Inca Empire

Mutanen Inca ƙabilar makiyaya ce a yankin Cusco a kusan ƙarni na 12.Tarihin baka na Peruvian yana ba da labarin asalin kogo uku.Kogon tsakiya a Tampu T'uqu (Tambo Tocco) ana kiransa Qhapaq T'uqu ("babban alkuki", wanda kuma aka rubuta Capac Tocco).Sauran kogon su ne Maras T'uqu (Maras Tocco) da Sutiq T'uqu (Sutic Tocco).’Yan’uwa huɗu da ’yan’uwa mata huɗu suka fito daga tsakiyar kogon.Su ne: Ayar Manco, Ayar Cachi, Ayar Awqa (Ayar Auca) da Ayar Uchu;da Mama Ocllo, Mama Raua, Mama Huaco da Mama Qura (Mama Cora).Mutanen da za su zama kakannin dukan dangin Inca ne suka fito daga cikin kogwanni.

Inca, karkashin jagorancin Manco Capac (shugaban ayllu, ƙabilar makiyaya), sun ƙaura zuwa kwarin Cuzco kuma suka kafa babban birninsu a Cuzco.Da suka isa kwarin Kusco, sai suka yi galaba a kan kananan kabilu uku da ke zaune a wurin;Sahuares, Huallas da Alcahuisas, sannan suka zauna a wani yanki mai fadama tsakanin kananan koguna guda biyu, wanda a yau yayi daidai da babban filin birnin Cusco.Manco Capac yana kula da ginawa da haɓaka Masarautar Cusco, farkon ƙaramin birni.Masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi John Rowe ya lissafta shekara ta 1200 CE a matsayin kimanin kwanan wata don kafuwar daular Inca - tun kafin kafuwar daular.

Kusan shekaru 200, Incas sun zauna a Cusco da kewayenta.A cewar Gordon Francis McEwan, "Tsakanin 1200 zuwa 1438 CE, Incas takwas sun yi mulki ba tare da Incas sun fadada sosai a waje da zuciyarsu a Cusco ba."

An ce Sinchi Roca ya ƙirƙiri wani yanki na yankunansa kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya fara ƙidayar jama'ar Inca na farko.Ya kuma umurci dukkan ‘yan kabilarsa (Inca) da su huda kunnuwansu a matsayin alamar daukaka.Ya ƙarfafa ikon Inca a cikin Cusco ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sojojin da suka ƙunshi sojoji waɗanda ke cikin simintin ƙwararru.Sinchi Roca ya sanya wa sojojinsa rigar rigar da ta tsoratar da abokan gaba.Marubucin tarihin Pedro Cieza de León ya bayyana cewa Sinchi Roca ya gina terraces kuma ya yi la'akari da cewa ya kawo ƙasa mai yawa don inganta yanayin kwarin da gina tashar ruwa ta farko a cikin kogin Huatanay da Tullumayo.

Lloque Yupanqui shi ne ɗa kuma magajin Sinchi Roca.Ko da yake wasu littafan tarihin sun dangana qananan yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi masa, wasu kuma sun ce bai yi yaƙi ba, ko kuma ya shagaltu da tawaye.An ce ya kafa kasuwar jama'a a Cuzco kuma ya gina Acllahuasi.A zamanin daular Inca, wannan cibiyar ta tara mata matasa daga ko'ina cikin daular;Wasu Inca ne suka ba su a matsayin ƙwaraƙwara ga manyan mutane da mayaka wasu kuma sun sadaukar da su ga bautar allahn Rana.Wani lokaci su bayi ne kawai.

Mayta Cápac (Quechua Mayta Qhapaq Inka) ita ce Sapa Inca ta huɗu na Masarautar Cuzco, An kira shi mai gyara kalanda.Marubutan tarihin sun kwatanta shi a matsayin babban jarumi wanda ya ci yankuna har zuwa tafkin Titicaca, Arequipa, da Potosí.Duk da yake a gaskiya, mulkinsa yana da iyaka ga kwarin Cuzco.Mayta Cápac ya sanya yankunan Arequipa da Moquegua karkashin ikon daular Inca.Babban abin da ya yi na soja shi ne na mulkin Alcabisas da Culunchimas.

