Kingdom of Lanna ©HistoryMaps

1292 - 1899

Masarautar Lanna

Masarautar Lanna, wacce kuma aka fi sani da "Mulkin Filin Shinkafa Miliyan", wata ƙasa ceta Indiyawa wacce ke tsakiyar Arewacin Thailand a yau daga ƙarni na 13 zuwa 18.Ci gaban al'adun mutanen Arewacin Thai ya faro tun kafin lokacin da masarautu masu zuwa suka gabaci Lan Na.A matsayin ci gaban daular Ngoenyang, Lan Na ya fito da karfi sosai a karni na 15 don ya fafatawa da Masarautar Ayutthaya, wadda aka gwabza yaki da ita.Duk da haka, Masarautar Lan Na ta yi rauni kuma ta zama jihar daular Taungoo a shekara ta 1558. Sarakunan vassal da suka biyo baya sun yi sarautar Lan Na, kodayake wasu sun sami yancin kai.A hankali mulkin Burma ya janye amma sai ya ci gaba yayin da sabuwar Daular Konbaung ta fadada tasirinta.A cikin 1775, shugabannin Lan Na sun bar ikon Burmese don shiga Siam, wanda ya kai ga Yaƙin Burmese-Siamese (1775-76).Bayan ja da baya na sojojin Burma, ikon Burma a kan Lan Na ya zo ƙarshe.Siam, karkashin Sarki Taksin na Masarautar Thonburi, ta sami iko da Lan Na a shekara ta 1776. Daga nan ne Lan Na ta zama jihar Siam a karkashin daular Chakri da ta gaje shi.A cikin rabin karshen shekarun 1800, jihar Siamese ta wargaza 'yancin kai na Lan Na, tare da shigar da ita cikin sabuwar kasar Siamese.^[1] Tun daga 1874, jihar Siamese ta sake tsara Masarautar Lan Na a matsayin Monthon Phayap, wanda aka kawo ƙarƙashin ikon Siam kai tsaye.^[2] Masarautar Lan Na ta zama ta tsakiya ta hanyar tsarin mulkin Siamese thesaphiban da aka kafa a 1899. ^[3] A 1909, Masarautar Lan Na ba ta wanzu a hukumance a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, yayin da Siam ta kammala shata iyakokinta da Birtaniya da Faransa .^[4]

1259 - 1441

Foundation ornament

Sarki Mangrai & Gidauniyar Masarautar Lanna

Sarki Mangrai ©Anonymous

1259 Jan 2

Sarki Mangrai & Gidauniyar Masarautar Lanna

Chiang Rai, Thailand

Sarki Mangrai, mai mulki na 25 na Ngoenyang (yanzu ana kiransa Chiang Saen), ya zama babban jigo wajen haɗa jihohin Tai daban-daban a yankin Lanna.Bayan ya gaji sarautar a shekara ta 1259, ya gane rashin haɗin kai da raunin jihohin Tai.Don ƙarfafa mulkinsa, Mangrai ya ci yankuna da dama da ke makwabtaka da su, ciki har da Muang Lai, Chiang Kham, da Chiang Khong.Ya kuma kulla kawance da masarautu na kusa, kamar Masarautar Phayao.A cikin 1262, Mangrai ya canza babban birninsa daga Ngoenyang zuwa sabon birnin Chiang Rai, wanda ya sanya wa sunansa suna.^[5] Kalmar 'Chiang' tana nufin 'birni' a cikin Thai, don haka Chiang Rai yana nufin 'Birnin (Mang) Rai'.Ya ci gaba da fadada shi zuwa kudu kuma ya mallaki daular Mon na Hariphunchai (yanzu Lamphun) a cikin 1281. A cikin shekaru, Mangrai ya canza babban birninsa sau da yawa saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar ambaliya.Daga karshe ya zauna a Chiang Mai a shekara ta 1292.A lokacin mulkinsa, Mangrai ya taka rawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin shugabannin yankin.A cikin 1287, ya shiga tsakani tsakanin sarki Ngam Muang na Phayao da Sarkin Sukhothai Ram Khamhaeng, wanda ya kai ga kulla yarjejeniya mai karfi tsakanin sarakunan uku.^[5] Amma burinsa bai tsaya nan ba.Mangrai ya koyi game da dukiyar Masarautar Mon na Haripunchai daga ziyartar yan kasuwa.Duk da shawarar da aka ba shi, ya shirya ya cinye ta.Maimakon yaki kai tsaye, sai da wayo ya aika wani dan kasuwa mai suna Ai Fa ya kutsa cikin masarautar.Ai Fa ya hau mulki ya tada masarautu daga ciki.A shekara ta 1291, Mangrai ya sami nasarar haɗa Haripunchai, wanda ya sa sarki na ƙarshe, Yi Ba, ya tsere zuwa Lampang.^[5]

