Yakin 1812

appendices

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


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1812 - 1815

Yakin 1812



Yakin 1812 rikici ne da aka gwabza tsakanin Amurka da kawayenta, da kuma Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Ireland da kuma kasashen da suka dogara da ita a Arewacin Amurka da kawayenta.'Yan kasar da dama ne suka yi yaki a bangarorin biyu.Tashin hankali ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen da suka dade kan fadada yankuna a Arewacin Amurka da kuma goyon bayan Birtaniyya ga kabilun Amurkawa wadanda suka yi adawa da matsugunin Amurkawa a yankin Arewa maso Yamma.Wadannan sun ta'azzara a cikin 1807 bayan da Sojojin ruwa na Royal suka fara aiwatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan kasuwancin Amurka da Faransa da 'yan jaridu da suka yi da'awar a matsayin 'yan Burtaniya, har ma da wadanda ke da takardar shaidar zama dan Amurka.[1] Ra'ayi a Amurka ya rabu game da yadda za a mayar da martani, kuma ko da yake mafi yawan 'yan majalisa da majalisar dattijai sun kada kuri'a don yaki, sun raba tare da tsauraran matakan jam'iyya, tare da Jam'iyyar Democratic-Republican Party da ke goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Tarayya.[2] Labaran ba da izini na Birtaniyya da aka yi a ƙoƙarin gujewa yaƙi bai isa Amurka ba har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli, lokacin da rikici ya riga ya fara.A cikin teku, mafi girma na Royal Navy ya sanya wani shinge mai tasiri a kan kasuwancin teku na Amurka, yayin da tsakanin 1812 zuwa 1814 masu mulkin Birtaniya da sojojin mulkin mallaka suka ci nasara da jerin hare-haren Amurka a Upper Canada .[3] An daidaita wannan ta hanyar nasarar da Amurka ta yi nasara a yankin Arewa maso Yamma tare da nasara a Lake Erie da Thames a 1813. Haɓakar Napoleon a farkon 1814 ya ba Birtaniya damar aika ƙarin sojoji zuwa Arewacin Amirka da Royal Navy don ƙarfafa su. tare da gurgunta tattalin arzikin Amurka.[4] A watan Agusta 1814, an fara tattaunawa a Ghent, tare da bangarorin biyu suna son zaman lafiya;Takunkumin kasuwanci ya yi matukar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Birtaniyya, yayin da 'yan Tarayyar Turai suka kira taron Hartford a watan Disamba don tsara adawarsu da yakin.A watan Agustan 1814, sojojin Burtaniya sun kona Washington, kafin nasarar da Amurka ta samu a Baltimore da Plattsburgh a watan Satumba sun kawo karshen fada a arewa.An ci gaba da gwabza fada a Kudu maso Gabashin Amurka, inda a karshen shekara ta 1813 yakin basasa ya barke tsakanin wani bangare na Creek da ke samun goyon bayan 'yan kasuwa na Spain da Birtaniya da kuma wadanda Amurka ke marawa baya.Da taimakon sojojin Amurka karkashin Janar Andrew Jackson, Amurkawa da ke goyon bayan Creeks sun yi nasara a jerin nasarori, wanda ya kai ga kame Pensacola a watan Nuwamba 1814. A farkon 1815, Jackson ya ci nasara a wani harin Birtaniya a New Orleans, wanda ya kai shi ga shahararren kasa kuma daga baya nasara. a zaben shugaban kasar Amurka na 1828.Labarin wannan nasarar ya isa birnin Washington a daidai lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Ghent, wanda a zahiri ya mayar da matsayin da aka yi kafin yakin.Yayin da Biritaniya ta nace cewa wannan ya hada da filaye na 'yan asalin Amurkawa kafin 1811, Majalisa ba ta amince da su a matsayin kasashe masu zaman kansu ba kuma babu wani bangare da ya nemi tilasta wannan bukata.
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Ziyarci Shago

1803 - 1812
Dalilai da Barkewar Yakiornament
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1811 Jan 1

Gabatarwa

New York, USA
An dade ana tafka muhawara game da tushen yakin 1812 (1812-1815), tsakanin Amurka da Daular Biritaniya da abokanta na farko.Akwai dalilai da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da ayyana yaƙin Amurka akan Biritaniya:Jerin takunkumin kasuwanci da Biritaniya ta bullo da shi don kawo cikas ga kasuwancin Amurka daFaransa wanda Birtaniyya ke yaki da ita (Amurka ta yi adawa da takunkumin a matsayin haramtacciyar dokar kasa da kasa).[26]Sha'awar (daukar aikin tilas) na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin jiragen ruwa na Amurka zuwa cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Sarauta (Birtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan gudun hijirar Burtaniya ne).[27]Tallafin sojan Burtaniya ga Indiyawan Amurkawa waɗanda ke ba da juriya da makamai don faɗaɗa iyakar Amurka zuwa yankin Arewa maso Yamma.[28]Yiwuwar sha'awar Amurka ta haɗa wasu ko duka Kanada .A fakaice amma mai karfi wani dalili ne na Amurka da sha'awar daukaka martabar kasa ta fuskar abin da suka dauka a matsayin cin mutuncin Birtaniyya, kamar al'amarin Chesapeake.[29]
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1811 Nov 7

Yaƙin Tippecanoe

Battle Ground, Tippecanoe Coun
An nada William Henry Harrison gwamnan sabuwar yankin Indiana da aka kafa a cikin 1800, kuma ya nemi ya ba da lakabi ga yankin don daidaitawa.Shugaban Shawnee, Tecumseh, ya yi adawa da yarjejeniyar 1809 ta Fort Wayne.Ya yi imani cewa ƙasa ta zama ta kowani kabila;saboda haka ba za a iya siyar da takamaiman filaye ba tare da cikakkiyar yarjejeniya daga dukkan kabilun ba.Kodayake Tecumseh ya yi tsayayya da yarjejeniyar 1809, ya yi jinkirin fuskantar Amurka kai tsaye.Ya bi ta kasashen kabilanci, inda ya bukaci mayaƙa da su watsar da shugabanninsu don shiga cikin ƙoƙarinsa, yana barazanar kashe hakimai da mayaƙan da suka bi ka’idojin yarjejeniyar, tare da gina turjiya a Prophetstown.Tenskwatawa ya zauna tare da Shawnee waɗanda suka yi sansani a Tippecanoe a cikin Prophetstown, ƙauyen da ya ƙaru zuwa ƴan gine-gine ɗari da yawan jama'a.Harrison ya yi imani da karfin soji shine kawai mafita ga kabilun mayakan.Harrison ya fara tara sojoji.Kimanin mayakan sa kai 400 ne suka fito daga Indiana da masu sa kai na sojan doki 120 daga Kentucky, karkashin jagorancin lauyan gundumar Kentucky ta Amurka Joseph Hamilton Daveiss.Akwai jami'an soji 300 da Kanar John Parker Boyd ya ba da umarni, da ƙarin 'yan leƙen asiri na asali.Duk ya ce yana da sojoji kusan 1,000.Washe gari mayaƙa daga Prophetstown sun kai hari ga sojojin Harrison.Sun dauki sojojin da mamaki, amma Harrison da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka sama da awa biyu.Bayan yakin, mutanen Harrison sun kona Prophetstown kurmus, inda suka lalata kayan abinci da aka ajiye don lokacin sanyi.Daga nan ne sojojin suka koma gidajensu.Tecumseh ya ci gaba da taka rawa sosai a ayyukan soji a kan iyaka.A lokacin da Amurka ta shelanta yaki da Birtaniya a yakin 1812, kungiyar Tecumseh a shirye take ta kaddamar da yakinta da Amurka - a wannan karon tare da Birtaniya a cikin kawance.
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Sanarwar Yaki
James Madison ©John Vanderlyn
1812 Jun 1 - Aug

Sanarwar Yaki

London, UK
A cikin Yuni 1812, Shugaba James Madison ya aika da sako ga Majalisa yana ba da cikakken bayani game da korafe-korafen Amurka game da Burtaniya , kodayake bai fito fili ya yi kira ga sanarwar yaƙi ba.Bayan shafe kwanaki hudu ana tattaunawa, majalisar wakilan kasar ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da ayyana yaki tare da rata mai kyau, wanda ke zama karo na farko da Amurka ta kaddamar da yaki kan wata kasa.Rikicin ya ta'allaka ne kan batutuwan da suka shafi teku, musamman katangar Birtaniyya.'Yan Tarayyar sun yi adawa da yakin sosai, kuma aka yi masa lakabi da "Yakin Mr. Madison."A halin da ake ciki kuma, kisan da aka yi wa firaministan kasar Spencer Perceval a birnin Landan a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu, ya haifar da sauyi a shugabancin Birtaniya, inda Lord Liverpool ya hau karagar mulki.Ya nemi kyakkyawar dangantaka da Amurka kuma, a ranar 23 ga Yuni, ya ba da sanarwar soke umarni a majalisa.Duk da haka, sadarwa a wancan lokacin ya kasance a hankali, kuma an ɗauki makonni kafin wannan labarin ya tsallaka Tekun Atlantika.A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1812, an aika HMS Colibri daga Halifax zuwa New York a karkashin tutar sulhu, dauke da kwafin ayyana yakin, jakadan Burtaniya Augustus Foster, da karamin jakadan Kanar Thomas Henry Barclay.An dauki tsawon lokaci kafin labarin sanarwar ya isa birnin Landan.A tsakiyar wannan ci gaba, kwamandan Birtaniya Isaac Brock a Upper Canada ya sami labarin sanarwar yakin nan da nan.Ya ba da sanarwar yin kira ga jama’a da jami’an soji su sanya ido a kai don hana sadarwa da abokan gaba.Ya kuma ba da umarnin kai farmaki kan sojojin Amurka a arewacin Michigan, wadanda ba su da masaniyar ayyana yaki na gwamnatinsu.Siege na Fort Mackinac a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1812, ya zama babban haɗin gwiwa na farko na yakin kuma ya ƙare a cikin nasara na Birtaniya.
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1812 - 1813
Laifin Farko na Amurka da Yaƙin Kanadaornament
Shigowar Amurka Kan Kanada
Sojojin Amurka a lokacin yakin 1812 ©H. Charles McBarron Jr.
1812 Jul 1

Shigowar Amurka Kan Kanada

Ontario, Canada
Yaƙin 1812 tsakanin Amurka da Burtaniya ya shaida yunƙurin Amurka da yawa na mamayewa da mamaye Kanada .Mamayewar maki uku da Amurka ta yi wa Kanada ya ƙunshi manyan hanyoyi guda uku:Corridor Detroit-Windsor : Amurka ta yi shirin mamaye Upper Canada (Ontario a halin yanzu) ta hanyar ketare kogin Detroit.Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya ci tura lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya da na Amurka, karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Isaac Brock da kuma shugaban Shawnee Tecumseh, suka fatattaki sojojin Amurka tare da kame Detroit.Niagara Peninsula : Wata mahimmin wurin shiga ita ce yankin Niagara.Sojojin Amurka sun yi niyyar tsallaka kogin Niagara da kuma mamaye yankin.Yayin da aka yi artabu da fadace-fadace, gami da shahararriyar Yakin Queenston Heights, Amurka ba ta iya kafa kafa mai karfi ba.Lake Champlain da Montreal : Hanya na uku na mamayewa ta fito ne daga arewa maso gabas, wanda ke nufin Montreal ta hanyar Lake Champlain.Wannan yunƙurin mamayewa kuma ya gamu da ƙarancin nasara, yayin da Birtaniyya ta yi nasarar dakile ci gaban Amurka.
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Hull ta mamaye Kanada
Hull ta mamaye Kanada. ©Anonymous
1812 Jul 12

Hull ta mamaye Kanada

Windsor, Ontario
Sojojin Amurka karkashin jagorancin William Hull sun mamaye Upper Canada a ranar 12 ga Yuli, inda suka isa Sandwich (Windsor, Ontario) bayan sun haye kogin Detroit.[5] Dakarunsa sun kunshi 'yan bindiga marasa horo da rashin tarbiyya.[6] Hull ya ba da sanarwar da ke ba da umarni ga dukan al'ummar Birtaniyya da su mika wuya, ko kuma "ayyukan firgita, da bala'o'in yaki za su mamaye gaban ku".[7] Sanarwar ta ce Hull yana so ya 'yantar da su daga "zalunci" na Birtaniya, yana ba su 'yanci, tsaro, da dukiyar da kasarsa ke jin dadi - sai dai idan sun fi son "yaki, bauta da halaka".[8] Ya kuma yi barazanar kashe duk wani sojan Burtaniya da aka kama yana fada tare da mayaka na asali.[7] Shelar Hull kawai ta taimaka wajen taurin kai ga hare-haren na Amurka saboda ba shi da makami da kayayyaki.Har ila yau, Hull ya yi yaƙi don kawai ya kula da nasa hanyoyin sadarwa.[9]Hull ya janye zuwa gefen kogin Amurka a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1812 bayan ya sami labarin harin Shawnee a kan mutane 200 na Major Thomas Van Horne, waɗanda aka aika don tallafa wa ayarin motocin Amurka.Har ila yau, Hull ya fuskanci rashin goyon baya daga jami'ansa da kuma fargaba a tsakanin dakarunsa na yiwuwar kisan kiyashin da sojojin 'yan asalin kasar suka yi.Rukunin sojoji 600 karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar James Miller sun kasance a Kanada, suna ƙoƙarin ba da matsayin Amurka a yankin Sandwich, ba tare da nasara ba.[10]
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Siege na Fort Mackinac
Fort Mackinac, Michigan ©HistoryMaps
1812 Jul 17

