![História do Império Otomano](https://i.pinimg.com/1200x/ca/ce/41/cace4154fca00d1f7ce66f63425fe21e.jpg)
História do Império Otomano Linha do tempo
Sonho de osman
Cerco de Nicéia
Peste negra
Trácia
Rumélia
Janízaro fundado
Cerco de Sófia
Sultão Bayezid
Crescimento
Califado otomano
Cerco de Rodes
Livro da luz
Émuito legal
Guerra de Creta
Era Köprülü
Incidente Edirne
Revolução sérvia
Revolta árabe
Epílogo
apêndices
personagens
notas de rodapé
referências
![História do Império Otomano](https://i.pinimg.com/1200x/ca/ce/41/cace4154fca00d1f7ce66f63425fe21e.jpg)
![sonho de osman](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/1c/19/b2/1c19b2327c33a59ce6399df4c8ec3dbd.jpg)
sonho de osman
Söğüt, Bilecik, Türkiye![Ponto de apoio na Europa](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/4f/d1/30/4fd130eedc2c83fb47eedb98979f162d.jpg)
Ponto de apoio na Europa
Bursa, Türkiye![Batalha de Pelekanon](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/86/fd/92/86fd92db02ba8d9cc454a046d2f0da52.jpg)
Batalha de Pelekanon
Çukurbağ, Nicomedia, İzmit/Koc![Cerco de Nicéia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/6e/5f/a4/6e5fa428f91963d2ab60bcb2c0531f06.jpg)
Cerco de Nicéia
İznik, Bursa, Türkiye![Cerco de Nicomédia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/40/fe/f1/40fef1d465df0042703575b49570c16b.jpg)
Cerco de Nicomédia
İzmit, Kocaeli, Türkiye![Noroeste da Anatólia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/b1/d6/29/b1d6297bb49d021eb13f288a113b1234.jpg)
Noroeste da Anatólia
Bergama, İzmir, Türkiye![peste negra](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/da/2c/18/da2c18318abac9df2f6c59bcdb666d0b.jpg)
peste negra
İstanbul, Türkiye![Trácia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%22The_death_of_king_Wladyslaw_II_at_Varna%22.jpg/600px-%22The_death_of_king_Wladyslaw_II_at_Varna%22.jpg)
Trácia
Thrace, Plovdiv, Bulgaria![Conquista de Adrianópolis](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/96/5a/79/965a79dcefb975ceed488cf043e703b1.jpg)
Conquista de Adrianópolis
Edirne, Türkiye![rumélia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Turkish_refugees_sumla1877_wiki.jpg/600px-Turkish_refugees_sumla1877_wiki.jpg)
rumélia
Edirne, Türkiye![Janízaro fundado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg/600px-Janissary_Recruitment_in_the_Balkans-Suleymanname.jpg)
Janízaro fundado
Edirne, Türkiye![Batalha de Maritsa](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/da/52/25/da522549cab835a79f2adb498e591f09.jpg)
Batalha de Maritsa
Maritsa River![Os búlgaros tornam-se vassalos dos otomanos](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/95/33/4c/95334c728a9ff1b14b30d0b32fad3e89.jpg)
Os búlgaros tornam-se vassalos dos otomanos
Bulgaria![Batalha de Dubrovnik](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/98/68/ee/9868eea9f09da488c8bc15fa834cc23a.jpg)
Batalha de Dubrovnik
Paraćin, Serbia![Cerco de Sófia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/89/14/e5/8914e5e074dd720180f6728dd7914642.jpg)
Cerco de Sófia
Sofia, Bulgaria![Otomanos capturam Nis](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Siegebelgrade.jpg/600px-Siegebelgrade.jpg)
Otomanos capturam Nis
Niš, Serbia![Batalha de Pločnik](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/bc/f1/ce/bcf1cea5e70eba085e5da06dd1066a7c.jpg)
Batalha de Pločnik
Pločnik, Serbia![Batalha de Bileća](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/f2/cd/c9/f2cdc92de6eef251afa35bebaa345ecb.jpg)
Batalha de Bileća
Bileća, Bosnia and Herzegovina![Unificando a Anatólia e confronto com Timur](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg/600px-1396-Battle_of_Nicopolis.jpg)
Unificando a Anatólia e confronto com Timur
Bulgaria![Batalha de Kosovo](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/12/16/20/1216202cd1d91fe8f32ef9710ea36ea3.jpg)
Batalha de Kosovo
Kosovo Polje![Sultão Bayezid](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bayezit_proclam%C3%A9_sultan_-_miniature_du_XVe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg/600px-Bayezit_proclam%C3%A9_sultan_-_miniature_du_XVe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg)
Sultão Bayezid
Kosovo![unificação da Anatólia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/b1/d6/29/b1d6297bb49d021eb13f288a113b1234.jpg)
unificação da Anatólia
Konya, Turkey![Cerco de Constantinopla](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/42/02/58/420258a6f7a9da3df8f2e1e0c9aa1875.jpg)
Cerco de Constantinopla
İstanbul, Türkiye![Otomanos atacam a Valáquia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/1d/4a/3d/1d4a3d934b2d4b2a183bdd3c37228e81.jpg)
Otomanos atacam a Valáquia
Argeș River, Romania![Guerras otomano-venezianas](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/d5/f5/52/d5f552057b5f261d4557d356fe58e031.jpg)
Guerras otomano-venezianas
Venice, Metropolitan City of VAs guerras otomano-venezianas foram uma série de conflitos entre o Império Otomano e a República de Veneza que começou em 1396 e durou até 1718.
