikatan suka yi tare da yin izgili ga wadanda abin ya shafa, daya daga cikinsu da ake zargin ya yi kama da Yarima mai jiran gado Vajiralongkorn.Wasu jaridu washegari, ciki har da Bangkok Post, sun buga wani canji na hoton taron, wanda ke nuna masu zanga-zangar sun yi lese majesté.Gumakan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya irin su Samak Sundaravej sun busa masu zanga-zangar, tare da haifar da tashin hankali don murkushe su, wanda ya ƙare a Kisan 6 Oktoba 1976.Sojojin sun yi nasarar fatattakar 'yan ta'addan sannan kuma rikicin gungun 'yan bindiga ya biyo baya, inda aka kashe da dama.
Harin kan iyakar Vietnam a Thailand
Yaƙin Vietnam-Kambodiya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1979 Jan 1 - 1987

Harin kan iyakar Vietnam a Thailand

Gulf of Thailand
Bayan mamayar da Vietnam ta yi wa Cambodia a shekarar 1978 da kuma rugujewar jam'iyyar Democratic Kampuchea a shekara ta 1979, Khmer Rouge ya gudu zuwa yankunan kan iyaka na Thailand, kuma tare da taimakon kasar Sin, sojojin Pol Pot sun yi nasarar tattarawa tare da sake tsarawa a yankunan dazuzzuka da tsaunuka na kasar Thailand. - iyakar Kambodiya.A cikin shekarun 1980s da farkon 1990 sojojin Khmer Rouge sun gudanar da aiki daga cikin sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Thailand, a wani yunƙuri na kwance damarar gwamnatin Kampuchea mai goyon bayan Hanoi, wadda Thailand ta ƙi amincewa da ita.Thailand da Vietnam sun fuskanci tsallaka kan iyakar Thailand da Cambodia tare da kutsawa cikin Vietnam da kuma kai hare-hare a cikin yankin Thai a cikin shekarun 1980 don bin 'yan tawayen Cambodia wadanda suka ci gaba da kai hari kan sojojin mamaya na Vietnam.
Prem Zamani
Prem Tinsulanonda, Firayim Minista na Thailand daga 1980 zuwa 1988. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1980 Jan 1 - 1988

