Tarihin California

Misalin ƙaura da aka fi yarda da shi na ƙaura zuwa Sabuwar Duniya shine mutane daga Asiya sun haye gadar Bering ta ƙasa zuwa Amurka kimanin shekaru 16,500 da suka wuce.Ragowar Arlington Springs Man da ke tsibirin Santa Rosa na daga cikin alamun farkon mazaunin, wanda aka yi kwanan watan glaciation na Wisconsin (lokacin kankara na baya-bayan nan) kimanin shekaru 13,000 da suka gabata.Kafin tuntuɓar Turai, wasu ƙabilu ko ƙungiyoyin al'adu 30 sun zauna a ƙasar California a yanzu, waɗanda suka taru zuwa ƙungiyoyin dangi dabam dabam shida.Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da dangin Hokan da suka iso da wuri (suna tashi a cikin tsaunuka mai nisa da nisa da kogin Colorado a kudu) da kuma Uto-Aztecan mai zuwa na hamada kudu maso gabas.Yankin California ya ƙunshi mafi girman yawan jama'ar Amirkawa a arewacin abin da ke yanzu Mexico.Saboda yanayin yanayi da sauƙin samun hanyoyin abinci, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukan ƴan asalin Amirkawa a Amurka suna zaune a yankin California.Mutanen California na farko sun kasance mafarauta, tare da tarin iri ya zama tartsatsi a kusan 9,000 KZ.Saboda yawan abinci a cikin gida, ƙabilun ba su taɓa yin noma ko noma ƙasa ba.Biyu farkon farkon al'adun kudancin California sun haɗa da hadaddun La Jolla da Pauma Complex, duka suna farawa daga c.6050-1000 KZ.Daga 3000 zuwa 2000 KZ, bambance-bambancen yanki ya haɓaka, tare da mutane suna yin daidaitaccen daidaitawa ga yanayin gida.Halayen da aka gane ga kabilun tarihi sun haɓaka ta kusan 500 KZ.Mutanen ’yan asalin sun yi aikin noman dazuzzuka iri-iri a cikin dazuzzuka, filayen ciyayi, gauraye da gandun daji, da dausayi don tabbatar da samar da abinci da shuke-shuken magani.Sun sarrafa wuta a kan ma'auni na yanki don haifar da ƙananan yanayin yanayin wuta;wannan ya hana manyan gobarar bala'i da kuma ci gaba da aikin noma mai ƙarancin yawa a cikin jujjuyawar "daji".Ta hanyar ƙona buroshi da ciyawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun farfado da facin ƙasa kuma suna ba da sabon harbe don jawo hankalin dabbobin abinci.An yi amfani da wani nau'i na noman sandar wuta don share wuraren tsohuwar girma don ƙarfafa sabo a cikin maimaita sake zagayowar;a permaculture.

Kusan 1530, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán (shugaban Sabuwar Spain) wani bawan Indiya na Biranen Bakwai na Cibola ya gaya masa cewa yana da tituna da aka yi da zinariya da azurfa.Kusan lokaci guda Hernán Cortés ya sami sha'awar labarun wata ƙasa mai ban sha'awa mai nisa zuwa arewa maso yamma, wanda matan Amazonish ke zaune kuma suna cike da zinariya, lu'u-lu'u da duwatsu masu daraja.Mutanen Espanya sun zaci cewa waɗannan wurare na iya zama ɗaya kuma iri ɗaya.Wani balaguro a 1533 ya gano bakin ruwa, mai yuwuwa na La Paz, kafin ya fuskanci matsaloli da dawowa.Cortés ya haɗu da balaguro a cikin 1534 da 1535 ba tare da gano garin da ake nema ba.Ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1535, Cortés ya yi iƙirarin "Tsibirin Santa Cruz" (yanzu ana kiransa Baja California Peninsula) kuma ya shimfiɗa kuma ya kafa birnin da zai zama La Paz daga baya a wannan bazara.

A cikin Yuli 1539, Cortés ya aika Francisco de Ulloa don ya tashi zuwa Gulf of California tare da ƙananan jiragen ruwa guda uku.Ya kai bakin kogin Colorado, sannan ya zagaya tekun har zuwa tsibirin Cedros.Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa Baja California yanki ne.A shekara ta gaba, wani balaguro a ƙarƙashin Hernando de Alarcón ya haura ƙananan kogin Colorado don tabbatar da binciken Ulloa.Don haka Alarcón na iya zama farkon wanda ya isa Alta California.Taswirorin Turai da aka buga daga baya a cikin ƙarni na 16, gami da waɗanda Gerardus Mercator da Abraham Ortelius suka yi, sun nuna daidai Baja California a matsayin tsibiri, ko da yake wasu har ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ba su yi ba.Lissafin balaguron balaguro na Ulloa yana nuna aikace-aikacen farko da aka yi rikodin sunan "California".Ana iya gano shi zuwa kashi na biyar na soyayyar chivalric Amadis de Gallia, wanda Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo ya shirya kuma aka fara buga shi a shekara ta 1510, inda wani hali ya bi ta wani tsibiri mai suna "California".

An yi imanin Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo shine Bature na farko da ya fara binciken gabar tekun California.Shi dan Fotigal ne ko kuma Sifen, kodayake ba a san asalinsa ba.Cabrillo ya jagoranci wani balaguro a cikin jiragen ruwa guda biyu na ƙirarsa da gininsa daga gabar tekun yamma na ƙasar Mexiko a yanzu, wanda ya tashi a ƙarshen Yuni 1542. Ya sauka a ranar 28 ga Satumba a San Diego Bay, yana da'awar abin da yake tsammani shine Tsibirin California. SpainCabrillo ya ba da sunan kowane tsibiran tashar ta California, waɗanda ke bakin teku daga Baja California zuwa arewacin California, yayin da ya wuce su kuma ya yi iƙirarin zuwa Spain.Cabrillo da ma'aikatansa sun ci gaba da arewa kuma suka zo bakin teku a ranar 8 ga Oktoba a San Pedro Bay, daga baya ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa na Los Angeles, wanda asalinsa ya kira bay of hayaki (bahia de los fumos) saboda yawancin gobarar dafa abinci na Indiyawan Chumash. tare da bakin tekun.Daga nan ne balaguron ya ci gaba da zuwa arewa a kokarin gano hanyar da ake zaton ta gabar teku zuwa babban yankin Asiya.Sun yi tafiya aƙalla zuwa arewa har zuwa tsibirin San Miguel da Cape Mendocino (arewacin San Francisco).Cabrillo ya mutu sakamakon hatsarin da ya faru a wannan tafiya;Bartolomé Ferrer ne ya jagoranci sauran balaguron, wanda watakila ya kai har zuwa kogin Rogue da ke kudancin Oregon.Cabrillo da mutanensa sun gano cewa babu wani abu mai mahimmanci ga Mutanen Espanya don sauƙin amfani da su a California, wanda yake a iyakar iyakar bincike da kasuwanci daga Spain.Balaguron ya nuna ƴan asalin ƙasar suna rayuwa a matakin rayuwa, galibi suna cikin ƙananan wuraren kiwon dabbobi na dangin dangi na mutane 100 zuwa 150.

A shekara ta 1565, MutanenEspanya sun ɓullo da hanyar kasuwanci inda suka ɗauki zinari da azurfa daga Amurka kuma suna sayar da kayayyaki da kayan yaji dagaChina da sauran yankunan Asiya.Mutanen Espanya sun kafa babban sansaninsu a Manila a Philippines .Ciniki tare da Mexico ya ƙunshi wucewar galleons kowace shekara.Galleons na Gabas sun fara tafiya arewa zuwa kusan nisan digiri 40 sannan suka juya gabas don amfani da iskoki da magudanan ruwa na yamma.Waɗannan galleons, bayan haye mafi yawan Tekun Fasifik, za su isa bakin tekun California 60 zuwa sama da kwanaki 120 daga baya, kusa da Cape Mendocino, kimanin mil 300 (kilomita 480) arewacin San Francisco, a kusan 40 digiri N. latitude.Daga nan za su iya tafiya kudu zuwa gabar tekun California, ta yin amfani da iskar da ake da su da kuma kudancin California Current, kusan 1 mi/h (1.6 km/h).Bayan sun yi tafiya mai nisan mil 1,500 (kilomita 2,400) kudu daga baya sai suka isa tashar jirgin ruwansu a Meziko.A shekara ta 1700 hanyar galleons ta juya kudu zuwa gaci kuma ta isa gabar tekun California a kudu da Point Conception.Sau da yawa ba su yi kasa ba, saboda gaɓar teku, da hazo, kuma ba za su iya yin kasada da dukiyar da suke ɗauka ba.Spain tana son amintacciyar tashar jiragen ruwa don galleons da ke kan hanyar daga Manilla zuwa Acapulco.Ba su sami San Francisco Bay ba, watakila saboda hazo da ke ɓoye ƙofar.A cikin 1585 Gali ya tsara bakin tekun kudu da San Francisco Bay, kuma a cikin 1587 Unamuno ya bincika Monterey Bay ko Morro Bay, alama ce ta farko a tarihin zamani lokacin da mutanen Asiya (ma'aikatan jirgin Philippines) suka sa ƙafa akan abin da zai zama Amurka.A cikin 1594 Soromenho ya bincika kuma jirgin ruwa ya tarwatse a cikin Drake's Bay da ke arewacin San Francisco Bay, sannan ya tafi kudu a cikin karamin jirgin ruwa ya wuce Half Moon Bay da Monterey Bay.Sun yi ciniki da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka don abinci.

