Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jama'a

Bayan yakin basasa na Amurka da kuma kawar da bautar da aka yi a shekarun 1860, gyare-gyaren sake ginawa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya ba da 'yanci da kuma haƙƙin tsarin mulki na zama ɗan ƙasa ga dukan Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, waɗanda akasarinsu kwanan nan sun kasance bayi.A cikin kankanin lokaci, mazan Amurkawa na Afirka sun kada kuri'a kuma suna rike da mukaman siyasa, amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba ana kara tauye musu 'yancin jama'a, galibi a karkashin dokokin Jim Crow na wariyar launin fata, kuma Amurkawa na Afirka sun fuskanci wariya da ci gaba da cin zarafi daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. a Kudu.Bayan zaben shekarar 1876 mai cike da cece-kuce, wanda ya yi sanadin kawo karshen sake ginawa da kuma janye sojojin gwamnatin tarayya, turawan Kudu sun dawo da ikon siyasa a majalisun dokokin yankin.Sun ci gaba da tsoratarwa da kai farmaki ga bakaken fata kafin zabe da lokacin zabe don murkushe zaben.Daga 1890 zuwa 1908, jihohin kudu sun zartar da sababbin kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki don hana Amurkawa Afirka da kuma yawancin Turawa Talakawa ta hanyar haifar da shinge ga rajistar masu zabe;An rage yawan rajistar kada kuri'a yayin da aka tilastawa bakar fata da fararen fata ficewa daga siyasar zabe.A daidai lokacin da ake hana 'yan Afirka Ba'amurke, fararen fata 'yan kudu sun sanya dokar ta baci a matsayin wariyar launin fata.Rikicin da ake yi wa baƙar fata ya ƙaru, tare da cin zarafi da yawa a cikin farkon karni.Rarrabuwar gidaje ya zama matsala a duk faɗin ƙasar bayan Babban Hijira na Baƙar fata daga Kudu.An yi amfani da alkawurran kabilanci da yawa daga masu haɓaka gidaje don "kare" gabaɗayan yanki, tare da ainihin manufar kiyaye "fararen" unguwannin "fararen fata".Kashi 90 cikin 100 na ayyukan gidaje da aka gina a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, irin waɗannan alkawuran sun iyakance su ta hanyar wariyar launin fata.Biranen da aka sani da yaɗuwar amfani da alkawuran launin fata sun haɗa da Chicago, Baltimore, Detroit, Milwaukee, Los Angeles, Seattle, da St. Louis.Babban taron Maryland ne ya zartar da dokar hana ɓarna ta farko a cikin 1691, ta haramta auren jinsi.A cikin wani jawabi a Charleston, Illinois a 1858, Abraham Lincoln ya ce, "Ba ni, kuma ban taba goyon bayan sanya masu jefa kuri'a ko alkalai na 'yan ta'adda ba, kuma ba su cancanta su rike mukami, ko kuma su yi aure da farar fata ba".A ƙarshen 1800s, jihohi 38 na Amurka suna da ƙa'idodin hana ɓarna.A shekara ta 1924, haramcin auren jinsi ya kasance yana aiki a cikin jihohi 29.A cikin karni na gaba, Baƙin Amurkawa sun yi ƙoƙari daban-daban don tabbatar da haƙƙinsu na shari'a da na jama'a, kamar ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam (1865-1896) da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam (1896-1954).

A cikin bazara na 1951, ɗaliban baƙar fata a Virginia sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da matsayinsu na rashin daidaito a cikin tsarin ilimi na jihar.Dalibai a makarantar sakandaren Moton sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da cunkoso da kuma gazawar wurin aiki.Hukumar ta NAACP ta ci gaba da kararraki biyar da ke kalubalantar tsarin makarantu;An haɗa waɗannan daga baya a ƙarƙashin abin da aka sani a yau da Brown v. Board of Education.Ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1954, Kotun Koli ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin Babban Mai Shari'a Earl Warren ta yanke hukunci gaba ɗaya a Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi ta Topeka, Kansas, cewa wajabta, ko ma ba da izinin, makarantun jama'a a ware ta hanyar launin fata bai dace da tsarin mulki ba.Cif Justice Warren ya rubuta a ra'ayin masu rinjaye na kotun cewaWare yara masu launin fari da launin fata a makarantun gwamnati yana da illa ga yara masu launi.Tasirin ya fi girma idan yana da takunkumin doka;don manufar raba jinsi yawanci ana fassara su azaman nuna ƙarancin ƙungiyar Negro.A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1954, Greensboro, North Carolina, ta zama birni na farko a Kudu don sanar da jama'a cewa za ta bi hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Brown v. Hukumar Ilimi."Ba zato ba tsammani," in ji Sufeto na Hukumar Makarantu Benjamin Smith, "za mu yi kokarin soke dokokin Amurka."Wannan kyakkyawar liyafar da aka yi wa Brown, tare da naɗin Ba-Amurke David Jones a hukumar makaranta a 1953, ya gamsar da yawancin fararen fata da baƙi cewa Greensboro na kan hanyar ci gaba.Haɗin kai a Greensboro ya faru ne cikin lumana idan aka kwatanta da tsarin a jihohin Kudancin kamar Alabama, Arkansas, da Virginia inda manyan jami'ai suka yi "babban juriya" da duk jihohin.A Virginia, wasu kananan hukumomi sun rufe makarantun gwamnati maimakon hadewa, kuma an kafa makarantu masu zaman kansu na Kirista da yawa don daukar daliban da suka saba zuwa makarantun gwamnati.Ko da a cikin Greensboro, yawancin juriya na gida don rarrabuwar kawuna ya ci gaba, kuma a cikin 1969, gwamnatin tarayya ta gano cewa birnin bai cika ka'idodin 1964 na 'yancin ɗan adam ba.Ba a fara sauyawa zuwa tsarin makaranta cikakke ba sai 1971.

Emmett Till, Ba’amurke ɗan shekara 14 daga Chicago, ya ziyarci danginsa a Money, Mississippi, don bazara.An yi zargin cewa ya yi mu'amala da wata farar fata, Carolyn Bryant, a cikin wani karamin kantin sayar da kayan abinci wanda ya saba ka'idojin al'adun Mississippi, kuma mijin Bryant Roy da kaninsa JW Milam sun yi wa matashiya Emmett Till kisan gilla.Sun yi masa duka tare da yanka shi kafin su harbe shi a kai suka nutse da jikinsa a cikin kogin Tallahatchie.Bayan kwana uku, an gano gawar Till kuma aka fito da ita daga kogin.Bayan mahaifiyar Emmett, Mamie Till, ta zo don gano ragowar danta, ta yanke shawarar cewa tana son "bar mutane su ga abin da na gani".Mahaifiyar har sai da aka mayar da gawarsa zuwa Chicago inda ta baje kolin a budaddiyar akwati a lokacin bikin jana'izar inda dubban maziyarta suka isa don nuna girmamawa.Wani hoto daga baya na jana'izar da aka yi a Jet an lasafta shi a matsayin wani muhimmin lokaci a zamanin 'yancin jama'a don nunawa dalla-dalla irin ta'asar wariyar launin fata da ake yiwa bakaken fata a Amurka.A cikin wani shafi na The Atlantic, Vann R. Newkirk ya rubuta cewa: "Shawarar wadanda suka kashe shi ta zama wasan kwaikwayo da ke haskaka mulkin kama-karya na fararen fata" Jihar Mississippi ta yi kokarin wadanda ake tuhuma guda biyu, amma wani alkali farar fata ya wanke su da sauri."Kisan Emmett," in ji ɗan tarihi Tim Tyson, "ba zai taɓa zama wani lokacin tarihi ba tare da Mamie ta sami ƙarfin sanya baƙin cikinta na sirri ya zama al'amari na jama'a."Martanin visceral game da shawarar da mahaifiyarsa ta yanke na yin jana'izar budaddiyar gawa ta tara al'ummar baƙar fata a duk faɗin Amurka Kisan da sakamakon shari'ar ya ƙare da gaske yana tasiri ga ra'ayoyin wasu matasa 'yan gwagwarmaya baƙar fata.Joyce Ladner ta yi kira ga masu fafutuka kamar "Emmett Till generation."Kwanaki ɗari bayan kisan Emmett Till, Rosa Parks ta ƙi barin wurin zama a cikin bas a Montgomery, Alabama.Daga baya Parks ta sanar da mahaifiyar Till cewa shawarar da ta yanke na zama a kujerar ta ya biyo bayan hoton da har yanzu take tunawa da gawar Till.

