Crusade Na Biyu

Akwai jihohi uku na 'yan Salibiyya da aka kafa a gabas: Masarautar Urushalima, Masarautar Antakiya da gundumar Edessa.An kafa na huɗu, gundumar Tripoli a shekara ta 1109. Edessa ita ce mafi arewa daga cikin waɗannan, kuma mafi rauni kuma mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a;Don haka, ana kai hare-hare akai-akai daga kasashen musulmi da ke kewaye da Ortoqids, Danishmends da Seljuq Turkawa suka yi mulki.Edessa ya fadi a shekara ta 1144. An dawo da labarin faduwar Edessa zuwa Turai da farko ta hanyar mahajjata a farkon shekara ta 1145, sannan daga ofisoshin jakadanci daga Antakiya, Urushalima da Armeniya .Bishop Hugh na Jabala ya ba da labarin ga Fafaroma Eugene III, wanda ya ba da labarin bijimin Quantum praedecessores a ranar 1 ga Disamba na waccan shekarar, yana mai kira da a yi yaƙi na biyu.

Sifen Edessa a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba 1146 ya nuna ƙarshen dindindin na mulkin Counts of Edessa a cikin birni a jajibirin Crusade na biyu.Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyu da birnin ya sha wahala a cikin shekaru masu yawa, harin farko na Edessa ya ƙare a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1144. A cikin 1146, Joscelyn II na Edessa da Baldwin na Marash sun sake kwato birnin ta hanyar sata amma ba su iya ɗauka ko ma sun kewaye birnin yadda ya kamata. kagara.Bayan wani dan takaitaccen kawanya, gwamnan Zangid Nūr al-Dīn ya mamaye birnin.An yi wa jama'a kisan kiyashi tare da ruguza ganuwar.Wannan nasara ta kasance mai muhimmanci a hayin Nūr al-Dīn da koma bayan birnin Edessa na Kirista.

A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1147, 'yan Salibiyya na Faransa sun hadu a Étampes don tattauna hanyarsu.Jamusawa sun riga sun yanke shawarar yin tafiya ta ƙasa ta Hungary;sun dauki hanyar teku a matsayin siyasa ba ta da amfani saboda Roger II na Sicily makiyin Conrad ne.Yawancin sarakunan Faransanci sun ƙi yarda da hanyar ƙasa, wanda zai kai su ta hanyar Daular Byzantine , wanda har yanzu sunansa ya sha wahala daga asusun na farko na 'yan Salibiyya.Duk da haka, Faransawa sun yanke shawarar bin Conrad, kuma su tashi a ranar 15 ga Yuni.

Lokacin da aka kira yakin Crusade na biyu, yawancin jama'ar kudancin Jamus sun ba da kansu don yin yaki a kasa mai tsarki.Arewacin Jamus Saxon sun ƙi.Sun gaya wa St Bernard sha'awar su na yin kamfen da arna Slavs a wani taron cin abinci na Imperial a Frankfurt a ranar 13 ga Maris 1147. Amincewa da shirin Saxons, Eugenius ya ba da bijimin papal da aka sani da Divina dispensatione a ranar 13 ga Afrilu.Wannan bijimin ya bayyana cewa ba za a sami wani bambanci tsakanin ladan ruhaniya na 'yan Salibiyya daban-daban ba.Wadanda suka ba da kansu don yakar arna Slavs sun kasance da farko Danes, Saxon da Poles, ko da yake akwai wasu Bohemians.Wends sun ƙunshi kabilun Slavic na Abrotrites, Rani, Liutizians, Wagarians, da Pomeranians waɗanda ke zaune a gabashin kogin Elbe a arewa maso gabashin Jamus da Poland a yau.

A cikin bazara na 1147, Paparoma ya ba da izinin faɗaɗa yaƙin ƴan tawaye a cikin yankin Iberian, a cikin mahallin Reconquista .Ya kuma ba Alfonso VII na León da Castile izinin daidaita yakin da ya yi a kan Moors da sauran yakin Crusade na biyu.

'Yan Salibiyya na Jamus, tare da rakiyar shugaban Paparoma da Cardinal Theodwin, sun yi niyya don ganawa da Faransawa a Konstantinoful.Abokin gaba na Conrad Géza II na Hungary ya ba su damar wucewa ba tare da wani rauni ba.Lokacin da sojojin Jamus na mutane 20,000 suka isa yankin Rumawa, Emperor Manuel I Komnenos ya ji tsoron cewa za su kai masa hari, kuma ya sa sojojin Rumawa suka kafa don tabbatar da rikici.