Mutanen Espanya sun raba California zuwa sassa biyu, Baja California da Alta California, a matsayin lardunan New Spain (Mexico).Baja ko ƙananan California ya ƙunshi Baja Peninsula kuma ya ƙare kusan a San Diego, California, inda Alta California ta fara.Gabas da arewacin iyakar Alta California sun kasance marasa iyaka, kamar yadda Mutanen Espanya, duk da rashin kasancewar jiki da matsuguni, suna da'awar komai a yanzu a yammacin Amurka.An kafa manufa ta farko ta dindindin a Baja California, Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó, a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1697, ta limamin Jesuit Juan Maria Salvatierra (1648-1717) tare da ƙaramin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da sojoji shida.Bayan kafa Ofishin Jakadancin a Alta California bayan 1769, Mutanen Espanya sun bi Baja California da Alta California, wanda aka sani da Las Californias, a matsayin rukunin gudanarwa guda ɗaya tare da Monterey a matsayin babban birninta, kuma sun faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Mataimakin Sabon Spain wanda ke Mexico. Garin.Kusan duk ayyukan da aka yi a Baja California an kafa su ne daga membobin odar Jesuit da wasu ƴan sojoji ke tallafawa.Bayan takaddamar iko tsakanin Charles III na Spain da Jesuit, an rufe kwalejojin Jesuit kuma an kori Jesuit daga Mexico da Kudancin Amurka a 1767 kuma aka mayar da su Spain.Bayan da aka kori odar Jesuit ta karfi da yaji, Franciscan kuma daga baya ƴan tawayen Dominican suka mamaye yawancin ayyukan.Duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon masarautar Spain kai tsaye.Wannan sake fasalin ya bar ayyuka da yawa da aka watsar a Sonora Mexico da Baja California.Damuwa game da kutsen da 'yan kasuwan Birtaniya da na Rasha suka yi a cikin yankunan Spain da ke California, ya sa an tsawaita ayyukan Franciscan zuwa Alta California, da kuma shugabanni.

Ayyukan Mutanen Espanya a California sun kafa jerin wuraren addini 21 ko manufa da aka kafa tsakanin 1769 zuwa 1833 a cikin jihar California ta Amurka a yanzu.Firistocin Katolika na odar Franciscan ne suka kafa mishan don yin wa’azin bishara ga ’yan asalin da ke samun goyon bayan sojojindaular Spain .Manufofin sun kasance wani ɓangare na faɗaɗawa da daidaitawar Sabuwar Spain ta hanyar samuwar Alta California, faɗaɗa daular zuwa mafi yawan sassan arewaci da yammacin Mutanen Espanya Arewacin Amurka.Mazauna farar hula da sojoji sun raka ƴan mishan suka kafa ƙauyuka kamar Pueblo de Los Ángeles.An tilastawa ‘yan asalin yankin zama matsugunan da ake kira ragi, lamarin da ya tarwatsa tsarin rayuwarsu na gargajiya tare da yin illa ga kauyuka kusan dubu daya.Cututtukan Turai sun bazu a cikin wuraren da ke kusa da ayyukan, suna haifar da mutuwar jama'a.Cin zarafi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da yawan aiki sun kasance ruwan dare.Akalla baftisma 87,787 da mutuwar 63,789 sun faru.’Yan asalin ƙasar sukan yi tsayayya kuma suka ƙi tuba zuwa Kiristanci .Wasu sun yi gudun hijira yayin da wasu suka yi tawaye.Masu mishan sun rubuta takaici tare da samun ƴan asalin ƙasar su shigar da nassi na Katolika da aiki da su.An kwashe ’yan matan ’yan asalin wurin iyayensu aka ajiye su a monjeríos.An bayyana rawar da ayyukan da suka taka wajen lalata al'adun 'yan asalin kasar a matsayin kisan kare dangi.A shekara ta 1810, Faransawan Faransa sun ɗaure Sarkin Spain, kuma ba da kuɗaɗen biyan kuɗin soja da ayyuka a California sun daina.A cikin 1821, Mexico ta sami 'yancin kai daga Spain, duk da haka ba ta aika da gwamna zuwa California ba har zuwa 1824. Ayyukan sun ci gaba da kasancewa da iko a kan 'yan asali da kuma mallakar filaye har zuwa 1830s.A kololuwar tasirinsu a cikin 1832, tsarin manufa na bakin teku ya mallaki kusan kashi shida na Alta California.Jamhuriyyar Mexiko ta Farko ta ware manufofin tare da dokar zaman lafiya ta Mexiko ta 1833, wacce ta 'yantar da ƴan asalin ƙasar daga ayyukan.An ba da filayen manufa ga baƙi da sojoji, tare da ƴan tsirarun ƴan asalin ƙasar.Gine-ginen ayyukan da suka tsira sune tsarin gine-gine mafi tsufa na California da mafi yawan abubuwan tarihi da aka ziyarta, da yawa daga cikinsu an mayar da su bayan da suka fadi a kusa da lalacewa a farkon karni na 20. Sun zama alamar California, suna fitowa a cikin fina-finai da talabijin da yawa, kuma ƙwarin gwiwa ne ga gine-ginen Tarurrukan Tarurrukan Ofishin Jakadancin.Masana tarihi da 'yan asalin California sun nuna damuwa game da yadda ake koyar da lokacin manufa a California a cibiyoyin ilimi da tunawa.An kafa tsoffin ƙauyukan Turai na California a kusa ko kusa da mishan na Sipaniya, gami da mafi girma huɗu: Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, da San Francisco.

A cikin Mayu 1768, Babban Sufeto na Mutanen Espanya (Visitador) José de Gálvez ya shirya balaguro guda huɗu don daidaita Alta California, biyu ta teku da biyu ta ƙasa, wanda Gaspar de Portolá ya ba da kansa don ba da umarni.Balaguron ƙasa na Portolá ya isa wurin San Diego na yau a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1769, inda ya kafa Presidio na San Diego tare da mamaye ƙauyen Kumeyaay na Kosa'aay, wanda ya sanya San Diego zama mazaunin Turai na farko a cikin jihar yanzu. ta California.Ƙaunar matsawa zuwa Monterey Bay, de Portolá da ƙungiyarsa, wanda ya ƙunshi Uba Juan Crespí, 63 sojan jaket na fata da kuma alfadarai dari, sun nufi arewa a ranar 14 ga Yuli. Sun isa wurin na yanzu na Los Angeles ranar 2 ga Agusta. Santa Monica a ranar 3 ga Agusta, Santa Barbara ranar 19 ga Agusta, San Simeon ranar 13 ga Satumba, da bakin kogin Salinas ranar 1 ga Oktoba. Duk da cewa suna neman Monterey Bay, kungiyar ta kasa gane shi lokacin da suka isa.Ranar 31 ga Oktoba, masu binciken de Portolá sun zama Turawa na farko da aka sani don kallon San Francisco Bay.Abin mamaki, Manila Galleons sun yi tafiya a kan wannan bakin teku kusan shekaru 200 daga lokacin, ba tare da lura da bakin teku ba.Kungiyar ta koma San Diego a shekara ta 1770. De Portolá shine gwamnan Las California na farko.

Gwamnatocin Spain da Mexico sun ba da rangwame da yawa da ba da tallafin filaye a Alta California da Baja California daga 1775 zuwa 1846. An ba wa sojojin da suka yi ritaya izinin zama a kan iyaka.Waɗannan Rangwame sun koma kambin Mutanen Espanya bayan mutuwar mai karɓa.Daga baya gwamnatin Mexico ta ƙarfafa sasantawa ta hanyar ba da tallafin filaye da yawa ga ƴan asalin ƙasar da ƴan asalin Mexico.Tallafin ya kasance yawanci gasar murabba'i biyu ko fiye, ko murabba'in murabba'in kilomita 35 (14 sq mi) a girman.Ba kamar Yarjejeniyar Sipaniya ba, Tallafin ƙasar Mexiko ya ba da haƙƙin mallaka na dindindin, mara nauyi.Yawancin ranchos da Mexico ta ba su suna kusa da bakin tekun California kusa da San Francisco Bay, cikin ƙasa tare da kogin Sacramento, da kuma cikin kwarin San Joaquin.Lokacin da gwamnati ta ware majami'u na Ofishin Jakadancin a cikin 1833, sun buƙaci a ware ƙasa don kowane dangin Neophyte.Amma Californios ya kawar da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da sauri wanda, tare da taimakon waɗanda ke da iko, suka sami filayen cocin a matsayin tallafi.Mutanen ’yan asalin Amurka (“Indiyawa”) a maimakon haka sun zama bayi na rancheros.Spain ta yi kusan rangwame 30 tsakanin 1784 zuwa 1821, kuma Mexico ta ba da tallafin filaye kusan 270 tsakanin 1833 da 1846. Ranchos ya kafa tsarin amfani da ƙasa na dindindin.Iyakokin rancho sun zama tushen tsarin binciken ƙasa na California, kuma ana samun su akan taswirori na zamani da taken ƙasa."rancheros" (masu mallakin rancho) sun yi tsarin kansu bisa ga gentry na New Spain, kuma sun kasance da farko don kiwon shanu da tumaki.Ma’aikatansu sun haɗa da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka waɗanda suka koyi Mutanen Espanya yayin da suke zaune a ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin Ofishin Jakadancin.Ranchos galibi sun dogara ne akan samun albarkatun da ake bukata don kiwon shanu, kamar filayen kiwo da ruwa.Ci gaban ƙasa tun daga wannan lokacin yakan biyo bayan iyakokin ranchos, kuma yawancin sunayensu har yanzu ana amfani da su.