A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1955, a Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks ya ƙi umarnin direban bas James F. Blake na barin jerin kujeru huɗu a cikin sashin "launi" don goyon bayan fasinja Fari, da zarar an cika sashin "White".Parks ba ita ce mutum na farko da ya yi tsayayya da rarrabuwar bas ba, amma Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mutane (NAACP) ta yi imanin cewa ita ce mafi kyawun 'yar takara don ganin ta hanyar kalubalen kotu bayan kama ta saboda rashin biyayya ga jama'a na keta dokokin Alabama, kuma ta taimaka kwadaitar da al'ummar Bakar fata don kauracewa motocin bas din Montgomery sama da shekara guda.Shari'ar ta zama cikin rudani a kotunan jihohi, amma ƙarar bas ɗin Montgomery na tarayya Browder v. Gayle ya haifar da hukuncin Nuwamba 1956 cewa rarrabuwar bas ba ta da ka'ida a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kariya Daidaita na 14th Kwaskwarima ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka.Ayyukan rashin amincewa da Parks da kauracewa bas na Montgomery sun zama muhimman alamomin motsi.Ta zama alamar kasa da kasa ta juriya ga wariyar launin fata, kuma ta shirya tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da shugabannin 'yancin ɗan adam, ciki har da Edgar Nixon da Martin Luther King Jr.

Rikici ya barke a Little Rock, Arkansas, lokacin da Gwamnan Arkansas Orval Faubus ya yi kira ga Hukumar Tsaro ta kasa a ranar 4 ga Satumba don hana shiga cikin ɗaliban Amurkawa guda tara na Afirka waɗanda suka kai ƙarar haƙƙin haƙƙin halartar makarantar da aka haɗa, Little Rock Central High School. .A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Daisy Bates, an zaɓi ɗalibai tara don halartar Babban Sakandare saboda kyakkyawan maki.Wanda ake kira "Little Rock Nine", sune Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls LaNier, Minnijean Brown, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Thelma Mothershed, da Melba Pattillo Beals.A ranar farko ta makaranta, Elizabeth Eckford ’yar shekara 15 ita kaɗai ce ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibai tara da suka fito domin ba a yi mata waya ba game da haɗarin zuwa makaranta.An dauki hoton yadda masu zanga-zangar farar fata suka tursasa Eckford a wajen makarantar, kuma ‘yan sanda sun dauke ta a cikin motar sintiri domin kare ta.Bayan haka, daliban tara suka dunguma zuwa makaranta sannan jami’an soji suka raka su a cikin motoci kirar jeep.Faubus ba mai shelar wariya ba ne.Jam'iyyar Arkansas Democratic Party, wacce a lokacin ta ke sarrafa siyasa a jihar, ta sanya matsin lamba ga Faubus bayan ya nuna cewa zai bincika kawo Arkansas cikin bin shawarar Brown.Daga nan Faubus ya dau matsayarsa na kin hada kai da kuma adawa da hukuncin kotun tarayya.Juriyar Faubus ta samu hankalin shugaba Dwight D. Eisenhower, wanda ya kuduri aniyar aiwatar da umarnin kotunan tarayya.Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa ya kasance mai dumi, a mafi kyawu, a kan manufar raba makarantun gwamnati.Amma, Eisenhower ya haɗu da National Guard a Arkansas kuma ya umarce su da su koma bariki.Eisenhower ya tura abubuwa na 101st Airborne Division zuwa Little Rock don kare ɗalibai.Daliban sun halarci makarantar sakandare a cikin mawuyacin hali.Sai da suka ratsa ta tofa, suna izgili ga turawa don su isa makaranta a ranarsu ta farko, su kuma hakura da tsangwama daga sauran dalibai har tsawon shekara.Duk da cewa sojojin gwamnatin tarayya sun raka daliban a tsakanin azuzuwa, daliban sun sha caccakar daliban har ma daliban farar fata suka far musu a lokacin da sojoji ba sa nan.Daya daga cikin Little Rock Nine, Minnijean Brown, an dakatar da shi ne saboda zubar da kwano na chili a kan wata daliba farar fata da ke cin zarafinta a layin makarantar.Daga baya, an kore ta saboda zagin wata farar fata daliba.

Kwamitin Haɗin Kai na ɗalibi shine babban tashar sadaukarwar ɗalibi a cikin Amurka ga ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam a cikin 1960s.Ya fito a cikin 1960 daga ɗalibin da ɗalibi ke jagoranta a wuraren cin abinci na keɓaɓɓu a Greensboro, North Carolina, da Nashville, Tennessee, Kwamitin ya nemi daidaitawa da taimakawa ƙalubalen aiwatar da kai tsaye ga wariyar jama'a da keɓancewar siyasa na Baƙin Amurkawa.Daga 1962, tare da goyon bayan shirin Ilimin Zabe, SNCC ta himmatu wajen yin rajista da tattara masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin Deep South.Abokan haɗin gwiwa kamar Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party da kuma Lowndes County Freedom Organisation a Alabama kuma sun yi aiki don ƙara matsin lamba ga gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi don tilasta kariyar tsarin mulki.A tsakiyar shekarun 1960 ma'aunin da aka auna irin nasarorin da aka samu, da tashe-tashen hankula da aka bijire da su, sun haifar da rashin amincewa daga ka'idodin kungiyar na rashin tashin hankali, shiga cikin farar fata a cikin motsi, da kuma fage, sabanin kasa. ofis, jagoranci da shugabanci.A lokaci guda wasu na asali masu shirya shirye-shiryen yanzu suna aiki tare da Babban Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin (SCLC), wasu kuma an rasa su zuwa jam'iyyar Democratic Party mai rarrafe da shirye-shiryen yaki da talauci da gwamnatin tarayya ke bayarwa.Bayan haɗewar da aka soke tare da Jam'iyyar Black Panther a 1968, SNCC ta narkar da yadda ya kamata.Saboda nasarorin da aka samu a farkon shekarunsa, SNCC ana ba da lamuni da rushe shingaye, na cibiyoyi da na tunani, don ƙarfafa al'ummomin Afirka-Amurka.