![Batalha de Nicópolis](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/d8/02/92/d8029226081274293eae75f88126165d.jpg)
Batalha de Nicópolis
Nicopolis, Bulgaria![Batalha de Ancara](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/d5/39/bf/d539bf77ccfaefd5c6e986dc6dc6e2c2.jpg)
Batalha de Ancara
Ankara, Türkiye![interregno otomano](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/2a/79/46/2a794674bf4e6150e3872f66df326c4d.jpg)
interregno otomano
Edirne, Türkiye![Restauração do Império Otomano](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Mehmet_I_honoraries_miniature.jpg/600px-Mehmet_I_honoraries_miniature.jpg)
Restauração do Império Otomano
Edirne, Türkiye![Crescimento](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Murad_II_and_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland.jpg/600px-Murad_II_and_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland.jpg)
Crescimento
Edirne, Türkiye![As conquistas de Mehmed](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/600px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg)
As conquistas de Mehmed
İstanbul, Türkiye![Palácio de Topkapi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ottoman_Sultan_Selim_III_%281789%29.jpg/600px-Ottoman_Sultan_Selim_III_%281789%29.jpg)
Palácio de Topkapi
Cankurtaran, Topkapı Palace, F![Ascensão da Marinha Otomana](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/35/75/09/35750915d57157dbc42b6965938f6eb2.jpg)
Ascensão da Marinha Otomana
Peloponnese, Greece![Consolidação Otomana](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/0f/a1/bb/0fa1bb91e3701bea1e81384c4fdf9fea.jpg)
Consolidação Otomana
İstanbul, Türkiye![Imigração Judaica e Muçulmana](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg/600px-Expulsi%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos.jpg)
Imigração Judaica e Muçulmana
Spain![relações otomano-mogolesas](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/22/a8/e2/22a8e2cb2faf98600d77d04b22837c56.jpg)
relações otomano-mogolesas
New Delhi, Delhi, India![califado otomano](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Yavuz_M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r_Seferi.jpg/600px-Yavuz_M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r_Seferi.jpg)
califado otomano
İstanbul, Türkiye![Início do Conflito com a Pérsia Safávida](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/78/04/82/7804829649d455a19b3633e8944697a1.jpg)
Início do Conflito com a Pérsia Safávida
Çaldıran, Beyazıt, Çaldıran/Va![Conquista do Egito mameluco](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/7e/55/2a/7e552aa9a6674ab9232ac2047a75b5e4.jpg)
Conquista do Egito mameluco
Egypt![Dominação dos mares](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/a0/1b/13/a01b136e08425a87093ed833e71cd664.jpg)
Dominação dos mares
Mediterranean Sea![Cerco de Rodes](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/5a/c4/03/5ac403902cd05a473f100bd0e51f47ca.jpg)
Cerco de Rodes
Rhodes, Greece![Guerras Otomano-Habsburgo](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Porty%C3%A1z%C3%B3_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%C3%B6k.jpg/600px-Porty%C3%A1z%C3%B3_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%C3%B6k.jpg)
Guerras Otomano-Habsburgo
Central Europe![Sultanato das Mulheres](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/K%C3%B6sem_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-K%C3%B6sem_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Sultanato das Mulheres
İstanbul, Türkiye![Hayreddin Barbarossa derrota a Santa Liga](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg)
Hayreddin Barbarossa derrota a Santa Liga
Preveza, Greece![Batalha pela Especiaria](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/35/fe/a8/35fea80c9244e07c75279f1d3a052097.jpg)
Batalha pela Especiaria
Persian Gulf (also known as th![Era de Transformação no Império Otomano](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/87/29/24/8729248f94f13e3d86fde276d1a32caa.jpg)
Era de Transformação no Império Otomano
Türkiye![Inflação e Declínio do Sistema de Timar](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/8d/48/74/8d4874b4f3ba22e7a848128dbc8d4288.jpg)
Inflação e Declínio do Sistema de Timar
Türkiye![Conquista de Chipre](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/a9/f5/02/a9f502855985d65175da5a6bcd99e8a7.jpg)
Conquista de Chipre
Cyprus![Batalha de Lepanto](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/3f/a6/98/3fa6982defe85bf7432d3d7e4f792011.jpg)
Batalha de Lepanto
Gulf of Patras, Greece![livro da luz](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/8a/7a/c8/8a7ac8a8f9e8c6b462b94e7d14227571.jpg)
livro da luz
Türkiye![Avanços astronômicos](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Taqi_al_din.jpg/600px-Taqi_al_din.jpg)
Avanços astronômicos
İstanbul, Türkiye![Rebeliões econômicas e sociais](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/6e/b8/50/6eb85033caf9b2b6baf81b19e06b9898.jpg)
Rebeliões econômicas e sociais
Sivas, Türkiye![Longa Guerra Turca](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/a9/3f/7f/a93f7f0693215d2cda020f55c059e24b.jpg)