Siege na Fort Mackinac

Fort Mackinac
Siege na Fort Mackinac alama ce ta farko daga farkon yakin Yaƙin 1812, inda haɗin gwiwar sojojin Burtaniya da na Amurkawa suka kama tsibirin Mackinac jim kaɗan bayan barkewar yaƙin.Tsibirin Mackinac, wanda ke tsakanin tafkin Michigan da tafkin Huron, ya kasance mahimmin wurin kasuwancin gashin gashi na Amurka wanda ke da tasiri kan kabilun 'yan asalin yankin.'Yan kasuwan Biritaniya da Kanada sun dade suna jin haushin janyewarta zuwa Amurka bayan yakin juyin juya halin Amurka .Kasuwancin Jawo ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin gida, inda ya jawo 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka daga Michigan, Minnesota, da Wisconsin na zamani don yin cinikin fur don kaya.Yayin da yaƙi ya faɗo, yawancin kabilun Amurkawa da yawa sun yi adawa da faɗaɗa yammacin Amurka kuma suna marmarin haɗa ƙarfi tare da Burtaniya.Manjo Janar Isaac Brock, kwamandan Birtaniya a Upper Canada, ya yi gaggawar samun labarin barkewar yaki kuma ya ba da umarnin kama Fort Mackinac.Kyaftin Charles Roberts, wanda ke zaune a St. Joseph Island, ya tara runduna daban-daban, ciki har da sojojin Burtaniya, 'yan kasuwan gashin gashi na Kanada, 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, da kuma ɗaukar kabilu daga Wisconsin.Harin da suka yi na ban mamaki a tsibirin Mackinac a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1812, ya kama sojojin Amurka daga tsaro.Harbin igwa guda daya da tutar sulhu ya kai ga mika wuya ga sansanin ba tare da fada ba.Mazauna tsibirin sun yi rantsuwar mubaya'a ga Burtaniya, kuma ikon Birtaniyya na tsibirin Mackinac da arewacin Michigan ya kasance ba a ƙalubalanci ba har zuwa 1814.Kama Fort Mackinac yana da fa'ida sosai ga ƙoƙarin yaƙi.Hakan ya haifar da watsi da mamayewar Brigadier Janar William Hull na yankin Kanada, kamar yadda kawai barazanar ƙarfafa 'yan asalin Amirka ya sa shi ya koma Detroit.Asarar Mackinac kuma ta girgiza sauran al'ummomin 'yan asalin don tallafawa manufar Burtaniya, wanda ya yi tasiri ga mika wuyan Amurka a Siege na Detroit.Yayin da ikon Birtaniyya ya ci gaba da kasancewa a yankin na ɗan lokaci, ƙalubalen sun taso a cikin 1814, wanda ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula irin su Yaƙin Tsibirin Mackinac da haɗin kai a kan tafkin Huron.
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Yaƙin Farko na Harbour Sacket
Harin Harin Sacketts ©HistoryMaps
1812 Jul 19

Yaƙin Farko na Harbour Sacket

Sackets Harbor, New York
Amurka da daular Biritaniya sun ba da muhimmanci sosai wajen samun iko da manyan tabkuna da kogin St. Lawrence saboda matsalolin sadarwa ta kasa.Birtaniya sun riga sun sami karamin tawagar jiragen ruwa a tafkin Ontario lokacin da yakin ya fara kuma yana da fa'ida ta farko.Amirkawa sun kafa filin jirgin ruwa a Sackett's Harbor, New York, tashar jiragen ruwa a tafkin Ontario.Commodore Isaac Chauncey ya dauki nauyin dubunnan ma’aikatan ruwa da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tura wurin kuma ya dauki karin aiki daga New York.A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1812, Kyaftin Melancthon Taylor Woolsey, na USS Oneida, ya gano daga masthead na jirgin ruwan abokan gaba guda biyar da ke tafiya zuwa Sacket's Harbor.Sun bukaci jiragen ruwa na Amurka da su mika wuya, wadanda suka hada da USS Oneida da wani jirgin ruwan fatake da aka kama, Lord Nelson.Turawan Ingila sun yi barazanar kona kauyen idan suka fuskanci turjiya.Yaƙin ya fara ne lokacin da Birtaniya ta harba USS Oneida, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsere amma daga bisani ya koma Navy Point.Sojojin Amurka, karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Melancthon Taylor Woolsey, sun shiga Birtaniya, suna amfani da bindiga mai nauyin 32 da kuma kariya.Alkalan dai ya hada da musayar wuta mai tsanani, inda bangarorin biyu suka yi barna a kan jiragen ruwa.Duk da haka, wani harbi mai kyau daga bangaren Amurka ya bugi tutar Royal George, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa kuma ya sa sojojin Birtaniya suka koma Kingston, Upper Canada.Sojojin Amurka sun yi murnar nasarar da suka samu da murna da "Yankee Doodle."Janar Jacob Brown ya danganta nasarar ga jami'ai daban-daban da ma'aikatan jirgin mai nauyin kilo 32.Yakin Farko na Harbour Sacket, wanda ya faru a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1812, ya nuna farkon shiga yakin 1812 tsakanin Amurka da Daular Burtaniya.
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1812 Aug 12

Siege na Detroit

Detroit, MI, USA
Manjo Janar Isaac Brock ya yi imanin cewa, ya kamata ya dauki matakan da suka dace don kwantar da hankulan mazaunan Kanada da kuma shawo kan kabilun cewa Birtaniya na da karfi.[11] Ya ƙaura zuwa Amherstburg kusa da yammacin ƙarshen tafkin Erie tare da ƙarfafawa kuma ya kai hari Detroit, yana amfani da Fort Malden a matsayin sansaninsa.Hull ya ji tsoron cewa Birtaniya sun mallaki lambobi mafi girma;Har ila yau, Fort Detroit ba ta da isassun foda da ƙwallo na gwangwani don jure dogon kewaye.[12] Ya yarda ya mika wuya a ranar 16 ga Agusta, inda ya ceci sojojinsa 2,500 da farar hula 700 daga "mummunan kisan gillar Indiya", kamar yadda ya rubuta.[13] Har ila yau, Hull ya ba da umarnin a kwashe Fort Dearborn (Chicago) zuwa Fort Wayne, amma mayakan Potawatomi sun yi musu kwanton bauna, suka mayar da su katangar inda aka yi musu kisan kiyashi a ranar 15 ga Agusta bayan sun yi tafiyar mil 2 kawai (kilomita 3.2).Daga baya aka kona katangar.[14]
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1812 Aug 19

Tsohon Ironsides

Atlantic Ocean
Tsarin Mulki na USS da HMS Guerriere yaƙi ya faru ne a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1812, lokacin Yaƙin 1812, kimanin mil 400 kudu maso gabashin Halifax, Nova Scotia.Haɗin kai ya nuna wani gagarumin karo na farko na sojojin ruwa tsakanin Amurka da Daular Biritaniya .HMS Guerriere, wanda ya kebe daga tawagar da ta gabata wadda ta kasa kama tsarin mulkin USS, ya ci karo da jirgin ruwan Amurka, yana da kwarin guiwar samun nasara duk da cewa an yi waje da shi kuma ya fi yawa.Yaƙin dai ya yi musanyar musanya tsakanin jiragen ruwa biyu.Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kundin tsarin mulki da kauri ya yi lahani ga Guerriere.Bayan dogon alkawari, matsi na Guerriere ya faɗi, ya sa ta zama mara ƙarfi.Dukkan jiragen biyu sun yi yunkurin shiga juna, amma tsautsayin teku ya hana shiga cikin nasara.Daga ƙarshe, Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ci gaba da yaƙin kuma babban jagoran Guerriere da babban ma'aikacin su ma sun faɗi, ya bar jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya ya gaza.Kyaftin Hull na Tsarin Mulki ya ba da taimako ga Kyaftin Dacres na Guerriere kuma ya kare shi daga rashin kunya na mika takobinsa.Guerriere, wanda ya wuce ceto, an kunna wuta kuma ya lalace.Wannan nasara ta karawa Amurka kwarin gwiwa da kishin kasa sosai, duk da rashin kima da sojoji suka yi na asarar Guerriere a mahallin babbar rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy.Yakin ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin sojojin ruwa na Amurka kuma ya kara kaimi ga Amurkawa wajen fatattakar sojojin ruwa na Royal Navy a cikin abin da ake dauka a matsayin fada na gaskiya, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga sabunta goyon bayan jama'a na yakin.An wanke Kyaftin Dacres daga aikata ba daidai ba, kuma yakin ya zama wata alama ce ta juriyar Amurka da karfin sojan ruwa.
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1812 Sep 1

Blockade na Burtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin 1812

Atlantic Ocean
An fara shingen shingen jiragen ruwa na Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba a ƙarshen faɗuwar shekara ta 1812. A ƙarƙashin umarnin Admiral John Borlase Warren na Burtaniya , ya tashi daga South Carolina zuwa Florida.[15 <] > Ya faɗaɗa don yanke ƙarin tashoshin jiragen ruwa yayin da yaƙin ya ci gaba.Jiragen ruwa 20 sun kasance a tashar a 1812 kuma 135 sun kasance a wurin a ƙarshen rikicin.A cikin Maris 1813, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta hukunta jihohin Kudancin, waɗanda suka fi dacewa game da haɗakar da Arewacin Amirka ta Arewa, ta hanyar hana Charleston, Port Royal, Savannah, da New York City.An aika ƙarin jiragen ruwa zuwa Arewacin Amirka a cikin 1813 kuma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta ƙarfafa tare da fadada shingen, na farko zuwa ga bakin tekun kudancin Narragansett a watan Nuwamba 1813 da kuma ga dukan bakin tekun Amurka a ranar 31 ga Mayu 1814. [16] A cikin Mayu 1814, bayan rushewar . na Napoleon da kuma ƙarshen matsalolin samar da kayayyaki tare da sojojin Wellington, an katange New England.[17]Birtaniya suna buƙatar kayan abinci na Amurka don sojojinsu a Spain kuma sun amfana daga kasuwanci tare da New England, don haka ba su fara hana New England ba.[16] An ayyana Kogin Delaware da Chesapeake Bay a cikin wani yanayi na toshewa a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1812. An gudanar da haramtacciyar cinikayya ta hanyar kama-karya da aka shirya tsakanin 'yan kasuwar Amurka da jami'an Burtaniya.An canja jiragen ruwa na Amurka da zamba zuwa tutoci masu tsaka-tsaki.A ƙarshe, an kori gwamnatin Amurka don ba da umarni na dakatar da cinikin haram.Wannan ya kara dagula harkokin kasuwancin kasar ne kawai.Sojojin Burtaniya sun mamaye Tekun Chesapeake kuma sun kai hari tare da lalata tashar jiragen ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa masu yawa.[18] Sakamakon shi ne cewa babu wani kayan waje da zai iya shiga Amurka a kan jiragen ruwa kuma ƙananan jiragen ruwa masu sauri ne kawai zasu iya ƙoƙarin fita.Farashin jigilar kayayyaki ya yi tsada sosai a sakamakon haka.[19]Toshewar da aka yi wa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka daga baya ya tsananta ta yadda akasarin jiragen ruwa na Amurka da na jiragen ruwa sun killace a tashar jiragen ruwa.Sojojin Amurka na USS Amurka da USS Macedonian sun kawo karshen katange yakin da suka yi a New London, Connecticut.[20] USS Amurka da USS Macedonian sun yi ƙoƙari su tashi zuwa jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya a cikin Caribbean, amma an tilasta musu komawa baya lokacin da suka fuskanci tawagar Birtaniya, kuma a karshen yakin, Amurka tana da jiragen ruwa shida da hudu. jiragen ruwa-na-layi zaune a tashar jiragen ruwa.[21] Wasu jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci sun kasance a Turai ko Asiya kuma sun ci gaba da aiki.Wasu, galibi daga New England, Admiral Warren, babban kwamanda a tashar Amurka a 1813 ya ba su lasisi don kasuwanci. Wannan ya ba sojojin Wellington da ke Spain damar karɓar kayayyakin Amurka kuma su ci gaba da adawa da yaƙin New Englanders.Duk da haka, toshewar ta rage fitar da Amurkawa daga dala miliyan 130 a 1807 zuwa dala miliyan 7 a 1814. Yawancin kayayyakin da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje kaya ne da suka tafi kai wa abokan gabansu a Biritaniya ko kuma Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.[22] Wannan katange ya yi mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Amurka tare da darajar kayan da Amurka ke fitarwa da shigo da su daga dala miliyan 114 a 1811 zuwa dala miliyan 20 zuwa 1814 yayin da kwastam na Amurka ya karbi $ 13 miliyan a 1811 da $ 6 miliyan a 1814. duk da cewa Majalisa ta kada kuri'ar ninka adadin.[23] Ƙullawar Birtaniyya ta ƙara lalata tattalin arziƙin Amurka ta hanyar tilasta wa 'yan kasuwa yin watsi da arha da saurin cinikin bakin teku zuwa hanyoyin cikin ƙasa a hankali da tsada.[24] A cikin 1814, 1 kawai daga cikin 14 'yan kasuwa na Amurka sun yi kasadar barin tashar jiragen ruwa saboda da alama za a kama duk wani jirgin da zai tashi.[25]
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Yaƙin Queenston Heights
Regiment na 2 na Sojojin York a yakin Queenston Heights. ©John David Kelly
1812 Oct 13