Prem Zamani

Thailand
Yawancin shekarun 1980 sun ga tsarin dimokraɗiyya wanda Sarki Bhumibol da Prem Tinsulanonda ke kulawa.Su biyun sun gwammace mulkin tsarin mulki, kuma sun dauki matakin kawo karshen hare-haren soji.A watan Afrilun shekarar 1981 wasu kananan hafsoshin sojan kasar da aka fi sani da "Young Turks" suka yi yunkurin juyin mulki, inda suka kwace birnin Bangkok.Sun rusa Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kuma sun yi alkawarin kawo sauyi ga al’umma.Amma matsayinsu ya ruguje da sauri lokacin da Prem Tinsulanonda ya raka dangin sarki zuwa Khorat.Tare da goyon bayan King Bhumibol ga Prem ya bayyana a sarari, ƙungiyoyin masu biyayya a ƙarƙashin babban fadar da aka fi so Janar Arthit Kamlang-ek sun sami nasarar kwato babban birnin ƙasar a wani harin da ba a yi jinni ba.Wannan lamari ya kara daukaka martabar masarautar har yanzu, sannan kuma ya kara daukaka matsayin Prem a matsayin matsakaicin dangi.Don haka aka cimma matsaya.Rikicin ya kawo karshe kuma akasarin tsaffin daliban sun koma Bangkok karkashin wata afuwa.A cikin Disamba 1982, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Thailand ya karɓi tutar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Thailand a wani bikin da aka yaɗa da yawa da aka yi a Banbak.A nan ne mayakan gurguzu da magoya bayansu suka mika makamansu tare da yin mubayi’a ga gwamnati.Prem ya ayyana an kawo karshen yakin.[74 <>] Sojoji sun koma barikinsu, amma duk da haka aka fitar da wani kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya samar da majalisar dattijai da aka naɗa don daidaita zaɓen majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa.Prem kuma ya kasance wanda ya ci gajiyar saurin juyin juya halin tattalin arziki wanda ke mamaye kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Bayan koma bayan tattalin arziki a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ci gaban tattalin arziki ya tashi.A karon farko Tailandia ta zama kasa mai karfin masana'antu, kuma kayayyaki da aka kera kamar na'urorin kwamfuta, masaku da takalmi sun mamaye shinkafa, roba da kwano a matsayin kan gaba wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje.Da ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe na Indochina da tawaye, yawon shakatawa ya haɓaka cikin sauri kuma ya zama babban mai samun kuɗi.Yawan jama'ar birane ya ci gaba da karuwa cikin sauri, amma gaba daya karuwar yawan jama'a ya fara raguwa, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar rayuwa ko da a yankunan karkara, ko da yake Isaan ya ci gaba da koma baya.Yayin da Thailand ba ta yi girma da sauri kamar "Tigers Hudu na Asiya," (wato Taiwan , Koriya ta Kudu , Hong Kong da Singapore ) ta sami ci gaba mai dorewa, ta kai kimanin dala 7100 GDP na kowane mutum (PPP) a 1990, kusan ninki biyu na 1980. .[75]Prem ya rike mukamin na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda ya sake tsallake rijiya da baya a shekarar 1985 da kuma wasu zabuka biyu a shekarar 1983 da 1986, kuma ya ci gaba da zama mai farin jini a kansa, amma farfado da siyasar dimokuradiyya ya haifar da neman shugaba mai jajircewa.A shekara ta 1988 sabon zabe ya kawo tsohon Janar Chatichai Choonhavan kan karagar mulki.Prem ya yi watsi da gayyatar da manyan jam'iyyun siyasa suka yi masa na wa'adi na uku na shugabancin kasar.
Tsarin Mulkin Jama&#39;a
Chuan Leekpai, Firayim Minista na Thailand, 1992–1995, 1997–2001. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1992 Jan 1 - 1997

Tsarin Mulkin Jama'a

Thailand
Sarki Bhumibol ya sake nada Anand dan sarauta a matsayin firaminista na wucin gadi har sai an gudanar da zabe a watan Satumba na 1992, wanda ya kawo jam'iyyar Democrat karkashin Chuan Leekpai kan karagar mulki, musamman wakiltar masu kada kuri'a na Bangkok da kudancin kasar.Chuan ya kasance kwararre mai gudanar da mulki wanda ya rike madafun iko har zuwa 1995, lokacin da kawancen jam'iyyun masu ra'ayin rikau da na larduna karkashin jagorancin Banharn Silpa-Archa suka kayar da shi a zabe.Sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa tun daga farko, gwamnatin Banharn ta tilastawa ta kira zaben farko a shekara ta 1996, inda jam'iyyar New Aspiration Party ta Janar Chavalit Yongchaiyudh ta sami nasarar samun 'yar karamar nasara.Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1997 shi ne kundin tsarin mulki na farko da jama'a suka zaba ta Majalisar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki, kuma ana kiranta da "Tsarin Mulkin mutane".[76] Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1997 ya samar da majalisar wakilai mai wakilai 500 da majalisar dattawa mai kujeru 200.A karon farko a tarihin Thailand, an zabi majalisun biyu kai tsaye.An amince da haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa a sarari, kuma an kafa matakan ƙara zaman lafiyar zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatoci.An zabi majalisar ne ta hanyar tsarin mukamai na farko, inda dan takara daya ne kawai zai iya samun rinjaye mai sauki a mazaba daya.An zabi majalisar dattijai ne bisa tsarin larduna, inda wata lardi za ta iya dawo da sanata fiye da daya gwargwadon yawan al’ummarta.
Black May
Zanga-zangar tituna a Bangkok, Thailand, Mayu 1992, suna nuna adawa da gwamnatin Suchinda.Suka koma tashin hankali. ©Ian Lamont
1992 May 17 - May 20