Longa Guerra Turca
Hungary![Otomanos perdem o oeste do Irã e o Cáucaso](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/2b/e2/6b/2be26bda9a76ba9be49cf662d20e0752.jpg)
Otomanos perdem o oeste do Irã e o Cáucaso
IranA Guerra Otomano-Safávida de 1603-1618 consistiu em duas guerras entre a Pérsia Safávida sob Abbas I da Pérsia e o Império Otomano sob os sultões Mehmed III, Ahmed I e Mustafa I. A primeira guerra começou em 1603 e terminou com uma vitória Safávida em 1612, quando a Pérsia recuperou e restabeleceu a sua suserania sobre o Cáucaso e o Irão Ocidental, que tinha sido perdida no Tratado de Constantinopla em 1590. A segunda guerra começou em 1615 e terminou em 1618 com pequenos ajustes territoriais.
![Primeiro Regicídio](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/d8/50/15/d85015f968ddbc3427d73cb01f1a6c5b.jpg)
Primeiro Regicídio
İstanbul, Türkiye![Guerra Final com a Pérsia Safávida](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/25/61/13/25611398f953ce46e435793046add00a.jpg)
Guerra Final com a Pérsia Safávida
Mesopotamia, Iraq![Restaurando Ordem](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Murat_IV_with_dishes.jpg/600px-Murat_IV_with_dishes.jpg)
Restaurando Ordem
Türkiye![é muito legal](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/d7/98/3d/d7983d5286b5c0d45fbd64efe61d6792.jpg)
é muito legal
Balıkesir, Türkiye![Decadência e Crise](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/fe/0e/48/fe0e48a21de769980fbc308d53b8037b.jpg)
Decadência e Crise
Türkiye![Guerra de Creta](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battle_of_the_combined_Venetian_and_Dutch_fleets_against_the_Turks_in_the_Bay_of_Foja_1649_%28Abraham_Beerstratenm%2C_1656%29.jpg/600px-Battle_of_the_combined_Venetian_and_Dutch_fleets_against_the_Turks_in_the_Bay_of_Foja_1649_%28Abraham_Beerstratenm%2C_1656%29.jpg)
Guerra de Creta
Crete, Greece![Estabilidade sob Mehmed IV](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/MehmedIV1657.jpg/600px-MehmedIV1657.jpg)
Estabilidade sob Mehmed IV
Türkiye![Era Köprülü](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/e8/01/b6/e801b6c65f1efe98d5d58933866c8788.jpg)
Era Köprülü
Türkiye![Otomanos conquistam a maior parte da Ucrânia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg/600px-Walka_o_sztandar_turecki.jpg)
Otomanos conquistam a maior parte da Ucrânia
Poland![Guerras da Santa Liga](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Powrot_z_Wiednia.jpg/600px-Powrot_z_Wiednia.jpg)
Guerras da Santa Liga
Austria![Expansão do czarismo da Rússia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/5c/17/26/5c1726b5815b46b55e12698d0a65a68d.jpg)
Expansão do czarismo da Rússia
Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia![Reversão da sorte na Europa](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_1687.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_1687.jpg)
Reversão da sorte na Europa
Nagyharsány, HungaryDeclínio do controle otomano da Europa Central
Zenta, Serbia![Incidente Edirne](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/56/ce/23/56ce23c97aa5680ccb382891dab59569.jpg)
Incidente Edirne
Edirne, Türkiye![Expansão Russa verificada](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/5c/fc/5a/5cfc5ad8d365ea960388e3c46da81b80.jpg)
Expansão Russa verificada
Prut River![Otomanos recuperam Morea](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/b8/63/f5/b863f5258e83f0b4e919ec22bcf33a5b.jpg)
Otomanos recuperam Morea
Peloponnese, Greece![Otomanos perdem mais terras balcânicas](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bredael_Schlacht_bei_Peterwardein.jpg/600px-Bredael_Schlacht_bei_Peterwardein.jpg)
Otomanos perdem mais terras balcânicas
Smederevo, Serbia![Período das Tulipas](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/b1/38/a2/b138a2fcd525bd0feb40d6c253700342.jpg)
Período das Tulipas
Türkiye![Conflito Otomano-Russo na Crimeia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/36/e1/2c/36e12cf89c78c7e03a70daa6ffaada7f.jpg)
Conflito Otomano-Russo na Crimeia
Crimea![Otomanos perdem mais terreno para os russos](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hackert%2C_Die_Zerst%C3%B6rung_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Flotte_in_der_Schlacht_von_Tschesme%2C_1771.jpg/600px-Hackert%2C_Die_Zerst%C3%B6rung_der_t%C3%BCrkischen_Flotte_in_der_Schlacht_von_Tschesme%2C_1771.jpg)
Otomanos perdem mais terreno para os russos
Eastern Europe![Reformas militares otomanas](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg/600px-General_Aubert_Dubayet_with_French_officers_being_received_by_the_Grand_Vizier_in_1796.jpg)
Reformas militares otomanas
Türkiye![Invasão Francesa do Egito](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/600px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg)
Invasão Francesa do Egito
Egypt![revolução sérvia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Battle_of_Mi%C5%A1ar%2C_Afanasij_Scheloumoff.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Mi%C5%A1ar%2C_Afanasij_Scheloumoff.jpg)
revolução sérvia
Balkans![Kabakçı Mustafa como o governante de fato do Império](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/36/68/78/3668787f1108420381959e3bc57af995.jpg)
