Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka na Amurka

Masu mulkin mallaka sun fito daga masarautun Turai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba sosai na soja, na ruwa, na gwamnati da na kasuwanci.Ƙwararrun shekaru aru-aru na Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese na cin nasara da mulkin mallaka a lokacin Reconquista, tare da sababbin fasahar kewayawa na jirgin ruwa, sun ba da kayan aiki, iyawa, da sha'awar mamaye Sabuwar Duniya.Ingila, Faransa, da Netherlands suma sun fara mulkin mallaka a yammacin Indies da Arewacin Amurka.Suna da ikon kera jiragen ruwa masu dacewa da teku amma ba su da tarihin mulkin mallaka a ƙasashen waje kamar Portugal da Spain.Koyaya, ’yan kasuwa na Ingilishi sun ba wa yankunansu tushen tushen jarin kasuwanci wanda da alama yana buƙatar ƙarancin tallafin gwamnati.Hasashen zalunci na addini daga hukumomin rawanin da Cocin Ingila ya haifar da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na mulkin mallaka.Mahajjata ’yan Puritan ’yan aware ne waɗanda suka gudu daga tsanantawa a Ingila, da farko zuwa Netherlands kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa Plymouth Plantation a shekara ta 1620. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka biyo baya, mutanen da suka guje wa tsanantawa daga Sarki Charles na farko sun zauna a yawancin New England.Hakazalika, an kafa Lardin Maryland a wani bangare don zama mafaka ga mabiya darikar Roman Katolika.

Tsakanin 1492 zuwa 1504, dan kasar Italiya mai bincike Christopher Columbus ya jagoranci balaguron gano tekun Sipaniya guda hudu na tekun Atlantic zuwa Amurka.Waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen sun haifar da yaduwar ilimin Sabuwar Duniya.Wannan ci gaban ya ƙaddamar da lokacin da aka fi sani da Age of Discovery, wanda ya ga mulkin mallaka na Amurka, musayar halittu mai alaka, da cinikayyar tekun Atlantika.

A cikin 1513, Ponce de León ya jagoranci balaguron farko da aka sani na Turai zuwa La Florida, wanda ya kira suna a lokacin tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa yankin.Ya sauka wani wuri kusa da gabar gabas ta Florida, sannan ya tsara gabar tekun Atlantika zuwa Maɓallan Florida da arewa tare da gabar Tekun Fasha.A cikin Maris 1521, Ponce de León ya sake yin tafiya zuwa kudu maso yammacin Florida tare da babban yunƙuri na farko na kafa ƙasar Sipaniya a cikin abin da ke a yanzu nahiyar Amurka.Duk da haka, ’yan asalin Calusa sun yi kakkausar suka ga kutsen, kuma Ponce de Léon ya ji rauni sosai a fafatawar.An yi watsi da yunkurin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya mutu daga raunukan da ya samu jim kadan bayan ya koma Cuba a farkon watan Yuli.

A watan Satumba na 1522, ma'aikatan jirgin Ferdinand Magellan da suka tsira sun komaSpain , bayan sun zagaya duniya.Gasar ciniki ta zama cikin gaggawa, musamman tare da Portugal .'Yan kasuwa na Faransa da masu kudi daga Lyon da Rouen ne suka motsa Sarki Francis I na Faransa wanda ke neman sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci don haka ya nemi Verrazzano a shekara ta 1523 ya yi shirin bincika a madadin Faransa wani yanki tsakanin Florida da Terranova, "New Found Land" , tare da burin nemo hanyar teku zuwa Tekun Pacific.A cikin watanni, ya yi tafiya kusa da yankin Cape Fear a ranar 21 ga Maris kuma, bayan ɗan ɗan lokaci, ya isa tafkin Pamlico Sound na Arewacin Carolina na zamani.A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Francis I da masana tarihi suka bayyana a matsayin Cèllere Codex, Verrazzano ya rubuta cewa yana da yakinin cewa Sautin shine farkon Tekun Fasifik wanda daga nan za a iya samun damar shiga kasar Sin.Ci gaba da binciken bakin tekun zuwa arewa, Verrazzano da ma'aikatansa sun yi hulɗa da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke zaune a bakin teku.Koyaya, bai lura da hanyoyin shiga Chesapeake Bay ko bakin kogin Delaware ba.A New York Bay, ya ci karo da Lenape a cikin kwalekwalen Lenape kusan 30 kuma ya lura da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin babban tafkin, ainihin ƙofar kogin Hudson.Daga nan ya yi tafiya tare da Long Island kuma ya shiga Narragansett Bay, inda ya karbi tawagar mutanen Wampanoag da Narragansett.Ya gano Cape Cod Bay, taswirar 1529 ta tabbatar da da'awarsa da ke bayyana Cape Cod a fili.Ya sanya wa kafi sunan wani muhimmin jakadan Faransa a Roma, kuma ya kira shi Pallavicino.Daga nan ya bi bakin teku har zuwa Maine na zamani, kudu maso gabashin Nova Scotia, da Newfoundland, sannan ya koma Faransa a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1524. Verrazzano ya kira yankin da ya bincika Francesca don girmama sarkin Faransa, amma taswirar ɗan'uwansa ya lakafta shi Nova. Gallia (New France).

Hernando de Soto ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar da Francisco Pizarro ya yi na daular Inca a Peru, amma an fi saninsa da jagorantar balaguron farko na Turai a cikin yankin Amurka ta zamani (ta hanyar Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, da kuma Mississippi). mai yiwuwa Arkansas).Shi ne Bature na farko da aka rubuta cewa ya ketare kogin Mississippi.Balaguron De Soto na Arewacin Amurka ya kasance babban aiki.Ya ratsa ko'ina a yankin kudu maso gabashin Amurka, duka suna neman zinare, wanda wasu kabilun Amurkawa daban-daban da masu binciken bakin teku na farko suka ruwaito, da kuma hanyar zuwa kasar Sin ko gabar tekun Pacific.De Soto ya mutu a shekara ta 1542 a bakin kogin Mississippi;Majiyoyi daban-daban sun yi sabani kan ainihin wurin, ko abin da yake yanzu Lake Village, Arkansas, ko Ferriday, Louisiana.

A cikin karni na 16, Spain ta binciki kudu maso yamma daga Mexico.Tafiya ta farko ita ce balaguron Niza a shekara ta 1538. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján ya jagoranci wani babban balaguro daga ƙasar Meziko zuwa yanzu Kansas ta wasu sassa na kudu maso yammacin Amurka tsakanin 1540 zuwa 1542. Vázquez de Coronado ya yi fatan isa ga jirgin. Garuruwan Cíbola, galibi ana kiransu yanzu a matsayin tatsuniyar Biranen Zinariya Bakwai.Balaguron nasa ya nuna alamun farkon gani na Turai na Grand Canyon da Kogin Colorado, a tsakanin sauran wuraren tarihi.