Yaƙin Queenston Heights

Queenston
An gwabza yakin Queenston Heights tsakanin jami'an Amurka da 'yan bindigar New York, karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Stephen Van Rensselaer, da masu mulkin Birtaniya, 'yan tawayen York da Lincoln, da mayakan Mohawk, karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Isaac Brock da kuma Manjo Janar Roger Hale Sheaffe. , wanda ya dauki umurnin bayan an kashe Brock.An gwabza yakin ne sakamakon wani yunƙurin da Amirka ta yi na kafa sansani a yankin Kanada na kogin Niagara kafin yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙare da lokacin sanyi.Duk da yawan fa'idar da suke da shi da kuma tarwatsa sojojin Birtaniyya da ke kare yunƙurinsu na mamayewa, Amurkawa, waɗanda ke zaune a Lewiston, New York, sun kasa samun mafi yawan ƙarfin mamayarsu a kogin Niagara, saboda aikin bindigu na Birtaniyya. da kuma rashin son ƴan sa-kai na Amurka da ba su da horo da ƙwarewa.A sakamakon haka, sojojin Birtaniya sun isa, sun fatattaki sojojin Amurka da ba su da goyon baya, suka tilasta musu mika wuya.Yaƙin da ya yi ƙaƙƙarfan ya kasance ƙarshen harin Amurka mara kyau kuma yana iya zama mafi mahimmanci a tarihi don asarar kwamandan Burtaniya.Yaƙin Queenston Heights shine babban yaƙi na farko a Yaƙin 1812.
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Yaƙin Lacolle Mills
©Anonymous
1812 Nov 20

Yaƙin Lacolle Mills

Lacolle, QC, Canada
Sojojin mamayewa na uku na Amurka wanda ya kai kusan 2,000 na yau da kullun da sojoji 3,000 Manjo Janar Henry Dearborn ne ya tattara kuma ya jagoranta.Koyaya, jinkirin watanni da yawa bayan ayyana yakin Amurka yana nufin cewa ci gaban zai fara ne kawai da farkon lokacin sanyi.Bugu da ƙari, tun da kusan rabin sojojin Amurka sun ƙi ci gaba zuwa Ƙasar Kanada, Dearborn ya yi rauni tun daga farko daga yin amfani da dukan sojojinsa.Duk da haka, sojojinsa har yanzu sun fi yawan abokan adawar Crown da ke gefen iyakar kuma Kanar Zebulon Pike na Amurka ya ketare kan iyakar zuwa Lower Canada tare da jam'iyyar gaba na kimanin 650 na yau da kullum da kuma wani ɓangare na mayakan Aboriginal.Wadannan karin sojojin Amurka ne za su bi su.Tun farko dai wasu ƴan sa-kai ne na ƴan sa-kai na Kanada 25, daga Bataliya ta 1, da kuma mayaƙan Aboriginal 15 ne kawai suka hadu da ƙungiyar.A bayyane ya fi yawa, sojojin Crown sun janye, wanda ya ba wa Amurkawa damar ci gaba a kan gidan gadi da gine-gine da yawa.A cikin duhu, sojojin Pike sun shiga cikin rukuni na biyu na mayakan New York, bangarorin biyu suna kuskuren juna ga abokan gaba.Sakamakon wani kazamin musayar wuta tsakanin wasu rukunoni biyu na sojojin Amurka a gidan gadi.Bayan wannan rudani, kuma a cikin kukan yaki na karfafa mayaƙan Mohawk masu kawance da Crown, sojojin Amurka da aka girgiza sun koma Champlain daga bisani daga Lower Canada gaba ɗaya.[30]Ƙoƙarin Amirkawa da aka yi a Montreal a 1812 ya sha wahala daga rashin shiri da daidaitawa.Koyaya, ƙalubalen dabaru da ke tattare da haɓaka babban ƙarfi zuwa Montreal a farkon lokacin sanyi suna da mahimmanci.Bayan harin, de Salaberry ya fice daga yankin Lacolle ya lalata gonaki da gidaje da Amurkawa suka yi niyyar amfani da su a fili, tun da ba su da tantuna don fakewa da abubuwan hunturu.[31] Ya fuskanci babban kalubale na dabaru da kuma fuskantar koma baya, Dearborn ya yi watsi da tsare-tsarensa na rashin gaskiya kuma sojojin Amurka da suka raunana ba za su sake yunkurin wannan harin ba har sai 1814 a Yakin Lacolle Mills na biyu.
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1813 Jan 18

Yaƙin Frenchtown

Frenchtown, Michigan Territory
Bayan Hull ya mika wuya ga Detroit, Janar William Henry Harrison ya dauki kwamandan Sojojin Amurka na Arewa maso Yamma.Ya tashi ya sake kwato birnin, wanda a yanzu Kanar Henry Procter da Tecumseh suka kare shi.Ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1813, Amurkawa sun tilastawa Birtaniya da 'yan asalin Amurkawa su ja da baya daga Frenchtown, wanda suka mamaye a baya, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan.Yunkurin wani bangare ne na babban shirin Amurka na ci gaba zuwa arewa da kuma kwato Fort Detroit, sakamakon asarar da aka yi a Siege na Detroit a lokacin rani da ya gabata.Duk da wannan nasarar da aka samu na farko, 'yan Burtaniya da 'yan asalin Amurka sun hada kai tare da kaddamar da wani harin ba-zata bayan kwanaki hudu a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu.An kashe fursunonin da dama da suka jikkata washegari a wani kisan gilla da 'yan asalin Amurka suka yi.An kashe ƙarin fursunoni idan ba za su iya ci gaba da tafiya tilas ba zuwa Fort Malden.Wannan shi ne rikici mafi muni da aka yi rikodin a ƙasan Michigan, kuma waɗanda aka kashe sun haɗa da mafi yawan adadin Amurkawa da aka kashe a yaƙi guda ɗaya yayin Yaƙin 1812. [32]
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Yaƙin Ogdensburg
Dakarun Glengarry Light Infantry sun kai hari a kogin daskararre a Yaƙin Ogdensburg na 1813. ©Anonymous
1813 Feb 22

Yaƙin Ogdensburg

Ontario, Canada
Yakin Ogdensburg, wanda ya faru a lokacin yakin 1812, ya haifar da nasara a Birtaniya a kan sojojin Amurka da kuma kama kauyen Ogdensburg, New York.Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga hanyar kasuwanci ta haramtacciyar hanya da aka kafa tsakanin Ogdensburg da Prescott, Upper Canada (yanzu wani yanki na Ontario), tare da kogin Saint Lawrence.Sojojin Amurka, waɗanda sojojin na yau da kullun suka ƙarfafa su, sun mamaye wani katafaren kagara da bariki a Ogdensburg kuma suna kai hare-hare a wasu lokuta kan layin samar da Birtaniyya.A cikin Fabrairu 1813, Laftanar Janar na Burtaniya Sir George Prevost ya wuce ta Prescott, yana kimanta halin da ake ciki a Upper Canada.Ya nada Laftanar Kanar "Red George" MacDonell ya umarci sojojin Birtaniya a Prescott kuma ya ba da umarnin kai hari kan Ogdensburg idan sojojin Amurka sun raunana.Yin amfani da ƙarfafawa na ɗan lokaci da aka ajiye a Prescott, MacDonell ya inganta shirin kai hari.Yaƙin ya ga sojojin Birtaniyya sun yi ta caccaka zuwa Ogdensburg, suna kama Amurkawa da mamaki.Duk da turjiya ta farko da wasu makaman atilare daga Amurkawa, sojojin Birtaniya sun mamaye garin, lamarin da ya kai ga ja da baya da kuma kama Amurkawa.Nasarar da Birtaniyya ta samu a Ogdensburg ta kawar da barazanar Amurka ga layin samar da Birtaniyya a yankin don sauran yakin.Sojojin Birtaniyya sun kona jiragen yakin Amurka tare da kwace kayayyakin soji yayin da wasu kwasar ganima ta faru.Ko da yake yakin yana da ƙananan mahimmancin soja, ya ba wa Birtaniya damar ci gaba da sayen kayayyaki daga 'yan kasuwa na Amurka a Ogdensburg a lokacin yakin.Taron ya kuma nuna kasancewar Tories da ƴan Tarayyar Tarayya a yankin Ogdensburg kuma yana da tasiri mai ɗorewa ga ci gaban yankin.
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Yakin Chesapeake
yakin Chesapeake ©Graham Turner
1813 Mar 1 - 1814 Sep

Yakin Chesapeake

Chesapeake Bay, United States
Wurin dabara na Chesapeake Bay kusa da kogin Potomac ya sa ya zama babban manufa ga Birtaniyya.Rear Admiral George Cockburn ya isa can a cikin Maris 1813 kuma Admiral Warren ya shiga tare da shi wanda ya dauki kwamandan ayyuka bayan kwanaki goma.[33] Tun daga watan Maris wata tawagar karkashin Rear Admiral George Cockburn ta fara toshe bakin Bay a tashar Hampton Roads da kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin Bay daga Norfolk, Virginia zuwa Havre de Grace, Maryland.A ƙarshen Afrilu Cockburn ya sauka kuma ya cinna wuta a Frenchtown, Maryland kuma ya lalata jiragen ruwa da suka tsaya a can.A makonnin da suka biyo baya ya fatattaki mayakan sa-kai na yankin tare da kwasar ganima tare da kona wasu garuruwa uku.Daga nan sai ya zarce zuwa ginin ƙarfe a Principio kuma ya lalata shi tare da bindigogi sittin da takwas.[34]A ranar 4 ga Yulin 1813, Commodore Joshua Barney, wani jami'in sojan ruwa na juyin juya hali na Amurka , ya shawo kan Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta gina Chesapeake Bay Flotilla, tawagar jiragen ruwa ashirin da ke da ƙananan jiragen ruwa ko sweeps (sweeps) don kare Chesapeake Bay.An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Afrilu 1814, ƙungiyar ta yi sauri a kan kogin Patuxent.Yayin da suka yi nasarar musgunawa Sojojin ruwa na Royal, ba za su iya dakatar da ayyukan Birtaniyya a yankin ba.
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Oliver Hazard Perry ya gina jiragen ruwa na Lake Erie
©Anonymous
1813 Mar 27

Oliver Hazard Perry ya gina jiragen ruwa na Lake Erie

Lake Erie
A farkon yakin 1812, sojojin ruwa na Birtaniya sun mallaki manyan tabkuna, banda tafkin Huron.Sojojin ruwan Amurka ne ke sarrafa tafkin Champlain.[44] Sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun kasance kanana sosai, wanda hakan ya baiwa Birtaniyya damar samun ci gaba da dama a cikin manyan tabkuna da arewacin New York.An baiwa Oliver Perry kwamandan sojojin ruwan Amurka a tafkin Erie a lokacin yakin.Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Ruwa Paul Hamilton ya tuhumi fitaccen dan kasuwa mai suna Daniel Dobbins da gina jiragen ruwan Amurka a Presque Isle Bay da ke Erie, Pennsylvania, kuma an nada Perry babban hafsan sojan ruwa.[45]
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1813 Apr 27