Kabakçı Mustafa como o governante de fato do Império
İstanbul, Türkiye![Guerra da Independência Grega](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg/600px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_l%27Acropoles.jpg)
Guerra da Independência Grega
Greece![Incidente Auspicioso](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/0f/40/9d/0f409d32bca1a1242f9c4b48bf8fb724.jpg)
Incidente Auspicioso
İstanbul, Türkiye![Argélia perdeu para a França](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Le_coup_d_eventail_1827.jpg/600px-Le_coup_d_eventail_1827.jpg)
Argélia perdeu para a França
Algiers, Algeria![Primeira Guerra Egípcia-Otomana](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/7e/5e/8c/7e5e8c7b441227e0b9debdc1a21fa5e6.jpg)
Primeira Guerra Egípcia-Otomana
Syria![Restauração da Suserania Otomana do Egito e Levante](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tortosa%2C_23rd_September_1840%2C_attack_by_the_boats_of_H.M.S._Benbow%2C_Carysfort_and_Zebra%2C_under_Captain_J.F._Ross%2C_R.N.%2C_by_Capt._J._W._Anderson.jpg/600px-Tortosa%2C_23rd_September_1840%2C_attack_by_the_boats_of_H.M.S._Benbow%2C_Carysfort_and_Zebra%2C_under_Captain_J.F._Ross%2C_R.N.%2C_by_Capt._J._W._Anderson.jpg)
Restauração da Suserania Otomana do Egito e Levante
Lebanon![Reformas Tanzimat](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/8f/ab/d4/8fabd44d6989db8d169d1010bbda01ca.jpg)
Reformas Tanzimat
Türkiye![Guerra da Crimeia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Battle_of_Sinop.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Sinop.jpg)
Guerra da Crimeia
Crimea![Emigração dos tártaros da Criméia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Caffa_in_ruins.jpg/600px-Caffa_in_ruins.jpg)
Emigração dos tártaros da Criméia
Crimea![Constituição otomana de 1876](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg/600px-SPRY%281895%29_p733_-_THE_OTTOMAN_PARLIAMENT%2C_1877.jpg)
Constituição otomana de 1876
Türkiye![Independência dos Balcãs](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/2b/a2/68/2ba268aa6f3d9919856657d7ab664019.jpg)
Independência dos Balcãs
Balkans![Egito perdeu para os britânicos](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tel_El_Kebir1882.jpg/600px-Tel_El_Kebir1882.jpg)
Egito perdeu para os britânicos
Egypt![missão militar alemã](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/32/c9/b3/32c9b36c6a918ba5076e82943af1c7aa.jpg)
missão militar alemã
Türkiye![Massacres hamidianos](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Armenia22hamidian.jpg/600px-Armenia22hamidian.jpg)
Massacres hamidianos
Türkiye![Guerra Greco-Turca de 1897](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/D%C3%B6meke_Harbi_Zonaro.jpg/600px-D%C3%B6meke_Harbi_Zonaro.jpg)
Guerra Greco-Turca de 1897
Greece![Revolução dos Jovens Turcos](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/2d/d5/ea/2dd5eae0152e5ac4b32ea844ae812495.jpg)
Revolução dos Jovens Turcos
Türkiye![Otomanos perdem territórios do norte da África](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italoturca1.jpg/600px-Italoturca1.jpg)
Otomanos perdem territórios do norte da África
Tripoli, Libya![Primeira Guerra dos Bálcãs](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg/600px-Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg)
Primeira Guerra dos Bálcãs
Balkan Peninsula![Golpe Otomano de 1913](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Enver_kamil.jpg/600px-Enver_kamil.jpg)
Golpe Otomano de 1913
Türkiye![Império Otomano na Primeira Guerra Mundial](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/3e/f0/f7/3ef0f71d26c1b05e7a0ed3be853a9a07.jpg)
Império Otomano na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Türkiye![Campanha de Gallipoli](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Battle-of-chunuk-bair.jpg/600px-Battle-of-chunuk-bair.jpg)
Campanha de Gallipoli
Gallipoli Peninsula, Pazarlı/G![Genocídio armênio](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Story_of_Near_East_Relief%2C_page_207_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-The_Story_of_Near_East_Relief%2C_page_207_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Genocídio armênio
Türkiye![revolta árabe](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/T_E_Lawrence_and_the_Arab_Revolt_1916_-_1918_Q59193.jpg/600px-T_E_Lawrence_and_the_Arab_Revolt_1916_-_1918_Q59193.jpg)
revolta árabe
Syria![Partição do Império Otomano](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg/600px-Ottoman_surrender_of_Jerusalem_restored.jpg)
Partição do Império Otomano
Türkiye![Guerra da Independência da Turquia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Turkish_Army%27s_entry_into_Izmir.jpg/600px-The_Turkish_Army%27s_entry_into_Izmir.jpg)
Guerra da Independência da Turquia
Anatolia, Türkiye![Abolição do Sultanato Otomano](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sultanvahideddin.jpg/600px-Sultanvahideddin.jpg)
Abolição do Sultanato Otomano
TürkiyeEpílogo
TürkiyeHistoryMaps Shop
![](https://shop.history-maps.com/cdn/shop/files/continentalarmy600px.jpg?v=1715410562)