A cikin Yuli 1958, Majalisar Matasa ta NAACP ta dauki nauyin zama a wurin cin abinci na Dockum Drug Store a cikin garin Wichita, Kansas.Bayan makonni uku, ƙungiyar ta sami nasarar samun kantin sayar da kayan don canza manufofin zama na keɓancewa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba duk shagunan Dockum a Kansas sun rabu.Wannan motsi ya biyo baya cikin sauri a cikin wannan shekarar ta hanyar wani dalibi ya zauna a Katz Drug Store a Oklahoma City karkashin jagorancin Clara Luper, wanda kuma ya yi nasara.Galibin dalibai bakaken fata daga kwalejojin yanki sun jagoranci zama a wani kantin Woolworth a Greensboro, North Carolina.A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1960, ɗalibai huɗu, Ezell A. Blair Jr., David Richmond, Joseph McNeil, da Franklin McCain daga North Carolina Agricultural & Technical College, kwalejin baƙar fata, suka zauna a ɗakin cin abinci da aka keɓe don nuna adawa da manufofin Woolworth. na ware Amurkawa 'yan Afirka da ake ba da abinci a can.Daliban hudu sun sayi kananan kayayyaki a wasu sassan kantin kuma suka ajiye rasit dinsu, sannan suka zauna a wurin abincin rana suka nemi a ba su.Bayan an hana su hidima, sai suka fito da rasit ɗinsu kuma suka tambayi dalilin da yasa kuɗinsu ke da kyau a ko'ina a kantin, amma ba a wurin abincin rana ba.An ƙarfafa masu zanga-zangar da su yi ado da fasaha, su zauna cikin nutsuwa, kuma su mamaye kowace stool domin masu son farar fata za su iya shiga cikin. Greensboro ta zauna cikin sauri tare da wasu zama a Richmond, Virginia;Nashville, Tennessee;da kuma Atlanta, Jojiya.Mafi inganci nan da nan ya kasance a Nashville, inda ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan jami'o'i masu tsari da ɗorewa suka gudanar da zama tare da haɗin kai tare da kamfen na kauracewa.Yayin da dalibai a fadin kudanci suka fara "zauna" a wuraren cin abinci na shagunan gida, 'yan sanda da sauran jami'ai a wasu lokuta suna amfani da karfi don raka masu zanga-zangar daga wuraren cin abincin.

Boynton v. Virginia, 364 US 454, wani muhimmin mataki ne na Kotun Koli ta Amurka.Shari’ar ta soke hukuncin da aka yankewa wani dalibin shari’a na Ba’amurke da laifin shiga gidan cin abinci a tashar bas wanda “fararen fata ne kawai”.Ta yi iƙirarin cewa rarrabuwar kabilanci a cikin zirga-zirgar jama'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne saboda irin wannan wariyar ta keta dokar kasuwanci ta Interstate, wadda ta haramta wariya a cikin zirga-zirgar fasinja.Haka kuma ta yi imanin cewa sufurin bas yana da alaƙa da kasuwanci tsakanin jihohi don ba da damar gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta tsara ta don hana wariyar launin fata a cikin masana'antar.Muhimmancin Boynton ba ya cikin rikonsa tun lokacin da ya yi nasarar gujewa yanke shawara kan kowace tambaya ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki a cikin shawarar da ta yanke, kuma yawan karatunsa na ikon Tarayya game da kasuwanci tsakanin jihohi shima ya tabbata a lokacin yanke shawarar.Muhimmancinsa shi ne yadda ta haramta wariyar launin fata a cikin zirga-zirgar jama’a ya kai kai tsaye ga wani yunkuri da ake kira ‘Yanci Rides, inda Amurkawa ‘yan Afirka da turawa tare suka hau safarar jama’a iri-iri a Kudancin kasar don kalubalantar dokokin gida ko kwastan da ke tilasta wariya.A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1961, kotun ta ICC ta fitar da wasu ka'idoji wadanda suka aiwatar da 1955 Keys da NAACP hukunce-hukunce, da kuma hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke a Boynton, kuma a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba wadannan ka'idoji sun fara aiki, wanda ya kawo karshen Jim Crow a harkokin sufuri na jama'a.

Kungiyar ta SCLC, wadda wasu masu fafutuka na dalibai suka yi suka saboda gazawarta na shiga daki-daki a cikin tafiye-tafiyen 'yanci, ta sadaukar da martabarta da albarkatunta da yawa wajen yakin neman zaɓe a Albany, Jojiya, a watan Nuwamba 1961. King, wanda aka zarge shi da kansa. da wasu masu fafutuka na SNCC saboda nisantar sa da hatsarin da masu shirya na gida suka fuskanta—kuma aka ba su laƙabi na wulakanci “De Lawd” a sakamakon haka—ya shiga tsakani da kansa don taimakawa yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda masu shirya SNCC da shugabannin yankin suka jagoranta.Yaƙin neman zaɓe bai yi nasara ba saboda dabarar ƙwaƙƙwaran Laurie Pritchett, shugaban 'yan sanda na yankin, da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin al'ummar baki.Maƙasudin ƙila ba su ƙayyadaddun isassu ba.Pritchett ya ƙunshi masu zanga-zangar ba tare da wani tashin hankali ba a kan masu zanga-zangar da suka ɓata ra'ayin ƙasa.Ya kuma shirya a kai masu zanga-zangar da aka kama zuwa gidajen yari a yankunan da ke kewaye, tare da ba da damar zama da yawa a gidan yarin.Har ila yau, Pritchett ya hango kasancewar Sarki a matsayin hadari kuma ya tilasta masa sake shi don gujewa taron da Sarki ya yi na bakar fata.Sarki ya tafi a shekarar 1962 ba tare da ya samu gagarumar nasara ba.Sai dai yunkurin na cikin gida ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya, kuma ya samu gagarumar nasara a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa.

Freedom Riders sun kasance masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a waɗanda suka hau motocin bas zuwa cikin keɓaɓɓiyar Kudancin Amurka a cikin 1961 da shekaru masu zuwa don ƙalubalantar rashin aiwatar da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka Morgan v. Virginia (1946) da Boynton v. Virginia (1960), wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa bas-bas na jama'a keɓance ya sabawa tsarin mulki.Jihohin Kudu sun yi biris da hukuncin kuma gwamnatin tarayya ba ta yi wani abu ba wajen aiwatar da su.Hawan 'Yanci na farko ya bar Washington, DC ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1961, kuma an shirya isa New Orleans ranar 17 ga Mayu.Boynton ya haramta wariyar launin fata a cikin gidajen abinci da dakunan jira a cikin tashoshi masu ba da motocin bas waɗanda suka ketare layin jihar.Shekaru biyar kafin hukuncin Boynton, Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Interstate (ICC) ta ba da wani hukunci a Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company (1955) wanda ya yi tir da koyarwar Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) na daban amma daidai yake a cikin motar bas tsakanin jihohi. tafiya.Kotun ta ICC ta gaza aiwatar da hukuncin da ta yanke, kuma dokokin tafiye-tafiye na Jim Crow sun ci gaba da aiki a duk Kudancin kasar.Kungiyoyin Freedom Riders sun kalubalanci wannan halin da ake ciki ta hanyar hawa motocin bas na jihohin Kudu a cikin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci don ƙalubalantar dokokin gida ko kwastan da ke tilasta wariya a wurin zama.Rikicin 'Yanci, da tashin hankali da suka tada, sun ƙarfafa amincin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka.Sun ja hankalin al’ummar kasar kan rashin mutunta dokar tarayya da tashe-tashen hankula da ake amfani da su wajen tilasta wariya a kudancin Amurka.‘Yan sanda sun kama mahayan da laifin keta haddi, taro ba bisa ka’ida ba, da karya dokokin jihar da na kananan hukumomi, Jim Crow, da sauran laifukan da ake zarginsu da aikatawa, amma sau da yawa sukan fara barin farar hula su kai musu hari ba tare da tsangwama ba.Hukuncin Kotun Koli a Boynton ya goyi bayan haƙƙin matafiya na jahohi na yin watsi da ƙa'idodin wariya.‘Yan sandan kananan hukumomi da na jihohin Kudu sun dauki matakin da ‘yan Freedom Riders suka aikata a matsayin laifi inda suka kama su a wasu wurare.A wasu yankuna, kamar Birmingham, Alabama, 'yan sanda sun ba da haɗin kai tare da surori na Ku Klux Klan da sauran fararen fata masu adawa da ayyukan, kuma sun ba da damar gungun mutane su kai hari kan mahayan.