Black May

Bangkok, Thailand
Ta hanyar kyale wani bangare na sojoji su yi arziki a kan kwangilolin gwamnati, Chaticai ya tunzura wani bangare na hamayya, karkashin jagorancin Janar Sunthorn Kongsompong, Suchinda Kraprayoon, da sauran janar-janar na Class 5 na Kwalejin Soja ta Chulacomklao Royal Military Academy don gudanar da juyin mulkin Thai a 1991. a watan Fabrairun 1991, yana tuhumar gwamnatin Chatichai a matsayin gwamnatin cin hanci da rashawa ko kuma 'Buffet Cabinet'.Gwamnatin mulkin soji ta kira kanta da Majalisar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta kasa.NPKC ta kawo wani firaminista na farar hula, Anand Panyarachun, wanda har yanzu ke da alhakin sojoji.Anand na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma matakan kai tsaye sun zama sananne.An sake gudanar da wani babban zaɓe a watan Maris ɗin 1992.Gamayyar kawancen da ta yi nasara ta nada shugabar juyin mulkin Suchinda Kraprayoon ya zama Firayim Minista, wanda hakan ya saba alkawarin da ya yi tun da farko ga Sarki Bhumibol tare da tabbatar da zargin da ake yi na cewa sabuwar gwamnatin za ta zama gwamnatin soja a boye.Duk da haka, Thailand na 1992 ba Siam na 1932 ba. Ayyukan Suchinda ya haifar da dubban daruruwan mutane a zanga-zangar mafi girma da aka taba gani a Bangkok, wanda tsohon gwamnan Bangkok, Manjo-Janar Chamlong Srimuang ya jagoranta.Suchinda ya shigar da rundunonin soji masu biyayya gareshi a cikin birnin tare da kokarin murkushe zanga-zangar da karfin tsiya, lamarin da ya kai ga kisan kiyashi da tarzoma a tsakiyar babban birnin kasar, Bangkok, inda daruruwan mutane suka mutu.An yi ta yada jita-jita yayin da aka samu baraka a cikin sojojin.A cikin tsoron yakin basasa, Sarki Bhumibol ya shiga tsakani: ya kira Suchinda da Chamlong zuwa ga masu sauraron talabijin, kuma ya bukace su da su bi mafita ta lumana.Wannan taron ya haifar da murabus din Suchinda.
1997 Jan 1 - 2001

Rikicin Kudi

Thailand
Jim kadan bayan hawansa mulki, firaministan kasar Chavalit ya fuskanci rikicin kudi na Asiya a shekarar 1997. Bayan da aka yi masa kakkausar suka kan yadda ya tafiyar da rikicin, Chavilit ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1997 kuma Chuan ya koma kan karagar mulki.Chuan ya cimma yarjejeniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya wanda ya daidaita kudin kuma ya ba da damar shiga tsakani na IMF kan farfado da tattalin arzikin Thailand.Sabanin tarihin da kasar ta taba fuskanta a baya, an shawo kan rikicin ne ta hannun farar hula a karkashin tsarin dimokuradiyya.A lokacin zaben 2001 Yarjejeniyar Chuan da IMF da kuma amfani da kudaden allura don bunkasa tattalin arziki ya haifar da babbar muhawara, yayin da manufofin Thaksin suka ja hankalin jama'a masu zabe.Thaksin ya yi yakin neman zabe yadda ya kamata a kan tsohuwar siyasa, cin hanci da rashawa, manyan laifuffuka, da kwayoyi.A watan Janairun 2001 ya samu gagarumar nasara a rumfunan zabe, inda ya samu babban matsayi (40%) fiye da kowane firaministan kasar Thailand da ya taba samu a zaben majalisar dokokin kasar.
Thaksin Shinawatra Period
Thaksin a 2005. ©Helene C. Stikkel
2001 Jan 1

