History of Bangladesh ©Anonymous

1971 - 2024

Tarihin Bangladesh

Tarihin Bangladesh daga 1971 zuwa gaba yana da jerin mahimman ci gaban siyasa da zamantakewa.Bayan samun 'yencin kai daga Pakistan a 1971, Bangladesh ta fuskanci kalubale da dama a karkashin jagorancin Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.Duk da farin cikin da aka fara samun 'yancin kai, ƙasar ta yi fama da talauci da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.Farkon shekarun bayan samun ’yancin kai an yi su ne da yunwar Bangladesh ta 1974, wacce ta yi illa ga jama’a.Kisan Sheikh Mujibur Rahman a shekarar 1975 ya haifar da mulkin soja wanda ya dade har zuwa shekarar 1990, wanda ke da juyin mulki da rikici, musamman rikicin Chittagong Hill Tracts.Canjin mulkin demokradiyya a farkon shekarun 1990 ya zama wani sauyi ga Bangladesh.Koyaya, wannan lokacin bai kasance ba tare da hargitsi ba, kamar yadda rikicin siyasar 2006-2008 ya nuna.A cikin wannan zamani, tun daga 2009, Bangladesh ta mai da hankali kan yunƙuri kamar Vision 2021 da Digital Bangladesh, da nufin haɓakar tattalin arziƙi da zamani.Duk da fuskantar kalubale kamar rikicin kabilanci na shekarar 2021, Bangladesh na ci gaba da kokarin samun ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali.A tsawon tarihinta bayan samun yancin kai, Bangladesh ta fuskanci rikice-rikicen siyasa, kalubalen tattalin arziki, da gagarumin ci gaba na ci gaba.Tafiya daga sabuwar al'umma da yaki ya daidaita zuwa kasa mai tasowa na nuni da tsayin daka da jajircewar al'ummarta.

1946 Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Bangladesh

Tarihin Bangladesh, yanki ne mai cike da ci gaban al'adu da siyasa, ya samo asali ne tun zamanin da.Da farko da aka sani da Bengal, wani muhimmin yanki ne na masarautun yanki daban-daban, gami daMauryan da Daular Gupta.A zamanin da, Bengal ya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Bengal Sultanate da Mughal , wanda ya shahara don kasuwancinsa da dukiyarsa, musamman a cikin masana'antar muslin da siliki.Karni na 16 zuwa na 18 sun nuna lokacin wadatar tattalin arziki da farfado da al'adu a Bengal.Duk da haka, wannan zamanin ya zo ƙarshe da zuwan mulkin Birtaniya a karni na 19.Ikon Kamfanin British Gabashin Indiya a kan Bengal bayan Yaƙin Plassey a 1757 ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canjen tattalin arziki da ƙaddamar da Matsala ta Dindindin a 1793.Mulkin Biritaniya ya shaida bullar ilimin zamani da yunƙurin kawo sauyi na zamantakewa da addini, waɗanda mutane irin su Raja Ram Mohan Roy suka jagoranta.Bangaren Bengal a cikin 1905, kodayake an soke shi a cikin 1911, ya haifar da haɓaka mai ƙarfi a cikin ra'ayin kishin ƙasa.Farkon karni na 20 ya kasance alamar Renaissance na Bengali, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban zamantakewa da al'adu na yankin.Yunwar Bengal na 1943, mummunan rikicin bil adama, ya kasance wani sauyi a tarihin Bengal, wanda ya tsananta ra'ayin 'yan Burtaniya.Lokaci mai mahimmanci ya zo tare da Rarraba Indiya a cikin 1947, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Gabas da Yammacin Pakistan.Gabashin Bengal galibi musulmi ne ya zama Gabashin Pakistan, wanda ya kafa fagen fama da rikice-rikice a nan gaba saboda bambancin harshe da al'adu da yammacin Pakistan.Wannan lokacin ya aza harsashin fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Bangladesh, wani muhimmin babi a tarihin Kudancin Asiya.

Jirgin kasa na musamman na 'yan gudun hijira a tashar Ambala yayin Rarraba Indiya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1947 Aug 14 - Aug 15

Rabe-raben Indiya

India

RarrabaIndiya , kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Indiya ta 1947, ta nuna ƙarshen mulkin Burtaniya a Kudancin Asiya kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar yankuna biyu masu cin gashin kansu, Indiya da Pakistan , a ranar 14 da 15 ga Agusta, 1947, bi da bi.Wannan rabe-raben ya shafi raba yankunan Bengal da Punjab na Birtaniyya bisa tsarin addini, inda mafi yawan musulmi suka zama wani bangare na Pakistan da wadanda ba musulmi ba suka shiga Indiya.Tare da yanki na yanki, an raba kadarori kamar Sojojin Indiya na Burtaniya, Navy, Sojojin Sama, ma'aikatan gwamnati, layin dogo, da baitul mali.Wannan lamarin ya haifar da ƙaura mai yawa da gaggawa, tare da ƙiyasin cewa mutane miliyan 14 zuwa 18 sun ƙaura, kuma kusan miliyan ɗaya sun mutu sakamakon tashin hankali da tashin hankali.'Yan gudun hijira, musamman mabiya addinin Hindu da Sikh daga yankuna kamar West Punjab da Gabashin Bengal, sun yi ƙaura zuwa Indiya, yayin da Musulmai suka ƙaura zuwa Pakistan, suna neman aminci tsakanin mabiya addinai.Bangaren ya haifar da tashin hankalin jama'a da yawa, musamman a Punjab da Bengal, da kuma a garuruwa kamar Calcutta, Delhi, da Lahore.Kimanin mabiya addinin Hindu, Musulmai, da Sikhs miliyan daya ne suka rasa rayukansu a cikin wadannan rikice-rikice.Kokarin rage tashin hankali da tallafawa 'yan gudun hijira shugabannin Indiya da Pakistan ne suka yi.Musamman ma, Mahatma Gandhi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta zaman lafiya ta hanyar azumi a Calcutta da Delhi.^[4] Gwamnatocin Indiya da Pakistan sun kafa sansanonin agaji tare da tattara sojoji don agajin jin kai.Duk da wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, ɓangarorin ya bar baya da ƙiyayya da rashin yarda tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan, wanda ya yi tasiri ga dangantakarsu har yau.