Yupanqui ɗa ne kuma magajin Mayta Cápac yayin da ƙanensa Cunti Mayta ya zama babban firist.A cikin almara, Yupanqui babban mai nasara ne;Mawallafin tarihin Juan de Betanzos ya ce shi ne Inca na farko da ya ci yankuna a wajen kwarin Cuzco-wanda za a iya ɗauka don taƙaita mahimmancin magabata.Ya mallaki Cuyumarca da Ancasmarca.Garcilaso de la Vega ya ruwaito cewa ya inganta birnin Cuzco da gine-gine da dama, gadoji, hanyoyi da magudanan ruwa.

Inca Roca (Quechua Inka Roq'a, "magnanimous Inca") ita ce Sapa Inca ta shida na Masarautar Cusco (farawa kusan AZ 1350) kuma farkon daular Hanan ("babba") Qusqu.Bayan mutuwar Cápac Yupanqui's, 'yan hanan sun yi tawaye ga hurin, suka kashe Quispe Yupanqui, kuma suka ba da kursiyin ga Inca Roca, ɗan wata mata na Cápac Yupanqui's, Cusi Chimbo.Inca Roca ya koma fadarsa zuwa sashin hurin na Cuzco.A cikin almara, an ce ya ci Chancas (a tsakanin sauran mutane), tare da kafa yachaywasi, makarantu na koyar da manyan mutane.Da hankali, da alama ya inganta ayyukan ban ruwa na Cuzco da yankunan makwabta, amma Chancas ya ci gaba da damun magajinsa.(Yana samar da yachaiwasis ko makarantu ga masu fada aji. A karkashin mulkinsa ya kulla zumunci da kabilun kusa).

Yawar Waqaq ko Yawar Waqaq Inka shine Sapa Inca na bakwai na Masarautar Cusco (farawa kusan CE 1380) kuma na biyu na daular Hanan.Mahaifinsa shi ne Inca Roca (Inka Ruq'a).Matar Yawar ita ce Mama Chicya (ko Chu-Ya) kuma ’ya’yansu Paucar Ayllu da Pahuac Hualpa Mayta.Tun yana yaro 'yan Ayarmaka sun sace shi saboda rikicin aure.Daga karshe ya tsere da taimakon daya daga cikin matan da suka kama shi, Chimpu Orma.Da yake ɗaukan mulkin yana ɗan shekara 19, Yawar ya ci Pillauya, Choyca, Yuco, Chillincay, Taocamarca da Cavinas.Yahuar Huaca ba shi da lafiya sosai kuma yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a Cusco.Ya nada dansa na biyu Pahuac Gualpa Mayta a matsayin magajinsa amma daya daga cikin kuyanginsa ya kashe shi wanda ya so danta ya zama Sapa Inca.An kuma kashe Yahuar Huaca tare da sauran ’ya’yansa maza.

Viracocha (a cikin rubutun da ya firgita) ko Wiraqucha (Quechua, sunan allah) shine Sapa Inca na takwas na Masarautar Cusco (farawa kusan 1410) kuma na uku na daular Hanan.Ba xan Yawar Waqaq ba ne;duk da haka, an gabatar da haka ne saboda yana cikin daular da magabatansa: Hanan.

Kabilar Chanca (ko Chanka), "kungiyar yaƙi mai ƙarfi" (McEwan), ta kai hari kan birnin Cusco yayin da take ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa kudanci.Pachacuti ya jagoranci tsaron soja a kan Chanka yayin da mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa, Urco Inca, suka gudu daga gidan.Nasarar da aka samu a kan Chankas ya sa Inca Viracocha ta gane shi a matsayin magajinsa a kusa da 1438. Ya ci lardunan Colla-Suyu da Chinchay-Suyu.Tare da 'ya'yansa, Tupac Ayar Manco (ko Amaru Tupac Inca), da Apu Paucar Usnu, ya ci Collas.Bugu da ƙari, ya bar garrisons a cikin ƙasashe da aka mallake.Pachacuti ya sake gina yawancin Cusco, yana tsara shi don biyan bukatun birni na sarki kuma a matsayin wakilcin daular.Yawancin masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi yanzu sun yi imanin cewa sanannen wurin Inca na Machu Picchu an gina shi azaman ƙasa ga Pachacuti.