A cikin tafiya ta biyu ta Juan Bautista de Anza (1775–1776) ya koma California tare da friars 240, sojoji da yan mulkin mallaka tare da iyalansu.Sun ɗauki dawakai 695 da alfadarai da shanu 385 Texas Longhorn tare da su.Kimanin shanu 200 da suka tsira da dawakai da ba a san adadinsu ba (da yawa daga cikinsu sun ɓace ko kuma sun ci a hanya) sun fara sana'ar kiwon shanu da dawakai a California.A California shanu da dawakai suna da 'yan mafarauta da ciyawa masu yawa a cikin duk shekarun fari.Da gaske sun girma kuma suka ninka a matsayin dabbobin daji, suna ninka kusan kowace shekara biyu.Tafiyar ta fara ne daga Tubac, Arizona, a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1775, kuma ta isa San Francisco Bay a ranar 28 ga Maris, 1776. A nan ne suka zaɓi wuraren da za a yi wa Shugabancin San Francisco, sai kuma manufa, Ofishin Jakadancin San Francisco de Asís (Mission). Dolores), a cikin birnin San Francisco na gaba, wanda ya ɗauki sunansa daga manufa.Bai kafa matsugunin ba;José Joaquín Moraga ne ya kafa shi daga baya.Yayin da yake komawa Monterey, ya gano wuraren asali na Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Clara de Asis da garin San José de Guadalupe (yanzu San Jose, California), amma bai sake kafa ko dai ba.A yau an yiwa wannan hanya alama a matsayin Hanyar Tarihi ta Ƙasa ta Juan Bautista de Anza.

Rashawa sun kafa sansaninsu na Fort Ross a 1812 kusa da Bodega Bay a Arewacin California, arewacin San Francisco Bay.Yankin Fort Ross ya haɗa da tashar hatimi a Tsibirin Farallon kusa da San Francisco.Ya zuwa 1818 Fort Ross yana da yawan jama'a 128, wanda ya ƙunshi Rashawa 26 da na 102 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka.Damuwar Mutanen Espanya game da kutsawa na mulkin mallaka na Rasha ya sa hukumomi a New Spain su kaddamar da babban yanki na Lardin Las Californias, tare da shugabanni (forts), pueblos (garuruwan), da kuma ayyukan California.Bayan ayyana 'yancin kansu a cikin 1821 'yan Mexico kuma sun tabbatar da kansu suna adawa da Rashawa: Ofishin Jakadancin San Francisco de Solano (Sonoma Mission-1823) ya amsa musamman kasancewar Rashawa a Fort Ross;kuma Mexico ta kafa El Presidio Real de Sonoma ko Sonoma Barracks a 1836, tare da Janar Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo a matsayin 'Kwamandan Arewa Frontier' na lardin Alta California.Kagara shi ne mashigar arewacin Mexico don dakatar da duk wani matsugunin Rasha a kudu.Rashawa sun kiyaye shi har zuwa 1841, lokacin da suka bar yankin.

Kasuwancin ɓoye na California tsarin ciniki ne na samfurori daban-daban da ke cikin garuruwan da ke bakin tekun California, wanda ke aiki daga farkon 1820s zuwa tsakiyar 1840s.A musayar faya-faye da kiwo na makiyayan California, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa daga ko’ina cikin duniya, waɗanda galibi ke wakiltar kamfanoni, suna musanya kayan da aka gama da kowane iri.Sana'ar ita ce muhimmin ginshikin tattalin arzikin yankin a lokacin, kuma ta ƙunshi biranen da suka tashi daga Canton zuwa Lima zuwa Boston, kuma sun haɗa da ƙasashe da yawa ciki har da Rasha , Mexico, Amurka , da Ingila .

A cikin 1821, Mexico ta sami 'yancin kai dagaSpain , da farko a matsayin Daular Mexica ta farko, sannan a matsayin Jamhuriyar Mexiko.Alta California ya zama yanki maimakon cikakken jiha.Babban yankin ya kasance a Monterey, California, tare da gwamna a matsayin jami'in zartarwa.Mexico, bayan samun 'yancin kai, ba ta da kwanciyar hankali tare da sauye-sauye na gwamnati kusan 40, a cikin shekaru 27 kafin 1848 - matsakaicin tsawon lokacin gwamnati shine watanni 7.9.A Alta California, Mexico ta gaji wani babban yanki, maras cikas, matalauta, lardi na baya-bayan nan yana biyan kuɗi kaɗan ko babu kuɗin shiga haraji ga jihar Mexico.Bugu da kari, Alta California tana da tsarin da ke raguwa yayin da al'ummar Indiyawan Indiya a Alta California ke ci gaba da raguwa da sauri.Adadin mazauna Alta California, ko da yaushe ƴan tsiraru ne na jimlar yawan jama'a, sannu a hankali ya karu da yawa ta hanyar haihuwa fiye da mace-mace a cikin al'ummar Californio a California.Bayan rufe hanyar de Anza a haye kogin Colorado a cikin 1781 shige da fice daga Mexico kusan duka ta jirgin ruwa ne.California ta ci gaba da zama yanki mara yawan jama'a kuma keɓe.Mazaunan, da zuriyarsu (waɗanda aka fi sani da Californios), sun kasance suna ɗokin yin ciniki don sabbin kayayyaki, ƙayyadaddun kayayyaki, kayan alatu, da sauran kayayyaki.Gwamnatin Mexico ta soke cinikin ba tare da manufar jiragen ruwa na waje ba kuma nan da nan an fara tafiye-tafiyen kasuwanci na yau da kullun.Bugu da kari, da dama daga cikin Turawa da Amurkawa sun zama 'yan asalin Mexiko kuma suka zauna a farkon California.Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka zama rancheros da yan kasuwa a lokacin Mexico, kamar Abel Stearns.Fatar shanu da tallow, tare da gashin dabbobin ruwa na ruwa da sauran kayayyaki, sun samar da abubuwan ciniki da suka dace don ciniki mai fa'ida.Jiragen kasuwanci na farko na Amurka , Turanci , da Rasha sun fara bayyana a California a cikin ƴan shekaru kafin 1820. Daga 1825 zuwa 1848 matsakaicin adadin jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya California ya karu zuwa kimanin jiragen ruwa 25 a kowace shekara - babban karuwa daga matsakaicin jiragen ruwa 2.5 a kowace shekara. shekara daga 1769 zuwa 1824. Babban tashar shiga don kasuwanci shine Monterey, inda aka yi amfani da ayyukan al'ada har zuwa 100% (wanda ake kira tariffs).

Tawayen Chumash na 1824 wani tawaye ne na 'yan asalin ƙasar Chumash a kan kasancewar Mutanen Espanya da Mexico a ƙasashen kakanninsu.Tawayen ya fara ne a cikin 3 na Ofishin Jakadancin California a Alta California: Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Inés, Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Barbara, da Ofishin Jakadancin La Purisima, kuma ya bazu zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye.Dukkan ayyukan guda uku suna cikin gundumar Santa Barbara, California na yanzu.Tawayen Chumash shine mafi girman yunkurin juriya da aka shirya da ya faru a lokutan Mutanen Espanya da Mexico a California.Chumash ya shirya tawaye mai hadewa a dukkan ayyuka guda uku.Sakamakon wani abin da ya faru da wani soja a Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Inés a ranar Asabar, 21 ga Fabrairu, tawayen ya fara da wuri.An kona galibin rukunin mishan na Santa Inés.Chumash ya janye daga Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Inés bayan isowar dakarun soja, sa'an nan kuma suka kai hari kan Ofishin Jakadancin La Purisima daga ciki, suka tilasta wa sojojin su mika wuya, kuma sun bar sansanin soja, iyalansu, da kuma firist na mishan su tashi zuwa Santa Inés cikin kwanciyar hankali.Washegari, Chumash na Ofishin Jakadancin Santa Barbara ya kame aikin daga ciki ba tare da zubar da jini ba, ya dakile harin da sojoji suka kai wa aikin, sannan suka ja da baya daga aikin zuwa tsaunuka.Chumash ya ci gaba da mamaye Ofishin Jakadancin La Purisima har sai da wani rukunin sojojin Mexico ya kai hari a ranar 16 ga Maris tare da tilasta musu mika wuya.An aika da balaguron soji guda biyu bayan Chumash a cikin tsaunuka;na farko a cikin Afrilu 1824 bai sami abokin gaba da zai yi yaƙi ba ya dawo, yayin da na biyu, a watan Yuni, ya yi shawarwari da Chumash kuma ya shawo kan mafi yawansu su koma aikin a ranar 28 ga Yuni. Sojojin Mexico, masu mishan na Franciscan shida, da Chumash da Yokuts 'yan asalin shekaru dubu biyu da kowane jinsi.

Hanyar California hanya ce ta ƙaura mai nisan mil 1,600 (kilomita 2,600) a cikin rabin yammacin nahiyar Arewacin Amurka daga garuruwan Kogin Missouri zuwa abin da yanzu ke jihar California.Bayan an kafa shi, rabin farko na Titin California ya bi hanyar guda ɗaya ta hanyoyin kwarin kogin da ke da hanyar sadarwa kamar hanyar Oregon Trail da Mormon Trail, wato kwaruruka na Platte, North Platte, da Sweetwater kogin zuwa Wyoming.Hanyar tana da rarrabuwar kawuna da yankewa don madadin hanyoyin kusa da manyan filayen ƙasa da zuwa wurare daban-daban, tare da haɗewar tsayin sama da mil 5,000 (kilomita 8,000).

Kisan gillar da aka yi a California shi ne kisan dubban 'yan asalin California da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka da 'yan kasa masu zaman kansu suka yi a karni na 19.Ya fara ne bayan cin nasarar Amurka na California daga Mexico, da kwararar mazauna saboda California Gold Rush, wanda ya hanzarta raguwar ƴan asalin California.Tsakanin 1846 zuwa 1873, an kiyasta cewa waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun kashe tsakanin 9,492 da 16,094 'yan asalin California.Daruruwan zuwa dubbai kuma sun kasance cikin yunwa ko kuma sun yi aiki har suka mutu.Ayyukan bautar da mutane da garkuwa da mutane da fyade da raba yara da gudun hijira sun yadu sosai.Hukumomin jihar da mayakan sa-kai ne suka kwadaitar da su, sun jure su, kuma suka aikata wadannan ayyukan.Littafin Handbook of the Indians of California na 1925 ya kiyasta cewa yawan ƴan asalin California ya ragu daga ƙila zuwa 150,000 a 1848 zuwa 30,000 a 1870 kuma ya ƙara faɗuwa zuwa 16,000 a 1900. Cutar ta haifar da raguwa, ƙarancin haihuwa, yunwa, yunwa, kashe-kashe, da kashe-kashe.'Yan asalin California, musamman a lokacin Gold Rush, an yi musu kisan gilla.Tsakanin 10,000 zuwa 27,000 kuma an ɗauke su a matsayin aikin tilas ta masu zama.Jihar California ta yi amfani da cibiyoyinta don fifita haƙƙin farar fata akan haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, korar ƴan ƙasa.