Foundation of Chiang Mai ©Anonymous

1296 Jan 1

Gidauniyar Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Bayan ya ci daular Hariphunchai, Sarki Mangrai ya kafa Wiang Kum Kam a matsayin sabon babban birninsa a shekara ta 1294, dake gabashin kogin Ping.Sai dai saboda yawaitar ambaliya, ya yanke shawarar matsar da babban birnin kasar.Ya zaɓi wani wuri kusa da Doi Suthep, inda wani tsohon garin mutanen Lua ya taɓa tsayawa.A shekara ta 1296, an fara gini a Chiang Mai, ma'ana "Sabon Birni", wanda ya kasance babban babban birni a yankin arewa tun daga lokacin.Sarki Mangrai ya kafa Chiang Mai a shekara ta 1296, inda ya mai da ita cibiyar tsakiyar masarautar Lan Na.A karkashin mulkinsa, yankin Lan Na ya faɗaɗa ya haɗa da yankunan arewacin Thailand a yau, tare da wasu kaɗan.Har ila yau, mulkinsa ya ga tasiri a yankuna a Arewacin Vietnam , Arewacin Laos , da yankin Sipsongbanna a Yunnan, wanda shine mahaifar mahaifiyarsa.Duk da haka, zaman lafiya ya katse lokacin da sarki Boek na Lampang, dan Sarkin Yi Ba, ya kaddamar da hari a Chiang Mai.A cikin wani gagarumin yaƙi, ɗan Mangrai, Yarima Khram, ya fuskanci sarki Boek a cikin giwa a kusa da Lamphun.Yarima Khram ya samu nasara, wanda ya tilastawa sarki Boek ja da baya.Daga baya an kama Boek a lokacin da yake kokarin tserewa ta tsaunin Doi Khun Tan kuma aka kashe shi.Bayan wannan nasara, sojojin Mangrai sun karbe iko da Lampang, inda suka tura sarki Yi Ba ya sake komawa kudu zuwa Phitsanulok.

Lanna Succession Crisis ©Anonymous

1311 Jan 1 - 1355

Rikicin Nasara Lanna

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

A cikin 1311, bayan mutuwar Sarki Mangrai, dansa na biyu Grama, wanda aka fi sani da Khun Hham, ya hau gadon sarauta.Duk da haka, rikice-rikice na cikin gida sun taso lokacin da ƙaramin ɗan Mangrai ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗauki rawanin, wanda ya haifar da gwagwarmayar iko da canji a manyan wurare.Daga ƙarshe, Saen Phu, ɗan Grama, ya kafa Chiang Saen a matsayin sabon birni a wajajen shekara ta 1325. Bayan jerin gajerun mulki, Pha Yu, jikan Saen Phu ya mayar da babban birnin zuwa Chiang Mai.Pha Yu ya ƙarfafa Chiang Mai kuma ya ƙaddamar da ginin Wat Phra Singh a cikin 1345 don girmama mahaifinsa, Sarki Kham Fu.Ginin haikalin, wanda asalin sunansa Wat Lichiang Phra, ya faɗaɗa cikin shekaru tare da ƙari da yawa sassa.

Kuena ©Anonymous

1355 Jan 1 - 1385

Quena

Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep, Suthe

Iyalin Mengrai sun ci gaba da jagorantar Lanna sama da ƙarni biyu.Yayin da da yawa daga cikinsu ke mulki daga Chiang Mai, wasu sun zaɓi zama a tsoffin manyan biranen da Mangrai ya kafa.Manyan sarakuna daga wannan zuriyar sun haɗa da Kuena, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1355-1385, da Tilokraj daga 1441-1487.Ana tunawa da su saboda gudunmawar da suka bayar ga al'adun Lanna, musamman wajen gina kyawawan gidajen ibada na Buddha da kuma abubuwan tunawa da ke nuna salon Lanna na musamman.^[6] Littafin Chiang Mai Tarihi ya kwatanta Sarki Kuena a matsayin shugaba mai adalci kuma mai hikima da ya sadaukar da addinin Buddah.Ya kuma yi ilimi mai yawa a fannoni da dama.Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa shine stupa mai lullube da zinariya a Wat Pra That Doi Suthep, wanda aka gina a kan dutse don gina wani abu na musamman na Buddha.Wannan haikalin ya kasance muhimmiyar alama ga Chiang Mai a yau.