Rikicin Ole Miss na 1962 wani tashin hankali ne wanda ya faru a Jami'ar Mississippi - wanda aka fi sani da Ole Miss - a Oxford, Mississippi.Masu tayar da kayar baya sun nemi hana shigar da tsohon Ba’amurke Ba’amurke James Meredith, kuma an tilastawa shugaba John F. Kennedy kwantar da tarzoma ta hanyar tattara sojoji sama da 30,000, wanda ya fi kawo cikas a tarihin Amurka.A sakamakon hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke a 1954 Brown da Hukumar Ilimi, Meredith ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa Ole Miss ta hanyar nema a 1961. Lokacin da ya sanar da jami'ar cewa shi ɗan Afirka ne, an jinkirta shigar da shi kuma an hana shi, na farko daga jami'an makaranta da kuma sai Gwamnan Mississippi Ross Barnett.A kokarin hana shiga sa, Barnett ma an daure Meredith na wani dan lokaci.Ƙoƙari da yawa na Meredith, tare da rakiyar jami'an tarayya, na yin rajista an toshe a jiki.Da fatan a guje wa tashin hankali da tabbatar da rajistar Meredith, Shugaba Kennedy da Attorney Janar Robert F. Kennedy sun sami jerin shawarwarin tarho marasa amfani da Barnett.A shirye-shiryen wani yunƙurin yin rajista, an aike da jami'an tsaro na tarayya don raka Meredith don tabbatar da zaman lafiya, amma tarzoma ta barke a harabar jami'ar.A wani bangare na tsokanar farar fata Janar Edwin Walker, ’yan bangar sun kai farmaki ga ‘yan jarida da jami’an gwamnatin tarayya, sun kone da sace dukiyoyi, tare da sace motoci.Masu aiko da rahotanni, sojojin Amurka, da mataimakin babban mai shigar da kara na Amurka Nicholas Katzenbach sun yi garkuwa da su a Lyceum, ginin gudanarwa na jami'ar.Da yammacin ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, wasu sojoji 27 sun samu raunuka a harbin bindiga, kuma an kashe fararen hula biyu - ciki har da wani dan jarida dan kasar Faransa.Da zarar an sanar da shi, Kennedy ya kira Dokar Tawaye ta 1807 kuma ya sa sojojin Amurka a karkashin Brigadier Janar Charles Billingslea su kwantar da tarzoma.Tashe-tashen hankula da tashe-tashen hankula na tarayya sun kasance babban sauyi a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma sun haifar da raguwar Ole Miss: haɗin farko na kowace cibiyar ilimin jama'a a Mississippi.Lokaci na ƙarshe da aka tura dakaru a lokacin fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙarshen dabarar wariya ta juriya.Wani mutum-mutumi na James Meredith yanzu yana tunawa da taron a harabar jami'ar, kuma an sanya wurin da tarzomar ta zama Alamar Tarihi ta Ƙasa.

St. Augustine ya shahara a matsayin "Ƙasar Tsohuwar City", wanda Mutanen Espanya suka kafa a 1565. Ya zama mataki na babban wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kai ga ƙaddamar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964. Ƙungiyar gida, jagorancin Robert B Hayling, wani baƙar fata likitan hakori kuma tsohon sojan sama da ke da alaƙa da NAACP, ya kasance yana karɓar cibiyoyin gida tun daga 1963. A cikin faɗuwar 1964, Hayling da abokansa uku an yi musu mugun duka a wani gangamin Ku Klux Klan.Nightriders sun harbe a cikin gidajen baƙar fata, kuma matasa Audrey Nell Edwards, JoeAnn Anderson, Samuel White, da Willie Carl Singleton (wanda aka fi sani da "The St. Augustine Four") sun zauna a ɗakin cin abinci na Woolworth na gida, suna neman a yi musu hidima. .An kama su kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari da makarantar gyara.Ya ɗauki mataki na musamman na gwamna da majalisar ministocin Florida don sake su bayan zanga-zangar ƙasa da Pittsburgh Courier, Jackie Robinson, da sauransu suka yi.Dangane da danniya, kungiyar St. Augustine ta yi aikin kare kai da makami ban da daukar matakin kai tsaye.A watan Yuni 1963, Hayling ya bayyana a fili cewa "Ni da sauran muna da makamai. Za mu fara harbi mu amsa tambayoyi daga baya. Ba za mu mutu kamar Medgar Evers ba."Sharhin ya yi kanun labaran kasar.Lokacin da masu dare Klan suka yi ta'addanci a unguwannin bakaken fata a St. Augustine, mambobin NAACP na Hayling sukan kori su da harbin bindiga.A cikin Oktoba 1963, an kashe Klansman.A cikin 1964, Hayling da sauran masu fafutuka sun bukaci taron shugabannin Kiristocin Kudancin da su zo St. Augustine.Fitattun matan Massachusetts guda hudu - Mary Parkman Peabody, Esther Burgess, Hester Campbell (dukkanin mazajensu bishop ne na Episcopal), da Florence Rowe (wanda mijinta mataimakin shugaban Kamfanin Inshorar John Hancock) - suma sun zo don ba da tallafi.Kama Peabody, mahaifiyar gwamnan Massachusetts, 'yar shekara 72, saboda ƙoƙarin cin abinci a Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge a cikin ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa, ya ba da labarai na farko a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ya kawo motsi a St. Augustine ga hankalin duniya.Ayyukan da aka ba da sanarwar sun ci gaba a cikin watanni masu zuwa.Lokacin da aka kama Sarki, ya aika da "Wasika daga gidan yarin St. Augustine" zuwa ga wani mai goyon bayan arewa, Rabbi Israel S. Dresner.Mako guda bayan haka, an kama malamai mafi girma a tarihin Amurka, yayin da suke gudanar da addu'o'i a Monson Motel mai keɓe.Wani sanannen hoto da aka dauka a St. Augustine ya nuna manajan Monson Motel yana zuba sinadarin hydrochloric acid a cikin wurin wanka yayin da baki da farare ke ninkaya a ciki.Yayin da yake yin haka sai ya yi ihu yana cewa "yana share tafki", abin da ake kyautata zaton cewa yanzu, a idanunsa, ya gurɓata launin fata.An gudanar da hoton a shafin farko na wata jaridar Washington ranar da Majalisar Dattawa za ta kada kuri'a kan zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964.