Masu binciken Mutanen Espanya sun yi tafiya tare da bakin tekun California na yanzu suna farawa da Cabrillo a 1542-43.Daga 1565 zuwa 1815, galleons na Mutanen Espanya akai-akai suna zuwa daga Manila a Cape Mendocino, kimanin mil 300 (kilomita 480) arewa da San Francisco ko kudu.Daga nan suka tashi zuwa kudu tare da gabar tekun California zuwa Acapulco, Mexico.Sau da yawa ba su yi kasa ba, saboda gaɓar teku, mai hazo.Spain tana son amintacciyar tashar jiragen ruwa don galleons.Ba su sami San Francisco Bay ba, watakila saboda hazo da ke ɓoye ƙofar.A cikin 1585 Gali ya tsara bakin tekun kudu da San Francisco Bay, kuma a cikin 1587 Unamuno ya bincika Monterey Bay.A cikin 1594 Soromenho ya bincika kuma jirgin ruwa ya tarwatse a cikin Drake's Bay da ke arewacin San Francisco Bay, sannan ya tafi kudu a cikin karamin jirgin ruwa ya wuce Half Moon Bay da Monterey Bay.Sun yi ciniki da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka don abinci.A cikin 1602 Vizcaino ya tsara bakin teku daga Lower California zuwa Mendocino da wasu yankuna na cikin gida kuma ya ba da shawarar Monterey don zama.

A cikin 1560, Sarki Philip II naSpain ya nada Menéndez a matsayin Kyaftin Janar, da ɗan'uwansa Bartolomé Menéndez a matsayin Admiral, na Fleet of the Indies.Don haka Pedro Menéndez ya ba da umarnin galleons na babban Armada de la Carrera, ko Spanish Treasure Fleet, a kan tafiya daga Caribbean da Mexico zuwa Spain, kuma ya ƙayyade hanyoyin da suka bi.A farkon 1564 ya nemi izinin zuwa Florida don neman La Concepcion, galeon Capitana, ko flagship, na sabon jirgin ruwa na Spain wanda ɗansa, Admiral Juan Menéndez ya umarta.Jirgin ya yi hasarar a watan Satumba na 1563 lokacin da guguwa ta warwatsa jiragen yayin da suke komawa Spain, a latitude na Bermuda da ke gabar tekun South Carolina.Tambi ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa.A shekara ta 1565, duk da haka, Mutanen Espanya sun yanke shawarar lalata sansanin Faransa na Fort Caroline, wanda ke cikin abin da yake yanzu a Jacksonville.Kambin ya kusanci Menéndez don ya dace da balaguron balaguro zuwa Florida bisa sharadin ya bincika kuma ya daidaita yankin a matsayin adelantado na Sarki Philip, kuma ya kawar da Faransawan Huguenot, waɗanda Mutanen Espanya na Katolika suka ɗauka a matsayin ƴan bidi’a masu haɗari.Menéndez ya kasance a cikin tseren don isa Florida a gaban kyaftin din Faransa Jean Ribault, wanda ke kan manufa don kare Fort Caroline.A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1565, ranar idi na St. Augustine na Hippo, ma'aikatan Menéndez daga ƙarshe sun hango ƙasa;Mutanen Espanya sun ci gaba da tafiya zuwa arewa tare da bakin teku daga faɗuwar ƙasarsu, suna binciken kowane mashiga da hayaƙi a bakin tekun.A ranar 4 ga Satumba, sun ci karo da jiragen ruwa na Faransa guda huɗu waɗanda aka kafa a bakin wani babban kogi (St. Johns), gami da tutar Ribault, La Trinité.Jiragen ruwan biyu sun hadu a wani dan takaitaccen artabu, amma hakan bai taka kara ya karya ba.Menéndez ya tashi zuwa kudu kuma ya sake sauka a ranar 8 ga Satumba, a hukumance ya ayyana mallakar ƙasar da sunan Philip II, kuma a hukumance ya kafa ƙauyen da ya kira San Agustín (Saint Augustine).St. Augustine shine mafi dadewa ci gaba da mamaye asalin Turai a cikin ƙasar Amurka.Ita ce birni na biyu mafi tsufa a ci gaba da zama na asalin Turai a cikin ƙasar Amurka bayan San Juan, Puerto Rico (wanda aka kafa a 1521).

Ƙasashen Turai da dama sun yi ƙoƙari su sami mulkin mallaka a cikin Amurka bayan 1500. Yawancin waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun ƙare a kasa.Masu mulkin mallaka da kansu sun fuskanci yawan mace-mace daga cututtuka, yunwa, rashin isassun kayan aiki, rikici da ’yan asalin Amirkawa, hare-hare daga abokan hamayyar Turai, da sauran dalilai.Mafi shaharar gazawar Ingilishi sune "Lost Colony of Roanoke" (1583-90) a Arewacin Carolina da Popham Colony a Maine (1607-08).A Roanoke Colony ne Virginia Dare ta zama ɗan Ingilishi na farko da aka haifa a Amurka;Ba a san makomarta ba.

Kasar Faransa ce ta kafa Habitation a Port-Royal a shekara ta 1605 kuma ita ce wurin zama na farko na dindindin a Arewacin Amurka, ko da yake Fort Charlesbourg-Royal a nan gaba an gina birnin Quebec a 1541, bai daɗe ba.Port-Royal ta kasance babban birnin Acadia har zuwa lokacin da sojojin Burtaniya suka lalata ta a 1613.

A ƙarshen 1606, masu mulkin mallaka na Ingila sun tashi tare da haya daga Kamfanin London don kafa mulkin mallaka a cikin Sabuwar Duniya.Rundunar ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa Susan Constant, Discovery, da Godspeed, duk ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Christopher Newport.Sun yi tafiya mai tsawo na musamman na watanni huɗu, ciki har da tasha a tsibirin Canary, a Spain, da kuma Puerto Rico, daga bisani kuma suka tashi zuwa babban yankin Amurka a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1607. Balaguron ya yi ƙasa a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1607, a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1607. wani wurin da suka sawa suna Cape Henry.A karkashin umarnin da aka ba su don zaɓar wurin da ya fi tsaro, sun tashi don bincika abin da ke yanzu Hampton Roads da hanyar shiga Chesapeake Bay wanda suka sanyawa Kogin James suna don girmama Sarki James I na Ingila.An zaɓi Kyaftin Edward Maria Wingfield a matsayin shugaban majalisar gudanarwa a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1607. A ranar 14 ga Mayu, ya zaɓi wani yanki a wani babban yanki mai nisan mil 40 (kilomita 64) daga ciki daga Tekun Atlantika a matsayin wuri na farko don katafaren ginin. sulhu.Tashar kogin ya kasance wurin dabarun kariya saboda lanƙwasa a cikin kogin, kuma yana kusa da ƙasar, yana mai da shi kewayawa kuma yana ba da isasshen ƙasa don ramuka ko ramukan da za a gina a nan gaba.Wataƙila abin da ya fi dacewa game da wurin shi ne cewa ba kowa ba ne domin shugabannin ƙasashen ƴan asalin da ke kusa da wurin sun ɗauki wurin da ya fi talauci kuma ya yi nisa ga noma.Tsibirin yana da fadama kuma ya keɓe, kuma yana ba da iyakataccen sarari, sauro yana addabarsa, kuma yana ba da ruwan kogin da ba ya da kyau kawai don sha.Masu mulkin mallaka, rukunin farko wanda ya fara isa ranar 13 ga Mayu, 1607, ba su taɓa yin shirin shuka duk abincin nasu ba.Shirye-shiryensu ya dogara ne akan kasuwanci da Powhatan na gida don samar musu da abinci tsakanin masu zuwa jiragen ruwa na lokaci-lokaci daga Ingila.Rashin samun ruwa da kuma lokacin rani ya gurgunta noman ’yan mulkin mallaka.Har ila yau, ruwan da ’yan mulkin mallaka suka sha ba shi da ƙima kuma yana shan ruwa ne kawai na rabin shekara.Wani jirgin ruwa daga Ingila, wanda guguwa ta lalata, sun isa bayan watanni tare da sabbin 'yan mulkin mallaka, amma ba tare da an yi tsammanin samar da abinci ba.Akwai shaidar kimiyya cewa mazauna Jamestown sun koma cin naman mutane a lokacin yunwa.Ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1610, waɗanda suka tsira sun shiga jirgi, suka watsar da wurin zama, kuma suka tashi zuwa Chesapeake Bay.A can kuma, wani ayarin motocin da ke samar da sabbin kayayyaki, wanda sabon gwamnan da aka nada Francis West ya jagoranta, ya tare su a bakin kogin James, ya mayar da su Jamestown.A cikin ƴan shekaru, tallace-tallacen taba da John Rolfe ya yi ya tabbatar da ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.