Period of Peace in Lanna ©Anonymous

1385 Jan 1 - 1441

Zaman Lafiya a Lanna

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

A karkashin jagorancin Saenmuengma (wanda sunansa yana nufin birane dubu goma sun isa - don biyan haraji) Lan Na ya sami lokacin zaman lafiya.Duk da haka, akwai wani sanannen yunkurin tawaye daga kawun nasa, Prince Maha Prommatat.Neman tallafi, Maha Prommatat ya kai ga Ayutthaya.A mayar da martani, Borommaracha I daga Ayutthaya ya aika da sojoji zuwa Lan Na, amma aka mayar da su.Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka gwabza fada tsakanin sojoji da yankunan biyu.Daga baya, Lan Na kuma dole ne ya kare kansa daga mamayewar daular Ming da ta kunno kai a lokacin mulkin Sam Fang Kaen.

Ming Invasion of Lanna ©Anonymous

1405 Dec 27

Ming mamayewa na Lanna

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

A farkon shekarun 1400, sarki Yongle na daular Ming ya mai da hankali kan fadada Yunnan.A shekara ta 1403, ya samu nasarar kafa sansanonin soji a Tengchong da Yongchang, inda ya aza harsashin yin tasiri a yankunan Tai.Tare da wannan faɗaɗa, ofisoshin gudanarwa da yawa sun bazu a Yunnan da kewaye.Duk da haka, lokacin da yankunan Tai suka nuna tsayin daka ga mamayar Ming, an yi ta fafatawa.Lan Na, wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Tai, yana da ikonsa a kewayen Chiang Rai a arewa maso gabas da Chiang Mai a kudu maso yamma.Kafa da Ming ta kafa kwamitocin "Sojoji-cum-Civilian Pacification Commissions" guda biyu a Lan Na ya nuna ra'ayinsu game da mahimmancin Chiang Rai-Chiang Saen, daidai da Chiang Mai.^[15]Muhimmin taron ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1405. A cewar Lan Na da ake zargin cewa ya kawo cikas ga wata manufa ta Ming zuwa Assam,Sinawa , da goyon bayan abokan Sipsong Panna, Hsenwi, Keng Tung, da Sukhothai, suka mamaye.Sun yi nasarar kame yankuna masu mahimmanci, ciki har da Chiang Saen, wanda ya tilasta Lan Na mika wuya.Bayan haka, daular Ming ta sanya magatakarda na kasar Sin a cikin "ofisoshin 'yan kasa" na Yunnan da Lan Na don gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa da tabbatar da muradun Ming.Waɗannan ofisoshin suna da wajibai kamar samar da zinariya da azurfa maimakon aiki da kuma samar da sojoji don sauran ayyukan Ming.Bayan haka, Chiang Mai ya zama mai iko a Lan Na, wanda ya ba da sanarwar wani lokaci na haɗin kan siyasa.^[16]

1441 - 1495

Golden Age na Lanna ornament

Fadada ƙarƙashin Tilokkarat. ©Anonymous

1441 Jan 2 - 1487

Tillokkarat

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Tilokkarat, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1441 zuwa 1487, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan jagororin masarautar Lan Na.Ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1441 bayan ya hambarar da mahaifinsa, Sam Fang Kaen.Wannan canjin wutar lantarki ba shi da santsi;Ɗan'uwan Tilokkarat, Thau Choi, ya tayar masa, yana neman taimako daga masarautar Ayutthaya .Duk da haka, shiga tsakani na Ayutthaya a shekara ta 1442 bai yi nasara ba, kuma an dakatar da tawayen Thau Choi.Da yake fadada yankinsa, Tilokkarat daga baya ya hade daular Payao da ke makwabtaka da ita a cikin 1456.Dangantaka tsakanin Lan Na da masarautar Ayutthaya mai tasowa ta yi tsami, musamman bayan da Ayutthaya ya goyi bayan boren Thau Choi.Tashin hankali ya kara tsananta a cikin 1451 lokacin da Yutthitthira, wani sarki mara kunya daga Sukhothai, ya haɗa kansa da Tilokkarat kuma ya rinjaye shi ya kalubalanci Trailokanat na Ayutthaya.Wannan ya haifar da Yaƙin Ayutthaya-Lan Na, wanda aka fi mai da hankali kan kwarin Upper Chao Phraya, a baya Masarautar Sukhothai.A cikin shekaru, yakin ya ga canje-canje a yankuna daban-daban, ciki har da biyayyar da gwamnan Chaliang ya yi ga Tilokkarat.Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1475, bayan fuskantar kalubale da dama, Tilokkarat ya nemi sulhu.Baya ga kokarinsa na soja, Tilokkarat ya kasance mai goyon bayan addinin Buddah na Theravada.A cikin 1477, ya dauki nauyin babban majalisar addinin Buddah kusa da Chiang Mai don dubawa da tattara Tripitaka, rubutun addini na tsakiya.Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin ginawa da kuma maido da manyan haikali da yawa.Da yake kara fadada yankunan Lan Na, Tilokkarat ya fadada tasirinsa zuwa yamma, yana hada yankuna kamar Laihka, Hsipaw, Mong Nai, da Yawnghwe.