An gudanar da Maris 21 ga Fabrairu 1952 a Dhaka. ©Anonymous

1952 Feb 21

Harshe Harshe

Bangladesh

A cikin 1947, bayan rabuwar Indiya, Gabashin Bengal ya zama wani yanki na Mulkin Pakistan .Duk da ya ƙunshi mafi yawan mutane miliyan 44, mazauna Gabashin Bengal masu magana da harshen Bengali sun sami kansu a cikin gwamnatin Pakistan, ma'aikatan gwamnati, da sojoji, waɗanda reshen yamma suka mamaye.^[1] Wani muhimmin lamari ya faru a cikin 1947 a taron kolin ilimi na kasa a Karachi, inda wani kuduri ya ba da shawarar Urdu a matsayin yaren jihar kawai, wanda ya haifar da adawa kai tsaye a Gabashin Bengal.Abul Kashem ya jagoranta, dalibai a Dhaka sun bukaci a amince da Bengali a matsayin harshen hukuma da kuma hanyar ilimi.^[2] Duk da waɗannan zanga-zangar, Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Pakistan ta cire Bengali daga yin amfani da ita a hukumance, wanda ke ƙara nuna fushin jama'a.^[3]Wannan ya haifar da gagarumar zanga-zanga, musamman a ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 1952, lokacin da ɗalibai a Dhaka suka ki amincewa da dokar hana tarukan jama'a.‘Yan sandan sun mayar da martani da hayaki mai sa hawaye da harbin bindiga wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar dalibai da dama.^[1] Rikicin ya rikide zuwa rikice-rikice a cikin birni, tare da yajin aiki da rufewa.Duk da rokon da ‘yan majalisar dokokin yankin suka yi, babban ministan, Nurul Amin, ya ki ya magance matsalar yadda ya kamata.Wadannan al'amura sun haifar da sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki.Bengali ya sami karbuwa a matsayin yaren hukuma tare da Urdu a cikin 1954, wanda aka tsara shi a cikin Tsarin Mulki na 1956.Sai dai daga baya gwamnatin soja karkashin Ayub Khan ta yi yunkurin sake kafa Urdu a matsayin harshen kasa daya tilo.^[4]Harshen yare ya kasance muhimmin al'amari da ya kai ga Yaƙin 'Yancin Bangladesh.Ƙaunar mulkin soja ga yammacin Pakistan, tare da rarrabuwar kawuna na tattalin arziki da siyasa, ya haifar da ɓacin rai a Gabashin Pakistan.Kiran da kungiyar Awami ta yi na samar da ‘yancin cin gashin kai na larduna da kuma sauya sunan yankin Gabashin Pakistan zuwa Bangaladesh shine jigon wannan tashin hankalin, wanda daga karshe ya kai ga samun ‘yancin kai na Bangladesh.

Janar Ayub Khan, babban kwamandan sojojin Pakistan a ofishinsa a ranar 23 ga Janairun 1951. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1958 Oct 27

1958 juyin mulkin soja na Pakistan

Pakistan

Juyin mulkin soja na Pakistan na 1958, wanda ya faru a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1958, ya zama juyin mulkin soja na farko na Pakistan.Hakan ya kai ga hambarar da shugaban kasar Iskandar Ali Mirza daga hannun Muhammad Ayub Khan, babban hafsan soji na lokacin.Tun bayan juyin mulkin, rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa ya addabi Pakistan, tare da firaministan kasar da dama tsakanin 1956 zuwa 1958. Tashin hankali ya kara tsananta saboda bukatar Gabashin Pakistan na neman shiga tsakani a harkokin mulkin tsakiya.A cikin wadannan tashe-tashen hankula, Shugaba Mirza, wanda ya rasa goyon bayan siyasa da kuma fuskantar adawa daga shugabanni irin su Suhrawardy, ya koma ga sojoji don samun goyon baya.A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, ya ayyana dokar ta-baci, ya rusa kundin tsarin mulki, ya kori gwamnati, ya rusa majalisar dokokin kasa da na larduna, da kuma haramta jam’iyyun siyasa.An nada Janar Ayub Khan a matsayin Babban Jami’in Shari’a na Martial kuma an zabi shi a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista.Duk da haka, kawancen da ke tsakanin Mirza da Ayub Khan bai daɗe ba.A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, Mirza, jin girman girman Ayub Khan ya ware shi, yayi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ikonsa.Akasin haka, Ayub Khan, yana zargin Mirza da shirya masa makarkashiya, ya tilasta wa Mirza yin murabus, ya kuma zama shugaban kasa.Tun farko dai an yi marhabin da juyin mulkin a Pakistan, inda ake kallonsa a matsayin hutu daga rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da shugabanci mara inganci.Akwai kyakkyawan fata cewa kwakkwaran jagorancin Ayub Khan zai daidaita tattalin arzikin kasa, zai inganta zamanantar da jama'a, sannan kuma a karshe ya maido da mulkin dimokradiyya.Gwamnatinsa ta samu tallafi daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje, ciki har da Amurka .

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman yana sanar da maki shida a Lahore a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1966 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1966 Feb 5

Shida Point Movement

Bangladesh

Kungiyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, wacce Sheikh Mujibur Rahman na Gabashin Pakistan ya kaddamar a shekarar 1966, ta nemi yankin cin gashin kansa.^[5] Wannan yunkuri, wanda akasarin kungiyar Awami League ke jagoranta, ya kasance martani ne ga tunanin cin zarafi da sarakunan Pakistan ta yamma suka yi a gabashin Pakistan kuma ana kallonsa a matsayin wani muhimmin mataki na samun 'yancin kai na Bangladesh.A cikin Fabrairun 1966, shugabannin adawa a Gabashin Pakistan sun kira taron kasa don tattauna yanayin siyasa bayan Tashkent.Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, mai wakiltar Awami League, ya halarci taron a Lahore.Ya gabatar da batutuwa shida a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, da nufin sanya su cikin ajandar taron.Duk da haka, an ƙi amincewa da shawararsa, kuma an yi wa Rahman lakabi a matsayin mai neman ballewa.Saboda haka, ya kauracewa taron a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu.Daga baya a wannan watan, kwamitin aiki na Awami League gaba ɗaya ya karɓi maki shida.Shawarar maki shida ta samo asali ne daga sha'awar baiwa Gabashin Pakistan 'yancin cin gashin kai.Duk da kasancewar yawancin al'ummar Pakistan da kuma bayar da gudummawa sosai ga kudaden shiga da take fitarwa ta hanyar kayayyaki kamar jute, Gabashin Pakistan sun ji an ware su a fagen siyasa da fa'idar tattalin arziki a cikin Pakistan.Shawarar ta fuskanci kin amincewa daga 'yan siyasar yammacin Pakistan da wasu 'yan siyasa wadanda ba 'yan Awami League ba daga gabashin Pakistan, ciki har da shugaban jam'iyyar Awami League ta Pakistan, Nawabzada Nasarullah Khan, da kuma jam'iyyu kamar National Awami Party, Jamaat-i-Islami, da kuma Nizam-i-Islam.Duk da wannan adawar, ƙungiyar ta sami gagarumin goyon baya a tsakanin galibin al'ummar Gabashin Pakistan.