Yakin York

Toronto, ON, Canada
Yakin York ya kasance yakin 1812 da aka yi a York, Upper Canada (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1813. Sojojin Amurka da ke da goyon bayan wani jirgin ruwa na ruwa sun sauka a bakin tafkin zuwa yamma kuma suka ci gaba da garin. , wanda wasu dakaru masu yawa na jami'an tsaro, 'yan bindiga da 'yan asalin Ojibwe suka kare a karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Roger Hale Sheaffe, Laftanar Gwamna na Upper Canada.An ci nasara da sojojin Sheaffe kuma Sheaffe ya koma tare da wadanda suka tsira zuwa Kingston, ya bar mayakan da fararen hula.Amurkawa sun kama kagara, gari, da filin jirgin ruwa.Su da kansu sun sha raunata sosai, ciki har da shugaban rundunar Birgediya Janar Zebulon Pike da wasu da aka kashe a lokacin da ‘yan Burtaniya da ke ja da baya suka tarwatsa mujallar katanga.[35] Daga baya sojojin Amurka sun kai hare-hare da dama na kone-kone da sace-sace a cikin garin kafin su janye bayan wasu kwanaki.Ko da yake Amirkawa sun yi nasara a fili, yaƙin bai sami sakamako mai ma'ana ba saboda York ba shi da mahimmanci a cikin sharuɗɗan soja fiye da Kingston, inda jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya a tafkin Ontario suka kasance.
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Burin York
Burning na York, Kanada 1813. ©HistoryMaps
1813 Apr 28 - Apr 30

Burin York

Toronto, ON, Canada
Tsakanin ranar 28 zuwa 30 ga Afrilu, sojojin Amurka sun kai hare-hare da dama.Wasu daga cikinsu sun kona gine-ginen Majalisar Dokoki, da Gidan Gwamnati, gidan Laftanar Gwamnan Upper Canada.An yi zargin cewa sojojin Amurka sun sami fatar kan mutum a wurin, [36] ko da yake tatsuniyar tatsuniyoyi sun nuna cewa "kwankwalin" shi ne ainihin wig na shugaban majalisar.An mayar da macen majalisa na Upper Canada zuwa Washington kuma an dawo da ita ne kawai a cikin 1934 a matsayin kyakkyawar fata ta Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt.[37 <>] An lalata Ofishin Buga, da ake amfani da shi wajen buga takardu da kuma jaridu, kuma an farfasa injin buga littattafai.Wasu Amurkawa sun wawashe gidajen da babu kowa a cikin su bisa zargin cewa masu su da ba a san su ba ‘yan bindiga ne wadanda ba su bayar da afuwarsu ba kamar yadda kasidar kundin tsarin mulki ta bukata.An kuma wawashe gidajen mutanen Kanada da ke da alaƙa da ƴan asalin ƙasar, gami da na James Givins, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin masu su ba.[38 <>] Kafin su tashi daga York, Amirkawa sun ruguza yawancin gine-ginen da ke cikin sansanin, sai dai bariki.[39]A lokacin satar, jami'ai da yawa a ƙarƙashin umarnin Chauncey sun ɗauki littattafai daga ɗakin karatu na farko na biyan kuɗi na York.Bayan gano jami'an nasa suna mallakar litattafan ɗakin karatu da aka wawashe, Chauncey ya sa littafan a cikin akwatuna biyu, ya mayar da su York, a lokacin kutse na biyu a watan Yuli.Duk da haka, a lokacin da littattafan suka isa, ɗakin karatu ya rufe, kuma an yi gwanjon littattafan a cikin 1822. [40] An kama wasu abubuwan da aka wawashe a hannun mutanen yankin.Daga baya Sheaffe ya yi zargin cewa mazauna yankin sun mallaki kayayyakin noma na gwamnati ba bisa ka’ida ba ko kuma wasu shagunan da Amurkawa suka wawashe suka jefar da su, kuma suka bukaci a mayar da su.[41]Washe garin York ya faru ne duk da umarnin da Pike ya bayar a baya cewa a mutunta dukiyoyin farar hula kuma za a kashe duk wani soja da aka samu da irin wannan laifin.[42] Hakazalika, Dearborn ya musanta ba da umarnin ruguza kowane gine-gine kuma ya nuna rashin jin daɗi a cikin wasiƙunsa, amma duk da haka ya kasa ko kuma ya ƙi ya ja ragamar sojojinsa.Dearborn da kansa ya ji kunya da wawashewa, saboda abin ba'a game da sharuɗɗan mika wuya da ya shirya.Yin watsi da sojojinsa game da sharuɗɗan da ya tsara, da shugabannin farar hula na gida sun ci gaba da nuna adawa da su, ya sa Dearborn ya yi marmarin barin York da zaran an kwashe duk wuraren da aka kama.[43]
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Siege na Fort Meigs
Fort Meigs ©HistoryMaps
1813 Apr 28 - May 9

Siege na Fort Meigs

Perrysburg, Ohio, USA
Siege na Fort Meigs a ƙarshen Afrilu zuwa farkon Mayu 1813 wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci a lokacin Yaƙin 1812, wanda ke faruwa a Perrysburg, Ohio a yau.Hakan ya nuna yunkurin da sojojin Birtaniya suka yi na kama Fort Meigs, wani sabon katafaren katanga na Amurka, don dakile wani hari na Amurka da ke da nufin kwato Detroit, wanda Birtaniya ta kama a shekarar da ta gabata.Bayan mika wuya na Janar William Hull a Detroit, Janar William Henry Harrison ya dauki kwamandan sojojin Amurka ya fara karfafa yankin, ciki har da gina Fort Meigs.Sifen ya auku ne a lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya, karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Henry Procter da kuma goyon bayan mayakan 'yan asalin Amirka, suka isa kogin Maumee.Yakin ya fara ne da sojojin Birtaniya sun kafa batura a bangarorin biyu na kogin, yayin da 'yan asalin Amurkawa suka kewaye katangar.Sojojin Amurka, a ƙarƙashin umurnin Harrison, sun fuskanci mummunar harsasai, amma kariyar ƙasa ta kagara ta shafe yawancin lalacewa.A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1813, an kai wani hari na Amurka, tare da Kanar William Dudley ya jagoranci kai hari kan batura na Burtaniya a gefen arewacin kogin.Duk da haka, aikin ya ƙare cikin bala'i, tare da mutanen Dudley sun fuskanci mummunan rauni, ciki har da kama da Birtaniya da abokansu na Amirka.A bankin kudu, sojojin Amurka sun yi nasarar kama wani baturi na Birtaniya na dan lokaci, amma Birtaniya sun sake kai hari, suka mayar da su cikin sansanin.Daga qarshe, an ɗage harin a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1813, yayin da sojojin Procter, ciki har da 'yan bindigar Kanada da 'yan asalin Amurkawa, suka ragu saboda raguwa da rashin wadata.An yi tanadin sharuɗɗan musayar fursunoni, kuma yaƙin ya ƙare.Adadin wadanda suka rasa rayukansu a cikin wannan kewayen sun hada da Amurkawa 160 da aka kashe, 190 suka jikkata, fursunoni 100 da suka jikkata, wasu fursunoni 530, da wasu 6 da suka bata, jimilla 986.Sifen na Fort Meigs wani muhimmin al'amari ne a yakin 1812, kuma yayin da Birtaniyya ta kasa kama sansanin, ya nuna azama da juriyar sojojin Amurka da na Birtaniyya a yankin Manyan Tafkuna.
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Yaƙin tsibirin Craney
Royal Marines. ©Marc Sardelli
1813 Jun 22

Yaƙin tsibirin Craney

Craney Island, Portsmouth, VA,
Admiral Sir George Cockburn ya umurci wani jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya da ke tare da Chesapeake Bay.A farkon shekara ta 1813, Cockburn da Admiral Sir John B. Warren sun shirya kai farmaki kan tashar jiragen ruwa na Gosport a Portsmouth da kuma kama jirgin ruwa na USS Constellation.Birgediya Janar Robert B. Taylor ne ya jagoranci 'yan bindigar Virginia a yankin Norfolk.Taylor ya yi gaggawar gina kariya a kusa da Norfolk da Portsmouth, amma ba shi da niyyar barin Birtaniyya su kutsa kai har wadannan garuruwa biyu.Madadin haka Taylor ya umarci jiragen ruwa da yawa kuma ya haifar da shingen sarkar da ke kan kogin Elizabeth tsakanin Fort Norfolk da Fort Nelson.Daga bisani ya gina sansanin Craney Island a tsibirin mai suna a bakin kogin Elizabeth kusa da Hampton Roads.Tun da an riga an rubuta ƙungiyar Constellation a cikin Chesapeake saboda katangar da Birtaniyya ta yi, an yi amfani da ma'aikatan jirgin don gano wasu daga cikin redoubts a tsibirin.Gabaɗaya, Amurkawa 596 suna kare katangar da ke tsibirin Craney.A safiyar ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1813, wata ƙungiya mai saukar ungulu ta Burtaniya ta 700 Royal Marines da sojoji na 102nd Regiment of Foot tare da wani kamfani na 'yan kasashen waje masu zaman kansu sun zo bakin teku a Hoffler's Creek kusa da bakin kogin Nansemond zuwa yammacin Craney Island. .Lokacin da Birtaniya ta sauka, masu tsaron gida sun fahimci cewa ba su da tuta kuma sun yi sauri sun tayar da tutar Amurka a kan aikin nono.Masu tsaron sun yi ta harbe-harbe, maharan suka fara ja da baya, ganin cewa ba za su iya tsallake ruwa tsakanin babban yankin da tsibirin (Thoroughfare) ba a karkashin irin wannan wuta.Jiragen ruwan Burtaniya da ke karkashin ma'aikatan ruwa, Royal Marines, da kuma sauran kamfanin 'yan kasashen waje masu zaman kansu daga nan ne suka yi yunkurin kai hari a gabashin tsibirin.Kare wannan yanki wani kamfani ne na bindigogi masu haske a ƙarƙashin umarnin Kyaftin Arthur Emmerson.Emmerson ya umurci ‘yan bindigarsa da su rike wuta har sai lokacin da Birtaniyya ke cikin zango.Da suka bude wuta, sai aka kori maharan na Burtaniya, tare da lalata wasu jiragen ruwa, suka koma cikin jiragen.Amurkawa sun kama jirgin ruwa mai lamba 24 Centipede, babban jirgin saman Burtaniya, kuma ya raunata kwamandan rundunar sojan ta'addanci, Sir John Hanchett, dan shege na Sarki George III.
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Yaƙin Beaver Dams
Laura Secord yayi gargadin Laftanar James Fitzgibbon na harin Amurka mai zuwa, Yuni 1813. ©Lorne Kidd Smith
1813 Jun 24

Yaƙin Beaver Dams

Thorold, Ontario, Canada
Yaƙin Beaver Dams, wanda ya faru a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1813, a lokacin Yaƙin 1812, ya kasance muhimmiyar haɗin gwiwa inda wani rukunin sojojin Amurka ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba da mamaki ga wani sansanin Birtaniya a Beaver Dams a Ontario, Kanada a yau.Sojojin Amurka, karkashin jagorancin Kanar Charles Boerstler, sun ci gaba daga Fort George da nufin kai hari ga sansanin Birtaniya a gidan DeCou.Duk da haka, shirin nasu ya ci tura lokacin da Laura Secord, wata mazauniyar Queenston, ta sami labarin aniyar Amurkawa daga jami’an da aka yi musu bita a gidanta.Ta yi tafiya mai hatsarin gaske don faɗakar da Bature.Yayin da sojojin Amurka suka ci gaba da zuwa DeCou, dakarun Kahnawake da sauran mayaƙan 'yan asalin Amirka sun yi musu kwanton bauna, da ma'aikatan Birtaniya, duk a ƙarƙashin umurnin Laftanar James FitzGibbon.Jaruman 'yan asalin Amurkawa da farko Mohawks ne kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a kwanton bauna.Bayan fuskantar matsananciyar juriya da fuskantar barazanar kewaye, Colonel Boerstler ya ji rauni, kuma sojojin Amurka sun mika wuya ga Lieutenant FitzGibbon.Wadanda aka kashe a yakin sun hada da kusan Amurkawa 25 da aka kashe tare da raunata 50, akasari daga cikin fursunoni.A bangaren Biritaniya da Amurkawa, rahotanni sun sha banban, inda aka yi kiyasin an kashe shugabanni da mayaka kusan biyar tare da jikkata 20.Sakamakon yakin Beaver Dams ya raunana sojojin Amurka a Fort George, kuma sun yi shakka don yin nisa daga sansanin.Wannan haɗin gwiwa, tare da abubuwan da suka biyo baya, sun ba da gudummawa ga lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a yankin a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. Jajircewar Laura Secord don faɗakar da Birtaniyya ta kuma zama wani ɓangare na tarihin Kanada.
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Yakin Creek
Amurka ta kulla kawance da makiya gargajiya na Muscogee, Choctaw da Cherokee Nations. ©HistoryMaps
1813 Jul 22 - 1814 Aug 9