Heroes of the American Revolution Painting
Explore the rich history of the American Revolution through this captivating painting of the Continental Army. Perfect for history enthusiasts and art collectors, this piece brings to life the bravery and struggles of early American soldiers.
Appendices
APPENDIX 1
Ottoman Empire from a Turkish Perspective
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 2
Why didn't the Ottomans conquer Persia?
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 3
Basics of Ottoman Law
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 4
Basics of Ottoman Land Management & Taxation
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 5
Ottoman Pirates
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 6
Ottoman Fratricide
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 7
How an Ottoman Sultan dined
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 8
Harems Of Ottoman Sultans
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 9
The Ottomans
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
Characters
![Mahmud II](https://i.pinimg.com/400x/03/d2/7d/03d27df361719418653ef96e64f0476c.jpg)
Mahmud II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Suleiman the Magnificent](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EmperorSuleiman.jpg/400px-EmperorSuleiman.jpg)
Suleiman the Magnificent
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Mehmed IV](https://i.pinimg.com/400x/7c/81/0d/7c810d9772951feff429c4241c8fb5ec.jpg)
Mehmed IV
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Ahmed I](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sultan_Ahmed_I.jpg/400px-Sultan_Ahmed_I.jpg)
Ahmed I
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Mehmed III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sultan_Mehmet_III_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/400px-Sultan_Mehmet_III_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg)
Mehmed III
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Selim III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Konstantin_Kapidagli_002.jpg/400px-Konstantin_Kapidagli_002.jpg)
Selim III
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Mehmed II](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/400px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg)
Mehmed II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Mehmed V](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mehmed_V_of_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/400px-Mehmed_V_of_Ottoman_Empire.jpg)
Mehmed V
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Selim I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nakka%C5%9F_Selim.jpg/400px-Nakka%C5%9F_Selim.jpg)
Selim I
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Bayezid II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Bajozeth_II._-_2246_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/400px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Bajozeth_II._-_2246_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg)
Bayezid II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Osman II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Osman_2.jpg/400px-Osman_2.jpg)
Osman II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Murad IV](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Murad_IV_minature.jpg/400px-Murad_IV_minature.jpg)
Murad IV
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Murad III](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sultan_Murad_III.jpeg/400px-Sultan_Murad_III.jpeg)
Murad III
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Mehmed I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mehmed_I_miniature.jpg/400px-Mehmed_I_miniature.jpg)
Mehmed I
Sultan of Ottoman Empire
![Musa Çelebi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Bildnis_des_Sultans_Moise_-_2238_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/400px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Bildnis_des_Sultans_Moise_-_2238_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg)
Musa Çelebi
Co-ruler during the Ottoman Interregnum
![Ahmed III](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Levni_002_detail.jpg/400px-Levni_002_detail.jpg)
Ahmed III
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Mustafa III](https://i.pinimg.com/400x/0c/47/f3/0c47f30a2809d8cadcadfcc5a9092adc.jpg)
Mustafa III
Sultan of the Ottoman EmpirePadishah
![Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire](https://i.pinimg.com/400x/c0/1d/4a/c01d4ac2cd451800ba8e16f67d624ba3.jpg)
Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Orhan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Paolo_Veronese_(1528-1588)_(Nachfolger)_-_Sultan_Orhan_-_2236_-_69_x_54_cm._Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections._Munich,_Germany.jpg/400px-Paolo_Veronese_(1528-1588)_(Nachfolger)_-_Sultan_Orhan_-_2236_-_69_x_54_cm._Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections._Munich,_Germany.jpg)
Orhan
Second Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Abdul Hamid I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Portrait_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/400px-Portrait_of_Abd%C3%BClhamid_I_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg)