Tafiyar dalibai a harabar Jami'ar Dhaka a lokacin zanga-zangar gama gari na 1969. ©Anonymous

1969 Jan 1 - Mar

1969 Tashin Jama'a na Gabashin Pakistan

Bangladesh

Rikicin Gabashin Pakistan a 1969 wani gagarumin yunkuri ne na dimokuradiyya na adawa da mulkin soja na Shugaba Muhammad Ayub Khan.Sakamakon zanga-zangar da dalibai ke jagoranta da kuma goyon bayan jam'iyyun siyasa kamar Awami League da National Awami Party, zanga-zangar ta bukaci a yi sauye-sauyen siyasa tare da nuna adawa da shari'ar makircin Agartala da kuma daure shugabannin 'yan kishin kasa na Bengali, ciki har da Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.^[6] Yunkurin, yana samun karbuwa daga motsi na 6-Point Movement na 1966, ya karu a farkon 1969, yana nuna zanga-zangar da yawa da rikice-rikice na lokaci-lokaci tare da sojojin gwamnati.Wannan matsin lamba na jama'a ya kai ga murabus din shugaba Ayub Khan kuma ya kai ga janye shari'ar makircin Agartala, wanda ya sa aka wanke Sheikh Mujibur Rahman da sauran su.Dangane da tashe tashen hankulan, shugaba Yahya Khan wanda ya gaji Ayub Khan ya sanar da shirin gudanar da zabukan kasa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1970. Ya bayyana cewa sabuwar majalisar da aka zaba za ta tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Pakistan tare da sanar da raba yammacin Pakistan zuwa larduna daban-daban.A ranar 31 ga Maris, 1970, ya gabatar da Dokar Tsarin Mulki (LFO), yana kira da a gudanar da zaɓe kai tsaye na majalisar dokoki.^[7] Wannan yunkuri wani bangare ne na magance fargabar da ake samu a Yamma game da bukatun Gabashin Pakistan na samun 'yancin cin gashin kai na larduna.LFO na da nufin tabbatar da tsarin mulki na gaba zai kiyaye yankin Pakistan da akidar Musulunci.An soke hadaddiyar lardin Yammacin Pakistan da aka kafa a shekarar 1954, inda ta koma asalin lardunanta hudu: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, da lardin Arewa maso Yamma.Wakilci a Majalisar Dokoki ya dogara ne akan yawan jama'a, wanda ya ba Gabashin Pakistan, mai yawan al'ummarta, mafi yawan kujeru.Duk da gargadin da Sheikh Mujib ya yi na yin watsi da kungiyar LFO da kuma tsoma bakin Indiya a Gabashin Pakistan, Yahya Khan ya raina salon siyasa, musamman goyon bayan kungiyar Awami a gabashin Pakistan.^[7]Babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga watan Disamban 1970 shi ne na farko da Pakistan ta yi tun bayan samun 'yancin kai kuma na karshe kafin samun 'yancin kai na Bangladesh.An gudanar da zabukan gama gari 300, inda 162 a Gabashin Pakistan da 138 a yammacin Pakistan, da karin kujeru 13 da aka ware wa mata.^[8] Wannan zaɓen ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a fagen siyasar Pakistan da kuma samuwar Bangladesh daga ƙarshe.

Taron Sheikh Mujibur Rahman a Dhaka don babban zaben Pakistan na 1970. ©Dawn/White Star Archives

1970 Dec 7

Babban Zaɓe na 1970 a Gabashin Pakistan

Bangladesh

Babban zaɓen da aka gudanar a Gabashin Pakistan a ranar 7 ga Disamban 1970 wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin Pakistan.An gudanar da wadannan zabukan ne domin zabar mambobi 169 da za su wakilci majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta 5, inda aka ware kujeru 162 a matsayin kujeru 162, sannan 7 aka ware mata.Kungiyar Awami karkashin jagorancin Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ta samu gagarumar nasara inda ta samu kujeru 167 daga cikin 169 da aka ware wa gabashin Pakistan a majalisar dokokin kasar.Wannan gagarumar nasara ta kuma kai har zuwa Majalisar Lardin Gabashin Pakistan, inda kungiyar Awami ta samu nasara a zaben.Sakamakon zaben ya nuna matukar sha'awar cin gashin kai a tsakanin al'ummar gabashin Pakistan da kuma kafa fagen rikicin siyasa da na kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kai ga yakin 'yantar da Bangladesh da kuma samun 'yancin kai daga karshe.

1971 - 1975

'Yanci da Farkon Gina Ƙasa ornament

Sheikh Mujib a hannun sojojin Pakistan bayan da aka kama shi aka kai shi yammacin Pakistan a lokacin yakin 'yantar da Bangladesh. ©Anonymous

1971 Mar 26

Shelar 'Yancin Bangaladash

Bangladesh

A yammacin ranar 25 ga Maris, 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, shugaban kungiyar Awami League (AL), ya gudanar da taro tare da manyan jagororin kishin kasa na Bengali, ciki har da Tajuddin Ahmad da Kanar MAG Osmani, a gidansa da ke Dhanmondi, Dhaka.Sun samu bayanai daga masu shigar da kara na Bengali a cikin sojoji game da wani mataki na murkushe sojojin Pakistan.Yayin da wasu shugabannin suka bukaci Mujib da ya ayyana ‘yancin kai, ya hakura, saboda tsoron zargin cin amanar kasa.Har ma Tajuddin Ahmad ya kawo na’urorin na’urar daukar hoto don kamo sanarwar samun ‘yancin kai, amma Mujib, yana fatan ganin an sasanta da Pakistan ta Yamma da kuma yiwuwar zama Fira Ministan kasar Pakistan dunkule, ya kaurace wa irin wannan ikirari.Maimakon haka, Mujib ya umurci manyan mutane da su gudu zuwa Indiya don tsira, amma ya zabi ya zauna a Dhaka da kansa.A wannan daren ne sojojin Pakistan suka kaddamar da Operation Searchlight a Dhaka, babban birnin Gabashin Pakistan.Wannan farmakin dai ya hada da tura tankokin yaki da sojoji, inda rahotanni suka ce sun kashe dalibai da masu ilimi a jami'ar Dhaka tare da kai hari kan fararen hula a wasu sassan birnin.Wannan farmakin na da nufin dakile turjiya daga jami'an 'yan sanda da na Gabashin Pakistan, lamarin da ya haifar da barna da hargitsi a manyan biranen kasar.A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1971, an watsa kiran da Mujib ya yi na juriya ta rediyo.MA Hannan, sakataren kungiyar Awami a Chittagong, ya karanta sanarwar da karfe 2:30 na rana da karfe 7:40 na yamma daga gidan rediyon Chittagong.Wannan watsa shirye-shiryen ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Bangladesh.A yau Bangladesh kasa ce mai cin gashin kanta kuma mai cin gashin kanta.A daren ranar alhamis [25 ga Maris, 1971], sojojin yammacin Pakistan sun kai hari ba zato ba tsammani ga barikin 'yan sanda a Razarbagh da hedkwatar EPR da ke Pilkhana a Dhaka.An kashe mutane da dama da ba su ji ba ba su gani ba da kuma marasa makami a birnin Dhaka da wasu wurare na Bangladesh.Ana ci gaba da gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin EPR da 'yan sanda a gefe guda da kuma sojojin Pakistan a daya bangaren.Bengalis suna fada da abokan gaba da karfin gwiwa don samun 'yantacciyar Bangladesh.Allah Ya taimake mu a yakin neman yanci.Joy Bangla.A ranar 27 ga Maris 1971, Manjo Ziaur Rahman ya watsa saƙon Mujib cikin Turanci wanda Abul Kashem Khan ya shirya.Sakon Zia ya bayyana haka.Wannan shine Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra.Ni Manjo Ziaur Rahman, a madadin Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, ina shelanta cewa an kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Bangladesh mai cin gashin kanta.Ina kira ga dukkan 'yan Bengali da su tashi tsaye don yakar harin da Sojojin Pakistan ta Yamma suka kai.Za mu yi yaƙi har zuwa ƙarshe don 'yantar da ƙasarmu ta uwa.Da yardar Allah nasara tamu ce.A ranar 10 ga Afrilun 1971, gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Bangladesh ta ba da sanarwar 'yancin kai wanda ya tabbatar da ainihin ayyana 'yancin kai na Mujib.Sanarwar ta kuma hada da kalmar Bangabandhu a karon farko a cikin kayan aikin doka.Sanarwar ta bayyana haka.Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, shugaban al'ummar Bangladesh miliyan 75 da ba a ce ba a cece-kuce, saboda cika hakki na hakki na al'ummar Bangladesh, ya yi ayyana 'yancin kai a Dacca a ranar 26 ga Maris 1971, kuma ya bukaci jama'a. na Bangladesh don kare mutunci da mutuncin Bangladesh.A cewar AK Khandker, wanda ya kasance mataimakin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin Bangladesh a lokacin yakin ‘yantar da kasar;Sheikh Mujib ya kaucewa wani shirin rediyo yana tsoron kada a yi amfani da shi a matsayin shaidar cin amanar kasa da sojojin Pakistan suka yi masa a lokacin shari'ar da ake yi masa.Wannan ra’ayi kuma yana goyon bayan wani littafi da ‘yar Tajuddin Ahmed ta rubuta.