An nuna motsin Albany a matsayin muhimmiyar ilimi ga SCLC, duk da haka, lokacin da ta gudanar da yakin Birmingham a 1963. Babban Darakta Wyatt Tee Walker ya tsara dabarun farko da dabarun yakin Birmingham.Ya mayar da hankali kan manufa ɗaya-raɓar ɓangarorin ƴan kasuwa na cikin gari na Birmingham, maimakon duka-duka, kamar yadda yake a Albany.Gangamin ya yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na rashin jituwa da suka hada da zaman dirshan, durkushewa a majami'u, da yin tattaki zuwa ginin gundumar don nuna mafarin yin rajistar masu kada kuri'a.Sai dai birnin ya samu umarnin hana duk wata zanga-zangar.Kamfen din ya tabbatar da cewa wannan umarni ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ya sa kungiyar ta bijire masa sannan ta shirya tsaf domin kame magoya bayanta.An zabi Sarki ya kasance cikin wadanda aka kama a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1963.Yayin da yake gidan yari, Sarki ya rubuta shahararriyar “Wasikarsa daga gidan yarin Birmingham” a gefen wata jarida, tunda ba a ba shi damar rubuta takarda ba yayin da ake tsare da shi a gidan yari kadai.Magoya bayan sun yi kira ga gwamnatin Kennedy, wacce ta shiga tsakani don samun sakin Sarki.Walter Reuther, shugaban United Auto Workers, ya shirya $160,000 don belin Sarki da abokansa masu zanga-zangar.An ba Sarki izinin kiran matarsa, wacce ke jinya a gida bayan haihuwar ɗansu na huɗu kuma an sake shi da wuri ranar 19 ga Afrilu.Kamfen, duk da haka, ya ragu yayin da ya ƙare da masu zanga-zangar da ke son yin haɗari da kama.James Bevel, Daraktan Ayyukan Kai tsaye na SCLC da Darakta na Ilimin Nonviolent, sannan ya fito da wani zaɓi mai ƙarfin hali da jayayya: don horar da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare don shiga cikin zanga-zangar.Sakamakon haka, a wani abin da za a kira yaƙin neman zaɓen yara, sama da ɗalibai dubu ɗaya ne suka tsallake zuwa makaranta a ranar 2 ga Mayu don saduwa a cocin Baptist na Titin 16 don shiga muzaharar.Fiye da dari shida ne suka fita daga cocin hamsin a lokaci guda a wani yunƙuri na tafiya zuwa babban birnin tarayya don yin magana da magajin garin Birmingham game da wariya.An kama su aka saka su a gidan yari.A wannan karo na farko, 'yan sanda sun yi aiki da kamun kai.Washegari kuma, wasu ɗalibai dubu suka taru a cocin.Lokacin da Bevel ya fara tafiya hamsin a lokaci guda, Bull Connor a ƙarshe ya saki karnukan ƴan sanda a kansu sannan ya juya wutar birnin ta tura magudanar ruwa akan yaran.Tashar talabijin ta kasa ta yada hotunan karnukan da ke kai wa masu zanga-zangar hari da ruwan wuta da ke kakkabo 'yan makaranta.Bacin ran jama'a ya sa gwamnatin Kennedy ta shiga tsaka mai wuya a tattaunawar tsakanin farar fata da SCLC.A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, jam’iyyun sun ba da sanarwar yarjejeniyar raba wuraren sayar da abincin rana da sauran wuraren kwana a cikin gari, da samar da kwamitin da zai kawar da ayyukan daukar ma’aikata na nuna wariya, da shirya sakin masu zanga-zangar da aka daure, da samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na yau da kullum tsakanin baki da farare. shugabanni.

"Wasika Daga Gidan Yarin Birmingham", wanda aka fi sani da "Wasika daga Gidan Yarin Birmingham" da "Negro Is Your Brother", wata budaddiyar wasika ce da Martin Luther King Jr ya rubuta a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1963. nauyin da'a na karya dokokin rashin adalci da kuma daukar mataki kai tsaye maimakon jira mai yiwuwa har abada don adalci ya zo ta hanyar kotuna.Da yake mayar da martani ga ana kiransa da “bare”, Sarki ya rubuta cewa: “Zalunci a ko’ina barazana ce ga adalci a ko’ina.Wasikar, wacce aka rubuta a matsayin martani ga "Kira don Haɗin kai" a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Birmingham na 1963, an buga shi a ko'ina, kuma ya zama muhimmin rubutu ga ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam a Amurka.An bayyana wasiƙar a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin muhimman takaddun tarihi da ɗan fursunonin siyasa na zamani ya rubuta", kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani babban takarda na rashin biyayya.

Randolph da Bayard Rustin su ne manyan masu tsara shirin Maris a Washington don Ayyuka da 'Yanci, wanda suka ba da shawara a cikin 1962. A cikin 1963, gwamnatin Kennedy ta fara adawa da tafiyar saboda damuwa zai yi mummunan tasiri ga hanyar samar da dokokin kare hakkin jama'a.Koyaya, Randolph da King sun tabbata cewa tafiya za ta ci gaba.Tare da tafiya gaba, Kennedys sun yanke shawarar cewa yana da mahimmanci a yi aiki don tabbatar da nasararsa.Da yake nuna damuwa game da fitowar jama'a, Shugaba Kennedy ya nemi taimakon shugabannin cocin farar fata da Walter Reuther, shugaban UAW, don taimakawa fararen magoya bayan zanga-zangar.An gudanar da tattakin ne a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1963. Ba kamar tafiyar da aka shirya a shekarar 1941 ba, wanda Randolph ya hada da kungiyoyin bakar fata kawai a cikin tsarawa, tattakin 1963 wani kokari ne na hadin gwiwa na dukkanin manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a, da karin ci gaban reshe na kungiyar kwadago, da sauran kungiyoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi.Tattakin yana da kwallaye shida a hukumance:dokokin kare hakkin jama'a masu ma'anababban shirin ayyuka na tarayyacikakken aiki da adalcigidaje masu kyau'yancin yin zabeisassun hadedde ilimi.Hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa ya kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga yadda tafiyar ta kasance a cikin ƙasa da kuma tasiri mai yiwuwa.A cikin makalar "The Maris on Washington and Television News," masanin tarihi William Thomas ya lura cewa: "Sama da masu daukar hoto, masu fasaha, da kuma masu aiko da rahotanni daga manyan cibiyoyin sadarwa an saita su don ba da labarin taron. bikin rantsar da shugaban kasa.An dora kyamara daya a babban dakin tarihi na Washington, don ba da kyakyawar gani na masu zanga-zangar".Ta hanyar ɗaukar jawabai na masu shirya taron tare da ba da nasu sharhi, gidajen talabijin sun tsara yadda masu sauraron su na cikin gida suka gani da fahimtar taron.Tattakin ya yi nasara, ko da yake ba tare da cece-kuce ba.Kimanin masu zanga-zangar dubu 200 zuwa 300,000 ne suka taru a gaban ginin Lincoln Memorial, inda Sarki ya gabatar da fitaccen jawabinsa na "I Have a Dream".Yayin da masu magana da yawa sun yaba wa gwamnatin Kennedy don ƙoƙarin da ta yi don samun sababbin, dokokin kare hakkin jama'a mafi inganci da ke kare 'yancin yin zabe da kuma haramta wariya, John Lewis na SNCC ya dauki aikin gwamnati don rashin yin wani abu don kare bakar fata na kudancin kudu da farar hula. ma'aikatan kare hakin da ake kai wa hari a yankin Deep South.Bayan tafiyar, Sarki da sauran shugabannin kare hakkin jama'a sun gana da shugaba Kennedy a fadar White House.Yayin da gwamnatin Kennedy ta bayyana da gaske ta himmatu wajen zartar da lissafin, ba a bayyana cewa tana da isassun kuri'u a Majalisa don yin hakan ba.Duk da haka, lokacin da aka kashe Shugaba Kennedy a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1963, sabon shugaban kasa Lyndon Johnson ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da tasirinsa a Majalisa don kawo yawancin tsarin majalisa na Kennedy.