Thaksin Shinawatra Period

Thailand
Jam'iyyar Thaksin ta Thai Rak Thai ta hau kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar babban zabe a shekara ta 2001, inda ta samu rinjaye kusan a majalisar wakilai.A matsayinsa na firaministan kasar, Thaksin ya kaddamar da wani dandali na tsare-tsare, wanda aka fi sani da "Thaksinomics", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan inganta amfanin cikin gida da samar da jari musamman ga mazauna karkara.Ta hanyar cika alkawuran zabuka, gami da manufofin jama'a irin su aikin Samfur Daya Tambon daya da kuma tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya na baht 30, gwamnatinsa ta samu amincewa sosai, musamman yadda tattalin arzikin kasar ya farfado daga illar rikicin kudi na Asiya a shekarar 1997.Thaksin ya zama firayim minista na farko da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokuradiyya da ya kammala wa'adin mulki na shekaru hudu, kuma Thai Rak Thai ya samu gagarumin rinjaye a babban zaben shekara ta 2005.[77]Duk da haka, mulkin Thaksin shi ma ya sami sabani.Ya rungumi tsarin “Sarkin Shugabanci” mai iko wajen gudanar da mulki, daidaita madafun iko da kara shisshigi a cikin ayyukan hukuma.Yayin da kundin tsarin mulki na 1997 ya tanadi samar da kwanciyar hankali na gwamnati, Thaksin kuma ya yi amfani da tasirinsa wajen kawar da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da aka tsara don zama masu dubawa da daidaitawa ga gwamnati.Ya yi barazana ga masu suka tare da amfani da kafafen yada labarai wajen daukar sharhi mai kyau kawai.Haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya ya tabarbare, tare da "yaƙin ƙwayoyi" wanda ya haifar da kisan gilla fiye da 2,000.Thaksin ya mayar da martani ga tashe tashen hankula na Kudancin Thailand tare da hanyar da ta dace sosai, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar tashin hankali.[78]Adawar jama'a ga gwamnatin Thaksin ta sami ci gaba sosai a cikin Janairu 2006, wanda ya haifar da siyar da hannun jarin dangin Thaksin a Shin Corporation ga Temasek Holdings.Wata kungiya da aka fi sani da People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) karkashin jagorancin hamshakin attajirin yada labarai Sondhi Limthongkul, ta fara gudanar da taruka na yau da kullun, tana zargin Thaksin da cin hanci da rashawa.Yayin da kasar ta fada cikin rikicin siyasa, Thaksin ya rusa majalisar wakilai, kuma an gudanar da babban zabe a watan Afrilu.Sai dai jam'iyyun adawa karkashin jam'iyyar Democrat sun kauracewa zaben.Jam'iyyar PAD ta ci gaba da zanga-zangar, kuma ko da yake Thai Rak Thai ne ya lashe zaben, kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta soke sakamakon sakamakon sauya tsarin rumfunan zabe.An shirya sabon zabe a watan Oktoba, kuma Thaksin ya ci gaba da zama shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya yayin da kasar ke bikin murnar zagayowar lu'u-lu'u na sarki Bhumibol a ranar 9 ga Yuni 2006. [79]
2006 juyin mulkin Thai
Sojojin Royal Thai Army a kan titunan Bangkok a washegarin juyin mulkin. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2006 Sep 19