Abdul Hamid I
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Murad II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Murad_II._-_2237_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/400px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Murad_II._-_2237_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg)
Murad II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Abdulmejid I](https://i.pinimg.com/400x/8a/e6/51/8ae65151bc8e71fc0e0f458c70835a64.jpg)
Abdulmejid I
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Mustafa II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Abdulaziz](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/4f3bdb2b3891715176c6580e6ab6cb4b--ottoman-empire-sultan.jpg/400px-4f3bdb2b3891715176c6580e6ab6cb4b--ottoman-empire-sultan.jpg)
Abdulaziz
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Bayezid I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Bajozeth_I._-_2243_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/400px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Bajozeth_I._-_2243_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg)
Bayezid I
Fourth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Koprulu Mehmed Pasa](https://i.pinimg.com/400x/e8/01/b6/e801b6c65f1efe98d5d58933866c8788.jpg)
Koprulu Mehmed Pasa
Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
![Mehmed VI](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1909_10_Resimli_Kitab_Vahdettin.jpg/400px-1909_10_Resimli_Kitab_Vahdettin.jpg)
Mehmed VI
Last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Murad I](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Murad_I_miniature.jpg/400px-Murad_I_miniature.jpg)
Murad I
Third Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Abdul Hamid II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sultan_Abdulhamid.jpg/400px-Sultan_Abdulhamid.jpg)
Abdul Hamid II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Mustafa IV](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/IV.Mustafa.jpg/400px-IV.Mustafa.jpg)
Mustafa IV
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Osman I](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/I_Osman.jpg/400px-I_Osman.jpg)
Osman I
Founder of the Ottoman Empire
Footnotes
- Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). "Osman I". In goston, Gbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p.444.
- Imber, Colin (2009).The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power(2ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.262-4.
- Kafadar, Cemal (1995).Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.16.
- Kafadar, Cemal,Between Two Worlds, University of California Press, 1996, p xix. ISBN 0-520-20600-2
- Mesut Uyar and Edward J. Erickson,A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatrk, (ABC-CLIO, 2009), 29.
- Egger, Vernon O. (2008).A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community.Prentice Hall. p.82. ISBN 978-0-13-226969-8.
- The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day,Vol.2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p.460
- goston, Gbor (2009). "Selim I". In goston, Gbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. pp.511-3. ISBN 9780816062591.
- Darling, Linda (1996).Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660. E.J. Brill. pp.283-299, 305-6. ISBN 90-04-10289-2.
- Şahin, Kaya (2013).Empire and Power in the reign of Sleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press. p.10. ISBN 978-1-107-03442-6.
- Jelālī Revolts | Turkish history.Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012-10-25.
- Inalcik, Halil.An Economic and Social history of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.115; 117; 434; 467.
- Lewis, Bernard. Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation in Syria.Studia Islamica. (1979), pp.109-124.
- Peirce, Leslie (1993).The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press.
- Peirce, Leslie (1988).The Imperial Harem: Gender and Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1520-1656. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Information Service. p.106.
- Evstatiev, Simeon (1 Jan 2016). "8. The Qāḍīzādeli Movement and the Revival of takfīr in the Ottoman Age".Accusations of Unbelief in Islam. Brill. pp.213-14. ISBN 9789004307834. Retrieved29 August2021.
- Cook, Michael (2003).Forbidding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p.91.
- Sheikh, Mustapha (2016).Ottoman Puritanism and its Discontents: Ahmad al-Rumi al-Aqhisari and the .Oxford University Press. p.173. ISBN 978-0-19-250809-6. Retrieved29 August2021.
- Rhoads Murphey, "Continuity and Discontinuity in Ottoman Administrative Theory and Practice during the Late Seventeenth Century,"Poetics Today14 (1993): 419-443.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).Historical Dictionary of Georgia(2ed.). Rowman Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442241466.
- Lord Kinross:Ottoman centuries(translated by Meral Gasıpıralı) Altın Kitaplar, İstanbul,2008, ISBN 978-975-21-0955-1, p.237.