Tankunan T-55 na Indiya masu haɗin gwiwa akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Dacca ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1971 Mar 26 - Dec 16

Yakin 'Yancin Bangladesh

Bangladesh

A ranar 25 ga Maris 1971, wani gagarumin rikici ya barke a Gabashin Pakistan bayan korar nasarar zaben da jam'iyyar Awami League, wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Gabashin Pakistan ta yi.Wannan taron ya nuna farkon Operation Searchlight, ^[9] wani mummunan yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja da kafa ta yammacin Pakistan don murkushe tashin hankalin siyasa da kishin al'adu a Gabashin Pakistan.^[10] Ta'addancin Sojojin Pakistan ya jagoranci Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, [ ^[11] ^[] jagoran Awami League, don ayyana 'yancin kai na Gabashin Pakistan a matsayin Bangladesh a ranar 26 ga Maris 1971. Biharis ya goyi bayan Sojojin Pakistan.Shugaban Pakistan Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan ya umurci sojoji da su sake tabbatar da iko, lamarin da ya haifar da yakin basasa.Wannan rikici ya haifar da mummunar matsalar 'yan gudun hijira, inda kusan mutane miliyan 10 suka tsere zuwa lardunan gabashin Indiya.^[13] A mayar da martani, Indiya ta goyi bayan gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar Bangladesh, Mukti Bahini.Mukti Bahini, wanda ya ƙunshi sojan Bengali, ma'aikatan agaji, da fararen hula, sun yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan sojojin Pakistan, inda suka cimma gagarumar nasara tun farko.Sojojin Pakistan sun sake samun galaba a lokacin damina, amma Mukti Bahini sun mayar da martani da ayyuka kamar Operation Jackpot da ke mayar da hankali kan ruwa da hare-hare ta sama da sojojin saman Bangladesh suka yi.Tashin hankali ya karu zuwa babban rikici lokacin da Pakistan ta kaddamar da hare-hare ta sama a Indiya a ranar 3 ga Disamba 1971, wanda ya kai ga yakin Indo-Pakistan.Rikicin ya ƙare tare da mika wuya Pakistan a Dhaka a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1971, wani lamari mai tarihi a tarihin soja.A tsawon lokacin yakin, Sojojin Pakistan da mayakan sa-kai da suka hada da Razakars, Al-Badr, da Al-Shams, sun aikata ta'asa mai yawa a kan fararen hula na Bengali, dalibai, hazikai, tsirarun addinai, da ma'aikata dauke da makamai.^[14] Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da kisan jama'a, kora, da fyade na kisan kare dangi a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen na halakarwa.Rikicin ya haifar da gudun hijira da yawa, inda kimanin mutane miliyan 30 suka rasa matsugunansu da kuma 'yan gudun hijira miliyan 10 suka tsere zuwa Indiya.^[15]Yakin ya sauya fasalin yanayin siyasar Kudancin Asiya, wanda ya kai ga kafa Bangladesh a matsayin kasa ta bakwai mafi yawan al'umma a duniya.Rikicin ya kuma yi tasiri sosai a lokacin yakin cacar baka , wanda ya shafi manyan kasashen duniya kamar Amurka , Tarayyar Soviet , da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin .Kasar Bangladesh ta sami karbuwa a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta da akasarin kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1972.

Jagoran kafa Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a matsayin Firayim Minista, tare da Shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford a Ofishin Oval a 1974. ©Anonymous

1972 Jan 10 - 1975 Aug 15

Mulkin Sheikh Mujib: Ci gaba, Bala'i, da rashin yarda

Bangladesh

Bayan da aka sake shi a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1972, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a sabuwar 'yantacciyar kasar Bangladesh, inda ya fara zama shugaban kasa na wucin gadi kafin ya zama Firayim Minista.Ya jagoranci hadewar dukkanin hukumomi da masu yanke shawara, inda ’yan siyasa da aka zaba a zaben 1970 suka kafa majalisar wucin gadi.^[16] Mukti Bahini da sauran mayakan sa kai sun kasance cikin sabbin sojojin Bangladesh, a hukumance sun karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun sojojin Indiya a ranar 17 ga Maris.Gwamnatin Rahman ta fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa, da suka haɗa da gyara miliyoyin mutanen da rikicin 1971 ya raba da muhallansu, da magance matsalolin da suka biyo bayan guguwar 1970, da kuma farfado da tattalin arzikin da yaƙi ya lalata.^[16]Karkashin jagorancin Rahman, an shigar da Bangladesh a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙira.Ya nemi taimakon kasa da kasa ta kasashe masu ziyara kamar Amurka da Birtaniya , ya kuma rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta sada zumunci da Indiya , wadda ta ba da taimakon tattalin arziki da jin kai da kuma taimakawa wajen horar da jami'an tsaron Bangladesh.^[17] Rahman ya kafa dangantaka ta kud da kud da Indira Gandhi, yana mai godiya da goyon bayan Indiya a lokacin yakin ’yanci.Gwamnatinsa ta yi babban kokari na gyara 'yan gudun hijira kusan miliyan 10, da farfado da tattalin arzikin kasar, da kuma dakile wata yunwa.A cikin 1972, an gabatar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, kuma zaɓen da suka biyo baya ya ƙarfafa ikon Mujib tare da samun cikakken rinjaye.Gwamnatin ta jaddada fadada muhimman ayyuka da ababen more rayuwa, inda ta kaddamar da wani shiri na shekaru biyar a shekarar 1973 mai mai da hankali kan noma, ababen more rayuwa na karkara, da masana'antar gida.^[18]Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, Bangladesh ta fuskanci bala'in yunwa daga Maris 1974 zuwa Disamba 1974, wanda ake ɗauka ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni a ƙarni na 20.Alamun farko sun bayyana a cikin Maris 1974, tare da hauhawar farashin shinkafa da kuma gundumar Rangpur tana fuskantar tasirin farko.^{[19 <>]} Yunwa ta yi sanadin mutuwar mutane kimanin 27,000 zuwa 1,500,000, wanda hakan ya nuna irin ƙalubalen da matasan ƙasar suka fuskanta a ƙoƙarinsu na murmurewa daga yaƙin 'yantar da bala'o'i.Yunwa mai tsanani ta 1974 ta yi tasiri sosai kan tsarin mulkin Mujib kuma ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a dabarun siyasarsa.^[20] A cikin tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da tashin hankali, Mujib ya ƙara ƙarfafa ikonsa.A ranar 25 ga Janairun 1975, ya ayyana dokar ta-baci, kuma ta hanyar gyaran kundin tsarin mulki, ya haramta duk jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa.Da yake zama shugaban kasa, an baiwa Mujib ikon da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.^[21] Tsarin mulkinsa ya kafa Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL) a matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa ta doka, ta sanya shi a matsayin wakilin jama'ar karkara, gami da manoma da ma'aikata, da kuma fara shirye-shiryen masu ra'ayin gurguzu.^[22]A daidai lokacin da Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ya jagoranci kasar Bangladesh ta fuskanci rikicin cikin gida yayin da bangaren sojan Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal, Gonobahini, ya kaddamar da wani yunkuri na kafa gwamnatin Markisanci.^[23] Amsar da gwamnati ta bayar ita ce ta haifar da Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, rundunar da ba da daɗewa ba ta zama sananne saboda mummunar take haƙƙin ɗan adam ga fararen hula, ciki har da kisan gillar siyasa, ^[24] kisan gilla ta hanyar kisa, ^[25] da kuma lokuta na fyade.^[26] Wannan rundunar tana aiki tare da kariya ta doka, tana kare membobinta daga tuhuma da sauran ayyukan doka.^[22] Duk da samun goyon baya daga sassa daban-daban na jama'a, ayyukan Mujib, musamman amfani da karfi da kuma tauye 'yancin siyasa, ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin tsoffin yakin 'yantar da su.Suna kallon wadannan matakan a matsayin ficewa daga manufofin dimokuradiyya da 'yancin jama'a wadanda suka zaburar da gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Bangladesh.