Harin bam din da aka kai a cocin Baptist na Titin 16, wani harin bam ne na 'yan ta'addan farar fata na 16th Street Baptist Church a Birmingham, Alabama, a ranar Lahadi, 15 ga Satumba, 1963. Mambobi hudu na wani babin Ku Klux Klan na yankin sun dasa sandunan dynamite guda 19 a makale da na'urar lokaci. ƙarƙashin matakan da ke gefen gabashin cocin.Martin Luther King Jr. wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "daya daga cikin munanan laifuka kuma munanan laifuka da aka taba aikata akan bil'adama," fashewar da aka yi a cocin ta kashe 'yan mata hudu tare da jikkata tsakanin mutane 14 zuwa 22.Ko da yake FBI ta kammala a 1965 cewa 16th Street Baptist Church harin bam da aka sani da Klansmen hudu da rarrabuwa: Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr., Herman Frank Cash, Robert Edward Chambliss, da Bobby Frank Cherry, ba a gabatar da kara har zuwa 1977. lokacin da Robert Chambliss, Babban Lauyan Alabama, Bill Baxley, ya yi masa shari'a, kuma aka same shi da laifin kisan kai na farko na daya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe, Carol Denise McNair, mai shekaru 11.A wani bangare na yunkurin farfado da Jihohi da Gwamnatin Tarayya na gudanar da shari’ar sanyi tun zamanin ‘yancin jama’a, jihar ta gudanar da shari’a a farkon karni na 21 na Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr da Bobby Cherry, wadanda aka samu kowannensu da laifuka hudu na kisan kai. kuma an yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a 2001 da 2002, bi da bi.Sanata Doug Jones na nan gaba na Amurka ya yi nasarar gurfanar da Blanton da Cherry.Herman Cash ya mutu a shekara ta 1994, kuma ba a taba tuhume shi da hannu a harin bam ba.Harin bam na cocin Baptist na titin 16 ya nuna wani sauyi a Amurka a lokacin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaddamar da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta Majalisa.

A cikin Maris 1964, Malcolm X, wakilin kasa na al'ummar Islama, ya karya tare da wannan kungiyar a hukumance, kuma ya ba da tayin jama'a don hada kai da duk wata kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a da ta yarda da hakkin kare kai da falsafar kishin kasa baki daya.Gloria Richardson, shugabar Cambridge, Maryland, babi na SNCC, kuma shugabar tawayen Cambridge, baƙo mai daraja a The Maris on Washington, nan da nan ta karɓi tayin Malcolm.Mrs. Richardson, " fitacciyar shugabar 'yancin jama'a a kasar," ta shaida wa The Baltimore Afro-American cewa "Malcolm yana aiki sosai ...Gwamnatin tarayya ta shiga cikin yanayin rikici ne kawai lokacin da al'amura suka kusanci matakin tayar da hankali. Kai- tsaro na iya tilasta wa Washington shiga tsakani da wuri."Ranar 26 ga Maris, 1964, yayin da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ke fuskantar adawa mai tsanani a Majalisa, Malcolm ya yi taron jama'a tare da Martin Luther King Jr. a Capitol.Malcolm ya yi ƙoƙari ya fara tattaunawa da Sarki a farkon 1957, amma Sarki ya ƙi shi.Malcolm ya mayar da martani da kiran Sarki “Uncle Tom”, yana mai cewa ya juya baya ga tsagerun bakar fata ne domin ya gamsar da tsarin farar hula.Amma mutanen biyu sun yi kyau a ganawar su ta gaba da gaba.Akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa Sarki yana shirye-shiryen goyon bayan shirin Malcolm na gabatar da gwamnatin Amurka a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bisa zargin take hakkin bil adama a kan Amurkawa ‘yan Afirka.Yanzu Malcolm ya ƙarfafa ƴan kishin ƙasa Baƙar fata da su shiga cikin ayyukan rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a da sauran nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin al'umma don sake fasalta da faɗaɗa motsi.Masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a sun kara kaimi a cikin shekarun 1963 zuwa 1964, suna neman bijirewa irin wannan lamari kamar dakile yakin Albany, danniya da 'yan sanda da ta'addancin Ku Klux Klan a Birmingham, da kuma kisan Medgar Evers.Ɗan’uwan na ƙarshen Charles Evers, wanda ya ɗauki mukamin Daraktan Filin Mississippi NAACP, ya gaya wa taron jama’a na NAACP a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1964, cewa “rashin tashin hankali ba zai yi aiki a Mississippi ba... mun yanke shawara… Wani bature ya harba wani Negro a Mississippi, za mu sake harbawa."Danniya da zama a Jacksonville, Florida, ya haifar da tarzoma, inda matasa baƙar fata suka jefi Molotov cocktails a kan 'yan sanda a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1964. Malcolm X ya ba da jawabai masu yawa a cikin wannan lokacin yana mai gargadin cewa irin wannan ayyukan 'yan bindiga zai kara karuwa idan 'yancin Amurkawa na Afirka ba a gane cikakke ba.A cikin jawabinsa na Afrilu 1964 "The Balot ko Harsashi", Malcolm ya gabatar da wani al'amari ga farar Amurka: "Akwai sabon dabarun shigowa. Zai zama Molotov cocktails wannan watan, gurneti na hannu wata mai zuwa, da wani abu dabam a wata mai zuwa. Yana zai zama kuri'u, ko kuma harsashi ne."

Kisan Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner, wanda kuma aka fi sani da kisan kai na 'Yanci, kisan gillar ma'aikatan kare hakkin jama'a na Mississippi, ko kuma kisan gillar Mississippi, yana nufin al'amuran da aka sace wasu masu fafutuka uku tare da kashe su a birnin Philadelphia, Mississippi. , a watan Yuni 1964 a lokacin Civil Rights Movement.Wadanda abin ya shafa su ne James Chaney daga Meridian, Mississippi, da Andrew Goodman da Michael Schwerner daga birnin New York.Dukkanin ukun suna da alaƙa da Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa (COFO) da ƙungiyarta, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).Sun kasance suna aiki tare da yakin bazara na 'Yanci ta yunƙurin yi wa Amurkawa Afirka rajista a Mississippi don yin zabe.Tun daga shekarar 1890 zuwa farkon karni, jihohin kudancin kasar sun yi watsi da mafi yawan masu kada kuri'a ta hanyar nuna wariya a rajistar masu zabe da kada kuri'a.

Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 babbar haƙƙin ɗan adam ce da dokar aiki a Amurka wacce ta haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, launi, addini, jima'i, da asalin ƙasa.Ya haramta rashin daidaito aikace-aikace na rajistar masu jefa kuri'a, wariyar launin fata a makarantu da wuraren kwana na jama'a, da nuna wariyar aiki.Dokar "ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da aka samu na majalisa a tarihin Amurka".Da farko, ikon da aka bayar don aiwatar da dokar ba su da ƙarfi, amma an ƙara su a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Majalisa ta tabbatar da ikonta na yin doka a ƙarƙashin sassa daban-daban na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, musamman ikonta na daidaita kasuwancin tsakanin jihohi a ƙarƙashin Mataki na ɗaya (sashe na 8), aikinta na ba da tabbacin duk 'yan ƙasa daidai wa daida ga dokokin ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima na Goma sha huɗu, da kuma aikinta. don kare haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarima na goma sha biyar.Ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1963, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya tura lissafin gaba.Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da kudirin a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1964, kuma bayan kwanaki 72 na filibuster, ta zartar da Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1964. Kuri'ar karshe ta kasance 290-130 a Majalisar Wakilai da 73– 27 a Majalisar Dattawa.Bayan da majalisar ta amince da gyaran majalisar dattijai na gaba, Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 Shugaba Johnson ya sanya hannu kan doka a Fadar White House a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1964.