Yakin Creek

Alabama, USA
Yaƙin Creek rikici ne na yanki tsakanin ɓangarorin ƴan asalin Amurkawa masu adawa da ƙasashen turawa, da kuma Amurka a farkon ƙarni na 19.Yaƙin Creek ya fara ne a matsayin rikici tsakanin kabilun Muscogee, amma Amurka ta shiga cikin sauri.‘Yan kasuwan Birtaniya da jami’an ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Spain a Florida sun ba wa Red Sticks makamai da kayan aiki saboda sha’awar da suke da ita na hana fadada Amurka zuwa yankunan da ke karkashinsu.Yaƙin Creek ya faru ne a cikin Alabama na zamani da kuma gabar Tekun Fasha.Manyan ayyukan yaƙi sun haɗa da sojojin Amurka da Red Sticks (ko Upper Creeks), ƙungiyar kabilar Muscogee waɗanda suka yi tsayayya da faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka na Amurka.Amurka ta kulla kawance da makiya gargajiya na Muscogee, Choctaw da Cherokee Nations, da kuma bangaren Lower Creeks na Muscogee.A lokacin tashin hankalin, Red Sticks sun haɗa kansu da Birtaniya.Rundunar Red Stick ta taimaka wa jami'in sojan ruwa na Biritaniya Alexander Cochrane ya ci gaba zuwa New Orleans.Yaƙin Creek ya ƙare sosai a watan Agusta 1814 tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fort Jackson, lokacin da Andrew Jackson ya tilasta haɗin gwiwar Creek don mika wuya fiye da kadada miliyan 21 a yankin kudancin Georgia da tsakiyar Alabama.Yakin kuma ci gaba ne na Yakin Tecumseh a Tsohuwar Arewa maso Yamma, kuma, duk da cewa rikicin da aka ƙulla a cikin Yaƙin Indiyawan Amurka na tsawon ƙarni, yawanci an fi saninsa da shi, kuma ana ɗaukarsa wani ɓangare na, Yaƙin 1812 ta masana tarihi.
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1813 Sep 10

Yaƙin Lake Erie

Lake Erie
Yaƙin Lake Erie wani muhimmin haɗin gwiwa ne na ruwa a lokacin Yaƙin 1812 wanda ya faru a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1813, a tafkin Erie, kusa da Ohio.A wannan yakin, jiragen ruwa tara na sojojin ruwa na Amurka , karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Oliver Hazard Perry, sun yi galaba a kansu tare da kama wasu jiragen ruwa shida na rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya karkashin Kyaftin Robert Heriot Barclay.Wannan nasarar da Amurka ta samu ta tabbatar da iko da tafkin Erie ga Amurka ga sauran yakin kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman zabe na gaba.An fara yakin ne tare da rundunonin sojojin Amurka da na Biritaniya da suka kafa layin yaki.Da farko dai Turawan Burtaniya sun rike ma'aunin yanayi, amma sauyin iska ya baiwa tawagar Perry damar rufe makiya.An fara haɗin gwiwa da ƙarfe 11:45 tare da harbin farko da jirgin ruwan Birtaniyya na Detroit ya harba.Babban jirgin Amurka, Lawrence, ya fuskanci mummunar wuta kuma ya ci gaba da lalacewa.Bayan ya tura tutarsa ​​zuwa Niagara mai aiki, Perry ya ci gaba da yakin.Daga karshe dai jiragen ruwan Birtaniyya na Detroit da Sarauniya Charlotte tare da wasu sun mika wuya ga sojojin Amurka, lamarin da ke nuna gagarumin nasara ga Amurka.Yaƙin tafkin Erie yana da mahimmancin dabaru.Ya tabbatar da ikon Amurkawa a tafkin, tare da hana ƙarfafawa da kayayyaki na Birtaniya isa ga sojojinsu a yankin.Wannan nasara kuma ta ba da hanya ga nasarorin da Amurka ta samu, ciki har da dawo da Detroit da kuma nasarar da aka samu a yakin Thames, inda aka yi galaba a kan kungiyar Tecumseh ta Indiya.Yakin ya nuna jagorancin Perry da kuma tasiri na tawagar Amurka, wanda ke da mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da wannan muhimmin ruwa a lokacin yakin.
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1813 Oct 5

Yaƙin Thames

Chatham-Kent, ON, Canada
Yaƙin Thames, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Moraviantown, ya faru ne a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1813, a lokacin Yaƙin 1812 a Upper Canada, kusa da Chatham.Hakan ya haifar da gagarumar nasarar da Amurka ta yi akan Birtaniya da kuma 'yan asalinsu na asali karkashin jagorancin Shawnee Tecumseh.Turawan Ingila karkashin Manjo Janar Henry Procter, an tilasta musu ja da baya daga arewa daga birnin Detroit saboda rashin iko da tafkin Erie da sojojin ruwan Amurka suka yi, inda suka katse kayansu.Ƙungiyar Tecumseh na ƙabilun ƴan asalin yanki ne mai mahimmanci na ƙawancen Burtaniya.Sojojin Amurka, karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar William Henry Harrison, sun bi Birtaniya da suka ja da baya suka yi yaki a kusa da kogin Thames.Matsayin Birtaniyya ba shi da ƙarfi sosai, kuma mayaƙan Tecumseh sun yi ƙoƙari su yi yaƙi da sojojin Amurka amma sun mamaye su.Sojojin Biritaniya sun kasance masu rauni, kuma sojojin dawakan Amurka sun taka rawa wajen keta layinsu.A lokacin yakin, an kashe Tecumseh, wanda hakan ya yi wa jam'iyyarsa mummunar rauni.Daga karshe dai sojojin Birtaniya sun ja da baya, sannan aka sake kafa ikon da Amurka ke da shi a yankin Detroit.Yaƙin Thames ya yi tasiri sosai a yaƙin.Hakan ya haifar da rugujewar ƙungiyar Tecumseh da kuma asarar ikon Birtaniyya akan Kudu maso yammacin Ontario.Daga baya aka gurfanar da Janar Procter a gaban kotu saboda rashin shugabancinsa a lokacin ja da baya da kuma yakin.Mutuwar Tecumseh ta kawo ƙarshen ƙawancen 'yan asalin ƙasar kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga faɗuwar tasirin Birtaniyya a yankin.
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Yaƙin Chateauguay
Yaƙin Chateauguay. ©Henri Julien
1813 Oct 26

Yaƙin Chateauguay

Ormstown, Québec, Canada
Yaƙin Chateauguay, wanda aka yi yaƙi a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 1813, a lokacin Yaƙin 1812, ya ga haɗin gwiwar sojojin Burtaniya da Kanada, karkashin jagorancin Charles de Salaberry, sun sami nasarar kare mamayar Amurkawa na Lower Canada (yanzu Quebec).Shirin na Amurka shine ya kama Montreal, wata maƙasudi mai mahimmanci, ta hanyar ci gaba daga bangarori biyu - ɗayan da ke gangarowa kogin St. Lawrence da ɗayan yana tafiya arewa daga tafkin Champlain.Manjo Janar Wade Hampton ya jagoranci sojojin Amurka a kusa da tafkin Champlain, amma ya fuskanci kalubale masu yawa, ciki har da sojojin da ba su da kyau, rashin isassun kayayyaki, da kuma jayayya da wani kwamandan Amurka Major Janar James Wilkinson.A ranar yakin, Hampton ya yanke shawarar aika Colonel Robert Purdy tare da mutane 1,500 don su haye kogin Chateauguay kuma su wuce matsayin Birtaniya, yayin da Brigadier Janar George Izard ya kai hari daga gaba.Koyaya, aikin yana cike da wahalhalu, gami da ƙalubale da yanayin yanayi.Ƙarfin Purdy ya ɓace kuma ya ci karo da masu kare Kanada karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Daly da Kyaftin Brugière.Mutanen Kanada sun shiga cikin Amurkawa, suna haifar da rudani tare da tilasta musu janyewa.A halin da ake ciki, sojojin Izard sun yi ƙoƙari su yi amfani da dabaru na yau da kullun a kan masu kare Kanada amma sun ci karo da wuta daidai.Wani abin da ake tsammani na mika wuya daga wani jami'in Amurka ya kai ga mutuwarsa, kuma masu kare Kanada, tare da kiraye-kirayen bugle da yakin basasa, sun haifar da ra'ayi na babban karfi, wanda ya sa Amurkawa su koma baya.Rikicin da aka yi a yakin ya yi kadan ga bangarorin biyu, inda 'yan kasar Canada suka ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 2, 16 da suka jikkata, da kuma 4 bacewar, yayin da Amurkawa suka yi rahoton mutuwar 23, 33 da suka jikkata, da 29 sun bace.Yaƙin ya yi tasiri sosai kan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Amurka na kama Montreal, yayin da ya kai ga majalisar yaƙin da ta kammala wani sabon ci gaba ba zai yi nasara ba.Bugu da ƙari, ƙalubalen kayan aiki, gami da hanyoyin da ba za a iya wucewa ba da raguwar kayayyaki, sun ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawarar yin watsi da yaƙin neman zaɓe.Yakin Chateauguay, tare da yakin Crysler's Farm, ya nuna ƙarshen yakin Saint Lawrence na Amurka a cikin kaka na 1813.
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Yaƙin Crysler&#39;s Farm
Yaƙin Crysler's Farm. ©Anonymous
1813 Nov 11

Yaƙin Crysler's Farm

Morrisburg, Ontario, Canada
Yakin Crysler's Farm ya nuna gagarumin nasarar da Birtaniyya da Kanada suka samu kan wani babban sojojin Amurka, wanda hakan ya sa Amurkawa suka yi watsi da Gangamin St. Lawrence, wanda ke da nufin kama Montreal.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Amurka ya cika da wahalhalu, gami da rashin isassun kayayyaki, rashin amincewa tsakanin jami'ai, da yanayin yanayi mara kyau.Baturen, wanda Laftanar Kanar Joseph Wanton Morrison ya jagoranta, ya yi nasara kan ci gaban Amurka.Yakin da kansa ya gudana cikin yanayi mai wahala, tare da ruwan sanyi da rudani a tsakanin bangarorin biyu.Ba'amurke Birgediya Janar Boyd, wanda ya karbi umarni, ya ba da umarnin kai hari da rana.Harin na Amurka ya ci karo da tsayin daka daga sojojin Birtaniya da na Canada, wanda ya haifar da rudani a tsakanin sojojin Amurkan.Daga karshe dai akasarin sojojin Amurka sun ja da baya a rude zuwa cikin kwale-kwalen da suke ciki suka ketare kogin zuwa bangaren Amurka.Rikicin da aka yi a bangarorin biyu yana da matukar muhimmanci, inda Birtaniya suka kashe mutane 31 tare da raunata 148, yayin da Amurkawa suka ba da rahoton mutuwar 102 da 237.Sakamakon yakin ya kawo karshen barazanar Amurka ga Montreal kuma yana da sakamako mai mahimmanci ga yakin a yankin.
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An kama Fort Niagara
©Graham Turner
1813 Dec 19

An kama Fort Niagara

Fort Niagara, Youngstown, NY,
Fort Niagara, wani sansanin Amurka mai mahimmanci da ke kusa da mashigar kogin Niagara zuwa tafkin Ontario, ya raunana saboda janyewar yawancin sojojin Amurka na yau da kullum don shiga wani hari a Montreal.Wannan ya bar Brigadier Janar George McClure tare da karamin ma'aikatan tsaro a sansanin.Lamarin ya kara tabarbarewa lokacin da McClure ya ba da umarnin kona kauyen Niagara da ke kusa da shi, wanda hakan ya haifar da dalilin daukar fansa na Birtaniyya.Laftanar Janar Gordon Drummond na Biritaniya ya yi amfani da damar ya sake kwato Fort Niagara kuma ya ba da umarnin kai hari da daddare a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1813. Rundunar sojojin Biritaniya da sojoji, karkashin jagorancin Kanar John Murray, sun haye kogin Niagara a saman katangar.Sun kama zabukan Amurka kuma suka yi shuru zuwa ga kagara.Juriya daga masu tsaron Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da tsayawa a Kudancin Redoubt, yayi tsanani.Daga ƙarshe, sojojin Birtaniyya sun keta kariya kuma, a cikin mummunan yanayi, sun fatattaki da yawa daga cikin masu kare.Birtaniya ta ba da rahoton cewa an samu raunuka kadan, inda aka kashe shida, biyar kuma suka samu raunuka, yayin da Amurkawa suka samu raunuka, inda aka kashe akalla 65, wasu da dama kuma suka jikkata, ko kuma aka kama su.Bayan kame Fort Niagara, sojojin Birtaniya karkashin Manjo Janar Phineas Riall sun ci gaba zuwa cikin kasar Amurka, suna kona kauyuka tare da shiga sojojin Amurka a yakin Lewiston da yakin Buffalo.Garin Niagara ya kasance a hannun Burtaniya har zuwa karshen yakin.Kame Fort Niagara da ramuwar gayya na baya ya nuna sauyi a yakin 1812 kuma yana da sakamako mai dorewa ga yankin Niagara.Garin Niagara ya kasance a hannun Burtaniya har zuwa karshen yakin.
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1814 Mar 27