1975 - 1990

Mulkin Soja da Tabarbarewar Siyasa ornament

1975 Aug 15 04:30

Kisan Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Dhaka, Bangladesh

A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1975, wasu kananan hafsoshin sojan kasar, ta hanyar amfani da tankokin yaki, suka kai farmaki gidan shugaban kasa, suka kashe Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, tare da iyalansa da ma'aikatansa.'Ya'yansa mata, Sheikh Hasina Wajed da Sheikh Rehana ne kawai suka tsere yayin da suke yammacin Jamus a lokacin kuma a sakamakon haka aka hana su komawa Bangladesh.Wani bangare na jam’iyyar Awami ne ya shirya juyin mulkin, wanda ya hada da wasu tsoffin abokan Mujib da hafsoshin soja, musamman Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, wanda daga nan ne ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kasar.Lamarin ya haifar da cece-ku-ce, ciki har da zargin hannu daga Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka (CIA), tare da dan jarida Lawrence Lifschultz da ke nuni da hadin gwiwar CIA, ^[27] bisa kalaman jakadan Amurka a Dhaka a lokacin, Eugene Booster.^[28] Kisan Mujib ya jagoranci Bangladesh cikin wani dogon lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, wanda aka yi ta samun juyin mulki da juyin mulki, tare da kashe-kashen siyasa da dama da suka jefa kasar cikin rudani.Zaman lafiya ya fara dawowa ne a lokacin da babban hafsan sojan kasar Ziaur Rahman ya karbe iko bayan juyin mulki a shekarar 1977. Bayan da ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1978, Zia ta kafa dokar cin zarafi, inda ta ba da kariya ta shari'a ga wadanda ke da hannu wajen shiryawa da aiwatar da kisan Mujib.

Juliana na Netherlands da Ziaur Rahman 1979 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1977 Apr 21 - 1981 May 30

Shugaban kasa Ziaur Rahman

Bangladesh

Ziaur Rahman, wanda aka fi sani da Zia, ya zama shugaban kasar Bangladesh a lokacin da ke cike da manyan kalubale.Kasar dai na fama da karancin albarkatu, da bala’in yunwa a shekarar 1974, da tabarbarewar ci gaban tattalin arziki, da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yanayin dambarwar siyasa bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.Wannan hargitsin ya ta'allaka ne da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a baya.Duk da wannan cikas, ana tunawa da Zia da ingantaccen tsarin gudanar da mulki da kuma tsare-tsare masu inganci wadanda suka sa aka farfado da tattalin arzikin Bangladesh.Wa'adinsa ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci da karfafa gwiwar zuba jari na kamfanoni.Wani gagarumin nasara da aka samu shi ne fara fitar da ma'aikata zuwa kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya kara habaka kudaden da ake aikewa da su daga kasashen waje na Bangladesh tare da sauya tattalin arzikin yankunan karkara.A karkashin jagorancinsa, Bangladesh ta kuma shiga sashen tufafin da aka kera, inda ta yi amfani da yarjejeniyar da aka kulla.Wannan masana'antar yanzu tana da kashi 84% na jimillar kayayyakin da Bangladesh ke fitarwa.Bugu da ƙari, rabon harajin kwastam da harajin tallace-tallace a cikin jimlar kuɗin haraji ya haura daga kashi 39 cikin ɗari a 1974 zuwa kashi 64 cikin ɗari a 1979, wanda ke nuni da ƙaruwar ayyukan tattalin arziki.^{[29 <>]} Noma ya bunƙasa a lokacin shugabancin Zia, inda yawan amfanin gona ya karu sau biyu zuwa uku a cikin shekaru biyar.Musamman ma, a cikin 1979, jute ya zama mai riba a karon farko a tarihin Bangladesh mai cin gashin kansa.^[30]Shugabancin Zia ya fuskanci kalubalantar juyin mulki da dama a cikin Sojojin Bangladesh, wanda ya murkushe su da karfi.Gwajin sirri bisa dokar soji ya biyo bayan yunkurin juyin mulki.Duk da haka, dukiyarsa ta kare a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1981, lokacin da jami'an soji suka kashe shi a gidan da ke Chittagong.Zia ta karbi jana'izar kasa a Dhaka a ranar 2 ga watan Yunin 1981, wanda ya samu halartar dubban daruruwan jama'a, wanda ke nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin jana'izar mafi girma a tarihin duniya.Abin da ya gada ya hada da farfado da tattalin arziki da rashin zaman lafiya a siyasance, tare da bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa ga ci gaban Bangladesh da kuma zaman da ya yi fama da tashe tashen hankulan sojoji.