Cin California wani muhimmin yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja ne na Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka wanda Amurka ta yi a Alta California, sannan wani yanki na Mexico.An ci nasara daga 1846 zuwa 1847, har sai da shugabannin soja daga Californios da Amurkawa suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Cahuenga, wanda ya kawo karshen rikici a California.

Tawayen Tutar Bear wani tawaye ne da ya faru a California a shekara ta 1846. Tawaye ne ga gwamnatin Mexico, wadda ke iko da yankin tun a shekara ta 1822. Wasu ƴan ƙalilan Amurkawa ne suka jagoranci tawayen, waɗanda suka ɗaga tuta. yana nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran bear da tauraro don alamar 'yancin kansu.Tawayen ya yi nasara kuma a ƙarshe California ta shiga Amurka a shekara ta 1850. Tawayen ya fara ne sa’ad da gungun mazauna karkashin jagorancin William B. Ide suka kama sansanin sojan Mexico a Sonoma, California.Ide da mabiyansa sai suka ayyana California a matsayin jamhuriya mai cin gashin kanta kuma suka ɗaga tutar Bear.Tawayen ya yi sauri ya kara karfi, yayin da sauran mazauna suka shiga ciki kuma sojojin Mexico ba su iya tinkarar tawayen.A cikin 'yan kwanaki, sojojin Amurkawa mazauna da jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun isa California kuma sojojin Mexico sun ci nasara.Jamhuriyar Bear Flag ta kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, saboda ba da daɗewa ba gwamnatin Amurka ta tabbatar da iko a yankin.A ƙarshe Amurka ta mamaye California a cikin 1850, wanda ya kawo karshen Tawayen Tutar Bear.

Majagaba na California bayan 1848 sun gano karuwar yawan man da ke tsirowa - man da ke gangarowa a sama, musamman a yankunan Humboldt, Colusa, Santa Clara, da San Mateo, da kuma a cikin kwalta da ragowar bituminous a Mendocino, Marin, Contra Costa, Santa Clara. , da kuma kananan hukumomin Santa Cruz.A kudancin Kalifoniya, manyan matsuguni a yankunan Ventura, Santa Barbara, Kern, da Los Angeles sun sami kulawa sosai.An tayar da sha'awar man fetur da iskar gas a cikin 1850s da 1860s, wanda ya zama tartsatsi bayan an nuna amfani da man fetur na 1859 a Pennsylvania.Kerosene da sauri ya maye gurbin man whale don haskakawa, kuma mai ya zama samfur mai mahimmanci a cikin Zamanin Inji.Sauran amfani da su daga baya a karni na 19 sun hada da samar da kayan shimfida ga tituna da yawa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ga motocin hawa da yawa da kuma jigilar tururi-masanyar kwal.Man fetur ya zama babbar masana'antar California a cikin karni na 20 tare da gano sabbin filayen da ke kewayen Los Angeles da kwarin San Joaquin, da fashewar ban mamaki na bukatar man fetur don kara yawan karuwar motoci da manyan motoci a yanzu.Yawancin samar da mai a California ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 19.A farkon karni, yawan man da ake hakowa a California ya ci gaba da hauhawa cikin sauri.A cikin 1900, jihar California ta samar da ganga miliyan 4.A cikin 1903, California ta zama jaha mai samar da mai a Amurka, kuma ta yi cinikin matsayi na ɗaya gaba da gaba tare da Oklahoma ta 1930. Haɓaka a filayen mai daban-daban ya karu zuwa kusan ganga miliyan 34 a kowace shekara ta 1904. A 1910 samarwa ya kasance. ya kai ganga miliyan 78.Ayyukan hakowa na California da samar da mai sun fi mayar da hankali ne a gundumar Kern, Kwarin San Joaquin, da Basin Los Angeles.

Gudun Zinare na California (1848–1855) gudu ne na gwal wanda ya fara a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1848, lokacin da James W. Marshall ya sami zinare a Sutter's Mill a Coloma, California.Labarin zinare ya kawo kusan mutane 300,000 zuwa California daga sauran Amurka da ketare.Kwatsam kwatsam kwatsam kwatsam kwatsam na zinare a cikin kudaden da ake samu ya sake karfafa tattalin arzikin Amurka;Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a ba zato ba tsammani ya ba California damar tafiya da sauri zuwa matsayin jiha a cikin Yarjejeniya ta 1850. Gold Rush ya yi mummunar tasiri a kan 'yan Californian na asali kuma ya haɓaka raguwar jama'ar Amirkawa daga cututtuka, yunwa da kuma kisan gillar California.Tasirin Gold Rush yana da yawa.Masu neman zinare sun kai farmaki tare da korarsu daga ƙasashensu baki ɗaya, waɗanda ake kira "'yan arba'in da tara" (yana nufin 1849, shekarar kololuwar shige da fice na Gold Rush).A wajen California, waɗanda suka fara zuwa sun fito ne daga Oregon, tsibirin Sandwich (Hawaii) da kuma Latin Amurka a ƙarshen 1848. Daga cikin kusan mutane 300,000 da suka zo California a lokacin Zinare Rush, kusan rabin sun isa ta teku kuma rabin sun zo kan tudu. Hanyar California da hanyar Gila River;’yan arba’in da tara sukan fuskanci wahalhalu a cikin tafiyar.Yayin da akasarin wadanda suka shigo kasar Amurkawa ne, gudun gwal din ya jawo dubban mutane daga Latin Amurka, Turai, Australia da China.An fadada noma da kiwo a fadin jihar domin biyan bukatun mazauna yankin.San Francisco ya girma daga ƙaramin yanki na mazauna kusan 200 a cikin 1846 zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan gari mai kusan 36,000 zuwa 1852. An gina hanyoyi, majami'u, makarantu da sauran garuruwa a cikin California.Sabbin hanyoyin sufuri sun haɓaka yayin da jiragen ruwa suka shigo sabis na yau da kullun.A shekara ta 1869, an gina titin jirgin kasa daga California zuwa gabashin Amurka.A kololuwar sa, ci gaban fasaha ya kai wani matsayi inda ake buƙatar babban kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe, yana ƙara yawan kamfanonin gwal ga masu hakar ma'adinai guda ɗaya.Zinariya da darajarsu ta kai dubun-dubatar dalar Amurka ta yau, an kwato, wanda ya kai ga samun dukiya mai yawa ga 'yan kadan, duk da cewa da yawa wadanda suka shiga gasar Gold Rush ta California sun samu kadan fiye da yadda suka fara da.

Na farko na uku Pacific Mail Steamship Company paddle wheel steamships, SS California (1848), da aka yi kwangilar kan hanyar Pacific, ya bar New York City a kan 6 Oktoba 1848. Wannan ya kasance kafin a tabbatar da zinare a California kuma ta tafi tare da kawai. wani ɓangaren fasinja mai ɗaukar kaya a cikin saloon 60 ɗinta (kimanin kuɗin tafiya $300) da sitiyari 150 (kimanin fasinja $150) ɗakunan fasinja.Kadan ne kawai ke tafiya har zuwa California.Kamar yadda labarin yaɗuwar zinare, SS California ta ɗauki ƙarin fasinja a Valparaiso Chile da Panama City Panama kuma ta bayyana a San Francisco a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1849. An ɗora mata nauyin zinare kusan 400 masu neman fasinjoji;sau biyu adadin fasinjojin da aka kera shi.A San Francisco duk fasinjojinta da ma'aikatanta banda kyaftin ɗin da mutum ɗaya sun bar jirgin kuma zai ɗauki ƙarin watanni biyu Kyaftin ya tattara ma'aikatan da suka dawo da mafi kyawun biya don komawa birnin Panama don kafa hanyar da aka ba su kwangila.Ba da da ewa ba da yawa daga cikin jiragen ruwa masu tuƙi suka fara gudu daga garuruwan gabas zuwa kogin Chagres a Panama da kogin San Juan a Nicaragua.A tsakiyar shekarun 1850 akwai jiragen ruwa sama da 10 na Pacific da goma na Atlantic/Caribbean da ke rufe manyan jiragen ruwa masu daraja kamar fasinjoji, zinare da wasiku tsakanin California da duka tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Pacific da Caribbean.Ana iya aiwatar da balaguron zuwa gabar tekun gabas bayan kusan 1850 a cikin ɗan gajeren kwanaki 40 idan duk haɗin jirgin zai iya saduwa da ƙaramin jira.Jiragen ruwa sun yi amfani da yankin Bay da Sacramento da San Joaquin Rivers da ke kwararowa kusa da filayen zinare, suna jigilar fasinjoji da kayayyaki daga San Francisco zuwa Sacramento, Marysville da Stockton, California — manyan biranen uku da ke ba da filayen zinare.Birnin Stockton, a kan ƙananan San Joaquin, da sauri ya girma daga ruwan baya mai barci zuwa cibiyar kasuwanci mai ban sha'awa, wurin tsayawa ga masu hakar ma'adinai ya nufi filayen zinare a cikin tudun Saliyo.Hanyoyi masu tsauri kamar Titin Millerton wanda daga baya ya zama titin Stockton – Los Angeles da sauri ya tsawaita tsawon kwarin kuma ƙungiyoyin alfadarai da kekunan da aka rufe suka yi musu hidima.Gudun ruwa na ruwa da sauri ya zama muhimmiyar hanyar sufuri a kan kogin San Joaquin, kuma a lokacin "Yuni Tashi", kamar yadda masu aikin jirgin ruwa suka kira matakan ruwan sama na San Joaquin na shekara-shekara a lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, a cikin shekara mai girma manyan sana'a na iya yin shi har zuwa sama kamar yadda ya kamata. Fresno.A cikin shekaru kololuwa na tseren gwal, kogin da ke yankin Stockton ya ba da rahoton cewa ya cika makil da daruruwan jiragen ruwa da aka yi watsi da su, wadanda ma'aikatansu suka yi gudun hijira domin filayen zinare.Yawancin jiragen ruwa marasa aiki sun kasance tare da toshewar da a lokuta da yawa ana kona su kawai don share hanyar zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa.Da farko, da ƴan hanyoyi, jigilar jiragen ƙasa da kekuna sun kawo kayayyaki ga masu hakar ma'adinai.Ba da da ewa ba aka kafa tsarin titin wagon, gadoji, jiragen ruwa da kuma hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da yawa daga cikin su ta hanyar kuɗin da aka karɓa daga masu amfani da su.Manyan kekunan dakon kaya da alfadarai guda 10 suka ja sun maye gurbin jiragen kasa, kuma hanyoyin da aka gina da kuma kiyaye su ta hanyar kudaden da ake kashewa sun sa a samu saukin zuwa sansanonin hakar ma'adinai, wanda hakan ya baiwa kamfanoni damar isar da itacen wuta, katako, abinci, kayan aiki, tufafi, wasiku, fakiti, da sauransu ga masu hakar ma'adinai.Daga baya lokacin da al'ummomi suka haɓaka a Nevada wasu jiragen ruwa har ma an yi amfani da su don jigilar kaya zuwa kogin Colorado har zuwa inda Lake Mead a Nevada yake a yau.

An amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na California ta hanyar jama'a a zaɓen da aka gudanar a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 1849. An zaɓi Pueblo de San Jose a matsayin babban birnin jiha na farko.Jim kadan bayan kammala zaben sai suka kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi ta jiha wadda ta kafa kananan hukumomi, ta zabi gwamna, sanatoci, da wakilai, sannan ta yi aiki tsawon watanni goma kafin a samu jiha.Kamar yadda aka amince a cikin Yarjejeniya ta 1850, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Jihar California a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1850. Kwanaki talatin da takwas bayan haka Pacific Mail Steamship SS Oregon ta kawo magana zuwa San Francisco a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1850, cewa California yanzu ita ce jiha ta 31st. .An yi shagulgulan da aka shafe makonni ana yi.Babban birnin jihar ya bambanta a San Jose (1850 – 1851), Vallejo (1852 – 1853), da Benicia (1853 – 1854) har sai da aka zaɓi Sacramento a 1854.

Tsibirin Mare, kusa da birnin Vallejo, California, shine sansanin sojan ruwa na farko a California.Kogin Napa ya kafa gefen gabas yayin da yake shiga mashigin Carquinez Strait tare da gefen gabas na San Pablo Bay.A cikin 1850, Commodore John Drake Sloat, wanda ke kula da wani kwamiti don nemo sansanin sojan ruwa na California, ya ba da shawarar tsibirin da ke kan kogin Napa daga mazaunin Vallejo;kasancewar "kyauta daga gales na teku da kuma ambaliya da freshets."A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1850, watanni biyu bayan an shigar da California a matsayin jiha, Shugaba Millard Fillmore ya keɓe tsibirin Mare don amfanin gwamnati.Ma'aikatar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka ta yi aiki da kyau kan shawarwarin Commodore Sloat kuma an sayi tsibirin Mare a watan Yulin 1852, akan adadin dala 83,410 don amfani da shi azaman filin jirgin ruwa.Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Satumbar 1854, tsibirin Mare ya zama na farko na kafa sojojin ruwan Amurka na dindindin a gabar tekun yamma, tare da Commodore David G. Farragut, a matsayin kwamandan tushe na farko na tsibirin Mare.Fiye da ƙarni guda, Tsibirin Mare ya yi aiki a matsayin Gidan Jirgin Ruwa na Jirgin Ruwa na Mare Island Naval na Amurka.Kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Tsibirin Mare ya kasance cikin yanayi na ci gaba da haɓakawa.Sa'an nan kuma ya zo Pearl Harbor.A cikin 1941, sashen zayyana ya faɗaɗa zuwa gine-gine uku waɗanda ke ɗauke da gine-ginen Naval sama da 400, injiniyoyi da masu zane-zane.Tsibirin Mare ya zama daya daga cikin wuraren gina jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwa na Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu wanda ya kware wajen kera injinan dizal da ke karkashin ruwa - daga karshe sun gina 32 daga cikinsu.Bayan yakin tsibirin Mare ya zama wuri na farko don gina jiragen ruwa masu amfani da makamashin nukiliya - gina 27 daga cikinsu.An fara Base Naval Base San Diego akan ƙasar da aka samu a cikin 1920. San Diego ya zama tashar gida na manyan jiragen ruwa na ruwa a duniya, kuma ya haɗa da manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka Marine Corps, tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka, da na'urorin Tsaro na Amurka. .Naval Base San Diego shi ne mafi girma a sansanin sojojin ruwa na Amurka a yammacin gabar tekun Amurka, a San Diego, California.Naval Base San Diego shine babban tashar jirgin ruwa na Jirgin ruwa na Pacific, wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 54 da kuma sama da umarnin masu haya 120.Tushen ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai 13 wanda aka shimfiɗa akan kadada 977 (3.95 km2) na ƙasa da kadada 326 (1.32 km2) na ruwa.Jimillar yawan jama'a na sojoji 20,000 da fararen hula 6,000.

An gina titin jirgin kasa na farko na California daga Sacramento zuwa Folsom, California wanda ya fara a watan Fabrairu 1855. Wannan layin mai nisan mil 22 (kilomita 35) an yi shi ne don cin gajiyar haƙar zinare masu wadata a Placerville, California amma an kammala shi kusan lokaci guda (Fabrairu 1856). ) kamar yadda ma'adinai kusa da can ya zo ƙarshe.Hanyar jirgin kasa ta farko ta Transcontinental daga Sacramento, California zuwa Omaha, Nebraska an kammala shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1869. Titin jirgin ƙasa ta Tsakiyar Pacific, ƙarshen layin dogo na Pacific, ya ɗauki kusan dukkan kayan dakon kaya a tsaunukan Saliyo Nevada a Arewacin California.A shekara ta 1870 an sami hanyar haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa Oakland, California da kuma ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa zuwa San Francisco, California daga Sacramento - yana haɗa duk manyan biranen California sannan zuwa gabar gabas.Titin jirgin kasa na farko na Kudancin California, Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Oktoba 1869 ta John G. Downey da Phineas Banning.Ya yi tafiyar mil 21 (kilomita 34) tsakanin San Pedro da Los Angeles.A cikin 1876 an kammala titin jirgin ƙasa na farko na California wanda ke haɗa Los Angeles da Arewacin California lokacin da layin San Joaquin na Kudancin Pacific Railroad ya ƙare Ramin Railroad na San Fernando ta cikin tsaunukan Tehachapi, yana haɗa Los Angeles zuwa Babban Railroad na Pacific.Wannan hanyar zuwa Los Angeles ta bi Tehachapi Loop, mai nisan mil 0.73 (kilomita 1.17) mai tsayin 'karkace hanya', ko helix, ta hanyar Tehachapi Pass a gundumar Kern kuma ta haɗa Bakersfield da San Joaquin Valley zuwa Mojave a cikin Hamadar Mojave.Kodayake yawancin layin dogo na California sun fara tashi a matsayin gajeriyar layin dogo tun daga 1860 zuwa 1903 sun ga jerin haɗe-haɗe na layin dogo da sayayya wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar manyan hanyoyin jiragen ƙasa guda huɗu waɗanda ke hidimar jihar ( Kudancin Pacific Railroad, Union Pacific Railroad, Santa Fe Railroad da Yammacin Pacific Railroad).Kowane ɗayan waɗannan layin dogo yana sarrafa ɗaya (kuma Kudancin Pacific yana sarrafa biyu) na hanyoyin jiragen ƙasa masu wucewa waɗanda suka haɗa California da jihohin gabas mai nisa.Titin jirgin kasa ya motsa kaya da fasinjoji da yawa kuma ya baiwa tattalin arzikin jihar da yawan jama'a damar fadada cikin sauri a karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20.A cikin 1890s an fara aikin gina hanyoyin dogo na lantarki a California kuma a farkon karni na 20 akwai tsarin da yawa don hidima ga manyan biranen California.Tsarin layin dogo na lantarki na jihar ya hada da San Diego Electric Railway, Los Angeles 'Pacific Electric System, Los Angeles Pacific Railroad, East Bay Electric Lines da San Francisco, Oakland, da San Jose Railway da Interurban tsarin dogo kamar Sacramento Northern Railway an kuma gina su.A cikin 1920s, tsarin Lantarki na Los Angeles'Pacific ya kasance babbar hanyar dogo ta lantarki a duniya.

Butterfield Overland Mail (a hukumance Kamfanin Kamfanin Mail na Overland) sabis ne na kocin a Amurka wanda ke aiki daga 1858 zuwa 1861. Yana ɗaukar fasinjoji da Wasikun Amurka daga tashar gabas biyu, Memphis, Tennessee, da St. Louis, Missouri, zuwa San Francisco, California.Hanyoyi daga kowane tashar gabas sun hadu a Fort Smith, Arkansas, sannan suka ci gaba ta yankin Indiya (Oklahoma), Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, da California suna ƙarewa a San Francisco.A ranar 3 ga Maris, 1857, Majalisa ta ba wa babban ma’aikacin gidan waya na Amurka, a wancan lokacin Aaron V. Brown, kwangila don isar da wasikun Amurka daga St. Louis zuwa San Francisco.Kafin wannan, San Antonio da San Diego Mail Line (Jackass Mail) sun isar da saƙon Amurka da ke Far West tun watan Yuni 1857.