A cikin karni na 16,Spain ta binciki kudu maso yamma daga Mexico.Tafiya ta farko ita ce balaguron Niza a shekara ta 1538. Francisco Coronado ya biyo bayan balaguron da ya fi girma a cikin 1539, a cikin New Mexico na zamani da Arizona, ya isa New Mexico a 1540. Mutanen Espanya sun koma arewa daga Mexico, suna zaune a ƙauyuka a cikin babban kwarin Rio. Grande, gami da yawancin rabin yammacin jihar New Mexico ta yau.An kafa babban birnin Santa Fe a cikin 1610 kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin matsugunan da ake ci gaba da zama a cikin Amurka.

Don ƙarfafa baƙi su zo Virginia, a cikin Nuwamba 1618 shugabannin Kamfanin Virginia sun ba da umarni ga sabon gwamna, Sir George Yeardley, wanda aka sani da "babban shata."Ya tabbatar da cewa baƙi waɗanda suka biya hanyarsu zuwa Virginia za su karɓi kadada hamsin na fili kuma ba kawai masu haya ba.Hukumar farar hula ce za ta kula da sojoji.A cikin 1619, bisa ga umarnin, Gwamna Yeardley ya ƙaddamar da zaɓe na 22 burgesses ta ƙauyuka da Jamestown.Su, tare da Gwamna da aka nada da Sarauta da Majalisar Jiha mai mutane shida, za su kafa Majalisar Wakilai ta farko a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta.A ƙarshen watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, bayin Afirka na farko sun sauka a Old Point Comfort a Hampton, Virginia.Ana kallon wannan a matsayin farkon tarihin bauta a Virginia da Birtaniya a Arewacin Amirka.Ana kuma la'akari da shi a matsayin mafari ga tarihin Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, ganin cewa su ne rukuni na farko a cikin yankin Biritaniya.

Mahajjata wasu ƙananan gungun 'yan aware ne na Puritan waɗanda suke jin cewa suna bukatar su nisanta kansu da kansu daga Cocin Ingila .Da farko sun koma Netherlands , sannan suka yanke shawarar sake kafa kansu a Amurka.Mahajjata na farko sun yi tafiya zuwa Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1620 akan Mayflower.Bayan isowarsu, sai suka ƙera Ƙa'idar Mayflower, ta inda suka ɗaure kansu a matsayin al'umma mai haɗin kai, ta haka ne suka kafa ƙaramin Plymouth Colony.William Bradford shine babban jagoransu.Bayan kafuwarta, wasu mazauna sun yi tafiya daga Ingila don shiga mulkin mallaka.Puritans da ba 'yan aware ba sun kafa rukuni mafi girma fiye da Mahajjata, kuma sun kafa Massachusetts Bay Colony a 1629 tare da mazauna 400.Sun nemi gyara Cocin Ingila ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabuwar coci mai tsafta a cikin Sabuwar Duniya.A shekara ta 1640, 20,000 sun isa;da yawa sun mutu ba da jimawa ba, amma sauran sun sami yanayi mai kyau da wadataccen abinci.Mallakan Plymouth da Massachusetts Bay tare sun haifar da wasu yankunan Puritan a cikin New England, gami da New Haven, Saybrook, da Connecticut mazauna.A cikin karni na 17, Connecticut ta mamaye yankunan New Haven da Saybrook.Puritans sun ƙirƙiri tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, tsattsauran ra'ayi na zamantakewa, da sabbin al'adun siyasa waɗanda har yanzu suna tasiri ga Amurka ta zamani.Suna fatan wannan sabuwar ƙasa za ta zama “al’umma mai fansa”.Sun gudu daga Ingila kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar "al'ummar tsarkaka" ko "Birnin Dutse" a Amurka: al'umma mai tsananin addini, daidaitaccen al'umma da aka tsara don zama misali ga dukan Turai.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Puritan New England ta cika tsammanin waɗanda suka kafa ta.Tattalin Arzikin Puritan ya dogara ne akan ƙoƙarin gonaki masu dogaro da kai waɗanda ke siyar da kayayyaki kawai waɗanda ba za su iya samar da kansu ba, sabanin gonakin amfanin gona na yankin Chesapeake.Gabaɗaya an sami matsayi mafi girma na tattalin arziki da matsayin rayuwa a New England fiye da na Chesapeake.Sabuwar Ingila ta zama muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci da ginin jiragen ruwa, tare da aikin noma, kamun kifi, da sarewa, wanda ke zama cibiyar kasuwanci tsakanin yankunan kudu da Turai.

Kisan kiyashin Indiya na 1622, wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin Jamestown, ya faru ne a yankin Turancin Ingilishi na Virginia, wanda ke a yanzu Amurka, a ranar 22 ga Maris 1622. John Smith, ko da yake bai kasance a Virginia ba tun 1609 kuma bai kasance ba. wani shaidar gani da ido, wanda ya bayyana a cikin Tarihinsa na Virginia cewa mayaƙan Powhatan "sun zo cikin gidajenmu ba tare da makamai ba tare da barewa, turkeys, kifi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da sauran kayan abinci don sayar da mu".Daga nan ne Powhatan suka kama duk wani kayan aiki ko makaman da suke da su kuma suka kashe duk turawan Ingila da suka samu, ciki har da maza, mata, yara na kowane zamani.Cif Opechancanough ya jagoranci kungiyar ta Powhatan a cikin jerin hare-haren ba-zata da suka hada kai, kuma sun kashe jimillar mutane 347, kashi daya bisa hudu na al'ummar yankin Virginia.Jamestown, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1607, shine wurin da aka fara samun nasarar zama na Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka, kuma shine babban birnin Masarautar Virginia.Tattalin arzikinta na taba, wanda ya lalata ƙasa da sauri kuma ya buƙaci sabon ƙasa, ya haifar da faɗaɗa da kuma kwace filayen Powhatan akai-akai, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da kisan kiyashi.