Ershad ya isa Amurka don ziyarar jaha (1983). ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1982 Mar 24 - 1990 Dec 6

Mulkin mulkin Hussain Muhammad Ershad

Bangladesh

Laftanar Janar Hussain Muhammad Ershad ya kwace mulki a Bangladesh a ranar 24 ga Maris 1982, a cikin "rikicin siyasa, tattalin arziki da al'umma."Sakamakon rashin gamsuwa da salon mulkin shugaba Sattar na lokacin da kuma kin shigar da sojoji gaba cikin harkokin siyasa, Ershad ya dakatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, ya ayyana dokar ta-baci, ya kuma fara sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki.Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun hada da mayar da tattalin arzikin kasar da ke karkashin ikon gwamnati da kuma gayyato masu zuba jari daga kasashen waje, wanda ake ganin wani mataki ne mai kyau na tunkarar kalubalen tattalin arzikin Bangladesh mai tsanani.Ershad ya zama shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1983, yana mai da matsayinsa na babban hafsan soji da kuma Babban Jami'in Shari'a na Martial (CMLA).Ya yi yunkurin shigar da jam’iyyun adawa a zaben kananan hukumomi a karkashin dokar soji, amma da yake fuskantar kin amincewarsu, ya lashe zaben raba gardama na kasa a watan Maris na 1985 kan shugabancinsa tare da karancin fitowar jama’a.Kafuwar jam'iyyar Jatiya ta nuna yunkurin Ershad zuwa ga daidaita siyasa.Duk da kauracewa zaben da manyan jam'iyyun adawa suka yi, zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Mayun 1986 ya sa jam'iyyar Jatiya ta samu rinjaye mai yawa, tare da shigar da jam'iyyar Awami League ta kara dagewa.Gabanin zaben shugaban kasa a watan Oktoba, Ershad ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja.An fafata a zaben ne sakamakon zargin magudin zabe da kuma karancin fitowar jama'a, kodayake Ershad ya lashe kashi 84% na kuri'un.An ɗage dokar soja a cikin Nuwamba 1986 bayan gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki don halatta ayyukan mulkin soja.Sai dai kuma yunkurin da gwamnati ta yi a watan Yulin 1987 na zartar da kudirin doka na wakilcin soja a kananan hukumomi ya haifar da hadakar 'yan adawa, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zanga da dama da kuma kama 'yan adawa.Martanin Ershad shine ya ayyana dokar ta-baci da rusa majalisar dokoki, tare da tsara sabon zabe a watan Maris na 1988. Duk da kauracewa zaben da 'yan adawa suka yi, jam'iyyar Jatiya ta samu gagarumin rinjaye a wadannan zabukan.A cikin watan Yunin 1988, wani gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya mayar da Musulunci ya zama addinin kasa na Bangladesh, a cikin cece-kuce da adawa.Duk da alamun kwanciyar hankali na farko a siyasance, adawa da mulkin Ershad ya tsananta a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990, wanda ke fama da yajin aikin gama-gari da tarukan jama'a, wanda ya haifar da tabarbarewar yanayin doka da oda.A shekara ta 1990, jam'iyyun adawa a Bangladesh karkashin jagorancin Khaleda Zia ta BNP da Sheikh Hasina ta Awami League, sun hada kai da shugaba Ershad.Zanga-zangarsu da yajin aikin da dalibai da jam'iyyun Musulunci irinsu Jama'atu Islamiyya suka goyi bayan sun gurgunta kasar.Ershad ya yi murabus a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1990. Bayan tashe tashen hankula, gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta gudanar da zaɓe na gaskiya da adalci a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1991.

1990

Sauyin Dimokradiyya da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ornament

Zia a 1979. ©Nationaal Archief

1991 Mar 20 - 1996 Mar 30

First Khaled Administration

Bangladesh

A shekarar 1991, zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Bangladesh ya nuna jam'iyyar Nationalist Party ta Bangladesh (BNP), karkashin jagorancin Khaleda Zia, gwauruwar Ziaur Rahman, ta samu rinjaye.Jam’iyyar BNP ta kafa gwamnati tare da goyon bayan Jama’atu-I-Islami.Majalisar ta kuma hada da Awami League (AL) karkashin jagorancin Sheikh Hasina, Jama'atu-I-Islami (JI), da Jam'iyyar Jatiya (JP).Wa'adin farko na Khaleda Zia a matsayin Firaministan Bangladesh daga 1991 zuwa 1996, ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin siyasar kasar, wanda ke nuna yadda aka maido da dimokuradiyyar 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar bayan shekaru da dama na mulkin soja da mulkin kama karya.Jagorancinta ya taka rawar gani wajen mikawa Bangladesh tsarin dimokuradiyya, inda gwamnatinta ke sa ido kan yadda za a gudanar da sahihin zabe, matakin da ya zama ginshiki na sake kafa ka'idojin dimokuradiyya a kasar.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, gwamnatin Zia ta ba da fifiko wajen samar da 'yanci, da nufin bunkasa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da jawo jarin kasashen waje, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki.Har ila yau, an lura da zamanta na zuba jari mai yawa a cikin ababen more rayuwa, da suka hada da raya tituna, gadoji, da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki, yunƙurin inganta tushen tattalin arzikin Bangladesh da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa.Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatinta ta ɗauki matakai don magance matsalolin zamantakewa, tare da shirye-shiryen inganta kiwon lafiya da ilimi.Takaddama ta barke a watan Maris din shekarar 1994 kan zargin tafka magudin zabe da jam'iyyar BNP ta yi, wanda ya kai ga kauracewa majalisar dokokin kasar 'yan adawa da kuma yajin aikin gama-gari na neman gwamnatin Khaleda Zia ta yi murabus.Duk da kokarin shiga tsakani, 'yan adawa sun yi murabus daga majalisar a karshen watan Disamba na 1994 kuma suka ci gaba da zanga-zangar.Rikicin siyasa ya kai ga kauracewa zaben a watan Fabrairun 1996, inda aka sake zaben Khaleda Zia a cikin ikirarin rashin adalci.Dangane da hargitsin, gyara tsarin mulki a watan Maris 1996 ya baiwa gwamnatin rikon kwarya mai tsaka-tsaki damar kula da sabbin zabuka.Zaben watan Yunin 1996 ya haifar da nasara ga jam’iyyar Awami, inda Sheikh Hasina ta zama Firimiya, inda ta kafa gwamnati tare da goyon bayan jam’iyyar Jatiya.

Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasina ta duba mai gadin bikin a yayin bikin cikar bikin isa ga Pentagon a ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2000. ©United States Department of Defense