Pachacuti ya sanya dansa, Túpac Inca Yupanqui (ko Topa Inca), mai kula da sojojin Inca.Túpac Inca ya tura iyakokin Masarautar Inca zuwa sabon matsayi, inda ya nufi arewa zuwa Ecuador bayan ya sami babban yanki na tsakiya da arewacin Peru.Mafi mahimmancin nasara na Túpac Inca shine Mulkin Chimor, babban abokin hamayyar Inca kawai ga bakin tekun Peruvian.Daular Túpac Inca ta miƙe zuwa arewa zuwa Ecuador da Colombia na zamani.Ya ci lardin Antis ya mallake Collas.Ya sanya dokoki da haraji, inda ya kirkiro Gwamna Janar guda biyu, Suyuyoc Apu, daya a Xauxa da kuma ɗayan a Tiahuanacu.Tupac Inca Yupanqui ya ƙirƙiri kagara Saksaywaman a kan tudun tudu da ke sama da Cuzco, wanda ya haɗa da ɗakunan ajiya na kayayyaki da tufafi.

An yi yaƙin Maule ne tsakanin haɗin gwiwar mutanen Mapuche na Chile da Daular Inca ta Peru.Labarin Garcilaso de la Vega ya kwatanta yakin kwanaki uku, wanda aka yi imani da cewa ya faru a zamanin Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-93 AD).Babu shakka ci gaban Inca a Chile ya dakatar da shi saboda rashin niyyarsu na yin manyan albarkatu wajen yakar Mapuche.Akwai gardama masu karo da juna tsakanin tushen takamaiman kwanan wata, wuri, sanadi, da sauransu don wannan yaƙin.

Tupac Inca ya mutu game da 1493 a Chincheros, ya bar 'ya'ya maza biyu na halal, da 'ya'ya maza da mata 90.Huayna Capac ya gaje shi A kudanci, Huayna Capac ya ci gaba da fadada daular Inca zuwa Chile da Argentina a yau kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa yankuna zuwa arewa a cikin ƙasar Ecuador da kudancin Colombia.A matsayinsa na Sapa Inca, ya kuma gina wuraren lura da taurari a Ecuador kamar Ingapirca.Wayna Qhapaq ya yi fatan kafa sansanin arewa a birnin Tumebamba na Ecuador, inda mutanen Cañari ke zaune.Rushewar garin Inca na Pumpu.Wayna Qhapaq ya kasance yana hutawa a tafkin Chinchay Cocha da ke kusa da birnin da ke kusa da kogi.A Ecuador, wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Quito, Wayna Qhapaq ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar Quito zuwa cikin Daular Inca bayan ya auri Quito Sarauniya Paccha Duchicela Shyris XVI don dakatar da yakin da aka dade.Daga wannan aure an haifi Atwallpa (1502 CE) a Caranqui, Ecuador.Wayna Qhapaq ya rasu a shekara ta 1524. Lokacin da Wayna ya koma Quito ya riga ya kamu da zazzaɓi a lokacin da yake yaƙin neman zaɓe a Colombia a yau (ko da yake wasu masana tarihi sun yi jayayya da hakan), wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga kamuwa da cutar Turai kamar kyanda ko ƙwanƙwasa.

Huayna Capac ya mutu, maiyuwa daga ƙananan yara (cututtukan da ke yaduwa a cikin Sabuwar Duniya nan da nan bayan gabatarwa ta Mutanen Espanya).A cikin bala'i, Huayna Capac ya kasa bayyana magaji kafin mutuwarsa.Gwagwarmayar ikon da ta biyo baya tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Huáscar da Atahualpa, a ƙarshe ya kai ga yakin basasa.Huascar ya ɗauki kursiyin da manyan mutane a Cusco ke goyan bayan.A halin yanzu Atahualpa, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi ƙwararren shugaba kuma jarumi, an naɗa Sapa Inca a Quito.Ba a san ko nawa ne aka kashe ko kuma suka mutu a lokacin yakin basasar Inca ba.An kiyasta yawan jama'ar daular Inca kafin annoba (wataƙila cutar ta Turai) da kuma cin nasarar Spain a tsakanin mutane miliyan 6 zuwa 14.Yakin basasa, annoba, da mamayar Spain sun haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a cikin shekaru da dama da aka kiyasta kamar 20:1 ko 25:1, ma'ana yawan ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin dari.