Yaƙin Horseshoe Bend

Dadeville, Alabama, USA
Ranar 27 ga Maris, 1814, sojojin Amurka da 'yan Indiya a karkashin Manjo Janar Andrew Jackson sun ci nasara da Red Sticks, wani ɓangare na kabilar Indiyawan Creek wanda ke adawa da fadada Amurka, ya kawo karshen yakin Creek.A ƙarshe, an kashe kusan 800 daga cikin mayaƙan Red Stick 1,000 da ke wurin yaƙin.Sabanin haka, Jackson ya rasa mutane kasa da 50 yayin yakin kuma ya ba da rahoton raunata 154.Bayan yakin, sojojin Jackson sun yi amfani da fata da aka dauka daga gawawwakin Indiyawa, sun gudanar da kirga jikinsu ta hanyar yanke gashin hancinsu, kuma suka aika da tufafinsu a matsayin abin tunawa ga "mata na Tennessee."Ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1814, Andrew Jackson ya tilasta Creek don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Fort Jackson.An tilastawa Ƙasar Creek ta ba da kadada miliyan 23 (kilomita 93,000)—rabin tsakiyar Alabama da wani yanki na kudancin Georgia—ga gwamnatin Amurka ;wannan ya haɗa da yankin Lower Creek, waɗanda suka kasance ƙawayen Amurka.Jackson ya ƙaddara yankunan daga jin bukatunsa na tsaro.Daga cikin kadada miliyan 23 (kilomita 93,000) Jackson ya tilasta wa Creek ta ba da kadada miliyan 1.9 (7,700 km2), wanda Cherokee Nation, wanda kuma ya yi kawance da Amurka.An kara wa Jackson matsayin Manjo Janar bayan samun yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyar.
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1814
Rikicin Birtaniyyaornament
Napoleon&#39;s First Abdication
Napoleon na Farko, Afrilu 11, 1814. ©Gaetano Ferri
1814 Apr 11

Napoleon's First Abdication

Paris, France
Ƙarshen yaƙin da Napoleon a Turai a cikin Afrilu 1814 yana nufin cewa Birtaniya za su iya tura sojojinsu zuwa Arewacin Amirka, don haka Amirkawa suna so su tabbatar da Upper Canada don yin shawarwari daga matsayi mai karfi.A halin da ake ciki kuma, an tura sojojin Burtaniya 15,000 zuwa Arewacin Amurka karkashin wasu kwamandojin brigade hudu na Wellington bayan Napoleon ya yi murabus.Kasa da rabin su ne tsofaffin sojojin na Peninsula kuma sauran sun fito ne daga garrison.Yawancin sabbin sojojin da aka samu sun tafi Kanada inda Laftanar Janar Sir George Prevost (wanda shi ne Gwamna Janar na Kanada kuma babban kwamandan a Arewacin Amurka) ke shirin jagorantar mamayewa zuwa New York daga Kanada, zuwa tafkin Champlain da babba. Hudson River.Birtaniya ta fara killace dukkan gabar tekun gabashin Amurka.
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Yakin Chippawa
Brig Gen Winfield Scott ya jagoranci rundunar sojojinsa gaba yayin yakin ©H. Charles McBarron Jr.
1814 Jul 5

Yakin Chippawa

Chippawa, Upper Canada (presen
A farkon 1814, ya bayyana a fili cewa Napoleon ya ci nasara a Turai, kuma za a sake tura sojojin Birtaniya daga Yakin Peninsular zuwa Kanada .Sakataren Yakin Amurka, John Armstrong Jr., ya yi marmarin samun nasara a Kanada kafin dakarun Birtaniya su isa can.An umurci Manjo Janar Jacob Brown ya kafa runduna ta hagu ta sojojin Arewa.Armstrong ya ba da umarnin kafa "sansanoni na koyarwa" guda biyu, don inganta ƙa'idodin runduna ta yau da kullun na Sojojin Amurka.Daya ya kasance a Plattsburgh, New York, karkashin Brigadier Janar George Izard.Daya kuma a Buffalo, New York, kusa da shugaban kogin Niagara, karkashin Brigadier Janar Winfield Scott.A Buffalo, Scott ya kafa babban shirin horo.Yakan yi aikin sojan sa na sa'o'i goma a kowace rana, ta hanyar amfani da littafin 1791 na sojojin juyin juya hali na Faransa.(Kafin wannan, gwamnatocin Amurka daban-daban sun kasance suna amfani da litattafai iri-iri daban-daban, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama da wahala a iya sarrafa duk wani babban sojojin Amurka).Scott ya kuma wanke rukunin sa daga duk wasu jami'an da ba su da aikin yi wadanda suka sami mukamansu ta hanyar tasiri na siyasa maimakon kwarewa ko cancanta, kuma ya dage kan ingantaccen tsarin sansani gami da tsare-tsare na tsafta.Wannan ya rage yawan almubazzaranci daga cutar sankarau da sauran cututtukan ciki waɗanda suka yi yawa a yakin da suka gabata.A farkon watan Yuli, rukunin Brown ya cika a Niagara, bisa ga madadin umarnin Armstrong.A ranar 3 ga Yuli, sojojin Brown, wadanda suka hada da brigades na yau da kullum da Scott (tare da mutane 1,377) da Ripley (tare da mutane 1,082), da kamfanoni hudu na bindigogi masu lamba 327 a karkashin Manjo Jacob Hindman, sun kewaye da kuma kama Fort Erie wanda aka kare. kawai ta kamfanoni biyu masu rauni karkashin Major Thomas Buck.Da yammacin ranar, Scott ya ci karo da kariyar Birtaniyya a bakin iyakar Chippawa Creek, kusa da garin Chippawa.Yakin Chippawa (wani lokaci ana rubuta Chippewa) nasara ce ga Sojojin Amurka a yakin 1812, a lokacin mamayar da suka yi a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1814 na masarautar Burtaniya ta Upper Canada tare da Kogin Niagara.Wannan yakin da yakin Lundy's Lane na gaba ya nuna cewa sojojin Amurka da aka horar za su iya rike kansu da na Birtaniya.An adana filin yaƙi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Kanada.
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1814 Jul 25

Yaƙin Lundy's Lane

Upper Canada Drive, Niagara Fa
Yakin Lundy's Lane, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Niagara, ya faru ne a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1814, a lokacin Yaƙin 1812. Ya faru ne a kusa da Niagara Falls, Ontario, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi zubar da jini a yaƙin.Sojojin Amurka karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Jacob Brown, sun yi ta fafatawa da sojojin Birtaniya da na Canada .Yakin dai ya kare ne cikin wani mummunan yanayi, inda aka samu hasarar rayuka da dama daga bangarorin biyu, da suka hada da kashe kimanin mutane 258 da kuma jikkatar kimanin 1,720.Yaƙin ya ga matakai da dama na faɗa mai tsanani.Rundunar sojojin Amurka Birgediya Janar Winfield Scott sun yi arangama da bindigogin birtaniya, inda suka yi asara mai yawa.Duk da haka, Sojojin Amurka na 25 na Manjo Thomas Jesup sun yi nasarar tsallake rundunonin Birtaniya da Kanada, wanda ya haifar da rudani tare da mayar da su baya.Daga baya, Laftanar Kanar James Miller na 21th Infantry na Amurka ya yi wani tuhume-tuhume na bayonet, yana kama bindigogin Burtaniya tare da korar cibiyar Burtaniya daga tudu.Laftanar Janar Gordon Drummond na Burtaniya ya kai hare-hare da dama, amma sojojin Amurka sun fatattake su.Da tsakar dare, bangarorin biyu sun gaji kuma sun mutu sosai.Mutanen Amurkawa sun yi yawa, kuma Brown ya ba da umarnin komawa Fort Erie.Birtaniyya, yayin da har yanzu suna da muhimmiyar rawa a fagen fama, ba su da wani sharadi na tsoma baki tare da janyewar Amurka.Yakin yana da tasiri mai ma'ana, saboda ya tilastawa Amurkawa ja da baya kuma suka rasa shirinsu a yankin Niagara.Haɗin kai ne mai wahala tare da manyan raunuka, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe mafi muni da aka yi a Kanada a lokacin Yaƙin 1812.
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1814 Jul 26 - Aug 4

Yaƙin Mackinac Island

Mackinac Island, Michigan, USA
Yaƙin Tsibirin Mackinac (mai suna Mackinaw) nasara ce ta Biritaniya a Yaƙin 1812. Kafin yaƙin, Fort Mackinac ya kasance muhimmin wurin kasuwancin Amurka a cikin matsi tsakanin tafkin Michigan da tafkin Huron.Yana da mahimmanci don tasirinsa da iko akan ƙabilun Amirkawa a yankin, wanda wani lokaci ana kiransa a cikin takardun tarihi da "Michilimackinac".Sojojin Biritaniya, Kanada da ’Yan Asalin Amirka sun kame tsibirin a farkon yakin.An kaddamar da balaguron Amurka a cikin 1814 don dawo da tsibirin.Sojojin Amurka sun tallata kasancewarsu ta hanyar yunƙurin kai hari ga matsugunan Birtaniyya a wasu wurare a tafkin Huron da Georgian Bay, don haka lokacin da suka sauka a tsibirin Mackinac, an shirya rundunar sojojin don saduwa da su.Yayin da Amurkawa suka ci gaba a kan kagara daga arewa, ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi musu kwanton bauna, aka tilasta musu komawa cikin jirgin tare da raunata masu yawa.
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An fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya
An fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya. ©HistoryMaps
1814 Aug 1

An fara tattaunawar zaman lafiya

Ghent, Belgium
Bayan kin amincewa da shawarwarin Amirka na dillalan shawarwarin zaman lafiya, Biritaniya ta juya hanya a cikin 1814. Tare da shan kashi na Napoleon , manyan burin Birtaniyya na dakatar da kasuwancin Amurka da Faransa da kuma burge ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa daga jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun kasance matattun haruffa.Shugaba Madison ya sanar da Majalisar cewa Amurka ba za ta iya kara neman kawo karshen abin burgewa daga Birtaniya ba, kuma ya yi watsi da bukatar shirin zaman lafiya a hukumance.Duk da cewa Birtaniyya ba ta da bukatar burge ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, ba a tauye hakkinta na teku ba, wata muhimmiyar manufa ita ma ta ci gaba a yarjejeniyar Vienna.An fara tattaunawa a Ghent, Netherlands, a watan Agusta 1814. Amirkawa sun aika da kwamishinoni biyar: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, James A. Bayard, Sr., Jonathan Russell, da Albert Gallatin.Dukansu manyan shugabannin siyasa ne banda Russell;Adams ne ya jagoranci.Birtaniya ta aika da kananan jami'ai, wadanda suka ci gaba da tuntubar shugabanninsu a London.Babban abin da gwamnatin Birtaniya ta mayar da hankali a fannin diflomasiyya a shekarar 1814 bai kawo karshen yakin da ake yi a Arewacin Amurka ba, sai dai ma'auni na karfin Turawa bayan da kasar Faransa ta sha kaye a fili da kuma komawa kan karagar mulki a birnin Paris na Bourbons masu goyon bayan Birtaniyya.
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Siege na Fort Erie
Birtaniya ta kai hari a Arewa maso Gabas Bastion na Fort Erie, a lokacin da suka yi rashin nasara a daren ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1814. ©E.C Watmough
1814 Aug 4 - Sep 21

Siege na Fort Erie

Ontario, Canada
Da farko dai Amurkawa karkashin jagorancin Manjo Janar Jacob Brown sun kwace garin Fort Erie daga baya kuma suka fuskanci sojojin Birtaniya da Laftanar Janar Gordon Drummond ya umarta.Birtaniya sun sha wahala sosai a yakin Lundy's Lane, amma Drummond ya yi niyyar korar Amurkawa daga gefen Kanada na Kogin Niagara.An yi wa kawayen na Fort Erie kawanya ne da jerin hare-haren da Birtaniyya ta kai da bai yi nasara ba a kan kariyar Amurka.A daren 15/16 ga watan Agusta, Drummond ya kaddamar da hari ta hanyoyi uku a kan katangar, da nufin kama batura na Amurka da kuma katangar kanta.Duk da haka, masu tsaron bayan na Amurka sun yi turjiya mai tsanani, wanda ya haifar da hasarar rayuka a tsakanin sojojin Birtaniya.Maharan sun fuskanci tsattsauran adawa daga sojojin Amurka karkashin Janar Eleazer Wheelock Ripley a tudun Snake da wasu kagara.Duk da hasarar da aka yi masu yawa, Birtaniya sun kasa keta kariyar Amurka.Hare-hare na baya-bayan nan daga ginshikan Birtaniyya a karkashin Kanar Hercules Scott da Laftanar Kanar William Drummond suma sun gamu da asara mai yawa, musamman a lokacin da Drummond ya kai hari a sansanin, inda wata babbar fashewar mujalla ta katangar ta haifar da barna.A cikin duka, Birtaniya sun sha wahala a kusa da 57 da aka kashe, 309 sun ji rauni, kuma 537 sun ɓace a lokacin da aka kewaye.Sojojin Amurka a Fort Erie sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 17, 56 suka jikkata, sannan 11 sun bace.Ba a san Amurkawa ba, Drummond ya riga ya yanke shawarar ɗage wannan kewaye, kuma sojojin Birtaniya sun janye a daren ranar 21 ga watan Satumba, saboda ruwan sama mai tsanani, rashin lafiya, da rashin kayan aiki a matsayin dalilan kawo karshen yakin.Wannan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin hare-haren da Birtaniyya suka kai a kan iyakar arewa a lokacin yakin 1812.
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Yarjejeniyar Fort Jackson
Yarjejeniyar tare da Creeks, Fort Jackson, 1814 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1814 Aug 9