Nieuw-Nederland, ko New Netherland, yanki ne na mulkin mallaka na Jamhuriyyar Bakwai United Netherlands wanda aka yi hayarsa a cikin 1614, a cikin abin da ya zama New York, New Jersey, da wasu sassan jihohin makwabta.Mafi girman yawan jama'a bai wuce 10,000 ba.Yaren mutanen Holland sun kafa tsarin kishin kasa tare da haƙƙin kama-karya da aka ba wa wasu ƴan ƙasa masu ƙarfi;sun kuma tabbatar da juriya na addini da ciniki cikin 'yanci.An kafa babban birnin New Amsterdam a cikin 1624 kuma yana kan iyakar kudancin tsibirin Manhattan, wanda ya girma ya zama babban birni na duniya.Turawan Ingila ne suka kwace birnin a shekarar 1664;sun kwace cikakken mulkin mallaka a cikin 1674 kuma suka sake masa suna New York.Koyaya, mallakar ƙasar Holland ya kasance, kuma Kogin Hudson ya kiyaye halayen Dutch na gargajiya har zuwa 1820s.Alamun tasirin Yaren mutanen Holland ya kasance a arewacin New Jersey na yanzu da kuma kudu maso gabashin jihar New York, kamar gidaje, sunayen dangi, da sunayen hanyoyi da garuruwa duka.

Yaƙin Pequot wani rikici ne na makami wanda ya faru tsakanin 1636 da 1638 a New England tsakanin ƙabilar Pequot da ƙawance na masu mulkin mallaka daga Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, da Saybrook mazauna da kuma ƙawancensu daga kabilar Narragansett da Mohegan.Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da gagarumin shan kashi na Pequot.A ƙarshe, an kashe Pequots kusan 700 ko kuma aka kai su bauta.An sayar da ɗaruruwan fursunoni zuwa bauta ga masu mulkin mallaka a Bermuda ko Yammacin Indiya;an tarwatsa sauran wadanda suka tsira a matsayin fursuna ga kabilun da suka ci nasara.Sakamakon haka shi ne kawar da kabilar Pequot a matsayin siyasa mai inganci a kudancin New England, kuma hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun sanya su a matsayin batattu.Wadanda suka tsira a yankin sun shiga cikin wasu kabilun yankin.

Sabuwar Sweden wani yanki ne na Yaren mutanen Sweden wanda ya wanzu tare da kwarin Delaware daga 1638 zuwa 1655 kuma ya mamaye ƙasa a Delaware na yau, kudancin New Jersey, da kudu maso gabashin Pennsylvania.Mazauna ɗaruruwan sun kewaye babban birnin Fort Christina, a wurin da yake a yau birnin Wilmington, Delaware.Har ila yau, yankin yana da ƙauyuka kusa da wurin a yau na Salem, New Jersey (Fort Nya Elfsborg) da kuma kan Tinicum Island, Pennsylvania.Turawan Holland ne suka kama mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1655 kuma suka hade cikin New Netherland, tare da sauran masu mulkin mallaka.Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, an shigar da yankin New Netherland gaba ɗaya cikin mallakar mallakar Ingila.Mulkin mallaka na New Sweden ya gabatar da addinin Lutheran zuwa Amurka ta hanyar wasu tsoffin majami'u na Turai.Masu mulkin mallaka sun kuma gabatar da katakon katako zuwa Amurka, kuma koguna, garuruwa, da iyalai da yawa a cikin ƙananan Kogin Kogin Delaware sun sami sunayensu daga Swedes.Gidan Log na Nothnagle a Gibbstown, New Jersey, an gina shi a ƙarshen 1630s lokacin mulkin mallaka na New Sweden.Ya kasance gidan da aka gina mafi tsufa a Turai a cikin New Jersey kuma an yi imanin yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin gidajen katako da ke rayuwa a Amurka.

Remonstrance na Flushing wata takarda ce ta 1657 zuwa ga Darakta-Janar na New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant, wanda wasu mazauna ƙauyen 30 na ƙaramin yanki a Flushing suka nemi keɓantawa ga haramcinsa na bautar Quaker.Ana la'akari da shi a matsayin mafari ga tanadin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka game da 'yancin yin addini a cikin kundin 'yancin.

Lardin Carolina shine farkon yunkurin tura turanci kudu da Virginia.Wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa, wanda gungun gungun Masu mallaka na Ingila ne suka samu tallafin sarauta ga Carolinas a 1663, suna fatan sabon mulkin mallaka a kudu zai zama riba kamar Jamestown.Carolina ba ta zauna ba sai 1670, har ma a lokacin yunkurin farko ya gaza saboda babu wani abin karfafa gwiwa don ƙaura zuwa wannan yanki.A ƙarshe, duk da haka, Ubangiji ya haɗu da sauran babban birninsu kuma suka ba da kuɗin aikin sasantawa zuwa yankin da Sir John Colleton ya jagoranta.Balaguron ya kasance ƙasa mai albarka kuma mai karewa a abin da ya zama Charleston, asalin Charles Town na Charles II na Ingila.Mazaunan asali a Kudancin Carolina sun kafa kasuwanci mai riba a abinci don gonakin bayi a cikin Caribbean.Mazaunan sun fito ne daga yankin Barbados na Ingila da ke mulkin mallaka kuma suka kawo ’yan Afirka bayi da su.Barbados wani tsibiri ne mai arzikin rake, ɗaya daga cikin turawan Ingila na farko don amfani da ɗimbin ƴan Afirka wajen noma irin na shuka.An gabatar da noman shinkafa a cikin shekarun 1690 kuma ya zama muhimmin amfanin gona na waje.Da farko, Kudancin Carolina ya rabu a siyasance.Kayan aikinta na ƙabilanci sun haɗa da mazaunan asali (ƙungiyar masu arziki, mazauna turawa masu mallakar bayi daga tsibirin Barbados) da Huguenots, al'ummar Furotesta na Faransanci.Kusan yaƙe-yaƙe na kan iyaka a lokacin yakin Sarki William da yakin Sarauniya Anne ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna na tattalin arziki da siyasa tsakanin 'yan kasuwa da masu shuka.Bala'i na Yamasee na 1715 ya yi barazana ga ikon mulkin mallaka kuma ya kafa shekaru goma na rikice-rikicen siyasa.A shekara ta 1729, gwamnatin mallaka ta rushe, kuma masu mallaka sun sayar da yankunan biyu zuwa kambin Birtaniya.

An kafa dokokin farko da ke haramta aure da jima'i tsakanin farare da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba a zamanin mulkin mallaka a yankunan Virginia da Maryland, waɗanda suka dogara ga tattalin arziki kan bauta.Da farko, a cikin 1660s, dokokin farko a Virginia da Maryland da ke tsara auratayya tsakanin farare da baƙar fata kawai sun shafi auren fararen fata zuwa baƙi (da mulatto) waɗanda aka bautar da bayi da bayi.A cikin 1664, Maryland ta haramta irin waɗannan aure-auren 1681 na ɗan Irish Nell Butler ga wani ɗan Afirka da yake bauta ya kasance farkon misalin aiwatar da wannan doka.Majalisar Burgesses ta Virginia ta zartar da wata doka a shekara ta 1691 ta hana bakar fata da fararen fata ’yanta yin aure, sannan Maryland ta biyo baya a 1692. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Amurka da aka kirkiro wata doka da ta hana damar saduwa da abokan aure kawai bisa tushen " kabilanci", ba aji ko yanayin bauta ba.Daga baya waɗannan dokokin kuma sun bazu zuwa yankunan da ke da ƴan baƙar fata da ba su da bayi da ƴancin su, kamar Pennsylvania da Massachusetts.Bugu da kari, bayan da Amurka ta samu 'yancin kai, an kafa irin wadannan dokoki a yankuna da jihohin da suka haramta bautar.