1996 Jun 23 - 2001 Jul 15

Gwamnatin Hasina ta farko

Bangladesh

Wa'adin farko na Sheikh Hasina a matsayin Firaministan Bangladesh daga watan Yunin 1996 zuwa Yuli 2001, ya samu gagarumin nasarori da manufofin ci gaba da nufin kyautata yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin kasar da dangantakar kasa da kasa.Gwamnatinta ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta shekaru 30 da Indiya don kogin Ganges, wani muhimmin mataki na magance matsalar karancin ruwan sha a yankin da kuma samar da hadin gwiwa da Indiya.A karkashin jagorancin Hasina, Bangladesh ta sami sassaucin ra'ayi na fannin sadarwa, gabatar da gasa tare da kawo karshen mulkin mallaka na gwamnati, wanda ya inganta ingantaccen fannin da kuma samun damar shiga.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Chittagong Hill Tracts, da aka sanya hannu a cikin watan Disamba na 1997, ta kawo karshen tashe tashen hankula a yankin shekaru da dama, inda aka baiwa Hasina lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta UNESCO, inda ta bayyana rawar da ta taka wajen samar da zaman lafiya da sulhu.Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, manufofin gwamnatinta sun haifar da ci gaban matsakaicin GDP na kashi 5.5 cikin 100, tare da rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe masu tasowa.Ƙaddamarwa kamar Ashrayan-1 Project na gina marasa gida da Sabuwar Manufofin Masana'antu da nufin haɓaka kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ƙarfafa zuba jari kai tsaye na ketare, da ƙara haɓaka tattalin arzikin Bangladesh.Manufar ta musamman ta mayar da hankali ne kan bunkasa masana'antu kanana da kanana, da bunkasa fasaha, musamman a tsakanin mata, da yin amfani da albarkatun kasa.Haka kuma gwamnatin Hasina ta samu ci gaba a fannin walwala da jin dadin jama’a, inda ta samar da tsarin tsaro na zamantakewa wanda ya hada da alawus alawus ga tsofaffi da zawarawa da mata masu fama da matsananciyar wahala da kafa gidauniya ga nakasassu.Kammala aikin mega na gadar Bangabandhu a 1998 ya kasance gagarumin nasarar samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta haɗin gwiwa da kasuwanci.A fagen kasa da kasa, Hasina ta wakilci Bangladesh a taruka daban-daban na duniya, ciki har da taron koli na Credit na Duniya da na SAARC, wanda ya kara sawun diflomasiyya na Bangladesh.Nasarar nasarar da gwamnatinta ta yi na cika wa'adin shekaru biyar, wanda shi ne na farko tun bayan samun 'yancin kai na Bangladesh, ya kafa tarihi na tabbatar da dorewar demokradiyya.Sai dai kuma sakamakon zaben shekara ta 2001 da jam’iyyarta ta sha kaye duk da cewa ta samu wani kaso mai tsoka na kuri’un jama’a, ya yi nuni da kalubalen da tsarin zabe na farko da ya biyo bayan zaben da aka gudanar, ya kuma sanya ayar tambaya game da yin adalci a zaben, takaddamar da aka fuskanta. tare da bin diddigin kasa da kasa amma daga karshe ya kai ga mika mulki cikin lumana.

Zia tare da Firayim Ministan Japan Jun'ichiró Koizumi a Tokyo (2005). ©首相官邸ホームページ

2001 Oct 10 - 2006 Oct 29

Wa'adi na uku na Khaleda

Bangladesh

A wa'adin mulkinta na uku, firaminista Khaleda Zia ta mai da hankali kan cika alkawuran zabe, da bunkasa albarkatun cikin gida a fannin raya tattalin arziki, da jawo jarin kasashen duniya daga kasashe irinsu Amurka, Birtaniya, da Japan.Ta yi niyyar maido da doka da oda, da inganta hadin gwiwa a yankin ta hanyar "manufar kallon gabas," da kuma inganta shigar Bangladesh cikin kokarin wanzar da zaman lafiya na MDD.An yaba wa gwamnatinta saboda rawar da take takawa a fannin ilimi, kawar da fatara, da kuma samun babban ci gaban GDP.A wa'adi na uku na Zia, an ci gaba da samun bunkasuwar tattalin arziki, inda yawan karuwar GDP ya ragu sama da kashi 6 cikin 100, da karuwar kudin shiga ga kowane mutum, da karuwar ajiyar kudaden waje, da karuwar zuba jari kai tsaye daga ketare.Zuba jarin kai tsaye na Bangladesh ya kai dala biliyan 2.5.Sashin masana'antu na GDP ya zarce kashi 17 a karshen ofishin Zia.^[31]Shirye-shiryen manufofin ketare na Zia sun hada da karfafa dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu da Saudiyya, da kyautata yanayin ma'aikatan Bangladesh, da cudanya da kasar Sin kan harkokin ciniki da zuba jari, da kokarin samar da kudade daga kasar Sin don ayyukan more rayuwa.Ziyarar da ta kai Indiya a shekarar 2012 da nufin inganta harkokin kasuwanci tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma tsaron yankin, wanda ke nuna gagarumin kokarin diflomasiyya na yin aiki tare da kasashe makwabta domin samun moriyar juna.^[32]

2006 Oct 29 - 2008 Dec 29

2006–2008 Rikicin Siyasar Bangladesh

Bangladesh

A gabanin zaben da aka shirya na ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2007, Bangladesh ta fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa da cece-kuce bayan kawo karshen gwamnatin Khaleda Zia a watan Oktoban 2006. Lokacin mika mulki ya ga zanga-zanga, yajin aiki, da tashin hankali, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 40 saboda rashin tabbas game da lamarin. shugabancin gwamnatin rikon kwarya, wanda kungiyar Awami ta zarge shi da goyon bayan BNP.Kokarin da mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury ya yi na hada dukkan jam'iyyu domin gudanar da zaben ya ci tura, lokacin da babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta Grand Alliance ta janye 'yan takararta, inda ta bukaci a buga sunayen masu kada kuri'a.Lamarin dai ya ta'azzara ne lokacin da shugaba Iajuddin Ahmed ya ayyana dokar ta baci tare da yin murabus a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara, inda ya nada Fakhruddin Ahmed a madadinsa.Wannan matakin ya dakatar da ayyukan siyasa yadda ya kamata.Sabuwar gwamnatin da sojoji ke marawa baya ta fara shari'ar cin hanci da rashawa a kan shugabannin manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu, ciki har da tuhumar 'ya'yan Khaleda Zia, Sheikh Hasina, da ita kanta Zia a farkon 2007. Akwai yunkurin da manyan jami'an soji suka yi na cire Hasina da Zia daga harkokin siyasa.Gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta kuma maida hankali wajen karfafa hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma hukumar zaben Bangladesh.Rikici ya barke a Jami’ar Dhaka a watan Agustan 2007, inda dalibai suka yi arangama da Sojojin Bangladesh, lamarin da ya kai ga zanga-zanga.Mummunan martanin da gwamnati ta yi, wanda ya hada da hare-hare kan dalibai da malamai, ya haifar da karin zanga-zanga.Daga karshe dai rundunar ta amince da wasu bukatu da suka hada da janye wani sansanin soji daga harabar jami’ar, amma dokar ta-baci da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa sun ci gaba.

Sheikh Hasina tare da Vladimir Putin a Moscow. ©Kremlin

2009 Jan 6 - 2014 Jan 24

Gwamnatin Hasina ta biyu

Bangladesh

Gwamnatin Hasina ta biyu ta mayar da hankali ne kan inganta zaman lafiyar kasar, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban GDP mai dorewa, wanda akasarin masana'antun masaku, da kudaden da ake fitarwa, da kuma noma.Bugu da ƙari, an yi ƙoƙari don inganta alamun zamantakewa, ciki har da kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da daidaito tsakanin jinsi, yana taimakawa wajen rage yawan talauci.Gwamnati ta kuma ba da fifikon ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, tare da manyan ayyuka da ke da nufin inganta haɗin gwiwa da samar da makamashi.Duk da wadannan ci gaban, gwamnatin ta fuskanci kalubale, ciki har da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, damuwa game da mulki da hakkin dan Adam, da kuma matsalolin muhalli.A shekara ta 2009, ta fuskanci wani gagarumin rikici tare da tayar da kayar bayan Rifles na Bangladesh kan takaddamar albashi, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 56, ciki har da hafsoshin soji.^{[33 <>]} Sojoji sun soki Hasina da cewa ba ta sa baki sosai a kan tawayen.^{[34 [34]]} Wani rikodin daga 2009 ya nuna takaicin hafsoshin sojojin game da martanin da ta fara game da rikicin, yana mai cewa ƙoƙarinta na tattaunawa da shugabannin tawayen ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka kuma ya haifar da ƙarin asarar rayuka.A shekarar 2012, ta dau tsayuwar daka ta hanyar kin shiga 'yan gudun hijirar Rohingya daga Myanmar a lokacin tarzomar jihar Rakhine.