Yakin Mendocino rikici ne tsakanin Yuki (yawan kabilar Yuki) da fararen fata a gundumar Mendocino, California tsakanin Yuli 1859 zuwa 18 ga Janairu, 1860. Kutsawar mazauna da kuma hare-haren bayi a ƙasashensu na asali da kuma ramuwar gayya na asali na asali, wanda ya haifar da shi. mutuwar daruruwan Yuki.A shekara ta 1859, gungun mahara da ke tallafawa gida karkashin jagorancin Walter S. Jarboe, da ake kira Eel River Rangers, sun kai farmaki a cikin karkara a kokarinsu na kawar da ’yan asalin daga yankin mazauna da kuma matsar da su zuwa Nome Cult Farm, wani yanki kusa da Indiyawan Mendocino. AjiyeA lokacin da aka wargaza Eel River Rangers a cikin 1860, Jarboe da mutanensa sun kashe mayaka 283, sun kama 292, sun kashe mata da yara marasa adadi, kuma mutane 5 ne kawai suka ji wa kansu rauni a cikin 23 kawai.Kudirin da aka yiwa jihar na hidimar ma'aikatan ya kai $11,143.43.Sai dai masanan sun bayyana cewa barnar da aka yi wa yankin da kuma ‘yan kasar musamman ma ya fi yadda aka ruwaito, musamman ganin yadda jam’iyyun mahara suka yi yawa a wajen yankin na Eel River Rangers.Sauran mazauna yankin sun kafa ƙungiyoyinsu na kai farmaki kan ƴan ƙasar, tare da haɗawa da Jarboe a cikin manufarsa ta kawar da Round Valley daga al'ummarta.Wadanda suka tsira sun koma Nome Cult Farm, inda suka fuskanci wahalhalu irin na tsarin ajiyar lokacin.Bayan rikicin, masu zamani sun yi iƙirarin cewa rikicin ya fi kisa fiye da yaƙi, kuma daga baya masana tarihi sun lakafta shi a matsayin kisan kare dangi.

Pony Express sabis ne na bayyana wasiƙu na Amurka wanda ya yi amfani da relays na masu hawa doki.Yana aiki daga Afrilu 3, 1860, zuwa Oktoba 26, 1861, tsakanin Missouri da California.Central Overland California da Kamfanin Pikes Peak Express ne ke sarrafa shi.A cikin watanni 18 na aiki, Pony Express ya rage lokacin yin tafiya tsakanin gabas da yammacin gabar tekun Amurka zuwa kimanin kwanaki 10.Ya zama hanyar sadarwa ta gabas-yamma mafi kai tsaye ta yamma kafin a kafa telegraph na farko mai wucewa (Oktoba 24, 1861), kuma yana da mahimmanci don ɗaure sabuwar jihar California ta Amurka tare da sauran Amurka.Duk da babban tallafi, Pony Express bai sami nasarar kuɗi ba kuma ya yi fatara a cikin watanni 18, lokacin da aka kafa sabis na telegraph cikin sauri.Duk da haka, ya nuna cewa, za a iya kafa tsarin sadarwa mai haɗe-haɗe na nahiyoyi da kuma gudanar da shi duk shekara.Lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da telegraph, Pony Express da sauri ya zama mai ban sha'awa kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na tarihin Yammacin Amurka.Dogaro da shi ga iyawa da juriyar mahaya dawakai masu sauri an gansu a matsayin shaida na karkatar da kai na Amurkawa na lokutan kan iyaka.

Shigowar California a yakin basasar Amurka ya hada da aika zinare zuwa gabas don tallafawa kokarin yakin, daukar ma'aikatan sa kai don maye gurbin rukunin sojojin Amurka na yau da kullun da aka aika zuwa gabas, a yankin yammacin Dutsen Rocky, kiyayewa da gina sansani da kagara masu yawa, tare da dakile ayyukan ballewa. (da yawa daga cikin wadannan masu neman ballewa sun tafi gabas don yin yaki da Confederacy) da kuma tabbatar da yankin New Mexico a kan Confederacy.Jihar California ba ta aika da sassanta zuwa gabas ba, amma yawancin 'yan ƙasa sun yi tafiya zuwa gabas kuma sun shiga Rundunar Sojan Ƙasa a can, wasu daga cikinsu sun shahara.‘Yan jam’iyyar Democrat ne suka mamaye jihar tun kafuwarta, kuma ‘yan jam’iyyar Dimokaradiyyar Kudu sun ji tausayin ballewa.Ko da yake sun kasance tsiraru a cikin jihar, sun zama masu rinjaye a Kudancin California da Tulare County, kuma adadi mai yawa sun zauna a yankunan San Joaquin, Santa Clara, Monterey, da San Francisco.California ta kasance gida ga ’yan kasuwa masu karfi wadanda suka taka rawar gani a siyasar California ta hanyar kula da ma’adinai, jigilar kaya, kudi, da Jam’iyyar Republican amma ‘yan Republican sun kasance ‘yan tsiraru har zuwa rikicin ballewa.Yaƙin basasa ya rabu a cikin Jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya ya ƙyale Ibrahim Lincoln ya ɗauki jihar, duk da cewa ta ɗan rataye ne kawai.Ba kamar yawancin jihohi masu 'yanci ba, Lincoln ya ci California tare da yawan jama'a kawai sabanin rinjayen rinjaye a cikin shahararrun kuri'un.A farkon shekara ta 1861, yayin da rikicin ballewa ya fara, 'yan aware a San Francisco sun yi yunkurin raba jihar da Oregon daga kungiyar, abin da ya ci tura.Kudancin California, tare da mafi yawan 'yan Californios da 'yan aware na Kudancin Amurka, sun riga sun zabi gwamnatin yankin daban tare da kafa rundunonin soja, amma an kiyaye su daga ballewa bayan barkewar yakin da sojojin gwamnatin tarayya suka yi daga kan iyakar gundumar Oregon da kuma yankin. Gundumar California (musamman Fort Tejon da Fort Mojave).Ƙaunar kishin ƙasa ta mamaye California bayan harin da aka kai a Fort Sumter, yana ba da ma'aikata ga Regiments na Sa-kai da aka dauka musamman daga gundumomin Pro-Union a arewacin Jihar.An kuma bayar da Zinariya don tallafawa Kungiyar.Lokacin da jam'iyyar Democrat ta rabu kan yakin, magoya bayan Lincoln na Republican sun mamaye jihar a zaben Satumba.An aika da Regiments na sa kai don mamaye Kudancin California da Tulare County, wanda ya bar su gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi yayin yaƙin kansa.Duk da haka wasu 'yan Kudu sun yi tafiya zuwa gabas don shiga cikin Rundunar Soji, suna gujewa sintiri na kungiyar da Apache.Wasu da suka rage a jihar sun yi yunkurin yin sayayya da wani mutum mai zaman kansa domin ya yi safarar jiragen ruwa a gabar teku, kuma a karshen yakin an kafa kungiyoyi biyu na jami’an tsaro amma babu nasara.

Dokar keɓancewar Sinawa wata doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka wadda shugaba Chester A. Arthur ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1882, ta haramta duk wani shige da fice na ma'aikatan Sinawa na tsawon shekaru 10.Dokar ta ware 'yan kasuwa, malamai, dalibai, matafiya, da jami'an diflomasiyya.Bisa ga dokar farko ta shekarar 1875, wadda ta haramta wa mata Sinawa yin hijira zuwa Amurka, dokar keɓancewa ta Sinawa ita ce kaɗai doka da aka taɓa aiwatar da ita don hana duk wani ƙabila ko wata ƙasa ƙaura zuwa Amurka.Gabanin zartar da dokar dai an samu karuwar kyamar Sinawa da tashe-tashen hankula na China, da kuma wasu manufofi daban-daban da suka shafi bakin haure na kasar Sin.Dokar ta biyo bayan yarjejeniyar Angell ta 1880, wani tsari na sake fasalin yarjejeniyar Amurka-China Burlingame na 1868 wanda ya ba wa Amurka damar dakatar da shige da fice na kasar Sin.Tun da farko an yi niyyar yin aiki har na tsawon shekaru 10, amma an sabunta shi kuma an ƙarfafa shi a cikin 1892 tare da Dokar Geary kuma ta zama dindindin a 1902. Waɗannan dokokin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da duk wani shige da fice na China zuwa Amurka na tsawon shekaru goma, ban da jami'an diflomasiyya da malamai. , dalibai, 'yan kasuwa, da matafiya.An kauce musu sosai.Dokar ta ci gaba da aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka zartar da dokar Magnuson a shekara ta 1943, wadda ta soke warewar, kuma ta bai wa 'yan gudun hijirar Sin 105 damar shiga Amurka a kowace shekara.Shige da ficen kasar Sin daga baya ya karu tare da zartar da dokar shige da fice da kasa ta shekarar 1952, wadda ta soke shingen kabilanci kai tsaye, daga baya kuma ta dokar shige da fice da kasa ta shekarar 1965, wacce ta soke tsarin asalin asalin kasa.