Yarjejeniyar Fort Jackson

Fort Toulouse-Jackson Park, We
Yarjejeniyar Fort Jackson, wanda aka sanya hannu a kan bankunan kogin Tallapoosa a lokacin yakin 1812, wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci tare da muhimmiyar tasiri ga yakin Creek da kuma mafi girman yanayin yakin 1812. Janar Andrew Jackson ya jagoranci sojojin Amurka, ya goyi bayan by Cherokee da Lower Creek abokan, ga nasara a wannan yaƙin.Yarjejeniyar ta tilasta wa al'ummar Creek ta mika wani yanki mai fadin eka miliyan 23, gami da sauran filayensu a Jojiya da tsakiyar Alabama, ga gwamnatin Amurka.A cikin mahallin yakin 1812, wannan yarjejeniya ta nuna alamar sauyi yayin da ta kawo karshen yakin Creek, ya ba Janar Jackson damar ci gaba da kudu maso yammacin Louisiana, inda ya ci nasara da sojojin Birtaniya a yakin New Orleans.
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Yaƙin Bladensburg
Rungumar Maqiya. ©L.H. Barker
1814 Aug 24

Yaƙin Bladensburg

Bladensburg, Maryland, USA
Yaƙin Bladensburg, wanda ya faru a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1814, a lokacin Yaƙin 1812, babban rikici ne wanda ya haifar da shan kashi mai wulakanci ga Amurka .Sojojin Birtaniyya , wadanda suka hada da na sojoji na yau da kullun da na Royal Marines, sun fatattaki hadin gwiwar sojojin Amurka na Sojoji na Regular da sojojin sa-kai na jihohi.Yaƙin da kansa ya yi alama da kurakuran dabara a ɓangaren Amurka, rashin tsari, da rashin shiri.Dakarun Birtaniya karkashin jagorancin Ross sun ci gaba da sauri tare da fatattakar masu tsaron Amurka, lamarin da ya haifar da ja da baya tare da kona birnin Washington, DC duk da cewa an samu hasarar rayuka da yawa, Birtaniya ta samu gagarumar nasara, yayin da sojojin Amurka suka fuskanci suka tare da sanya wa yakin a matsayin. abin kunya a tarihinsu.Wannan shan kashi ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a lokacin yaƙin 1812 da kuma tunanin Amurka game da ƙarfin sojansu a lokacin.
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1814 Aug 25

Konewar Washington

Washington, D.C.
Burning of Washington wani hari ne da Birtaniyya suka yi wa Washington, DC, babban birnin Amurka , a lokacin yakin Chesapeake na yakin 1812. Wannan dai shi ne lokaci daya tilo tun bayan yakin juyin juya halin Amurka da wata kasa ta ketare ta kame babban birnin kasar tare da mamaye shi. na Amurka.Bayan cin nasarar da sojojin Amurka suka yi a yakin Bladensburg a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1814, sojojin Birtaniya karkashin jagorancin Manjo-Janar Robert Ross sun yi tafiya zuwa Birnin Washington.A daren nan ne dakarunsa suka kona gine-ginen gwamnati da na soji da suka hada da fadar shugaban kasa da kuma fadar gwamnatin Amurka.[46]Harin dai wani bangare ne na ramuwar gayya ga ayyukan da Amurka ta yi a Upper Canada da ke karkashin ikon Birtaniyya, inda sojojin Amurka suka kona tare da wawashe York a shekarar da ta gabata sannan suka kona babban birnin Port Dover.[47 <>] Kasa da kwanaki huɗu da fara harin, tsawa mai ƙarfi—wataƙila guguwa—da kuma guguwa ta kashe gobarar kuma ta ƙara yin barna.Mamaya na Birtaniyya na Washington ya dauki kusan awanni 26.[48]Shugaba James Madison, tare da gwamnatinsa da jami'an soji da dama, sun fice kuma sun sami damar samun mafaka na dare a Brookeville, wani ƙaramin gari a gundumar Montgomery, Maryland;Shugaba Madison ya kwana a gidan Caleb Bentley, Quaker wanda ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a Brookeville.Gidan Bentley, wanda aka sani a yau da Madison House, har yanzu yana nan.Bayan guguwar, turawan ingila sun koma jiragensu, da dama daga cikinsu na bukatar gyara saboda guguwar.
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1814 - 1815
Yakin Kuduornament
Yaƙin Plattsburgh
Macomb yana kallon yakin sojojin ruwa. ©Anonymous
1814 Sep 6 - Sep 11

Yaƙin Plattsburgh

Plattsburgh, NY, USA
Yaƙin Plattsburgh, wanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Lake Champlain, ya kawo ƙarshen mamayewar da Birtaniyya ta yi wa jihohin arewacin Amurka a lokacin yaƙin 1812. Sojojin Burtaniya biyu, dakaru a ƙarƙashin Laftanar Janar Sir George Prévost da rundunar sojan ruwa da ke ƙarƙashinsa. Kyaftin George Downie ya hadu ne a garin Plattsburgh, New York a bakin tafkin.New York da Vermont 'yan bindiga ne suka kare Plattsburgh da wasu gungun sojojin Amurka na yau da kullun, duk a ƙarƙashin umarnin Birgediya Janar Alexander Macomb, da jiragen ruwa da Babban Kwamandan Thomas Macdonough ya umarta.Tawagar Downie ta kai hari jim kadan bayan wayewar gari a ranar 11 ga Satumbar 1814, amma an sha kashi bayan fafatawar da aka yi inda aka kashe Downie.Daga nan sai Prévost ya yi watsi da harin da aka kai ta kasa kan kariyar Macomb, ya koma Kanada, yana mai cewa ko da an kama Plattsburgh, ba za a iya ba da duk wani sojojin Birtaniya da ke wurin ba tare da kula da tafkin ba.Lokacin da aka yi yaƙin, wakilan Amirka da Birtaniya sun yi taro a Ghent da ke ƙasar Netherlands, suna ƙoƙarin yin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar da bangarorin biyu za su amince da su don kawo ƙarshen yaƙin.Nasarar da Amurka ta samu a Plattsburgh, da nasarar tsaron da aka samu a yakin Baltimore, wanda ya fara washegari kuma ya dakatar da ci gaban Birtaniyya a cikin jihohin tsakiyar Atlantika, ya hana masu sasantawa na Birtaniyya damar neman duk wani da'awar yanki a kan Amurka bisa tushen uti possidetis, watau, riko da yankin da suka rike a karshen yakin.[51 <] > Yarjejeniyar Ghent, wadda a cikinta aka mayar da yankunan da aka kama ko aka mamaye bisa la’akari da halin da ake ciki kafin yaƙin, watanni uku bayan yaƙin.Koyaya, wannan yaƙin na iya yin ɗan tasiri ko kuma bai yi tasiri ba wajen ciyar da manufofin kowane bangare gaba.
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1814 Sep 12

Yaƙin Baltimore

Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Yaƙin Baltimore (Satumba 12–15, 1814) yaƙin teku ne na ƙasa da aka gwabza tsakanin mahara Birtaniyya da masu tsaron Amurka a Yaƙin 1812. Sojojin Amurka sun fatattaki mamayar ruwa da ƙasa daga birnin Baltimore mai tashar jiragen ruwa mai cike da cunkoson jama'a, kuma aka kashe shi. kwamandan sojojin Birtaniya da suka mamaye.Biritaniya da Amurkawa sun fara haduwa a yakin Arewa Point.Ko da yake Amirkawa sun koma baya, yakin ya kasance wani aikin jinkiri mai nasara wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni a kan Birtaniya, ya dakatar da ci gaba, kuma ya ba da damar masu kare a Baltimore su shirya don kai hari da kyau.Juriyar da Baltimore's Fort McHenry ya yi a lokacin bama-bamai da sojojin ruwa na Royal suka yi ya sa Francis Scott Key ya tsara waƙar "Defence of Fort McHenry," wanda daga baya ya zama waƙoƙin "The Star-Spangled Banner," waƙar ƙasa ta Amurka .Shugaban Amurka James Buchanan na gaba ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa a tsaron Baltimore.
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Yaƙin Pensacola
©H. Charles McBarron Jr.
1814 Nov 7

Yaƙin Pensacola

Pensacola, FL, USA
Sojojin Amurka, karkashin jagorancin Janar Andrew Jackson, sun sami kansu cikin rikici da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Birtaniya dana Spain , da goyon bayan Indiyawan Creek da bayi na Afirka-Amurka masu haɗin gwiwa tare da Birtaniya.[49] Babban wurin yaƙin shine birnin Pensacola a cikin Florida ta Sifen.Janar Jackson da sojojinsa sun kaddamar da farmaki a kan Birtaniyya da Mutanen Espanya da ke karkashin ikon, wanda ya haifar da watsi da Pensacola da sojojin kawance suka yi.Bayan haka, ragowar sojojin Spain sun mika wuya ga Jackson.Musamman ma, wannan yakin ya faru ne a cikin ikon mulkin kasar Spain, wanda bai ji dadin janyewar sojojin Birtaniya cikin gaggawa ba.Sakamakon haka, rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Biritaniya, wacce ta kunshi jiragen ruwa guda biyar, ita ma ta tashi daga birnin.[50]Yaƙin Pensacola ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin Yaƙin Creek da kuma Yaƙi mafi girma na 1812. Nasarar Jackson ba wai kawai ta tabbatar da ikon Amurka a yankin ba amma kuma ya nuna sarkakiya na ƙawance da rikice-rikice na yanki a wannan lokacin, wanda ya shafi Amurka, Birtaniya, Spain, Indiyawan Creek, har ma da bayin Ba-Amurke waɗanda suka nemi 'yanci ta hanyar haɗa kai da Burtaniya.
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Hartford Convention
Hartford Convention na 1814. ©HistoryMaps
1814 Dec 15 - 1815 Jan 5

Hartford Convention

Hartford, Connecticut, USA
Taron Hartford jerin tarurruka ne daga ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1814, zuwa 5 ga Janairu, 1815, a Hartford, Connecticut, Amurka, inda shugabannin New England na Jam'iyyar Tarayya suka hadu don tattauna korafe-korafensu game da yakin 1812 da ke gudana. matsalolin siyasa dake tasowa daga kara karfin gwamnatin tarayya.Wannan taron ya tattauna batun kawar da sasantawa na uku cikin biyar da kuma buƙatar kashi biyu bisa uku na rinjaye a Majalisa don shigar da sababbin jihohi, ayyana yaki, da kuma samar da dokoki da ke hana kasuwanci.'Yan Tarayyar sun kuma tattauna korafe-korafen su tare da Siyayyar Louisiana da kuma takunkumin da aka saka na 1807. Duk da haka, makonni bayan ƙarshen taron, labarin nasarar da Manjo Janar Andrew Jackson ya samu a New Orleans ya mamaye Arewa maso Gabas, tare da wulakanta 'yan Tarayyar Tarayya, wanda ya haifar da kawar da su. a matsayin babbar rundunar siyasa ta kasa.Taron dai ya kasance mai cike da cece-kuce a lokacin, kuma da yawa daga cikin masana tarihi na ganin cewa shi ne ya kawo rugujewar jam’iyyar ta Tarayya.Akwai dalilai da yawa a kan haka, ba ko kadan ba shine shawarar cewa jihohin New England, babban tushe na Tarayyar Tarayya, sun balle daga Tarayyar Amurka tare da kirkiro sabuwar kasa.Masana tarihi gabaɗaya suna shakkar cewa taron ya yi la'akari sosai da wannan.
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1815 Jan 8