Majalisar Buddhist ta Duniya ta takwas ©Anonymous

1477 Jan 1 - 1

Majalisar Buddhist ta Duniya ta takwas

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Majalisar Buddah ta Duniya ta takwas ta gudana a Mahābodhārāma, Chiang Mai, inda ta mai da hankali kan nazarin nassosi da koyarwar addinin Buddah ta Theravada.Mahathera Dhammadinnā daga Tālavana Mahāvihāra (Wat Pā Tān) ne ya kula da taron kuma Sarkin Lan Na, Tilokkarat ya tallafa masa.Wannan majalisa tana da mahimmanci yayin da ta gyara rubutun rubutun Thai Pali Canon tare da fassara shi zuwa rubutun Lan Na.^[7]

Sarautar Sarki Yotchiangrai. ©Anonymous

1487 Jan 1 - 1495

Yotchiangra

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Yotchiangrai ya zama sarki bayan rasuwar kakansa, Sarki Tilokkarat, a shekara ta 1487. Shi jikan Sarki Tilokkarat ne da ake girmamawa kuma ya hau gadon sarauta bayan yarinta.An kashe mahaifinsa ne saboda zargin rashin aminci.^[8] A lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru takwas, ^[9] Yotchiangrai ya gina haikalin Wat Chedi Chet Yot don girmama kakansa.^[9] Duk da haka, lokacinsa na sarki bai kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ba, saboda yana fuskantar rikici da masarautun makwabta, musamman Ayutthaya .A shekara ta 1495, ko dai saboda zabinsa ko kuma matsin lamba na wasu, ya sauka, ya ba dansa mai shekaru 13 hanya.^[10]Mulkinsa, tare da mulkin kakansa da ɗansa, ana ɗaukarsa "Golden Age" na masarautar Lan Na.^[11] Wannan zamanin an yi masa alama da haɓakar fasaha da koyo.Chiang Mai ya zama cibiyar fasahar Buddha, yana samar da mutum-mutumi na Buddha na musamman da zane a wurare kamar Wai Pa Po, Wat Rampoeng, da Wat Phuak Hong.^[12] Baya ga mutum-mutumi na dutse, lokacin kuma ya ga fasahar tagulla na Buddha.^[13] An kuma yi amfani da wannan ƙwarewa a cikin tagulla wajen ƙirƙirar allunan dutse waɗanda ke nuna gudummawar sarauta da sanarwa mai mahimmanci.^[14]

Decline of Lanna Kingdom ©Anonymous

1507 Jan 1 - 1558

Raba Masarautar Lanna

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Bayan mulkin Tilokkarat, masarautar Lan Na ta fuskanci rigingimu na cikin gida wanda ya raunana karfinta na kare kai daga makwabciyarta.Shans, sau ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ikon Lan Na wanda Tilokkarat ya kafa, sun sami 'yancin kai.Paya Kaew, jikan Tilokkarat kuma daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Lan Na na karshe, ya yi yunkurin mamaye Ayutthaya a shekara ta 1507 amma aka kore shi.A shekara ta 1513, Ramathibodi II na Ayutthaya ya kori Lampang, kuma a cikin 1523, Lan Na ya rasa tasirinsa a jihar Kengtung saboda gwagwarmayar iko.Sarki Ketklao, ɗan Kaew, ya fuskanci tashin hankali a lokacin sarautarsa.Ɗansa Thau Sai Kam ya hambare shi a shekara ta 1538, aka maido da shi a shekara ta 1543, amma ya fuskanci ƙalubale na tunani kuma an kashe shi a shekara ta 1545. Diyarsa, Chiraprapha, ta gaje shi.Duk da haka, tare da Lan Na ya raunana ta hanyar rikici na cikin gida, Ayutthaya da Burma sun ga damar cin nasara.An tilasta wa Chiraprapha ya mai da Lan Na ya zama jihar Ayutthaya bayan mamayewa da yawa.A cikin 1546, Chiraprapha ya yi murabus, kuma Prince Chaiyasettha na Lan Xang ya zama mai mulki, wanda ke nuna lokacin da Lan Na ke mulkin Laotian sarki.Bayan ya motsa Emerald Buddha mai daraja daga Chiangmai zuwa Luang Prabang, Chaiyasettha ya koma Lan Xang.Sarautar Lan Na ta tafi Mekuti, wani shugaban Shan mai dangantaka da Mangrai.Mulkinsa ya kasance mai kawo rigima, kamar yadda mutane da yawa suka yi imani ya yi watsi da mahimman al'adun Lan Na.Tabarbarewar masarautar ta kasance ne da rigingimu na cikin gida da kuma matsin lamba na waje, wanda ya haifar da raguwar karfinta da tasirinta a yankin.