Yaƙin Sarki Philip wani rikici ne na makami a cikin 1675-1676 tsakanin ƴan asalin ƙasar New England da New England 'yan mulkin mallaka da abokansu na asali.Ana kiran yakin ne don Metacom, shugaban Wampanoag wanda ya karbi sunan Philip saboda dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin mahaifinsa Massasoit da Mahajjata Mayflower.Yakin ya ci gaba a mafi yawan arewacin New England har zuwa sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Casco Bay a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1678.Yaƙin shine babban bala'i a New England na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai kuma mutane da yawa suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin yaƙi mafi muni a tarihin Turawan Mulkin Amurka.A cikin fiye da shekara guda, an lalata 12 daga cikin garuruwan yankin kuma wasu da yawa sun lalace, tattalin arzikin Plymouth da Rhode Island Colonies duk ya lalace kuma yawansu ya ragu, sun rasa kashi ɗaya cikin goma na dukan mazajen da suke da su. aikin soja.Sama da rabin garuruwan New England ne 'yan asalin kasar suka kai hari.Daruruwan Wampanoags da abokansu an kashe su a bainar jama'a ko kuma aka bautar da su, kuma Wampanoags sun kasance marasa ƙasa.Yaƙin Sarki Philip ya fara haɓaka asalin ɗan Amurka mai zaman kansa.Turawan mulkin mallaka na New England sun fuskanci abokan gabansu ba tare da goyon bayan wata gwamnati ko soja ta Turai ba, kuma hakan ya fara ba su wata kungiya ta daban kuma ta bambanta da Birtaniya.

Tawayen Bacon wani tawaye ne dauke da makami da mazauna Virginia suka yi wanda ya faru daga 1676 zuwa 1677. Nathaniel Bacon ne ya jagorance ta a kan Gwamnan mulkin mallaka William Berkeley, bayan Berkeley ya ki amincewa da bukatar Bacon na korar 'yan asalin Amurka daga Virginia.Dubban 'yan Virginia daga kowane nau'i (ciki har da wadanda ke cikin bautar) da kuma jinsi sun tashi da makamai a kan Berkeley, suna korar shi daga Jamestown kuma a ƙarshe sun ƙone mazaunin.Wasu ƴan jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da makamai daga London ne suka fara murkushe tawayen.Sojojin gwamnati sun isa nan ba da dadewa ba kuma sun kwashe shekaru da dama suna fatattakar aljihuran juriya tare da sake fasalin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka don sake kasancewa karkashin ikon masarautar kai tsaye.Tawayen naman alade ita ce tawaye ta farko a yankunan Arewacin Amirka inda 'yan adawa suka shiga ciki (wani irin wannan tashin hankali a Maryland wanda ya shafi John Coode da Josias Fendall ya faru ba da daɗewa ba).Haɗin kai tsakanin bayin Turawa da ’yan Afirka (haɗin kai, bayi, da ’yan Negroes) sun dagula manyan masu mulkin mallaka.Sun mayar da martani ta hanyar taurare kabilanci na bauta a yunƙurin raba jinsin biyu daga tashe-tashen hankula na haɗin kai da suka biyo baya tare da ƙaddamar da Codes Slave Codes na Virginia na 1705. Yayin da tawayen bai yi nasara ba a farkon manufar korar 'yan asalin Amirka daga Virginia. hakan ya sa aka sake kiran Berkeley zuwa Ingila.

An kafa Pennsylvania a cikin 1681 a matsayin mallakar mallakar Quaker William Penn.Babban abubuwan da ke cikin yawan jama'a sun haɗa da yawan Quaker da ke zaune a Philadelphia, ɗan ƙasar Scotch na Irish a kan iyakar Yamma, da yawancin yankunan Jamus a tsakanin.Philadelphia ya zama birni mafi girma a cikin mazauna tare da tsakiyar wurinsa, kyakkyawar tashar jiragen ruwa, da yawan jama'a kusan 30,000.

Yaƙin King William shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Arewacin Amurka na Yaƙin Shekaru Tara (1688-1697).Ya kasance na farko na yaƙe-yaƙe shida na mulkin mallaka (duba yaƙe -yaƙe huɗu na Faransanci da Indiya , Yaƙin Uba Rale da Yaƙin Uba Le Loutre) sun yi yaƙi tsakanin New Faransa da New England tare da ƙawayen ƴan asalinsu na asali kafin Faransa ta ba da sauran yankunan babban yankinta a Arewacin Amurka gabas. na Kogin Mississippi a 1763.Ga yakin Sarki William, Ingila ko Faransa ba su yi tunanin raunana matsayinsu a Turai don tallafawa yakin da ake yi a Arewacin Amirka ba.Sabuwar Faransa da Wabanaki Confederacy sun sami damar dakile fadada New England zuwa Acadia, wanda iyakar New Faransa ta bayyana a matsayin kogin Kennebec a kudancin Maine.: 27 Bisa ga sharuddan Amincin Ryswick na 1697 wanda ya kawo karshen yakin shekaru tara, iyakoki da sansanoni na New France, New England, da New York sun kasance ba su canza ba.Yakin ya kasance mafi yawa saboda ba a kiyaye yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin da aka cimma a karshen yakin Sarki Filibus (1675-1678).Bugu da ƙari, Ingilishi ya firgita cewa Indiyawan suna karɓar taimakon Faransanci ko watakila Dutch.Indiyawan sun yi wa turawan Ingilishi da fargabarsu, ta yadda suke yi kamar suna tare da Faransawa.An kuma yaudari Faransawa, saboda suna tunanin Indiyawan suna aiki tare da Ingilishi.Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, ban da yadda turawan Ingila suka dauki Indiyawan a matsayin talakawansu, duk da rashin amincewa da Indiyawan suka yi, daga karshe ya haifar da rikici guda biyu, daya daga cikinsu shi ne yakin Sarki William.

Dokar Haƙuri 1688 (1 Will & Mary c 18), kuma ana kiranta da Dokar Haƙuri, Dokar Majalisar Ingila ce.Ya wuce bayan juyin juya hali mai girma, ta sami izinin sarauta a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1689.Dokar ta ba da damar ’yancin yin ibada ga waɗanda ba sa bin ƙa’idodin da suka yi alkawarin rantsuwar Mubaya’a da Ƙarfi kuma suka ƙi yin juzu’a, watau, ga Furotesta waɗanda suka ɓata daga Cocin Ingila kamar Baptists, Congregationalists ko Presbyterians na Ingilishi, amma ba ga Roman Katolika ba.An ba wa waɗanda ba sa bin tsarin koyarwar wuraren ibadarsu da nasu malaman makaranta, matuƙar sun karɓi wasu rantsuwar mubaya’a.An yi amfani da sharuɗɗan Dokar Haƙuri a cikin ƙasashen Ingilishi a Amurka ko dai ta hanyar yarjejeniya ko kuma ta ayyukan gwamnonin sarauta.Tunanin jurewa kamar yadda Locke ya ba da shawarar (wanda ya cire Roman Katolika) ya sami karbuwa ta mafi yawan mazauna, har ma a cikin manyan wuraren da ke cikin New England wanda a baya ya azabtar ko ya cire masu adawa.Mazaunan Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Delaware, da New Jersey sun wuce Dokar Haƙuri ta hanyar haramta kafa kowace coci da ba da damar bambancin addini.A cikin yankunan da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka an ƙyale Roman Katolika su yi addininsu kyauta kawai a Pennsylvania da Maryland.