California ta kasance jagora a cikin Progressive Movement daga 1890s zuwa 1920s.Haɗin gwiwar 'yan Republican masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi, musamman a kudancin California, sun haɗu a kusa da Thomas Bard (1841-1915).Zaɓen Bard a 1899 a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattijai na Amurka ya ba wa 'yan jam'iyyar Republican damar ci gaba da adawa da ikon siyasar Kudancin Pacific Railway a California.Sun taimaka wajen nada George C. Pardee a matsayin gwamna a 1902 kuma suka kafa "Lincoln-Roosevelt League".A cikin 1910 Hiram W. Johnson ya lashe yakin neman zaben gwamna a karkashin taken "Korar Kudancin Pacific daga siyasa."A cikin 1912 Johnson ya zama abokin takarar Theodore Roosevelt akan sabon tikitin Bull Moose Party.A shekara ta 1916 masu ci gaba suna tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, waɗanda suka taimaka musu a cikin ƙabilun ƙabilanci a cikin manyan biranen amma sun rabu da 'yan asalin Furotesta, masu jefa ƙuri'a na tsakiya waɗanda suka zaɓe da rinjaye a kan Sanata Johnson da Shugaba Wilson a 1916.Ci gaban siyasa ya bambanta a fadin jihar.Los Angeles (yawan jama'a 102,000 a 1900) sun mai da hankali kan haɗarin da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Kudancin Pacific ke haifarwa, cinikin barasa, da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata;San Francisco (yawan jama'a 342,000 a 1900) ya fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa "na'ura" da ke goyon bayan kungiyar wanda a karshe aka kifar da shi bayan girgizar kasa na 1906. Ƙananan birane kamar San Jose (wanda ke da yawan 22,000 a 1900) yana da damuwa daban-daban. kamar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar 'ya'yan itace, haɓaka birane, tattalin arziƙin karkara masu gaba da juna, da ma'aikatan Asiya.San Diego (yawan jama'a 18,000 a 1900) yana da duka Kudancin Pacific da na'ura mai lalata.

Tafiya ta mota ta zama mahimmanci bayan 1910 lokacin da motoci da manyan motoci suka fara zama gama gari.Kafin haka, kusan duk tafiye-tafiye mai nisa ya kasance ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa ko kocin motsa jiki, tare da karukan doki ko alfadari suna jigilar kaya.Hanya mai mahimmanci ita ce babbar hanyar Lincoln, wadda ita ce hanya ta farko da ta wuce nahiyar Amurka don ababen hawa, ta haɗa birnin New York zuwa San Francisco.Tsarin babbar hanyar jihar a jihar California ta Amurka ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 1896, lokacin da jihar ta dauki nauyin kula da hanyar Lake Tahoe Wagon.Kafin wannan lokacin, ƙananan hukumomi ne kawai ke sarrafa hanyoyi da tituna.An fara gina tsarin babbar hanya a fadin jihar a shekara ta 1912, bayan da masu kada kuri'a a jihar suka amince da batun lamuni na dala miliyan 18 na manyan tituna sama da mil 3,000 (kilomita 4900).Ƙirƙirar babbar hanyar Lincoln a cikin 1913 babban abin ƙarfafawa ne kan ci gaban masana'antu da yawon buɗe ido a cikin jihar.Babban ƙari na ƙarshe shine Majalisar Jihar California ta yi a cikin 1959, bayan haka ƙananan canje-canje ne kawai aka yi

A 05:12 Pacific Standard Time a ranar Laraba, 18 ga Afrilu, 1906, gaɓar tekun Arewacin California ta fuskanci wata babbar girgizar ƙasa tare da kimanta girman lokacin 7.9 da matsakaicin matsakaicin Mercalli na XI (Extreme).An ji girgiza mai tsananin gaske daga Eureka da ke Tekun Arewa zuwa kwarin Salinas, yankin noma a kudancin yankin San Francisco Bay.Nan ba da jimawa ba wata mummunar gobara ta tashi a San Francisco kuma ta shafe kwanaki da yawa.Fiye da mutane 3,000 sun mutu, kuma sama da kashi 80% na birnin ya lalace.Ana tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muni da girgizar kasa mafi muni a tarihin Amurka.Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kasance mafi girman asarar rayuka sakamakon wani bala'i a tarihin California kuma yana cikin jerin bala'o'in Amurkawa.

Bayan Wilbur da Orville Wright sun nuna yuwuwar jirgin da ake sarrafawa, Glenn Curtiss ya shiga filin, yana mai da hankali kan kera jiragen sama da horar da matukan jirgi.Ranar 23 ga Disamba, 1910, Lieut.An umurci T. Gordon "Spuds" Ellyson da ya ba da rahoto ga Glenn Curtiss Aviation Camp a Arewacin Island a San Diego.Ya kammala horar da shi Afrilu 12, 1911, kuma ya zama Naval Aviator No. 1. Asalin wurin da wannan sansanin hunturu ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval Air North Island a San Diego kuma sojojin ruwa suna kiransa "The Birthplace of Naval Aviation". ".A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1911, da ƙarfe 11:01 na safe, Eugene Ely, yana tashi da wani ɗan turawa Curtiss, ya sauka a kan wani dandali na musamman da aka gina a cikin jirgin ruwa mai sulke na USS Pennsylvania a anga a San Francisco Bay.Da 11:58 na safe, ya tashi ya koma filin Selfridge, San Francisco.Caltech a Pasadena ya ba da kyakkyawan yanayi don haɓakawa da kera jiragen sama.A cikin 1925, maginin jirgin Donald Douglas da mawallafin Los Angeles Times Harry Chandler sun yi aiki tare da shugaban Caltech Robert Millikan don kawo dakin bincike na sararin samaniya na zamani zuwa kwalejin Pasadena.Douglas ya dauki wasu ƙwararrun ɗalibai na Caltech don kamfaninsa.Douglas ya yi amfani da ramin iska da ma'aikatan bincike yayin zayyana DC-1, 2, da 3. Ta wannan hanya, DC-3, babu shakka ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar jirgin sama mafi nasara da aka taɓa ginawa, ya wakilci fiye da aikin mai ƙira ɗaya kawai.The Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ya gano farkonsa zuwa 1936 a cikin Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (GALCIT), lokacin da aka fara gwajin gwajin roka a cikin Arroyo Seco.An mayar da JPL zuwa NASA a watan Disamba 1958, ya zama cibiyar kula da kumbon sararin samaniya ta farko ta hukumar.A cikin 1940, kashi 65% na masu kera jiragen suna kusa ko kusa da Gabas ko Gabas ta Yamma na Amurka.California ita kadai tana da kashi 44 cikin dari na dukkan kera jiragen.

Zaɓen mata a California yana nufin gwagwarmayar siyasa na neman yancin zaɓe ga mata a jihar California.Yunkurin ya fara ne a cikin karni na 19 kuma ya yi nasara tare da zartar da shawarwari na 4 a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1911. Yawancin mata da maza da ke cikin wannan motsi sun kasance a siyasance a cikin yunkurin zaben kasa tare da kungiyoyi irin su Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mata ta Amirka ta Amirka. da Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa.

Dokar Ƙasar Alien ta California ta 1913 (kuma aka sani da Dokar Webb-Haney) ta haramta "baƙi da ba su cancanci zama dan kasa ba" daga mallakar ƙasar noma ko kuma mallaki na dogon lokaci a kan sa, amma an ba da izinin hayar har zuwa shekaru uku.Ya shafi Sinawa, Indiyawa, Japanawa, da kuma manoma baƙi na Koriya a California.A fakaice, da farko an yi amfani da dokar ga Jafananci.Ya wuce 35–2 a Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha da 72–3 a Majalisar Jiha kuma lauya Francis J. Heney da Babban Lauyan Jihar California Ulysses S. Webb ne suka rubuta shi bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Hiram Johnson.Babban jakadan kasar Japan Kametaro Iijima da lauya Juichi Soyeda sun nuna adawa da wannan doka.A cikin wata wasika da ta aike wa sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka, gwamnatin Japan ta hannun ministan harkokin wajen Japan ta kira dokar da "ainihin rashin adalci da rashin daidaito... tare da nuna son kai da kyakkyawar makwabtaka da suka jagoranci alakar kasashen biyu. ", kuma ta lura cewa Japan tana jin "ba tare da la'akari da ruhun yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Japan da Amurka ba."Ana nufin dokar ne don hana bakin haure daga Asiya, da kuma haifar da yanayi mara kyau ga bakin hauren da ke zaune a California.Kotun koli ta California ta soke dokar a matsayin ta sabawa kundin tsarin mulki a 1952.

Hotunan fina-finan Amurka , wanda ya kunshi manyan gidajen fina-finai (wanda aka fi sani da Hollywood) tare da wasu fina-finai masu zaman kansu, sun yi tasiri sosai a masana'antar fina-finai ta duniya tun farkon karni na 20.Babban salon fina-finan Amurka shi ne fina-finan Hollywood na gargajiya, wanda ya tashi daga 1913 zuwa 1969 kuma har yanzu ya kasance irin na yawancin fina-finan da aka yi a can har yau.Yayin da Faransawa Auguste da Louis Lumière ake yabawa da haihuwar silima ta zamani, nan da nan cinemar Amurka ta zama babban ƙarfi a masana'antar da ke tasowa.Ana ɗaukar Hollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai mafi dadewa, a ma'anar kasancewar wurin da farkon masana'antar fina-finai da kamfanonin shirya fina-finai suka fito.Ita ce wurin haifuwar nau’o’in silima dabam-dabam—daga cikinsu akwai wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, soyayya, ban tsoro, almarar kimiyya, da almara na yaƙi—kuma ya kafa misali ga sauran masana’antar fina-finai ta ƙasa.Tun daga farkon karni na 20, masana'antar fina-finai ta Amurka ta kasance da yawa a ciki da wajen yanki mai nisan mil talatin a Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.Daraktan DW Griffith ya kasance jigon ci gaban nahawun fim.Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) ana yawan ambatonsa a cikin zaɓen masu suka a matsayin fim mafi girma na kowane lokaci.Manyan gidajen shirya fina-finai na Hollywood sune tushen farko na fina-finan da suka fi samun nasara a kasuwa da kuma mafi yawan tikitin sayar da fina-finai a duniya.Yawancin fina-finan Hollywood da suka fi samun kuɗin shiga sun sami ƙarin kudaden shiga na akwatin ofishin da tallace-tallacen tikiti a wajen Amurka fiye da fina-finan da aka yi a wasu wurare.Amurka ita ce kan gaba a fannin injiniyan hoto da fasaha.