Yaƙin Puná, wani yanki na yanki na cin nasarar Francisco Pizarro na Peru, an yi yaƙi a Afrilu 1531 a tsibirin Puná (a cikin Gulf of Guayaquil) a Ecuador.Masu cin nasara na Pizarro, suna alfahari da manyan makami da fasaha, sun yi nasara a kan 'yan asalin tsibirin.Yaƙin ya nuna farkon balaguron na uku kuma na ƙarshe na Pizarro kafin faduwar Daular Inca.

Yaƙin Quipaipán shine ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin Yaƙin Basasa na Inca tsakanin 'yan'uwa Atahualpa da Huáscar.Bayan nasarar da aka samu a Chimborazo, Atahualpa ya tsaya a Cajamarca yayin da shugabanninsa suka bi Huáscar zuwa kudu.Rikici na biyu ya faru a Quipaipán, inda aka sake cin nasara kan Huáscar, sojojinsa suka watse, Huáscar da kansa ya kama kuma - sai dai don shiga tsakani na Pizarro - duk daular Inca ta kusan fadawa Atahualpa.

Yakin Cajamarca kuma ya rubuta cewa Cajamalca shi ne kwanton bauna da kwace ikon mulkin Inca Atahualpa ta wani karamin sojojin Spain karkashin jagorancin Francisco Pizarro, a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1532. MutanenEspanya sun kashe dubban mashawarta, kwamandoji, da ma'aikatan Atahualpa marasa makami a babban filin wasa. na Cajamarca, kuma ya sa rundunarsa dauke da makamai a wajen garin gudu.Kame na Atahualpa ya nuna alamar budewa na cin nasarar wayewar Peru kafin Colombia.

Atahualpa ya bai waSpainwa isashen zinari don cika ɗakin da aka ɗaure shi da kuma ninki biyu na adadin azurfa.Inca ya cika wannan fansa, amma Pizarro ya yaudare su, ya ƙi sakin Inca daga baya.A lokacin da Atahualpa ke kurkuku an kashe Huáscar a wani wuri.Mutanen Espanya sun ci gaba da cewa hakan yana bisa umarnin Atahualpa;An yi amfani da wannan a matsayin daya daga cikin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi wa Atahualpa a lokacin da Spaniards suka kashe shi, a watan Agustan 1533. A bisa ga bukatarsa, an kashe shi ta hanyar shake shi da garrote a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1533. An kona tufafinsa da wasu fatarsa. kuma an yi masa jana'izar Kirista.

An yi yakin Cusco a watan Nuwamba 1533 tsakanin sojojin Mutanen Espanya Conquistadors da na Incas.Bayan kashe Inca Atahualpa a 26 Yuli 1533, Francisco Pizarro ya yi tattaki zuwa Cusco, babban birnin Daular Incan.Yayin da sojojin Spain suka kusanci Cusco, duk da haka, Pizarro ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Juan Pizarro da Hernando de Soto gaba tare da mutane arba'in.Masu gadin gaba sun yi yaƙi da sojojin Incan a gaban birnin, inda suka sami nasara.Sojojin Incan karkashin jagorancin Quizquiz sun janye cikin dare.Washegari, 15 ga Nuwamba, 1533, Pizarro ya shiga Cusco, tare da Manco Inca Yupanqui, wani matashi ɗan sarki Inca wanda ya tsira daga kisan kiyashin da Quizquiz ya yi wa manyan mutane a Cusco.Mutanen Espanya sun wawashe Cusco, inda suka sami zinariya da azurfa da yawa.An nada Manco a matsayin Sapa Inca kuma ya taimaka wa Pizarro don fitar da Quizquiz zuwa Arewa.

Mutanen Espanya sun shigar da ɗan'uwan Atahualpa Manco Inca Yupanqui a cikin iko;na ɗan lokaci Manco ya haɗa kai da Mutanen Espanya yayin da suke yaƙi don kawar da juriya a arewa.A halin yanzu, wani abokin aikin Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, yayi ƙoƙarin neman Cusco.Manco yayi ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da wannan rikici na Mutanen Espanya don amfaninsa, ya sake kama Cusco a 1536, amma Mutanen Espanya sun sake dawo da birnin daga baya.Daga nan sai Manco Inca ya koma tsaunukan Vilcabamba ya kafa karamar Jihar Neo-Inca, inda shi da magajinsa suka yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 36, wani lokaci suna kai farmaki ga Mutanen Espanya ko kuma tada zaune tsaye a kansu.