Masu zanga-zangar a dandalin Shahbagh ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

2013 Feb 5

2013 zanga-zangar Shahbag

Shahbagh Road, Dhaka, Banglade

A ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2013, zanga-zangar Shahbagh ta barke a Bangladesh, inda ake neman a hukunta Abdul Quader Mollah, wanda aka samu da laifin aikata laifukan yaki kuma jagoran Islama, wanda a baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda laifukan da ya aikata a lokacin yakin ‘yantar da Bangladesh a shekarar 1971.Rikicin Mollah a yakin ya hada da goyon bayan yammacin Pakistan da kuma shiga kisan gillar da aka yi wa 'yan kishin Bengali da masu ilimi.Zanga-zangar ta kuma yi kira da a haramta kungiyar Jamaat-e-Islami mai ra'ayin mazan jiya daga harkokin siyasa da kuma kauracewa cibiyoyin da ke da alaka da ita.Tausayin farko na hukuncin Mollah ya haifar da bacin rai, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin gangami daga masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da masu fafutuka ta yanar gizo, wanda ya kara shiga cikin zanga-zangar Shahbagh.A martanin da ta mayar, Jamaat-e-Islami ta shirya zanga-zangar adawa da zanga-zangar, inda suka nuna rashin amincewa da sahihancin kotun tare da neman a saki wadanda ake tuhuma.Kisan gillar da aka yi wa marubuci kuma mai fafutuka Ahmed Rajib Haider a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu da mambobin kungiyar Ansarullah Bangla Team, da ke da alaka da reshen daliban Jamaat-e-Islami suka yi, ya kara fusata jama'a.Daga baya a wannan watan, a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, kotun yaki ta yanke hukuncin kisa ga wani babban jigo, Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, bisa samunsa da laifin cin zarafin bil'adama.

2014 Jan 14 - 2019 Jan 7

Hukumar Hasina ta Uku

Bangladesh

Sheikh Hasina ta samu wa'adi na biyu a jere a babban zaben shekarar 2014 inda jam'iyyar Awami da kawayenta suka samu gagarumin rinjaye.Zaben wanda manyan jam'iyyun adawa da suka hada da BNP suka kauracewa zaben saboda nuna damuwa kan adalci da kuma rashin gudanar da mulkin da ba na jam'iyya ba, ya sa jam'iyyar Grand Alliance karkashin jagorancin Awami League ta lashe kujeru 267, inda 153 ba su yi takara ba.Zarge-zargen magudin zabe, kamar cushe akwatunan zabe, da kuma murkushe ‘yan adawa ne suka haddasa cece-ku-ce a zaben.Tare da kujeru 234, jam'iyyar Awami ta samu rinjayen 'yan majalisar a cikin rahotannin tashe-tashen hankula da kuma fitowar masu kada kuri'a kashi 51%.Duk da kauracewa zaben da kuma sakamakon tambayoyin halascin da aka yi, Hasina ta kafa gwamnati, inda jam'iyyar Jatiya ta kasance 'yar adawa a hukumance.A lokacin aikinta, Bangladesh ta fuskanci kalubalen tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Islama, wanda harin Dhaka na watan Yulin 2016 ya bayyana, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin harin Islama mafi muni a tarihin kasar.Masana dai na ganin yadda gwamnati ke murkushe ‘yan adawa da kuma rage guraren dimokuradiyya, ya sa kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra’ayi suka taru ba da gangan ba.A cikin 2017, Bangladesh ta ƙaddamar da jiragen ruwa biyu na farko na jirgin ruwa tare da mayar da martani ga rikicin Rohingya ta hanyar ba da mafaka da taimako ga kusan 'yan gudun hijira miliyan guda.Shawarar da ta yanke na goyan bayan cire mutum-mutumin shari'a a gaban kotun koli ta fuskanci suka kan yadda ta ki amincewa da matsin lamba na addini da siyasa.

2019 Jan 7 - 2024 Jan 10

Hudu Hasina Administration

Bangladesh

Sheikh Hasina ta samu wa'adi na uku a jere kuma ta hudu gaba daya a babban zaben kasar, inda jam'iyyar Awami ta lashe kujeru 288 daga cikin kujeru 300 na majalisar dokoki.Zaben dai ya fuskanci suka da cewa ya kasance "mai son zuciya," kamar yadda jagoran 'yan adawa Kamal Hossain ya bayyana kuma kungiyar Human Rights Watch, da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, da kuma hukumar editan jaridar The New York Times suka yi, wadanda suka nuna shakku kan wajabcin magudin zabe ganin cewa Hasina za ta yi nasara ba tare da shi ba. .Jam’iyyar BNP, bayan ta kaurace wa zaben shekarar 2014, ta samu kujeru takwas ne kacal, wanda hakan ke nuna gazawar jam’iyyar adawa tun 1991.Dangane da cutar ta COVID-19, Hasina ta buɗe sabon hedkwatar ofishin gidan waya na Bangladesh, Dak Bhaban, a cikin Mayu 2021, tare da yin kira da a ci gaba da haɓaka sabis ɗin gidan waya da canjin dijital.A cikin Janairun 2022, gwamnatinta ta zartar da wata doka da ta kafa Tsarin Fansho na Duniya ga duk 'yan Bangladesh masu shekaru 18 zuwa 60.Basusukan waje na Bangladesh ya kai dala biliyan 95.86 a karshen shekarar kasafin kudi na 2021-22, karuwa mai yawa daga 2011, tare da manyan kurakurai a bangaren banki.A cikin Yuli 2022, Ma'aikatar Kudi ta nemi taimakon kasafin kuɗi daga IMF saboda raguwar ajiyar kuɗin musayar waje, wanda ya haifar da shirin tallafin dala biliyan 4.7 nan da Janairu 2023 don taimakawa daidaita tattalin arzikin.Zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a watan Disamba 2022 ta nuna rashin jin daɗin jama'a game da hauhawar farashi tare da neman Hasina ta yi murabus.A wannan watan, Hasina ta ƙaddamar da matakin farko na Dhaka Metro Rail, tsarin jigilar jama'a na farko na Bangladesh.A yayin taron G20 na New Delhi na shekarar 2023, Hasina ta gana da firaministan Indiya Narendra Modi, inda suka tattauna yadda za a ba da hadin kai tsakanin Indiya da Bangladesh.Taron ya kuma kasance wani dandali ga Hasina don yin cudanya da sauran shugabannin kasashen duniya, wanda hakan ya kara habaka alakar Bangladesh.

Appendices

APPENDIX 1

The Insane Complexity of the India/Bangladesh Border

APPENDIX 2

How did Bangladesh become Muslim?

APPENDIX 3

How Bangladesh is Secretly Becoming the Richest Country In South Asia

Characters

Bangladeshi writer

President of Bangladesh

President of Bangladesh

Father of the Nation in Bangladesh

Bangladeshi Economist

Prime Minister of Bangladesh

Bangladeshi writer

President of Bangladesh

Prime Minister of Bangladesh

Bengali Military Leader

Footnotes

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