1538 - 1775

Dokokin Burma ornament

Mulkin Burma na Lanna ©Anonymous

1558 Apr 2

Dokokin Burma

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Burma , karkashin jagorancin Sarki Bayinnaung, sun ci Chiang Mai, inda suka kafa mulkin Burma na shekaru 200 akan Lan Na.Rikici ya taso a kan jihohin Shan, tare da fadada burin Bayinnaung wanda ya kai ga mamaye Lan Na daga arewa.A cikin 1558, Mekuti, mai mulkin Lan Na, ya mika wuya ga Burma a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1558. ^[17]A lokacin Yaƙin Burma – Siamese (1563–64), Mekuti ya yi tawaye tare da ƙarfafawa daga Setthathirat.Duk da haka, sojojin Burma sun kama shi a shekara ta 1564 kuma suka kai shi Pegu, babban birnin Burma a lokacin.Bayinnaung ya nada Wisutthithewi, dan sarautar Lan Na, a matsayin sarauniyar Lan Na bayan mutuwar Mekuti.Daga baya, a cikin 1579, ɗaya daga cikin ƴan Bayinnaung, Nawrahta Minsaw, ^[18] ya zama mataimakiyar Lan Na.Yayin da Lan Na ya ji daɗin 'yancin kai, Burma yana sarrafa aiki da haraji sosai.Bayan zamanin Bayinnaung, daularsa ta wargaje.Siam yayi nasarar yin tawaye (1584–93), wanda ya kai ga rugujewar vassals na Pegu ta 1596–1597.Lan Na, karkashin Nawrahta Minsaw, ya ayyana 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1596 kuma a taƙaice ya zama masarautar Siam ta Sarkin Naresuan a shekara ta 1602. Duk da haka, ikon Siam ya ragu bayan mutuwar Naresuan a 1605, kuma ya zuwa 1614, yana da ikon mallakar Lan Na.Lan Na ya nemi taimako daga Lan Xang maimakon Siam lokacin da Burma ya dawo.^[19] Sama da karni daya bayan 1614, sarakunan vassal na zuriyar Burmese sun yi mulkin Lan Na, duk da ƙoƙarin Siam na tabbatar da iko a 1662-1664, wanda a ƙarshe ya gaza.

Lanna Rebellions ©Anonymous

1727 Jan 1 - 1763

Lanna Tawayen

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

A cikin 1720s, yayin da daular Toungoo ta ragu, canjin iko a yankin Lanna ya kai ga Ong Kham, wani yariman Tai Lue, ya gudu zuwa Chiang Mai kuma daga baya ya bayyana kansa a matsayin sarkinta a 1727. A wannan shekarar, saboda yawan haraji, Chiang Mai. sun yi wa Burma tawaye, inda suka yi nasarar fatattakar sojojinsu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Wannan tawaye ya haifar da rabuwar Lanna, tare da Thipchang ya zama mai mulkin Lampang, yayin da Chiang Mai da Ping Valley suka sami 'yancin kai.^[20]Mulkin Thipchang a Lampang ya ci gaba har zuwa 1759, sannan ya biyo bayan gwagwarmaya daban-daban na iko, wanda ya shafi zuriyarsa da kuma shiga cikin Burma.Burma ya karbe iko da Lampang a shekara ta 1764 kuma, bayan rasuwar Abaya Kamani, gwamnan Burma na Chiang Mai, Thado Mindin ya karbi mulki.Ya yi aiki wajen mayar da Lanna cikin al'adun Burma, ya rage ikon manyan Lanna na gida, kuma ya yi amfani da garkuwar siyasa, kamar Chaikaew, don tabbatar da aminci da iko a yankin.A tsakiyar karni na 18, Chiang Mai ya sake zama wani yanki na daular Burma mai tasowa kuma ya fuskanci wani tawaye a 1761. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga Burma yana amfani da yankin Lan Na a matsayin wata dabara don ci gaba da mamaye yankunan Laotian da Siam.Duk da ƙoƙarin farko na samun 'yancin kai a farkon karni na 18, Lanna, musamman Chiang Mai, ta fuskanci mamayar Burma.A shekara ta 1763, bayan da aka dade ana yi masa kawanya, Chiang Mai ya fada hannun Burma, wanda ke nuna wani zamanin mulkin Burma a yankin.