'Yan Salibiyya na Faransa sun tashi daga Metz a watan Yuni 1147, karkashin jagorancin Louis, Thierry na Alsace, Renaut I na Bar, Amadeus III na Savoy da ɗan'uwansa William V na Montferrat, William VII na Auvergne, da sauransu, tare da sojoji daga Lorraine, Brittany, Burgundy da Aquitaine.Sun bi hanyar Conrad cikin kwanciyar hankali, ko da yake Louis ya yi rikici da Sarkin Géza na Hungary lokacin da Géza ya gano cewa Louis ya ƙyale wani dan kasar Hungarian da ya gaza, Boris Kalamanos, ya shiga sojojinsa.

A cikin Mayu 1147, rukunin farko na 'yan Salibiyya sun tashi daga Dartmouth a Ingila zuwa Kasa Mai Tsarki.Mummunan yanayi ya tilasta wa jiragen ruwa tsayawa a gabar tekun Portugal, a arewacin birnin Porto a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 1147. A can sun gamsu sun gana da Sarki Afonso I na Portugal.'Yan Salibiyya sun amince su taimaka wa Sarki ya kai hari Lisbon , tare da wata yarjejeniya mai mahimmanci da ta ba su damar kwashe kayayyakin birnin da kuma kudin fansa na fursunonin da ake sa ran.

Sifen Lisbon , daga 1 ga Yuli zuwa 25 ga Oktoba, 1147, shine matakin soji wanda ya kawo birnin Lisbon karkashin ingantacciyar ikon Portuguese tare da korar masu mulkin Moorish.Sifen Lisbon na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan nasarorin Kiristanci na Crusade na Biyu.Ana ganin shi a matsayin babban yaƙin Faɗin Reconquista .A ranar Oktoba 1147, bayan da aka yi wa watanni hudu hari, sarakunan Moorish sun yarda su mika wuya, musamman saboda yunwa a cikin birnin.Yawancin 'yan Salibiyya sun zauna a sabon garin da aka kwace, amma wasu daga cikinsu sun tashi suka ci gaba da tafiya kasa mai tsarki.Wasu daga cikinsu, waɗanda suka tashi a baya, sun taimaka kama Santarém a farkon wannan shekarar.Daga baya kuma sun taimaka wajen cin nasarar Sintra, Almada, Palmela da Setúbal, kuma an ba su izinin zama a cikin ƙasashen da aka ci nasara, inda suka zauna kuma suka haifi zuriya.

Yakin Konstantinoful a shekara ta 1147 wani fada ne mai girma tsakanin dakarun Daular Rumawa da kuma 'yan Salibiyya na Jamus na yakin Crusade na biyu karkashin jagorancin Conrad na Uku na kasar Jamus, wanda aka gwabza a wajen babban birnin Byzantine, Constantinople.Sarkin Rumawa Manuel I Komnenos ya damu matuka da kasancewar wata babbar runduna da rashin da'a a kusa da babban birninsa da kuma halin rashin abokantaka na shugabanninta.Haka kuma rundunar 'yan Salibiyya ta Faransa tana tunkarar Konstantinoful, kuma Manuel ya kalli yuwuwar rundunan runduna guda biyu a birnin da fargaba.Bayan da aka yi arangama da 'yan Salibiyya a baya, da kuma jin zagi daga Conrad, Manuel ya shirya wasu sojojinsa a wajen bangon Constantinople.Sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na sojojin Jamus ya kai hari kuma an yi nasara da shi sosai.Bayan wannan shan kashi 'yan Salibiyya sun amince a yi jigilar su cikin sauri ta hanyar Bosporus zuwa Asiya Ƙarama.

A cikin Ƙananan Asiya, Conrad ya yanke shawarar kada ya jira Faransanci, amma ya tafi Ikonium, babban birninSultanate na Rûm .Conrad ya raba sojojinsa kashi biyu.Conrad ya ɗauki maƙiyi da mafi kyawun sojoji tare da kansa don yin tafiya a ƙasa yayin da ya aika mabiya sansanin tare da Otto na Freising don bin hanyar bakin teku.Da zarar sun gagara ikon mallakar Byzantine, sojojin Jamus sun fuskanci hare-hare akai-akai daga Turkawa, wadanda suka yi fice a irin wadannan dabaru.Mafi talauci, kuma ba a wadatar da su ba, sojojin da ke cikin rundunar 'yan Salibiyya su ne suka fi fuskantar hare-haren harbin bindiga da maharba suka fara kai wa hari tare da rasa mazaje su kama.Wurin da 'yan Salibiyya suke tafiya ya kasance bakarare da bushewa;don haka sojojin sun kasa kara kayansu sai kishirwa ta damu.Lokacin da Jamusawa suka yi kusan kwana uku suna tafiya bayan Dorylaeum, manyan mutane sun nemi sojojin su koma su sake haduwa.Yayin da 'yan Salibiyya suka fara ja da baya, a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, hare-haren na Turkiyya ya tsananta kuma ya wargaza oda, ja da baya daga nan ya zama ruwan dare inda 'yan Salibiyya suka yi asara sosai.