Shari'ar mayu ta Salem ta kasance jerin shari'a da kuma gurfanar da mutanen da ake zargi da maita a Massachusetts mulkin mallaka tsakanin Fabrairu 1692 da Mayu 1693. An zargi fiye da mutane 200.An samu mutane 30 da laifi, 19 daga cikinsu an kashe su ta hanyar rataya (mata 14 da maza biyar).Wani mutum guda, Giles Corey, an matsa masa ya mutu bayan ya ki shigar da kara, kuma akalla mutane biyar sun mutu a gidan yari.An kama kama a garuruwa da yawa bayan Salem da Salem Village (wanda aka sani a yau da Danvers), musamman Andover da Topsfield.Kotun kolin Oyer da Terminer ne suka gudanar da manyan alkalai da shari’o’in wannan babban laifi a shekarar 1692 da kuma wata babbar kotun shari’a a shekarar 1693, duk an gudanar da su a garin Salem, inda kuma aka yi rataye.Ita ce farautar mayya mafi muni a tarihin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amurka.Wasu mata goma sha hudu da maza biyu ne aka kashe a Massachusetts da Connecticut a cikin karni na 17.Lamarin na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lamurra na ƴan mulkin mallaka na Amurka.Ba wani abu ba ne na musamman, amma bayyanar mulkin mallaka na babban al'amari na gwaji na mayya a farkon zamani, wanda ya dauki rayukan dubun-dubatar a Turai.A cikin Amurka, an yi amfani da al'amuran Salem a cikin maganganun siyasa da shahararrun adabi a matsayin tatsuniya mai fayyace game da hatsarori na keɓewa, tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, zarge-zargen ƙarya, da gazawa a cikin tsari.Masana tarihi da yawa sun ɗauka cewa sakamakon gwajin ya yi tasiri sosai a tarihin Amurka .

Lambobin Slave na Virginia na 1705 jerin dokoki ne da Gidan Burgesses Colony na Virginia ya kafa a cikin 1705 wanda ke tsara hulɗar tsakanin bayi da ƴan ƙasa na mulkin mallaka na Virginia.Ƙaddamar da Ƙididdiga na Bayi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙarfafa bautar a Virginia, kuma ya zama tushen dokar bawa ta Virginia.Waɗannan lambobin sun haɗa da ra'ayin bautar da doka ta na'urori masu zuwa:Kafa sabbin haƙƙoƙin mallaka don masu bayiAn ba da izini ga doka, cinikin bayi na bayi tare da kariya daga kotunaAn kafa kotunan shari'a daban-dabanAn haramta bayi daga tafiya da makamai, ba tare da izini a rubuce baBakaken fata ba zai iya daukar aiki baAn ba da izinin kama wadanda ake zargi da guduAn ƙirƙiro dokar ne don tabbatar da mafi girman matakin kula da karuwar yawan bayi na Afirka na Virginia.Har ila yau, ya yi amfani da al'umma wajen ware turawan mulkin mallaka da bakar fata, wanda hakan ya sa su zama kungiyoyi masu banbance-banbance da ke hana su damar hada kai.Haɗin kai na jama'a shine tsoron tsoron daular Virginia wanda dole ne a magance shi, kuma waɗanda ke son hana maimaita abubuwan da suka faru kamar Tawayen Bacon, wanda ke faruwa shekaru 29 kafin.

An yi yakin Tuscarora a Arewacin Carolina daga ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1711 har zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu, 1715 tsakanin mutanen Tuscarora da abokansu a gefe guda da kuma mazauna Turai na Amurka, Yamassee, da sauran abokan tarayya a daya.An dauki wannan a matsayin yakin mulkin mallaka mafi jini a Arewacin Carolina.Tuscarora ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da jami'an mulkin mallaka a cikin 1718 kuma sun zauna a kan wani yanki da aka keɓe a gundumar Bertie, North Carolina.Yaƙin ya haifar da ƙarin rikici a ɓangaren Tuscarora kuma ya haifar da sauye-sauye a cinikin bayi na Arewa da Kudancin Carolina.An fara samun nasara na farko a Arewacin Carolina a shekara ta 1653. Tuscarora sun zauna lafiya tare da mazauna sama da shekaru 50, yayin da kusan kowane yanki na Amurka ya shiga cikin wani rikici da ’yan asalin Amirkawa.Yawancin Tuscarora sun yi hijira zuwa arewa zuwa New York bayan yakin, inda suka shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Iroquois biyar a matsayin kasa ta shida.

Yaƙin Yamasee wani rikici ne da aka yi yaƙi a Kudancin Carolina daga 1715 zuwa 1717 tsakanin mazauna Birtaniyya daga lardin Carolina da Yamasee, waɗanda wasu ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da ke kawance da su suka goyi bayansu, ciki har da Muscogee, Cherokee, Catawba, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Yuchi, Savannah River Shawnee, Congaree, Waxhaw, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Cheraw, da sauransu.Wasu daga cikin kungiyoyin 'yan asalin kasar Amurka sun taka rawa kadan, yayin da wasu suka kaddamar da hare-hare a duk fadin Kudancin Carolina a yunkurin lalata yankin.’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun kashe ɗaruruwan ‘yan mulkin mallaka tare da lalata ƙauyuka da dama, kuma sun kashe ‘yan kasuwa a duk faɗin yankin kudu maso gabas.Masu mulkin mallaka sun yi watsi da iyakokin suka gudu zuwa Garin Charles, inda yunwa ta tashi yayin da kayayyaki suka yi ƙasa.Rayuwar yankin Kudancin Carolina ya kasance cikin tambaya a lokacin 1715. Ruwan ruwa ya juya a farkon 1716 lokacin da Cherokee ya goyi bayan 'yan mulkin mallaka a kan Creek, abokin gaba na gargajiya.Mayakan 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka na ƙarshe sun janye daga rikici a cikin 1717, suna kawo zaman lafiya mai rauni ga mulkin mallaka.Yaƙin Yamasee ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen da suka fi kawo cikas da sauyi na mulkin mallaka na Amurka.Sama da shekara guda, mulkin mallaka ya fuskanci yuwuwar halaka.Kimanin kashi 70 cikin 100 na mazauna Kudancin Carolina aka kashe, wanda ya sa yakin ya zama yaƙe-yaƙe mafi zubar da jini a tarihin Amurka.Yaƙin Yamasee da abin da ya biyo baya ya canza yanayin yanayin siyasa na ƙasashen Turai da ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar, kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga bullar sabbin ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin Amirka, kamar Muscogee Creek da Catawba.Asalin yakin ya kasance mai sarkakiya, kuma dalilan fada sun banbanta tsakanin kungiyoyin Indiya da dama da suka shiga.Abubuwan da suka hada da tsarin ciniki, cin zarafin 'yan kasuwa, cinikin bayi na Indiya, raguwar barewa, karuwar basusuka na Indiya sabanin karuwar arziki tsakanin wasu 'yan mulkin mallaka, yaduwar noman shinkafa, ikon Faransanci a Louisiana yana ba da madadin kasuwancin Birtaniya, dogon lokaci. - kafa haɗin gwiwar Indiya zuwa Florida ta Sipaniya, gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Indiya, da abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan game da haɗin gwiwar soja tsakanin kabilu masu nisa a baya.