2006 juyin mulkin Thai

Thailand
A ranar 19 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2006, sojojin Royal Thai a karkashin Janar Sonthi Boonyaratglin suka yi juyin mulki ba tare da jini ba tare da hambarar da gwamnatin rikon kwarya.Juyin mulkin ya samu karbuwa sosai daga masu zanga-zangar kin jinin Thaksin, kuma PAD ta wargaza kanta.Shugabannin juyin mulkin sun kafa gwamnatin soji mai suna Council for Democratic Reform, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Council for National Security.Ta soke kundin tsarin mulkin 1997, ta fitar da kundin tsarin mulkin rikon kwarya sannan ta nada gwamnatin wucin gadi tare da tsohon kwamandan sojojin kasar Janar Surayud Chulanont a matsayin firaminista.Har ila yau, ta nada Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa da za ta yi aiki da ayyukan majalisa da Majalisar Tsarin Tsarin Mulki don ƙirƙirar sabon kundin tsarin mulki.An fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin a watan Agustan 2007 bayan kuri'ar raba gardama.[80]A yayin da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya fara aiki, an gudanar da babban zabe a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007. Tun da farko dai an rusa Thailand da jam'iyyu biyu na kawance sakamakon wani hukunci da kotun tsarin mulkin da aka nada a watan Mayu, ta same su da laifin zaben. zamba, kuma an hana shugabannin jam’iyyarsu shiga harkokin siyasa na tsawon shekaru biyar.Tsofaffin mambobin Thai Rak Thai sun sake haduwa tare da fafatawa a zaben a matsayin jam'iyyar People's Power Party (PPP), tare da fitaccen dan siyasa Samak Sundaravej a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar.Jam'iyyar PPP ta samu kuri'u na magoya bayan Thaksin, ta lashe zaben da kusan mafi rinjaye, sannan ta kafa gwamnati tare da Samak a matsayin Firayim Minista.[80]
Rikicin Siyasar Thai 2008
Masu zanga-zangar PAD a gidan gwamnati a ranar 26 ga Agusta ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2008 Jan 1

Rikicin Siyasar Thai 2008

Thailand
Gwamnatin Samak ta himmatu wajen yin gyara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2007, saboda haka PAD ta sake haduwa a watan Mayun 2008 don gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati.Hukumar ta PAD ta zargi gwamnatin kasar da yunkurin yin afuwa ga Thaksin, wanda ke fuskantar tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa.Har ila yau, ta tayar da batutuwa tare da tallafin gwamnati na ƙaddamar da Haikali na Preah Vihear don matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na Cambodia.Wannan ya haifar da kumburin rikicin kan iyaka da Cambodia , wanda daga baya ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa.A cikin watan Agusta, PAD ta kara zafafa zanga-zangar da ta mamaye gidan gwamnati tare da mamaye gidan gwamnati, lamarin da ya tilastawa jami'an gwamnati kaura zuwa ofisoshin wucin gadi tare da mayar da kasar cikin rikicin siyasa.A halin da ake ciki, Kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta sami Samak da laifin cin hanci da rashawa saboda aikin da ya yi na shirin dafa abinci a gidan talabijin, inda ya kawo karshen mukaminsa na farko a watan Satumba.Majalisar ta kuma zabi mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar PPP Somchai Wongsawat a matsayin sabon firaminista.Somchai surukin Thaksin ne, kuma PAD ta ki amincewa da zabensa, ta ci gaba da zanga-zangar.[81]Da yake zaune a gudun hijira tun bayan juyin mulkin, Thaksin ya koma Thailand ne a watan Fabrairun 2008 ne kawai bayan da jam'iyyar PPP ta hau mulki.Ko da yake a watan Agusta, yayin zanga-zangar PAD da kuma shari'ar sa da matarsa, Thaksin da matarsa ​​Potjaman sun tsallake rijiya da baya tare da neman mafaka a Burtaniya, lamarin da ya ki amincewa.Daga baya an same shi da laifin cin zarafi wajen taimaka wa Potjaman ya sayi fili a kan titin Ratchadaphisek, kuma a watan Oktoba kotun koli ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari.[82]Hukumar ta PAD ta kara tsananta zanga-zangar ta a watan Nuwamba, lamarin da ya tilasta rufe dukkan filayen jiragen sama na kasa da kasa na Bangkok.Jim kadan bayan haka, a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta rusa jam’iyyar PPP da wasu jam’iyyu biyu na hadin gwiwa saboda magudin zabe, wanda ya kawo karshen shugabancin Somchai.[83 <>] Daga nan ne jam'iyyar adawa ta Democrat ta kafa sabuwar gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa, tare da Abhisit Vejjajiva a matsayin firayim minista.[84]
Juyin mulkin Thai 2014
Sojojin Thai a kofar Chang Phueak a Chiang Mai. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2014 May 22