1775

Siamese Suzerainty ornament

1775 Jan 15

Yaƙin Siamese na Lanna

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

A farkon shekarun 1770, bayan samun nasarar soja a kan Siam daChina , Burma sun kasance da karfin gwiwa sosai kuma mulkin yankinsu ya kasance mai girman kai da danniya.Wannan hali, musamman daga gwamnan Burma Thado Mindin a Chiang Mai, ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi.A sakamakon haka, tawaye ya barke a Lan Na, kuma tare da taimakon Siamese, Kawila na Lampang ya yi nasarar hambarar da mulkin Burma a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1775. Wannan ya kawo karshen mulkin Burma na shekaru 200 a yankin.Bayan wannan nasara, an nada Kawila a matsayin yariman Lampang kuma Phaya Chaban ya zama yariman Chiang Mai, dukansu suna aiki a karkashin mulkin Siamese.A watan Janairun 1777, sabon sarkin Burma mai suna Singu Min, wanda ya kuduri aniyar kwato yankunan Lanna, ya tura dakaru 15,000 don kwace Chiang Mai.Da yake fuskantar wannan runduna, Phaya Chaban, tare da dakaru masu iyaka a wurinsa, ya zabi ya bar Chiang Mai ya koma kudu zuwa Tak.Daga nan ne Burma ya ci gaba zuwa Lampang, lamarin da ya sa shugabanta Kawila shi ma ya ja da baya.Sai dai yayin da sojojin Burma suka janye, Kawila ya yi nasarar mayar da iko da Lampang, yayin da Phaya Chaban ya fuskanci matsaloli.Chiang Mai, bayan rikicin, ya kwanta a kango.Garin ya kasance ba kowa, tare da tarihin Lanna yana zana hoto mai haske na yanayin da ke maido da yankinsa: "Bishiyar daji da namun daji sun yi ikirarin birnin".Shekaru na yakin basasa ya yi mummunar illa ga al'ummar Lanna, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin koma baya yayin da mazauna ko dai suka halaka ko kuma suka gudu zuwa wurare masu aminci.Lampang, duk da haka, ya fito a matsayin kariya ta farko a kan Burma.Sai bayan shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, a cikin 1797, Kawila na Lampang ya dauki aikin farfado da Chiang Mai, tare da maido da ita a matsayin yankin zuciyar Lanna da kuma katangar yaki da mamayar Burma.

Kawila, wanda asalinsa ne sarkin Lampang, ya zama sarkin Chiang Mai a shekara ta 1797 kuma an nada shi Sarkin Chiang Mai a shekara ta 1802 a matsayin mai mulkin vassal.Kawila ya taka rawar gani wajen mika Lanna daga Burma zuwa Siam da kuma kare kai daga mamayar Burma. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1797 Jan 1 - 1816

Sake Gina Lanna

Kengtung, Myanmar (Burma)

Bayan sake kafa Chiang Mai a cikin 1797, Kawila, tare da sauran shugabannin Lanna, sun ɗauki dabarar "saka kayan lambu a cikin kwanduna, sanya mutane cikin garuruwa" ^[21] don haifar da rikici da ƙarfafa ƙarancin ma'aikata.Don sake ginawa, shugabanni kamar Kawila sun ƙaddamar da manufofi don sake tsugunar da mutane daga yankunan da ke kewaye da su cikin Lanna.A shekara ta 1804, kawar da tasirin Burma ya ba wa shugabannin Lanna damar fadadawa, kuma sun yi niyya ga yankuna kamar Kengtung da Chiang Hung Sipsongbanna don yakinsu.Manufar ba kawai cin yankuna ba ne, har ma don sake mamaye ƙasashensu da aka lalatar.Wannan ya haifar da manyan matsugunai, tare da yawan jama'a, kamar Tai Khuen daga Kengtung, an ƙaura zuwa yankuna kamar Chiang Mai da Lamphun.Yaƙin arewacin Lanna ya ƙare da 1816 bayan mutuwar Kawila.An yi imanin cewa an ƙaura tsakanin mutane 50,000 zuwa 70,000 a wannan lokacin, ^[21] kuma waɗannan mutane, saboda kamanceceniyar harshe da al'adu, an ɗauke su wani yanki na 'yankin al'adun Lanna'.