Da'awar Faransanci ga Louisiana ta Faransa ta shimfiɗa dubban mil daga Louisiana na zamani zuwa arewa zuwa tsakiyar yamma wanda ba a bincika ba, da yamma zuwa tsaunin Rocky.Gabaɗaya an raba shi zuwa Upper da Lower Louisiana.An kafa New Orleans a farkon 1718 ta hannun Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a ƙarƙashin Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, wanda ya zaɓi wurin don fa'idodin dabarunsa da fa'idodin aiki, kamar haɓakar dangi, haɓakar levee na halitta ta Kogin Mississippi, da kusancin hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin. Mississippi da Lake Pontchartrain.Wanda aka yiwa suna bayan Philip II, Duke na Orléans, birnin yana da niyyar zama babbar cibiyar mulkin mallaka.Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a na farko shine tsarin kudi na John Law, wanda a ƙarshe ya gaza a 1720, amma har yanzu New Orleans ya zama babban birnin Louisiana na Faransa a 1722, ya maye gurbin Biloxi.Duk da ƙalubalen farkonsa, gami da bayyana shi a matsayin tarin matsuguni masu faɗi a cikin wani yanki mai fadama da fama da guguwa mai halakarwa a shekara ta 1722, an tsara tsarin birnin a matsayin tsarin grid, musamman a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Quarter Faransa.Yawan mutanen farko sun haɗa da haɗakar ma'aikatan tilastawa, masu tarko, da ƴan kasada, tare da amfani da bayi don ayyukan jama'a bayan lokutan girbi.New Orleans ta zama tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci a matsayin ƙofar kogin Mississippi, amma babu sauran ci gaban tattalin arziki kaɗan saboda birnin ba shi da wata ƙasa mai wadata.

Babban farkawa ta farko ita ce babbar farfaɗowar addini ta farko a ƙasar, wadda ta faru a tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, kuma ta ƙara sabon ƙarfi cikin bangaskiyar Kirista.Guguwar sha'awar addini ce tsakanin Furotesta da ta mamaye yankunan a cikin 1730s da 1740s, wanda ya bar tasiri na dindindin ga addinin Amurka.Jonathan Edwards babban jigo ne kuma kwararre mai ilimi a Amurka ‘yan mulkin mallaka.George Whitefield ya zo daga Ingila kuma ya yi masu tuba da yawa.Farkawa mai girma ya nanata kyawawan halaye na gyarawa na al'ada na wa'azin Allah, koyarwa ta asali, da zurfin sanin zunubi da fansa ta Kristi Yesu, wanda wa'azi mai ƙarfi ya motsa wanda ya shafi masu sauraro sosai.Janye daga al'ada da biki, Babban farkawa ya sanya addini keɓaɓɓu ga talakawan mutum.Farkawa ya yi babban tasiri wajen sake fasalin Ikklisiya, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, da German Reformed denominations, kuma ya ƙarfafa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Baptist da Methodist.Ya kawo Kiristanci ga bayi kuma ya kasance wani abu mai karfi a New England wanda ya kalubalanci ikon da aka kafa.Hakan ya jawo cece-kuce da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin sabbin masu fafutukar farfado da al’adun gargajiya da kuma tsofaffin ‘yan gargajiya wadanda suka dage da yin tsafi da ibada.Farkawa yayi kadan tasiri akan Anglicans da Quakers.

Daular Rasha ta bincika yankin da ya zama Alaska, wanda ya fara da balaguron Kamchatka na biyu a cikin 1730s da farkon 1740s.An kafa mazauninsu na farko a cikin 1784 ta Grigory Shelikhov.An kafa Kamfanin Rasha-Amurka a cikin 1799 tare da tasirin Nikolay Rezanov, don manufar siyan otters na teku don gashin su daga mafarauta na asali.A shekara ta 1867, {asar Amirka ta sayi Alaska, kuma kusan dukan mutanen Rasha sun yi watsi da yankin, sai ’yan mishan na Cocin Orthodox na Rasha da ke aiki a tsakanin ’yan ƙasar.

Dan Majalisar Birtaniya James Oglethorpe ya kafa yankin Jojiya a 1733 a matsayin mafita ga matsaloli biyu.A wannan lokacin, tashin hankali ya kasance mai girma tsakaninSpain da Birtaniya , kuma Birtaniya sun ji tsoron cewa Mutanen Espanya Florida na barazana ga British Carolinas.Oglethorpe ya yanke shawarar kafa mulkin mallaka a yankin iyakar Jojiya da ake gwabzawa da kuma cika ta da masu bin bashi da idan ba haka ba za a daure su a gidan yari bisa ga daidaitaccen al'adar Birtaniyya.Wannan shirin zai kawar da Burtaniya duka daga abubuwan da ba a so da kuma samar mata da tushe wanda zai kai hari Florida.Masu mulkin mallaka na farko sun isa a 1733.An kafa Jojiya bisa ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a masu tsauri.An haramta bauta a hukumance, haka ma barasa da sauran nau’ikan lalata.Duk da haka, gaskiyar mulkin mallaka ya bambanta sosai.Masu mulkin mallaka sun ƙi salon salon ɗabi'a kuma sun koka da cewa mulkin mallaka ba zai iya yin gogayya ta fuskar tattalin arziki da noman shinkafa na Carolina ba.Jojiya da farko ta kasa ci gaba, amma a ƙarshe an ɗage hane-hane, an ba da izinin bautar, kuma ta sami wadata kamar Carolinas.Ƙasar Jojiya ba ta taɓa samun kafuwar addini ba;ya kunshi mutane mabambantan addinai.

Tawayen Stono wani tawaye ne na bawa wanda ya fara a ranar 9 ga Satumbar 1739, a yankin Kudancin Carolina.Ita ce tawayen bayi mafi girma a Kudancin Mallaka, tare da masu mulkin mallaka 25 da 35 zuwa 50 na Afirka da aka kashe.’Yan asalin Afirka ne suka jagoranci zanga-zangar da wataƙila sun fito ne daga Masarautar Kongo ta Tsakiyar Afirka, domin ’yan tawayen Katolika ne wasu kuma suna jin Portuguese.Shugaban tawayen, Jemmy, bawa ne mai ilimi.A wasu rahotanni, duk da haka, ana kiransa da "Cato", kuma mai yiwuwa Cato, ko Cater, dangin da ke zaune kusa da kogin Ashley da arewacin kogin Stono.Ya jagoranci wasu ’yan Kongo 20 da suke bauta, waɗanda wataƙila tsoffin sojoji ne, a wani tattaki da makamai a kudancin Kogin Stono.An ɗaure su zuwa Florida ta Sipaniya, inda shelar da ta biyo baya ta yi alkawarin ’yanci ga bayi da suka tsere daga Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya.Jemmy da kungiyarsa sun dauki wasu bayi kusan 60 aiki tare da kashe farar fata sama da 20 kafin daga bisani mayakan sa kai na Kudancin Carolina su ka kama su kuma su yi nasara a kansu a kusa da kogin Edisto.Wadanda suka tsira sun yi tafiya mai nisan mil 30 (kilomita 50) kafin daga karshe mayakan suka fatattake su bayan mako guda.An kashe akasarin bayin da aka kama;'yan tsirarun an sayar da su zuwa kasuwanni a yammacin Indiya.Dangane da tawaye, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zartar da Dokar Negro ta 1740, wanda ya hana 'yancin bayi amma ya inganta yanayin aiki kuma ya sanya dakatar da shigo da sababbin bayi.