SNCC ta gudanar da wani gagarumin shirin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a a Selma, Alabama, a cikin 1963, amma a shekara ta 1965 an sami ɗan gajeren hanya a fuskantar adawa daga Sheriff Selma, Jim Clark.Bayan mazauna yankin sun nemi taimakon SCLC, Sarki ya zo Selma don jagorantar jerin gwano da dama, inda aka kama shi tare da wasu masu zanga-zangar 250.Masu zanga-zangar sun ci gaba da fuskantar turjiya daga 'yan sanda.Jimmie Lee Jackson, mazaunin Marion da ke kusa, 'yan sanda sun kashe shi a wani maci na baya a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1965. Mutuwar Jackson ta sa James Bevel, darektan Selma Movement, ya fara da shirya shirin tafiya daga Selma zuwa Montgomery, babban birnin jihar.A ranar 7 ga Maris, 1965, suna aiki da shirin Bevel, Hosea Williams na SCLC da John Lewis na SNCC sun jagoranci wani tattaki na mutane 600 don tafiya mai nisan mil 54 (kilomita 87) daga Selma zuwa babban birnin jihar a Montgomery.Yankuna shida da suka shiga cikin tattakin, a gadar Edmund Pettus inda masu zanga-zangar suka bar garin suka koma cikin gundumar, da sojojin jihar, da jami'an tsaro na karamar hukumar, wasu a kan doki, suka far wa masu zanga-zangar lumana da kulake, hayaki mai sa hawaye, bututun roba. an nannade shi da igiyar waya, da bulala.Sun kori masu zanga-zangar komawa cikin Selma.An bugi Lewis a sume kuma aka ja shi zuwa aminci.Akalla wasu masu zanga-zangar 16 ne aka kwantar a asibiti.Daga cikin wadanda aka yi wa hayaki da iskar gas har da Amelia Boynton Robinson, wacce ke tsakiyar ayyukan kare hakkin jama'a a lokacin.Kafofin yada labaran kasar na nuna yadda 'yan majalisar ke kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar da ke neman yin amfani da 'yancin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba su na kada kuri'a ya janyo martani na kasa kuma daruruwan jama'a daga ko'ina cikin kasar sun yi tattaki na biyu.Wadannan masu zanga-zangar ne Sarki ya juya su a minti na karshe don kada su karya dokar tarayya.Wannan ya bai wa masu zanga-zangar da yawa dadi, musamman ma wadanda suka nuna bacin ransu ga rashin tarzomar Sarki.A wannan dare, 'yan farar fata na gida sun kai hari James Reeb, mai goyon bayan 'yancin kada kuri'a.Ya mutu sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a wani asibitin Birmingham a ranar 11 ga Maris. Saboda kukan kasa da aka yi wa wani White Minister da aka kashe da wulakanci, masu zanga-zangar sun iya ɗaga umarnin tare da samun kariya daga sojojin tarayya, wanda ya ba su damar yin maci a fadin Alabama. ba tare da ya faru ba bayan makonni biyu;a lokacin tattakin, Gorman, Williams, da sauran masu zanga-zangar 'yan bindiga sun dauki bulo da sanduna na nasu.

A ranar 6 ga Agusta, Johnson ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 'Yancin Zabe na 1965, wanda ya dakatar da gwajin karatu da sauran gwaje-gwajen rajista na masu jefa kuri'a.Ta ba da izinin sa ido kan rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a na tarayya a jihohi da gundumomin jefa ƙuri'a na daidaikun mutane inda ake amfani da irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da kuma inda a tarihi ba Amurkawa Ba'amurke ba su da wakilci a cikin jerin sunayen masu jefa ƙuri'a idan aka kwatanta da yawan mutanen da suka cancanta.A karshe ‘yan asalin Afirka da aka hana yin rajistar kada kuri’a, sun samu madadin shigar da kara a kotunan kananan hukumomi ko na jiha, wadanda ba kasafai ake gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba.Idan an sami wariya a rajistar masu jefa ƙuri'a, dokar ta 1965 ta ba da izini ga Babban Mai Shari'a na Amurka ya aika da masu jarrabawar tarayya don maye gurbin masu rejista na gida.A cikin watanni da zartar da kudurin dokar, an yi wa sabbin masu kada kuri’a 250,000 rajista, kashi daya bisa uku na masu zabe na tarayya.A cikin shekaru hudu, rajistar masu kada kuri’a a Kudu ta ninka fiye da ninki biyu.A cikin 1965, Mississippi ta sami mafi yawan baƙar fata masu jefa ƙuri'a a kashi 74 cikin 100 kuma ya jagoranci al'umma a yawan adadin jami'an baƙar fata da aka zaɓa.A cikin 1969, Tennessee yana da kashi 92.1% a cikin masu jefa ƙuri'a baƙar fata;Arkansas, 77.9%;da Texas, 73.1%.

Sabuwar Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe ta 1965 ba ta da wani tasiri kai tsaye kan yanayin rayuwa ga baƙaƙen fata.Kwanaki kadan bayan dokar ta zama doka, an samu tarzoma a yankin Kudancin Los Angeles da ke Watts.Kamar Harlem, Watts ya kasance yanki mafi rinjaye-baƙar fata tare da rashin aikin yi da talauci.Mazauna cikinta sun fuskanci sashin 'yan sanda farar fata da ke da tarihin cin zarafin baki.Yayin da suke kama wani matashi da laifin tuki cikin maye, jami’an ‘yan sanda sun yi gardama da mahaifiyar wanda ake zargin a gaban ‘yan kallo.Wannan tarzomar ta haifar da barna mai dimbin yawa ta hanyar tarzomar kwanaki shida a birnin Los Angeles.An kashe mutane 34, sannan an lalata dukiyoyi da aka kiyasta kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 40, lamarin da ya sa tarzomar Watts ta kasance mafi muni da tashe-tashen hankula a birnin, har zuwa tarzomar King Rodney a shekarar 1992.Tare da karuwar tsagerun bakar fata, mazauna ghetto sun yi wa 'yan sanda umarnin yin fushi.Bakar fata mazauna garin da suka gaji da zaluncin 'yan sanda sun ci gaba da tayar da tarzoma.Wasu matasa sun shiga kungiyoyi irin su Black Panthers, wadanda farin jininsu ya samo asali ne saboda suna fuskantar jami’an ‘yan sanda.Tarzoma tsakanin baƙar fata ta faru a cikin 1966 da 1967 a birane kamar Atlanta, San Francisco, Oakland, Baltimore, Seattle, Tacoma, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus, Newark, Chicago, New York City (musamman a Brooklyn, Harlem da Bronx), da kuma mafi munin duka a Detroit.

Dogon zafi mai zafi na 1967 yana nufin tarzomar tsere fiye da 150 da ta barke a duk faɗin Amurka a lokacin rani na 1967. A watan Yuni an yi tarzoma a Atlanta, Boston, Cincinnati, Buffalo, da Tampa.A watan Yuli an yi tarzoma a Birmingham, Chicago, Detroit, Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Newark, New Britain, New York City, Plainfield, Rochester, da Toledo.Rikicin da ya fi barna a lokacin rani ya faru a watan Yuli, a Detroit da Newark;Yawancin kanun labaran jaridun zamani sun bayyana su a matsayin "yaki".Sakamakon tarzomar da aka yi a lokacin rani na 1967 da kuma shekaru biyu da suka gabata, shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya kafa Hukumar Kerner don bincikar tarzoma da al'amuran birane na Amurkawa baƙi.