Yaƙin New Orleans

Near New Orleans, Louisiana
An yi yakin New Orleans a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1815 tsakanin Sojojin Burtaniya karkashin Manjo Janar Sir Edward Pakenham da Sojojin Amurka karkashin Brevet Major General Andrew Jackson, kimanin mil 5 (kilomita 8) kudu maso gabashin Quarter Faransa na New Orleans. a unguwar Chalmette, Louisiana a halin yanzu.Yaƙin shine ƙarshen yakin Gulf na watanni biyar (Satumba 1814 zuwa Fabrairu 1815) ta Burtaniya don ƙoƙarin ɗaukar New Orleans, West Florida, da yuwuwar Yankin Louisiana wanda ya fara a Yaƙin Farko na Fort Bowyer.Biritaniya ta fara yakin New Orleans a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1814, a yakin Lake Borgne kuma yawancin rikice-rikice da manyan bindigogi sun faru a cikin makonnin da suka kai ga yakin karshe.An yi yakin kwanaki 15 bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Ghent, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin 1812, ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1814, ko da yake Amurka ba za ta amince da shi ba (sabili da haka bai fara aiki ba) har sai Fabrairu 16. , 1815, kamar yadda labarin yarjejeniyar bai kai ga Amurka daga Turai ba.Duk da babban fa'idar Birtaniyya a lambobi, horo, da gogewa, sojojin Amurka sun yi nasara a kan wani mummunan harin da aka kashe a cikin dan kadan fiye da mintuna 30.Amurkawa sun ji rauni ne kawai 71, yayin da Birtaniyya ta sha wahala fiye da 2,000, ciki har da mutuwar kwamandan Janar Sir Edward Pakenham, da kuma babban kwamandansa na biyu, Manjo Janar Samuel Gibbs.
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1815 Feb 17

Epilogue

New England, USA
Yarjejeniyar Ghent (8 Stat. 218) ita ce yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta kawo karshen yakin 1812 tsakanin Amurka da Birtaniya.Ya fara aiki a watan Fabrairun 1815. Dukansu bangarorin sun rattaba hannu a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1814, a birnin Ghent, United Netherlands (yanzu a Belgium).Yarjejeniyar ta maido da dangantaka tsakanin bangarorin biyu zuwa matsayin quo ante bellum ta hanyar maido da iyakokin prewar na Yuni 1812.Iyakar da ke tsakanin Amurka da Kanada ta kasance da gaske ba ta canza ba ta hanyar yakin da yarjejeniyar da ta kawo karshenta ta yi magana game da ainihin abubuwan da ake jayayya - amma duk da haka ya canza sosai tsakanin Amurka da Birtaniya.Yarjejeniyar Ghent ta kafa matsayin quo ante bellum.Batun burge ya zama ba shi da mahimmanci lokacin da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal ta daina buƙatar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa kuma ta daina burge su.Biritaniya ta yi galaba a kan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa kasar Canada, sannan ta yi galaba a kan nata na Amurka a Maryland, New York da New Orleans.Bayan tsahon shekaru ashirin da aka kwashe ana gwabza yaki da Faransa , Biritaniya ba ta da wani yanayi na karin rikici da Amurka sannan ta mai da hankali kan fadada daular Burtaniya zuwa Indiya .Kabilun Indiya da ke kawance da Birtaniya sun rasa dalilinsu.Ƙasashen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun yi hasarar mafi yawan yankunansu na riko.’Yan asalin yankin sun yi gudun hijira a Alabama, Jojiya, New York da Oklahoma, inda suka rasa mafi yawan abin da ke yanzu Indiana, Michigan, Ohio da Wisconsin a cikin Yankin Arewa maso Yamma da kuma a New York da Kudu.Ba kasafai ake tunawa da yakin a Biritaniya ba.Rikicin da ke gudana a Turai da Daular Faransa a karkashin Napoleon ya tabbatar da cewa Birtaniya ba su yi la'akari da yakin 1812 da Amurka ba a matsayin fiye da wani gefe.Biritaniya ta toshe kasuwancin Faransa ya sami nasara gaba ɗaya, kuma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta kasance mafi girman ikon ruwa a duniya (kuma ta kasance haka har wani ƙarni).Yayin da kamfen ɗin ƙasar ya ba da gudummawa don ceton Kanada, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Navy ta rufe kasuwancin Amurka, ta rufe sojojin ruwan Amurka a tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma hana masu zaman kansu da yawa.Kamfanonin Biritaniya, wasu da hauhawar farashin inshora ya shafa, na neman zaman lafiya domin kasuwanci ya koma Amurka.Zaman lafiya gaba daya turawan Ingila sun yi maraba da shi.Sai dai kuma, cikin sauri kasashen biyu sun koma kasuwanci bayan kawo karshen yakin da kuma kara dankon zumunci a cikin lokaci.Wannan yakin ya ba wa dubban bayi damar tserewa zuwa ’yanci, duk da matsalolin da aka fuskanta.Birtaniyya ta taimaka wa Baƙar fata 'yan gudun hijira da yawa su sake matsuwa a New Brunswick da Nova Scotia, inda kuma aka bai wa Baƙar fata Loyalists ƙasa bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka .Jackson ya mamaye Florida a cikin 1818, yana nuna waSpain cewa ba za ta iya sarrafa yankin da ƙaramin ƙarfi ba.Spain ta sayar da Florida ga Amurka a cikin 1819 a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Adams-Onís bayan Yaƙin Seminole na Farko.Pratt ya kammala da cewa "ta haka a kaikaice yakin 1812 ya haifar da samun Florida. Ga duka Arewa maso Yamma da Kudu, saboda haka, yakin 1812 ya kawo fa'ida mai yawa. Ya karya ikon Confederacy na Creek kuma ya bude don daidaita babban lardin. Mulkin auduga na gaba".Bayan kammala yakin 1812, masana'antar auduga a Amurka sun sami karuwa sosai.Yakin ya kawo cikas ga harkokin kasuwanci da kasashen Turai, lamarin da ya sa Amurkawa suka mayar da hankali wajen bunkasa masana’antunsu na cikin gida.Yayin da buƙatun Turai na audugar Amurka ke ƙaruwa, Kudu ta ga dama ta faɗaɗa tushen aikin gona.Ƙirƙiri irin su gin auduga, wanda Eli Whitney ya ƙirƙira a shekara ta 1793, ya sa sarrafa ɗan gajeren auduga ya fi dacewa, yana ƙara haɓaka haɓakar masana'antu.Fadin filaye a jihohin kudanci ya koma gonakin auduga, wanda ya haifar da karuwar cinikin bayi a cikin gida don biyan bukatun kwadago.Sakamakon haka, a tsakiyar karni na 19, auduga ya zama kan gaba wajen fitar da kayayyaki daga Amurka zuwa kasashen waje, inda ya karfafa rawar da take takawa a tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma kara dogaro da al'ummar kasar kan aikin bayi.Wannan bunkasuwar ta kafa fagen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa wanda a karshe zai kai ga yakin basasar Amurka .
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

War of 1812


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APPENDIX 2

Military Medicine in the War of 1812


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APPENDIX 3

Blacks In The War of 1812


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APPENDIX 4

The United States Navy - Barbary Pirates to The War of 1812


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APPENDIX 5

The War of 1812 on the Great Lakes


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APPENDIX 6

War of 1812 in the Old Northwest


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APPENDIX 7

War of 1812 – Animated map


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APPENDIX 8

The Brown Bess Musket in the War of 1812


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Characters



William Hull

William Hull

American soldier

Winfield Scott

Winfield Scott

American Military Commander

Henry Dearborn

Henry Dearborn

United States Secretary of War

Robert Jenkinson

Robert Jenkinson

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

William Henry Harrison

William Henry Harrison

President of the United States

John C. Calhoun

John C. Calhoun

Secretary of War

Tecumseh

Tecumseh

Shawnee Chief

Isaac Brock

Isaac Brock

Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada

Thomas Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough

American Naval Officer

Laura Secord

Laura Secord

Canadian Heroine

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson

American General

Francis Scott Key

Francis Scott Key

United States Attorney

John Rodgers

John Rodgers

United States Navy officer

Robert Ross

Robert Ross

British Army Officer

James Madison

James Madison

President of the United States

Oliver Hazard Perry

Oliver Hazard Perry

American Naval Commander

George Prévost

George Prévost

British Commander-in-Chief

Footnotes



  1. Hickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. Urbana; Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01613-0, p. 44.
  2. Hickey 1989, pp. 32, 42–43.
  3. Greenspan, Jesse (29 August 2018). "How U.S. Forces Failed to Capture Canada 200 Years Ago". History.com.
  4. Benn, Carl (2002). The War of 1812. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-466-5, pp. 56–57.
  5. "History of Sandwich". City of Winsdor. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  6. Benn, Carl; Marston, Daniel (2006). Liberty or Death: Wars That Forged a Nation. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-022-6, p. 214.
  7. Auchinleck, Gilbert (1855). A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America: During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814. Maclear & Company. p. 49.
  8. Laxer, James (2012). Tecumseh and Brock: The War of 1812. House of Anansi Press. ISBN 978-0-88784-261-0, p. 131.
  9. Aprill, Alex (October 2015). "General William Hull". Michigan Tech.
  10. Laxer, James (2012). Tecumseh and Brock: The War of 1812. House of Anansi Press. ISBN 978-0-88784-261-0.
  11. Benn & Marston 2006, p. 214.
  12. Rosentreter, Roger (2003). Michigan's Early Military Forces: A Roster and History of Troops Activated Prior to the American Civil War. Great Lakes Books. ISBN 0-8143-3081-9, p. 74.
  13. Marsh, James H. (23 October 2011). "Capture of Detroit, War of 1812". Canadian Encyclopedia.
  14. Hickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. Urbana; Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01613-0, p. 84.
  15. Arthur, Brian (2011). How Britain Won the War of 1812: The Royal Navy's Blockades of the United States. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-665-0, p. 73.
  16. Benn 2002, p. 55.
  17. Hickey 1989, p. 214.
  18. Hannay, David (1911). "American War of 1812" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, p. 849.
  19. Hickey 2012, p. 153.
  20. Benn 2002, pp. 55–56.
  21. Benn 2002, p. 56.
  22. Leckie, Robert (1998). The Wars of America. University of Michigan. ISBN 0-06-012571-3, p. 255.
  23. Benn 2002, pp. 56–57.
  24. Benn 2002, p. 57.
  25. Benn 2002, p. 57.
  26. Horsman, Reginald (1962). The Causes of the War of 1812. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-498-04087-9, p. 264.
  27. Toll, Ian W. (2006). Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5, pp. 278–279.
  28. Allen, Robert S. (1996). "Chapter 5: Renewing the Chain of Friendship". His Majesty's Indian allies: British Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada, 1774–1815. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1-55002-175-3, pp. 115–116.
  29. Risjord, Norman K. (1961). "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation's Honor". William and Mary Quarterly. 18 (2): 196–210. doi:10.2307/1918543. JSTOR 1918543, pp. 205, 207–209.
  30. "Battle of Lacolle Mill | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  31. "Backgrounder | The Battles Along the Lacolle River, Québec".
  32. Eaton, J.H. (2000) [1st published in 1851]. Returns of Killed and Wounded in Battles or Engagements with Indians and British and Mexican Troops, 1790–1848, Compiled by Lt. Col J. H. Eaton. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. p. 7.
  33. Latimer, Jon (2007). 1812: War with America. Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02584-4, pp. 156–157.
  34. Hickey 1989, p. 153.
  35. Peppiatt, Liam. "Chapter 31B: Fort York". Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto.
  36. Charles W. Humphries, The Capture of York, in Zaslow, p. 264
  37. "The Mace – The Speaker". Speaker.ontla.on.ca.
  38. Charles W. Humphries, The Capture of York, in Zaslow, p. 265
  39. Benn 1993, p. 66.
  40. "War of 1812: The Battle of York". Toronto Public Library. 2019.
  41. Charles W. Humphries, The Capture of York, in Zaslow, pp. 267–268.
  42. Blumberg, Arnold (2012). When Washington Burned: An Illustrated History of the War of 1812. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-6120-0101-2, p. 82.
  43. Berton 2011, p. 59.
  44. Skaggs, David Curtis (2006). Oliver Hazard Perry: honor, courage, and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-59114-792-3, p. 50
  45. White, James T. (1895). Oliver Hazard Perry. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, p. 288.
  46. "The White House at War: The White House Burns: The War of 1812". White House Historical Association.
  47. Greenpan, Jesse (August 22, 2014). "The British Burn Washington, D.C., 200 Years Ago". History.com.
  48. The War of 1812, Scene 5 "An Act of Nature" (Television production). History Channel. 2005.
  49. "Colonial Period" Aiming for Pensacola: Fugitive Slaves on the Atlantic and Southern Frontiers. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
  50. Hyde, Samuel C. (2004): A Fierce and Fractious Frontier: The Curious Development of Louisiana's Florida Parishes, 1699–2000. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807129232, p. 97.
  51. Hitsman, J. Mackay (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 1-896941-13-3, p. 270.

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