Sifen na Cusco (Mayu 6, 1536 - Maris 1537) shi ne kewaye da birnin Cusco da sojojin Sapa Inca Manco Inca Yupanqui suka yi a kan wani sansanin sojojin Spain na mamaya da na Indiyawa karkashin jagorancin Hernando Pizarro a cikin bege na mayar da Inca. Daular (1438-1533).An kwashe watanni goma ana yi wa kawanya kuma ba a yi nasara ba.

A watan Agustan 1536, wasu mayaka 50,000 ne suka yi tattaki zuwa Lima a karkashin umarnin babban janar na Manco Inca, Quizo Yupanqui, tare da ba da umarnin kashe kowane dan Spain a sabon babban birnin da aka kafa.Sifen ya kasa kuma Quizo, babban jami'in Inca ya mutu, kuma sojojin Inca suka koma baya.Francisco Pizzarro zai ba da taimako na Siege na Cuzco.

Yaƙin Ollantaytambo ya faru ne a cikin Janairu 1537, tsakanin sojojin Inca sarki Manco Inca da wani balaguron Sipaniya karkashin jagorancin Hernando Pizarro a lokacin da Spain ta mamaye Peru.Domin kawo karshen takun-saka, wadanda suka yi wa kawanya sun kai farmaki kan hedkwatar sarkin da ke garin Ollantaytambo.Balaguron, wanda Hernando Pizarro ya umarta, ya haɗa da Mutanen Espanya 100 da wasu mataimakan Indiya 30,000 a kan sojojin Inca fiye da 30,000 masu ƙarfi.

Wasu gungun 'yan kasar Spain da suka yi tawaye sun kashe Manco Inca.Waɗannan Mutanen Espanya guda ɗaya sun isa Vilcabamba a matsayin ƴan gudun hijira kuma Manco ya ba su wuri mai tsarki.Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Incas a Vilcabamba sun tsunduma cikin ayyukan guerrilla a kan Mutanen Espanya.Da shugabansu ya tafi, duk wani gagarumin juriya ya ƙare.

Francisco Toledo, sabon mataimakin na Peru (Spaniards kishiya sun kashe Pizarro a 1541), ya shelanta yaki akan Vilcabamba.An kori ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta kuma an kama Sapa Inca na ƙarshe, Túpac Amaru.Mutanen Espanya sun kai Túpac Amaru zuwa Cusco, inda aka fille masa kai a wani kisa na jama'a.Faduwar Daular Inca ta cika.

Bayan faduwar Daular Inca an lalata al'adun Inca da yawa cikin tsari, gami da nagartaccen tsarin noman su, wanda aka sani da tsarin noma na tsibirai a tsaye.Jami'an mulkin mallaka na Spain sun yi amfani da tsarin aiki na Inca mita corvée don manufar mulkin mallaka, wani lokacin da rashin tausayi.An tilasta wa mutum ɗaya daga cikin kowane iyali yin aiki a ma’adinan zinariya da azurfa, wanda na farko shi ne ma’adinin azurfar titanic a Potosí.Lokacin da memba na iyali ya mutu, wanda yawanci yakan faru a cikin shekara ɗaya ko biyu, ana buƙatar iyali su aika wanda zai maye gurbinsa.Illar cutar sankarau a daular Inca ta ma fi muni.Tun daga Kolombiya, ƙanƙara ta yaɗu da sauri kafin mahara Mutanen Espanya su fara isa daular.Kila an taimaka wa yaduwar ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin titin Inca.Sankarau ita ce annoba ta farko.Wasu cututtuka, ciki har da fashewar Typhus mai yiwuwa a 1546, mura da ƙanƙara tare a shekara ta 1558, ƙanƙara kuma a 1589, diphtheria a 1614, da kyanda a 1618, duk sun lalata mutanen Inca.Za a yi yunƙuri na lokaci-lokaci ta shugabannin ƴan asalin ƙasar don korar ƴan mulkin mallaka na Spain da sake ƙirƙirar Daular Inca har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18.