Faransawa sun sadu da ragowar sojojin Conrad a Lopadion, kuma Conrad ya shiga rundunar Louis.Sun bi Otto na hanyar Freising, inda suka matsa kusa da Tekun Bahar Rum, suka isa Afisa a watan Disamba, inda suka sami labarin cewa Turkawa suna shirin kai musu hari.Lallai Turkawa suna jira su kai hari, amma a wani dan karamin yaki a wajen Afisa a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1147, Faransawa sun yi nasara.

Sojojin Faransa Laodicea a kan Lycus a farkon Janairu 1148, bayan da Otto na sojojin Freising ya hallaka a wannan yanki.Ci gaba da tafiya, mai gadi a karkashin Amadeus na Savoy ya rabu da sauran sojojin a Dutsen Cadmus, inda sojojin Louis suka yi asara mai yawa daga Turkawa (6 Janairu 1148).Turkawa ba su damu su kara kai hari ba, Faransawa suka yi tattaki zuwa Adalia, inda Turkawa suka ci gaba da tursasa su daga nesa, wadanda kuma suka kona kasar don hana Faransawa ciko abincinsu, na kansu da dawakai.Louis ba ya so ya ci gaba da tafiya ta ƙasa, kuma aka yanke shawarar tara jiragen ruwa a Adalia kuma ya tashi zuwa Antakiya.Bayan da guguwar ta yi jinkiri na tsawon wata guda, yawancin jiragen ruwa da aka yi alkawarin ba su isa ba kwata-kwata.Louis da abokansa sun yi iƙirarin jiragen da kansu, yayin da sauran sojojin suka ci gaba da tafiya mai nisa zuwa Antakiya.An kusan lalata sojojin gaba ɗaya, ko dai ta Turkawa ko kuma ta rashin lafiya.

Ko da yake guguwa ta yi jinkiri, Louis daga ƙarshe ya isa Antakiya a ranar 19 ga Maris;Amadeus na Savoy ya mutu a Cyprus a kan hanya.Louis ya sami maraba daga kawun Eleanor Raymond na Poitiers.Raymond ya sa ran zai taimaka wajen kare kai daga Turkawa da kuma raka shi a yakin da ake yi da Aleppo, birnin musulmi da ke aiki a matsayin kofar Edessa, amma Louis ya ki amincewa, ya gwammace ya kammala aikin hajjinsa na Kudus maimakon mayar da hankali kan bangaren soja. yakin 'yan tawaye.

Majalisar da za ta yanke shawara kan manufa mafi kyau ga 'yan Salibiyya ta faru ne a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1148, lokacin da Haute Cour na Kudus ta gana da 'yan Salibiyya da suka zo kwanan nan daga Turai a Palmarea, kusa da Acre, babban birni na Masarautar 'Yan Salibiyya ta Kudus .Wannan shi ne taro mafi ban mamaki da Kotun ta yi a wanzuwarta.A ƙarshe, an yanke shawarar kai hari kan birnin Damascus, wanda tsohon ƙawance ne ga Masarautar Kudus, wadda ta mayar da mubaya'arta zuwa na Zengids, kuma ta kai hari a birnin Bosra da ke da alaƙa da Masarautar a shekara ta 1147.

'Yan Salibiyya sun yanke shawarar kai hari Damascus daga yamma, inda gonakin amfanin gona na Ghouta ke ba su abinci akai-akai.Da suka isa wajen bangon birnin, nan da nan suka kewaye shi, suna amfani da itacen gonakin gonaki.A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 'yan Salibiyya sun yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa filin da ke gefen gabashin birnin, wanda ba shi da ƙarfi sosai amma yana da ƙarancin abinci da ruwa.Bayan haka, sarakunan 'yan Salibiyya na yankin sun ƙi ci gaba da kewaye, kuma sarakunan uku ba su da wani zaɓi illa su bar birnin.Dakarun 'yan Salibiyya sun koma Kudus a ranar 28 ga Yuli.