Tsarin ruwa na Los Angeles, wanda ya ƙunshi magudanar ruwa na Los Angeles (Owens Valley aqueduct) da na biyu na Los Angeles Aqueduct, tsarin isar da ruwa ne, wanda Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Wuta ta Los Angeles ta gina da sarrafa ta.Ma'aikatar ruwa ta birnin ce ta kera kuma ta gina magudanar ruwa na Owens Valley, a lokacin mai suna The Bureau of Los Angeles Aqueduct, karkashin kulawar Babban Injiniya William Mulholland.Tsarin yana ba da ruwa daga kogin Owens a Gabashin Dutsen Saliyo Nevada zuwa Los Angeles, California.Gina magudanar ruwa ya kasance da cece-kuce tun daga farko, saboda karkatar da ruwa zuwa Los Angeles ya kawar da kwarin Owens a matsayin al'ummar noma.Sharuɗɗa a cikin yarjejeniyar birnin da farko sun bayyana cewa birnin ba zai iya sayar da ko samar da rarar ruwa ga kowane yanki a wajen birnin ba, wanda ya tilasta wa al'ummomin da ke kusa da su shigar da kansu a cikin Los Angeles. Kayayyakin magudanar ruwa kuma sun haɗa da kammala ginin St. Francis Dam a 1926 zuwa samar da ajiya idan akwai rushewa ga tsarin.Rugujewar madatsar ruwa bayan shekaru biyu ta kashe akalla mutane 431, sannan ta dakatar da saurin hadewa, sannan daga karshe ya kai ga kafa Gundumar Ruwa ta Metropolitan Water District na Kudancin California don ginawa da sarrafa magudanar ruwa na Colorado don kawo ruwa daga kogin Colorado zuwa Los. Lardin Angeles.Ci gaba da aiki na magudanar ruwa na Los Angeles ya haifar da muhawara, dokoki, da fadace-fadacen kotu kan tasirin muhalli a tafkin Mono da sauran halittu.== Aqueduct na farko na Los Angeles ====== Ginawa === Aikin magudanar ruwa ya fara ne a shekara ta 1905 lokacin da masu jefa kuri'a na Los Angeles suka amince da lamunin dalar Amurka miliyan 1.5 don 'sayan filaye da ruwa da kuma kaddamar da aikin a magudanar ruwa' .Ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1907, an yi yarjejeniya ta biyu tare da kasafin kuɗi na dalar Amurka miliyan 24.5 don tallafawa gine-gine. An fara ginin a 1908 kuma an raba shi zuwa kashi goma sha ɗaya.Birnin ya sami guraben dutse guda uku, tufa biyu na Tufa kuma ya gina tare da sarrafa masana'antar siminti a Monolith, California wanda zai iya samar da ganga 1,200 na simintin Portland kowace rana.

California ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta fuskar noma, masana'antu, kudi da farfaganda a lokacin yakin duniya na daya .Noma mai ci gaban masana'antu na fitar da abinci zuwa kasashen Allies, 1914-1917, kuma ya sake fadada lokacin da Amurka ta shiga yakin a 1917. Bayan yakin ya kare, ta aika da abinci mai yawa zuwa tsakiyar Turai a matsayin wani bangare na ayyukan agaji na kasa.Hollywood ta kasance mai himma sosai, tare da fitattun fina-finai da fina-finan horo.Yanayin yanayi mai ban sha'awa ya haifar da ƙara yawan sansanonin horar da sojoji da na ruwa da filayen jiragen sama.Gina sufuri da jiragen ruwa na yaki sun inganta tattalin arzikin yankin Bay.

A cikin 1923, an kammala O'Shaughnessy Dam akan kogin Tuolumne, wanda ya mamaye kwarin duka a ƙarƙashin Tafkin Hetch Hetchy.Dam da tafki sune cibiyar aikin Hetch Hetchy, wanda a cikin 1934 ya fara isar da ruwa mai nisan mil 167 (kilomita 269) yamma zuwa San Francisco da kuma gundumomin abokan cinikin sa a cikin babban yankin San Francisco Bay.

Bayan yakin, daruruwan masu noman gonakin sun sayi filaye da rahusa, suka raba shi, suka gina shi, suka yi arziki.Ci gaban gidaje ya maye gurbin mai da noma a matsayin babban masana'antar kudancin California.A cikin 1955, Disneyland ya buɗe a Anaheim.A cikin 1958, Dodgers na Major League Baseball da Giants sun bar New York City kuma suka zo Los Angeles da San Francisco, bi da bi.Yawan jama'ar California ya faɗaɗa sosai, zuwa kusan miliyan 20 zuwa 1970.Ci gaban California bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya kasance wani bangare na tseren makamai tare da Soviets da masana'antar tsaro da ke girma.A cikin 1962, kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na kwangilar binciken soja na dala biliyan 6 na ƙasar sun shiga California don gwada fasaha kamar jiragen sama da bama-bamai.

Tun daga shekarun 1950, manyan kamfanonin fasaha a arewacin California sun fara samun ci gaba mai ban mamaki wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20.Manyan samfuran sun haɗa da kwamfutoci na sirri, wasannin bidiyo, da tsarin sadarwar.Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni sun zauna tare da babbar hanyar da ta tashi daga Palo Alto zuwa San Jose, musamman ciki har da Santa Clara da Sunnyvale, duk a cikin kwarin Santa Clara, abin da ake kira "Silicon Valley", mai suna bayan kayan da aka yi amfani da su don samar da haɗin gwiwar da'irori. na zamanin.Wannan zamanin ya kai kololuwa a shekara ta 2000, inda a lokacin bukatar kwararrun kwararrun fasaha ya karu sosai har masana'antar fasaha ta samu matsala wajen cika dukkan mukamanta, don haka ta matsa kaimi wajen kara yawan adadin takardar visa ta yadda za su iya daukar aiki daga kasashen ketare.Lokacin da "Dot-com kumfa" ta fashe a cikin 2001, ayyuka sun ƙafe cikin dare, kuma a karon farko cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa mutane da yawa sun ƙaura daga yankin fiye da ƙaura. shekaru ashirin baya.

Ƙungiyoyin binciken da Regents na Jami'ar California da Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar California suka nada a 1960 Babban Tsarin Ilimi na California na 1960 a lokacin gwamnatin Gwamna Pat Brown.Shugaban UC Clark Kerr ya kasance babban jigo a cikin ci gabanta.Shirin ya kafa tsarin da ya dace don ilimin gaba da sakandare na jama'a wanda ya ayyana takamaiman ayyuka na Jami'ar California da ta kasance (UC), kwalejojin jihar waɗanda Shirin ya haɗa tare zuwa Tsarin Kwalejin Jiha na California kuma daga baya ya sake suna Jihar California. Jami'ar (CSU), da ƙananan kwalejoji waɗanda daga baya aka tsara su a cikin 1967 cikin tsarin Kwalejin Community Community (CCC).

A ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1965, Marquette Frye, Ba’amurke ɗan shekara 21, ɗan Afirka, an ja shi don buguwa.Bayan da ya fadi gwajin sanin halin ko-in-kula, jami’an sun yi yunkurin kama shi.Marquette ya yi tsayayya da kama, tare da taimakon mahaifiyarsa, Rena Frye;arangama ta fashe inda Marquette ta bugi fuska da sanda.A halin da ake ciki dai jama'a da dama sun taru.An yada jita-jita cewa 'yan sanda sun harba wata mata mai juna biyu da ke wurin.An shafe kwanaki shida ana tashe tashen hankula a tsakanin jama'a, sakamakon zargin cin zarafin 'yan sanda.Kusan membobi 14,000 na Rundunar Sojin California National Guard sun taimaka wajen murkushe tashin hankalin, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 34, da kuma asarar dukiya sama da dala miliyan 40.Ya kasance mafi munin tashin hankali a birnin har zuwa tarzomar Rodney King na 1992.

Rikicin Los Angeles na 1992, wani lokaci ana kiransa tarzoma ta Rodney King ko kuma tashin hankalin 1992 na Los Angeles, jerin tarzoma ne da hargitsin jama'a da suka faru a gundumar Los Angeles, California, a cikin Afrilu da Mayu 1992. An fara tashin hankali a Kudancin Tsakiyar Los Angeles. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, bayan wata alkali ta wanke jami’an ‘yan sanda hudu na Hukumar ‘Yan Sanda ta Los Angeles (LAPD) da laifin amfani da karfin tuwo wajen kama Rodney King da duka.An yi faifan bidiyo kuma an nuna wannan lamarin a shirye-shiryen talabijin.Rikicin ya faru ne a yankuna da dama a cikin birnin Los Angeles yayin da dubban mutane suka yi tarzomar kwanaki shida bayan yanke hukuncin.An dai yi ta kwasar ganima, hari da kone-kone a lokacin tarzomar, wanda jami’an ‘yan sandan yankin ke da wuyar shawo kan lamarin.An dai shawo kan lamarin a yankin Los Angeles ne kawai bayan da Jami'an tsaron California na Amurka, da sojojin Amurka, da hukumomin tsaro na tarayya da dama suka tura dakaru sama da 5,000 na tarayya don taimakawa wajen kawo karshen tashin hankali da tarzoma.A lokacin da aka kawo karshen tarzomar, mutane 63 ne suka mutu, 2,383 suka jikkata, an kama sama da 12,000, sannan kiyasin asarar dukiya ta haura dala biliyan daya.Koreatown, dake arewa ta Kudu ta Tsakiya LA, ya lalace sosai.Mafi yawan laifin yawaitar tashin hankalin ana danganta shi da shugaban ‘yan sanda na LAPD Daryl Gates, wanda tuni ya sanar da murabus dinsa a lokacin tarzomar, saboda gazawar da aka yi wajen shawo kan lamarin da kuma rashin gudanar da ayyukan gaba daya.