Inthawichayanon (r. 1873–1896), sarki na ƙarshe na Chiang Mai mai cin gashin kansa.Ana kiran sunan Doi Inthanon. ©Chiang Mai Art and Culture Centre

1802 Jan 1 - 1899

Masarautar Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Masarautar Rattanatingsa, wacce aka fi sani da Masarautar Chiang Mai, ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙarƙashin masarautar Siamese Rattanakosin a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19.Daga baya aka shigar da ita saboda sauye-sauyen da aka yi na Chulalongkorn a cikin 1899. Wannan masarauta ta gaji tsohuwar daular Lanna, wadda Burma ta mamaye tsawon karni biyu har sai da sojojin Siamese karkashin jagorancin Taksin na Thonburi, suka kwace ta a 1774. Daular Thipchak. ta mallaki wannan daula, kuma ta kasance mai gadin Thonburi .

1815 Jan 1

Vassalage zuwa Bangkok

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

Bayan mutuwar sarki Kawila a shekara ta 1815, ƙanensa Thammalangka ya zama sarkin Chiang Mai.Koyaya, ba a ba wa sarakunan da suka biyo baya lakabin "sarki" ba amma a maimakon haka sun sami babban matsayi na Phraya daga kotun Bangkok.Tsarin jagoranci a Lanna ya kasance na musamman: Chiang Mai, Lampang, da Lamphun kowanne yana da mai mulki daga daular Chetton, tare da mai mulkin Chiang Mai mai kula da dukkan sarakunan Lanna.Mubaya'arsu ta kasance ga sarakunan Chakri na Bangkok , kuma Bangkok ne ke sarrafa magajinsa.Waɗannan sarakunan sun sami 'yancin kai sosai a yankunansu.Khamfan ya gaji Thammalangka a cikin 1822, wanda ke nuna farkon rikicin siyasa na cikin gida a cikin daular Chetton.Mulkinsa ya ga sabani da 'yan uwa, ciki har da dan uwansa Khammoon da ɗan'uwansa Duangthip.Mutuwar Khamfan a shekara ta 1825 ya haifar da ƙarin gwagwarmayar iko, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga Putthawong, wani baƙo ga zuriyar farko, ya dauki iko.Mulkinsa ya sami zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali, amma kuma ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga waje, musamman daga turawan Ingila wadanda suka kafa makwabciyar Burma.Tasirin Birtaniyya ya karu bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Anglo-Burmese na farko a 1826. A shekara ta 1834, suna tattaunawa kan matsugunan kan iyaka da Chiang Mai, wadanda aka amince da su ba tare da izinin Bangkok ba.Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga farfaɗowar garuruwan da aka yi watsi da su kamar Chiang Rai da Phayao.Mutuwar Phutthawong a shekara ta 1846 ta kawo Mahawong kan karagar mulki, wanda dole ne ya gudanar da harkokin siyasar cikin gida da kuma ci gaban da Birtaniyya ke yi a yankin.

Sarki Kawilorot Suriyawong (r. 1856 – 1870) na Chiang Mai, wanda Bangkok ke mutunta mulkinsa mai ƙarfi kuma turawan Ingila ba su kau da kai ba. ©Anonymous

1856 Jan 1 - 1870

na tuba

Chiang Mai, Mueang Chiang Mai

A tsakiyar karni na 19, Lanna, karkashin mulkin Sarki Kawilorot Suriyawong da Sarki Mongkut ya nada a shekara ta 1856, ta samu gagarumin sauyi na siyasa da tattalin arziki.Masarautar, wacce aka fi sani da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan teak, ta ga bukatu na Biritaniya , musamman bayan da suka mallaki Lower Burma a 1852. Sarakunan Lanna sun yi amfani da wannan sha'awa, suna ba da hayar filayen daji ga 'yan Burtaniya da Burma .Wannan cinikin katako, duk da haka, yana da rikitarwa ta 1855 Yarjejeniyar Bowring tsakanin Siam da Biritaniya, wacce ta ba da haƙƙin doka ga batutuwan Birtaniyya a Siam.Mahimmancin yarjejeniyar da Lanna ya zama abin cece-kuce, inda Sarki Kawilorot ya tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kansa na Lanna tare da ba da shawarar wata yarjejeniya ta daban da Birtaniya.Tsakanin waɗannan sauye-sauyen yanayin siyasa, Kawilorot kuma ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen yanki.A cikin 1865, ya goyi bayan Kolan, shugaba daga jihar Shan ta Mawkmai, a yakin da ya yi da Monngai ta hanyar aika giwayen yaki.Amma duk da haka, wannan nuna haɗin kai ya mamaye jita-jita na alakar diflomasiyya da Kawilorot da sarkin Burma, wanda hakan ya sa dangantakarsa da Bangkok ta yi tsami.A shekara ta 1869, tashin hankali ya karu yayin da Kawilorot ya aika da sojoji zuwa Mawkmai saboda kin mika wuya ga ikon Chiang Mai.A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, Kolan ya kaddamar da hare-hare a garuruwan Lanna daban-daban.Lamarin dai ya kai ga tafiyar Kawilorot zuwa Bangkok, inda ya fuskanci martani daga dakarun Kolan.Abin takaici, Kawilorot ya mutu a shekara ta 1870 yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta komawa Chiang Mai, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen wannan lokacin na masarautar.