A watan Yuni 1149, Nur ad-Din ya mamaye Antakiya kuma ya kewaye katangar Inab, tare da taimakon Unur na Damascus da kuma rundunar Turcomans.Nur ad-Din yana da dakaru kusan 6,000, akasarinsu na sojan doki.Raymond da maƙwabcinsa Kirista, Count Joscelin II na Edessa, abokan gaba ne tun lokacin da Raymond ya ƙi aika dakaru don ceto Edessa da aka kewaye a shekara ta 1146. Joscelin ma ya yi yarjejeniya da Nur ad-Din a kan Raymond.A nasu bangaren, Raymond na biyu na Tripoli da kuma mai mulkin Melisende na Urushalima sun ƙi taimakon yariman Antakiya.Da yake jin kwarin gwiwa saboda ya sha kayar da Nur ad-Din sau biyu a baya, Yarima Raymond ya buge kansa da runduna ta mayaƙa 400 da sojoji masu ƙafa 1,000.Yarima Raymond ya hada kai da Ali ibn-Wafa, shugaban masu kisan gilla kuma makiyin Nur ad-Din.Kafin ya tattara dukkan sojojinsa, Raymond da abokansa sun hau balaguron agaji.Da yake mamakin raunin sojojin Yarima Raymond, Nur ad-Din da farko ya yi zargin cewa wani jami'in tsaro ne kawai kuma dole ne babban sojojin Faransa na can kusa.Da gabatowar runduna ta haɗin gwiwa, Nur ad-Din ya tayar da kewayen Inab ya janye.Maimakon su kasance kusa da kagara, Raymond da ibn-Wafa sun yi sansani tare da dakarunsu a fili.Bayan da masu leken asirin Nur ad-Din suka lura cewa abokan haɗin gwiwar sun yi sansani a wani wuri da ba a san su ba kuma ba su sami ƙarfafawa ba, atabeg cikin sauri ya kewaye sansanin abokan gaba a cikin dare.A ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, Nur ad-Din ya kai hari kuma ya halaka sojojin Antakiya.An ba da shi da damar tserewa, Yariman Antakiya ya ƙi ya watsar da sojojinsa.Raymond mutum ne mai "girma" kuma ya yi yaki, "yana yanke duk wanda ya zo kusa da shi".Duk da haka, an kashe Raymond da ibn-Wafa, tare da Reynald na Marash.Wasu 'yan Franks sun tsira daga bala'in.Yawancin yankin Antakiya yanzu yana buɗewa ga Nur ad-Din, wanda mafi mahimmanci shine hanyar zuwa Bahar Rum.Nur ad-Din ya fita zuwa bakin teku ya yi wanka a cikin teku a matsayin alamar cin nasara.Bayan nasararsa, Nur ad-Din ya ci gaba da kama kagaran Artah, Harim, da 'Imm, wanda ya kare hanyar zuwa Antakiya da kanta.Bayan nasara a Inab, Nur ad-Din ya zama jarumi a duk fadin duniyar Musulunci.Burinsa ya zama ruguza jihohin 'yan Salibiyya , da kuma karfafa Musulunci ta hanyar jihadi.

Kowannen sojojin Kirista ya ji an ci amana da ɗayan.Bayan ya bar Ascalon, Conrad ya koma Konstantinoful don ci gaba da kawance da Manuel.Louis ya ci gaba da zama a Urushalima har zuwa shekara ta 1149. A baya a Turai, an wulakanta Bernard na Clairvaux saboda shan kaye.Bernard ya ɗauki alhakinsa ya aika uzuri ga Paparoma kuma an saka shi a kashi na biyu na Littafin La'akari.Dangantaka tsakanin Daular Rumawa ta Gabas da Faransa ta yi mummunar illa sakamakon yakin Salibiyya.Louis da wasu shugabannin Faransa sun fito fili sun zargi sarki Manuel I da hada baki da hare-haren da Turkiyya ta kai musu a lokacin tattakin da suke yi a yankin Asiya Karama.Baldwin III a ƙarshe ya kama Ascalon a 1153, wanda ya kawoMasar cikin yanayin rikici.A cikin 1187, Salahaddin ya kama Urushalima.Daga nan ne sojojin nasa suka bazu zuwa arewa domin kame duka manyan biranen Jihohin ‘yan Salibiyya , wanda ya kai ga yakin Crusade na uku .