Dokar Negro ta 1740, wacce aka kafa a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1740, a Kudancin Carolina a ƙarƙashin Gwamna William Bull, ta kasance martanin majalisa ga Tawayen Stono na 1739. Wannan cikakkiyar ƙa'ida ta taƙaita ƴancin ƴan Afirka da ke bauta, ta hana su tafiya, taro, noma. abincin nasu, suna samun kudi, da koyon rubutu, duk da cewa ba a hana karatu ba.Har ila yau, ya ba da damar masu mallakar su kashe bayi masu tawaye idan ya cancanta, kuma ya kasance a cikin aiki har zuwa 1865.John Belton O'Neall, a cikin aikinsa na 1848 "The Negro Law of South Carolina," ya lura cewa bayin da aka bautar za su iya mallakar dukiya tare da izinin ubangijinsu, amma a bisa doka, wannan kadarorin na maigidan ne.Kotunan koli ta jaha ta amince da wannan ra'ayi a duk fadin Kudu.O'Neall ya soki dokar ta musamman, inda ya ba da shawarar karbar shaida daga bayin Afirka da aka yi rantsuwa, yana mai jaddada iyawarsu na fahimta da mutunta bikin rantsuwar kwatankwacin kowane nau'in fararen fata marasa ilimi a cikin al'ummar Kirista.

Yaƙin King George (1744-1748) shine sunan da aka ba wa ayyukan soji a Arewacin Amurka waɗanda suka kafa wani yanki na Yaƙin Nasarar Austriya (1740-1748).Shi ne na uku na yakin Faransa da Indiya.Ya faru da farko a cikin lardunan Burtaniya na New York, Massachusetts Bay (wanda ya haɗa da Maine da Massachusetts a lokacin), New Hampshire (wanda ya haɗa da Vermont a lokacin), da Nova Scotia.Babban aikin da ya yi shi ne balaguron da gwamnan Massachusetts William Shirley ya shirya wanda ya yi wa kawanya kuma ya kame sansanin Faransa na Louisbourg, a tsibirin Cape Breton a Nova Scotia, a 1745. Yarjejeniyar Aix-la-Chapelle ta kawo karshen yakin a 1748 kuma ta maido da shi. Louisbourg zuwa Faransa, amma ya kasa magance duk wasu batutuwan da suka shafi yanki.

Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya (1754–1763) wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai , wanda ya fafata tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da Masarautar Biritaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka da na Faransawa , kowane bangare yana samun goyon bayan kabilun Amurkawa daban-daban.A farkon yakin, yankunan Faransa sun kasance suna da mazauna kusan 60,000, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 2 a cikin yankunan Birtaniya.Faransawan da ba su da yawa musamman sun dogara ga abokansu na asali.Shekaru biyu cikin yakin Faransa da Indiya, a shekara ta 1756, Birtaniya ta shelanta yaki a kan Faransa, wanda ya fara yakin shekaru bakwai na duniya.Mutane da yawa suna kallon yakin Faransa da Indiya a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kawai na wannan rikici;duk da haka, a Amurka ana kallon yakin Faransa da Indiya a matsayin rikici guda daya wanda ba shi da alaka da wani yakin Turai.Mutanen Kanada na Faransa suna kiransa guerre de la Conquête ('Yaƙin Nasara').Birtaniya sun yi nasara a yakin Montreal inda Faransawa suka ba da Kanada bisa ga yarjejeniyar Paris (1763).Har ila yau Faransa ta mika yankinta da ke gabashin kogin Mississippi ga kasar Burtaniya, da kuma kasar Faransa ta Louisiana da ke yammacin kogin Mississippi ga kawayenta Spain a matsayin diyya ga kasar Spain da ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Birtaniya ta Florida.(Spain ta ba da Florida ga Biritaniya don musanyawa don dawowar Havana, Cuba.) Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a arewacin Caribbean ya ragu zuwa tsibirin Saint Pierre da Miquelon, wanda ya tabbatar da matsayin Birtaniya a matsayin mai mulkin mallaka a arewacin Amurka.

A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Amurkawa sun dage kan haƙƙinsu a matsayinsu na ƴan ƙasar Ingila don su sami majalisarsu ta ƙara duk wani haraji.Majalisar Burtaniya, duk da haka, ta tabbatar a cikin 1765 cewa tana da iko mafi girma don sanya haraji, kuma jerin zanga-zangar Amurka sun fara wanda ya kai ga juyin juya halin Amurka kai tsaye.Zanga-zangar ta farko ta kai hari kan Dokar Tambari ta 1765, kuma alama ce ta farko da Amurkawa suka hadu tare daga kowane yanki na 13 kuma suka shirya gaba daya kan harajin Burtaniya.Jam'iyyar Tea ta Boston ta 1773 ta jefar da shayi na Burtaniya a cikin Harbour Harbour saboda yana dauke da wani boyayyen haraji da Amurkawa suka ki biya.Birtaniya ta amsa ta hanyar ƙoƙarin murkushe 'yancin gargajiya a Massachusetts, wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin Amurka wanda ya fara a 1775.Tunanin 'yancin kai ya ƙara yaɗuwa a hankali, bayan da wasu manyan jama'a da masu sharhi a ko'ina cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka gabatar da shawarwari da kuma bayar da shawararsu.Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun muryoyi a madadin 'yancin kai shine Thomas Paine a cikin ƙasidarsa ta Common Sense da aka buga a 1776. Wata ƙungiyar da ta yi kira ga 'yancin kai ita ce Sons of Liberty, wanda Samuel Adams ya kafa a 1765 a Boston kuma yanzu ya zama. har ma da tauri da yawa.Majalisar ta fara jerin haraji da hukunce-hukuncen da suka ci karo da juriya: Dokar Kwata ta Farko (1765);Dokar Sanarwa (1766);Dokar Harajin Harajin Garin (1767);da Dokar Shayi (1773).A cikin martani ga Jam'iyyar Tea ta Boston, Majalisar ta zartar da Ayyukan da ba za a iya jurewa ba: Dokar Kwata ta Biyu (1774);Dokar Quebec (1774);Dokar Gwamnatin Massachusetts (1774);Dokar Gudanar da Shari'a (1774);Dokar Port Port (1774);Dokar Hana (1775).Ya zuwa wannan lokaci, yankuna 13 na mulkin mallaka sun shirya kansu a cikin Congress Continental Congress kuma suka fara kafa gwamnatoci masu zaman kansu da kuma hako mayakansu a shirye-shiryen yaki.