Inthawichayanon (r. 1873–1896), sarki na ƙarshe na Chiang Mai mai cin gashin kansa.Ana kiran sunan Doi Inthanon. ©Chiang Mai Art and Culture Centre

1899 Jan 1

Haɗin Siamese na Lanna

Thailand

A tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, Gwamnatin Burtaniya taIndiya ta sa ido sosai kan yadda ake kula da batutuwan Birtaniyya a cikin Lanna, musamman tare da madaidaicin iyakoki kusa da kogin Salween da ke shafar kasuwancin teak na Burtaniya.Yarjejeniyar Bowring da yarjejeniyoyin Chiangmai da suka biyo baya tsakanin Siam da Biritaniya sun yi ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan matsalolin amma ya ƙare a cikin tsoma bakin Siamese a cikin mulkin Lanna.Wannan tsangwama, yayin da aka yi niyya don ƙarfafa ikon Siam, ya sa dangantakar da ke tsakanin su da Lanna ta yi rauni, wanda ya ga ana lalata ikonsu na gargajiya.A ƙarshen karni na 19, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita Siamese, an maye gurbin tsarin gudanarwa na gargajiya na Lanna a hankali.Tsarin Monthon Thesaphiban, wanda Yarima Damrong ya gabatar, ya canza Lanna daga jihar gamuwa zuwa yankin gudanarwa kai tsaye karkashin Siam.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya shaidi bunkasuwar }ungiyoyin Turai da ke fafutukar neman hakin katako, wanda ya kai ga kafa Sashen dazuzzuka na zamani da Siam ya yi, wanda ya kara rage cin gashin kai na Lanna.A shekara ta 1900, an haɗa Lanna bisa ƙa'ida zuwa cikin Siam a ƙarƙashin tsarin Monthon Phayap, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen ainihin siyasar Lanna.Shekarun da suka biyo baya sun shaida ƴan adawa ga manufofin daidaitawa, kamar Tawayen Shan na Phrae.Sarkin Chiang Mai na ƙarshe, Yarima Kaew Nawarat, ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin ɗan biki.An narkar da tsarin Monthon bayan juyin juya halin Siamese na 1932. Zuriyar sarakunan Lanna na zamani sun karɓi sunan "Na Chiangmai" bayan Dokar Sunan Sarki Vajiravudh ta 1912.

Footnotes

Roy, Edward Van (2017-06-29). Siamese Melting Pot: Ethnic Minorities in the Making of Bangkok. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4762-83-0.
London, Bruce (2019-03-13). Metropolis and Nation In Thailand: The Political Economy of Uneven Development. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-72788-7.
Peleggi, Maurizio (2016-01-11), "Thai Kingdom", The Encyclopedia of Empire, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–11.
Strate, Shane (2016). The lost territories : Thailand's history of national humiliation. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824869717. OCLC 986596797.
Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of south-east Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
Thailand National Committee for World Heritage, 2015.
Patit Paban Mishra (2010). The History of Thailand, p. 42. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-31727-904-4, p. 456.
Stratton, Carol; Scott, Miriam McNair (2004). Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Chicago: Buppha Press. ISBN 978-1-93247-609-5, p. 210.
Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 457.
Lorrillard, Michel (2021). The inscriptions of the Lān Nā and Lān Xāng Kingdoms: Data for a new approach to cross-border history. Globalized Thailand? Connectivity, Conflict and Conundrums of Thai Studies. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books/University Chiang Mai. pp. 21–42, p. 971.
Stratton & Scott 2004, p. 29.
Lorrillard 2021, p. 973.
Lorrillard 2021, p. 976.
Grabowsky, Volker (2010), "The Northern Tai Polity of Lan Na", in Wade, Geoff; Sun, Laichen (eds.), Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century: The China Factor, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, pp. 197–245, ISBN 978-988-8028-48-1, p. 200-210.
Grabowsky (2010), p. 210.
Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-300-08475-7, p. 80.
Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1829]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar, Vol. 3, p. 48.
Hmannan, Vol. 3, pp. 175–181.
Hmannan, Vol. 3, p. 363.
Grabowsky, Volker (1999). Forced Resettlement Campaigns in Northern Thailand during the Early Bangkok Period. Journal of Siamese Society.

References

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