Loving v. Virginia, 388 US 1 (1967), wani muhimmin hukunci ne na 'yancin ɗan adam na Kotun Koli ta Amurka inda Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa dokokin da suka haramta auren jinsi sun saba wa Daidaita Kariya da Tsari Tsari na Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu ga Tsarin Mulkin Amurka.Shari’ar ta shafi Mildred Loving, wata mace mai launi, da kuma mijinta Bature Richard Loving, waɗanda a shekara ta 1958 aka yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda a gidan yari saboda sun auri juna.Auren nasu ya keta Dokar Mutunci ta Kabilanci ta Virginia ta 1924, wacce ta haramta aure tsakanin mutanen da aka lakafta da "fararen fata" da kuma mutanen da aka lakafta a matsayin "launi".Lovings sun daukaka karar hukuncin da aka yanke musu zuwa Kotun Koli ta Virginia, wacce ta amince da shi.Daga nan sai suka daukaka kara zuwa kotun kolin Amurka, wadda ta amince ta saurari karar nasu.A cikin watan Yunin 1967, Kotun Koli ta ba da wani hukunci na bai ɗaya game da yardar Lovings kuma ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke musu.Matakin da ya yanke ya karya dokar hana cin zarafi na Virginia tare da kawo karshen duk wani takunkumin doka da ya danganci kabilanci kan aure a Amurka.Virginia ta yi gardama a gaban Kotun cewa dokar ta ba ta keta ka'idodin Kariya Daidaitacce ba saboda hukuncin daya ne ba tare da la'akari da jinsin mai laifin ba, don haka ya "nauyi daidai" duka fararen fata da wadanda ba fararen fata ba.Kotun ta gano cewa duk da haka dokar ta saba wa Jigon Kariya Daidaitacce domin ta dogara ne kawai a kan “rarrabuwar kabilanci” da kuma haramtattun halaye—wato, na yin aure—wanda aka yarda da shi gabaɗaya kuma ‘yan ƙasa suna da ’yancin yin.

An harbe Martin Luther King Jr. da kisa a Lorraine Motel a Memphis, Tennessee, ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1968, da karfe 6:01 na yamma CST.An garzaya da shi Asibitin St. Joseph, inda ya rasu da misalin karfe 7:05 na yamma Ya kasance fitaccen shugaban masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama’a kuma wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel wanda ya shahara wajen yin amfani da tashin hankali da rashin biyayya.An kama James Earl Ray, wanda ya tsere daga gidan yari na Jihar Missouri a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1968, a filin jirgin sama na Heathrow na London, aka mika shi zuwa Amurka kuma aka tuhume shi da aikata laifin.Ranar 10 ga Maris, 1969, ya amsa laifinsa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 99 a gidan yari na jihar Tennessee.Daga baya ya yi yunƙuri da yawa don janye tuhumar da ake masa na laifin da alkalai suka yi masa, amma abin ya ci tura.Ray ya mutu a kurkuku a 1998.Iyalan Sarki da wasu sun yi imanin cewa kisan gillar ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata makarkashiya da ta shafi gwamnatin Amurka, da ‘yan Mafia, da kuma ‘yan sandan Memphis, kamar yadda Loyd Jowers ya yi zarginsa a shekara ta 1993. Sun yi imanin cewa Ray ya kasance akuya ne.A cikin 1999, dangi sun shigar da karar kisan gilla akan Jowers akan kudi dala miliyan 10.A yayin da ake kammala muhawarar, lauyansu ya bukaci alkalan kotun da su bayar da diyya na dala 100, don nuna cewa "ba batun kudin ba ne".A yayin shari'ar, bangarorin biyu sun gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa gwamnati ta kulla makarkashiyar.Hukumomin gwamnati da ake zargi ba za su iya kare kansu ko mayar da martani ba saboda ba a bayyana sunayensu a matsayin wadanda ake tuhuma ba.Dangane da shaidar, alkalan sun yanke hukuncin cewa Jowers da sauran su "bashi ne na wani makirci na kashe Sarki" kuma sun ba dangin $100.Zarge-zargen da kuma binciken alkalan Memphis daga baya Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta yi jayayya a cikin 2000 saboda rashin shaida.

Majalisar ta zartar da dokar ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, kasa da mako guda bayan kisan da aka yi wa Sarki, kuma Shugaba Johnson ya sanya hannu kan dokar washegari.Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1968 ta haramta wariya game da siyarwa, haya, da kuma ba da kuɗin gidaje dangane da launin fata, addini, da asalin ƙasa.Har ila yau, ya mai da shi laifin tarayya "da karfi ko ta hanyar barazanar karfi, raunata, tsoratarwa, ko tsoma baki ga kowa ... saboda launin fata, launin fata, addini, ko asalin ƙasarsa."

Ayyukan zanga-zangar kare hakkin jama'a sun yi tasiri sosai kan ra'ayoyin farar fata na Amurka game da launin fata da siyasa na tsawon lokaci.An gano cewa fararen fata da ke zaune a kananan hukumomin da zanga-zangar kare hakkin bil adama ta tarihi ta faru, an gano cewa suna da ƙananan ƙin ƙabilanci a kan baƙar fata, suna iya kasancewa tare da Jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya tare da nuna goyon baya ga tabbatar da matakin.Wani bincike ya gano cewa gwagwarmayar rashin tashin hankali na wannan zamani yana haifar da samar da ingantacciyar hanyar watsa labarai da kuma sauye-sauye a ra'ayin jama'a da ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan da masu shirya taron ke tadawa, amma zanga-zangar tada hankali ta haifar da yada labaran da ba su dace ba wanda ya haifar da burin jama'a na maido da doka da oda.A ƙarshen dabarun shari'a da Baƙin Amurkawa ke bi, a cikin 1954 Kotun Koli ta rushe yawancin dokokin da suka ba da damar wariyar launin fata da wariyar launin fata su zama doka a Amurka kamar yadda ba su dace ba.Kotun Warren ta yi jerin hukunce-hukunce masu ban sha'awa game da wariyar launin fata, gami da rabe-raben koyaswar amma daidai, kamar Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964), da kuma Loving v. Virginia (1967) wacce ta haramta wariya a makarantun gwamnati da wuraren kwana, ta kuma karya duk dokokin jihar da suka haramta auren jinsi.Hukunce-hukuncen sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo karshen dokokin wariyar launin fata na Jim Crow da ke yaduwa a jihohin Kudu.A cikin 1960s, masu matsakaicin ra'ayi a cikin motsi sun yi aiki tare da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka don cimma nasarar aiwatar da wasu mahimman dokokin tarayya waɗanda suka ba da izini da kulawa da aiwatar da dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam.Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 ta haramta duk wani wariya dangane da launin fata, gami da wariyar launin fata a makarantu, kasuwanci, da wuraren kwana na jama'a.Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe ta 1965 ta maido da kare haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ta hanyar ba da izinin sa ido na tarayya na rajista da zaɓe a yankunan da ke da tarihin rashin wakilcin tsirarun masu jefa ƙuri'a.Dokar Gidajen Gaskiya ta 1968 ta haramta wariya a cikin siyarwa ko hayar gidaje.