Juyin mulkin Thai 2014

Thailand
A ranar 22 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2014 ne rundunar sojojin kasar Thailand karkashin jagorancin Janar Prayut Chan-o-cha, kwamandan rundunar sojojin kasar ta Royal Thai Army (RTA), suka kaddamar da juyin mulkin, wanda shi ne karo na 12 tun bayan juyin mulkin farko da aka yi a kasar a shekarar 1932. gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Thailand, bayan watanni shida na rikicin siyasa.[85] Sojoji sun kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja mai suna National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) don gudanar da al'umma.Juyin mulkin dai ya kawo karshen rikicin siyasa tsakanin gwamnatin mulkin soja da mulkin dimokuradiyya, wanda ya kasance tun bayan juyin mulkin kasar Thailand a shekara ta 2006 da aka fi sani da ‘juyin mulkin da ba a gama ba’.[86] Shekaru 7 bayan haka, ta haɓaka cikin zanga-zangar Thai ta 2020 don sake fasalin masarautar Thailand.Bayan rusa gwamnati da majalisar dattawa, NCPO ta baiwa shugabanta ikon zartarwa da na majalisa tare da umurci bangaren shari’a ya yi aiki a karkashin umarninta.Bugu da kari, wani bangare ya soke kundin tsarin mulki na 2007, sai dai babi na biyu wanda ya shafi sarki, [87] ya ayyana dokar ta-baci da dokar hana fita a fadin kasar, da haramta taron siyasa, kamawa da tsare 'yan siyasa da masu fafutukar juyin mulki, sanya takunkumin Intanet da kuma kwace iko da shi. kafafen yada labarai.NCPO ta fitar da kundin tsarin mulki na wucin gadi wanda ya ba wa kanta afuwa da cikakken iko.[88 <] > NCPO kuma ta kafa majalisar dokoki ta ƙasa da sojoji suka mamaye wanda daga baya suka zaɓi Janar Prayut gaba ɗaya a matsayin sabon firaministan ƙasar.[89]
Mutuwar Bhumibol Adulyadej
Sarki Bhumibol Adulyadej ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
2016 Oct 13

Mutuwar Bhumibol Adulyadej

Thailand
Sarkin Thailand Bhumibol Adulyadej ya rasu yana da shekaru 88 a duniya a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoban 2016, bayan ya sha fama da rashin lafiya.Daga baya aka sanar da zaman makoki na tsawon shekara guda.An gudanar da bikin kona gawar sarki sama da kwanaki biyar a karshen watan Oktoban 2017. An gudanar da gawarwakin gawarwakin da ba a watsa ta a talabijin ba a yammacin ranar 26 ga watan Oktoban 2017. Bayan kona gawarwakinsa da toka aka kai shi babban fadar. kuma an sanya su a zauren Al'arshi na Chakri Maha Phasat (ragowar sarauta), makabartar sarauta a Wat Ratchabophit da Wat Bowonniwet Vihara Royal Temple (toka na sarauta).Bayan jana'izar, an kawo karshen zaman makoki a hukumance da tsakar daren 30 ga Oktoba, 2017 kuma 'yan Thais sun dawo sanye da launuka daban-daban banda baki a bainar jama'a.

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

Physical Geography of Thailand


Physical Geography of Thailand
Physical Geography of Thailand




APPENDIX 2

Military, monarchy and coloured shirts


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APPENDIX 3

A Brief History of Coups in Thailand


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APPENDIX 4

The Economy of Thailand: More than Tourism?


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APPENDIX 5

Thailand's Geographic Challenge


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Footnotes



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