- History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkeyby Ezel Kural Shaw p. 107.
- Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson,A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatrk, ABC CLIO, 2009, p. 76, "In the end both Ottomans and Portuguese had the recognize the other side's sphere of influence and tried to consolidate their bases and network of alliances."
- Dumper, Michael R.T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007).Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781576079195.
- Shillington, Kevin (2013).Encyclopedia of African History.Routledge. ISBN 9781135456702.
- Tony Jaques (2006).Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p.xxxiv. ISBN 9780313335365.
- Saraiya Faroqhi (2009).The Ottoman Empire: A Short History. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp.60ff. ISBN 9781558764491.
- Palmira Johnson Brummett (1994).Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery. SUNY Press. pp.52ff. ISBN 9780791417027.
- Sevim Tekeli, "Taqi al-Din", in Helaine Selin (1997),Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures,Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0792340663.
- Zaken, Avner Ben (2004). "The heavens of the sky and the heavens of the heart: the Ottoman cultural context for the introduction of post-Copernican astronomy".The British Journal for the History of Science.Cambridge University Press.37: 1-28.
- Sonbol, Amira El Azhary (1996).Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815603832.
- Hughes, Lindsey (1990).Sophia, Regent of Russia: 1657 - 1704. Yale University Press,p.206.
- Davies, Brian (2007).Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700. Routledge,p.185.
- Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2011). "The Crimean Tatars and the Austro-Ottoman Wars". In Ingrao, Charles W.; Samardžić, Nikola; Pesalj, Jovan (eds.).The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. Purdue University Press,p.135.
- Stanford J. Shaw, "The Nizam-1 Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III 1789-1807."Oriens18.1 (1966): 168-184.
- David Nicolle,Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775-1820(Osprey, 1998).
- George F. Nafziger (2001).Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era. Scarecrow Press. pp.153-54. ISBN 9780810866171.
- Finkel, Caroline (2005).Osman's Dream. John Murray. p.435. ISBN 0-465-02396-7.
- Hopkins, Kate (24 March 2006)."Food Stories: The Sultan's Coffee Prohibition". Archived fromthe originalon 20 November 2012. Retrieved12 September2006.
- Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period".The Cambridge History of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Vol.VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.189-350. ISBN 0521200946,p. 285.
- Mansel, Philip(1995).Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924. New York:St. Martin's Press. p.200. ISBN 0719550769.
- Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib (2012).Ibrāhīm.Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online. Retrieved10 July2012.
- Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne (2006).Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan. Ashgate. p.89. ISBN 978-0-754-63310-5, p.26 .
- Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008).Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748. Retrieved25 March2014.
- Eraly, Abraham(2007),Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls, Penguin Books Limited, pp.27-29, ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7
- Stone, David R.(2006).A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood Publishing Group, p.64.
- Roderic, H. Davison (1990).Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923 - The Impact of the West.University of Texas Press. pp.115-116.
- Ishtiaq, Hussain."The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire"(PDF). Faith Matters.
- "PTT Chronology"(in Turkish). PTT Genel Mdrlğ. 13 September 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 13 September 2008. Retrieved11 February2013.
- Tilmann J. Röder, The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Grote/Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2011).
- Cleveland, William (2013).A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p.79. ISBN 978-0813340487.
- Uyar, Mesut;Erickson, Edward J.(23 September 2009).A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Ataturk: From Osman to Ataturk. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO (published 2009). p.210.
- Cleveland, William L. (2004).A history of the modern Middle East. Michigan University Press. p.65. ISBN 0-8133-4048-9.
- ^De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017).The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason- 1798 to Modern Times. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p.227. ISBN 978-0-87140-373-5.
- Stone, Norman (2005)."Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.).Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld Nicolson. p.97. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1.
- "The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State".staff.lib.msu.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved7 May2018.
- Plamen Mitev (2010).Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe Between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699-1829. LIT Verlag Mnster. pp.147-. ISBN 978-3-643-10611-7.
- L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), pp. 248-250.
- Trevor N. Dupuy. (1993). "The First Turko-Egyptian War."The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 978-0062700568, p. 851
- P. Kahle and P.M. Holt. (2012) Ibrahim Pasha.Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition. ISBN 978-9004128040
- Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993).The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-270056-1,p.851.
- Williams, Bryan Glynn (2000)."Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire".Cahiers du Monde Russe.41(1): 79-108.
- Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W.The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. 2008.
- Richmond, Walter (2008).The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Taylor Francis US. p.79. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved20 June2015.the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population
- Amjad M. Jaimoukha (2001).The Circassians: A Handbook. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23994-7.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved20 June2015.
- Stone, Norman "Turkey in the Russian Mirror" pp. 86-100 fromRussia War, Peace and Diplomacyedited by Mark Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld Nicolson: London, 2004 p. 95.
- Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911)."Russo-Turkish Wars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.23 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.931-936, see page 931 para five.
- Akmeșe, Handan NezirThe Birth of Modern Turkey The Ottoman Military and the March to World I, London: I.B. Tauris page 24.
- Armenian:Համիդյան ջարդեր,Turkish:Hamidiye Katliamı,French:Massacres hamidiens)
- Dictionary of Genocide, By Paul R. Bartrop, Samuel Totten, 2007, p. 23
- Akçam, Taner(2006)A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibilityp. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York ISBN 978-0-8050-7932-6
- "Fifty Thousand Orphans made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians",The New York Times, December 18, 1896,The number of Armenian children under twelve years of age made orphans by the massacres of 1895 is estimated by the missionaries at 50.000.
- Akçam 2006, p.44.
- Angold, Michael (2006), O'Mahony, Anthony (ed.),Cambridge History of Christianity, vol.5. Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p.512, ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2.
- Cleveland, William L. (2000).A History of the Modern Middle East(2nded.). Boulder, CO: Westview. p.119. ISBN 0-8133-3489-6.
- Balkan Savaşları ve Balkan Savaşları'nda Bulgaristan, Sleyman Uslu
- Aksakal, Mustafa(2011)."'Holy War Made in Germany'? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad".War in History.18(2): 184-199.
- Ldke, Tilman (17 December 2018)."Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)".International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Retrieved19 June2021.
- Sakai, Keiko (1994)."Political parties and social networks in Iraq, 1908-1920"(PDF).etheses.dur.ac.uk. p.57.
- Lewis, Bernard(19 November 2001)."The Revolt of Islam".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved28 August2014.
- A. Noor, Farish(2011). "Racial Profiling' Revisited: The 1915 Indian Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore and the Impact of Profiling on Religious and Ethnic Minorities".Politics, Religion Ideology.1(12): 89-100.
- Dangoor, Jonathan (2017)."" No need to exaggerate " - the 1914 Ottoman Jihad declaration in genocide historiography, M.A Thesis in Holocaust and Genocide Studies".
- Finkel, C., 2005, Osman's Dream, Cambridge: Basic Books, ISBN 0465023975, p. 273.
- Tucker, S.C., editor, 2010, A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. Two, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC, ISBN 9781851096671, p. 646.
- Halil İbrahim İnal:Osmanlı Tarihi, Nokta Kitap, İstanbul, 2008 ISBN 978-9944-1-7437-4p 378-381.
- Prof.Yaşar Ycel-Prof Ali Sevim:Trkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 165-166
- Thomas Mayer,The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the Urabi Revolt, 1882-1982(University Presses of Florida, 1988).
- Taylor, A.J.P.(1955).The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822101-2, p.228-254.
- Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 pp.67-69
- Partridge, Loren (14 March 2015).Art of Renaissance Venice, 1400 1600. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520281790.
- Paul C. Helmreich,From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920(Ohio University Press, 1974) ISBN 0-8142-0170-9
- Fromkin,A Peace to End All Peace(1989), pp. 49-50.
- Roderic H. Davison; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920" by Paul C. Helmreich inSlavic Review, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar. 1975), pp. 186-187
Encyclopedias
- Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce, eds.(2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1.
Surveys
- Baram, Uzi and Lynda Carroll, editors. A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground (Plenum/Kluwer Academic Press, 2000)
- Barkey, Karen. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. (2008) 357pp Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 (New York: Gordian Press, 1973)
- Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909 (London: IB Tauris, 1998)
- Faroqhi, Suraiya. The Ottoman Empire: A Short History (2009) 196pp
- Faroqhi, Suraiya. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 3, 2006) excerpt and text search
- Faroqhi, Suraiya and Kate Fleet, eds. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 2 2012) essays by scholars
- Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
- Fleet, Kate, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 1, 2009) excerpt and text search, essays by scholars
- Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57451-9.
- Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire, the Classical Age: 1300–1600. Hachette UK, 2013. [1973]
- Kasaba, Resat, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey (vol 4 2008) excerpt and text search vol 4 comprehensive coverage by scholars of 20th century
- Dimitri Kitsikis, L'Empire ottoman, Presses Universitaires de France, 3rd ed.,1994. ISBN 2-13-043459-2, in French
- McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923 1997
- McMeekin, Sean. The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power (2010)
- Pamuk, Sevket. A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire (1999). pp. 276
- Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (2005) ISBN 0-521-54782-2.
- Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1, 1977.
- Somel, Selcuk Aksin. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. (2003). 399 pp.
- Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0.
The Early Ottomans (1300–1453)
- Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20600-7.
- Lindner, Rudi P. (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-933070-12-8.
- Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-5636-6.
- Zachariadou, Elizabeth, ed. (1991). The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389). Rethymnon: Crete University Press.
- İnalcık Halil, et al. The Ottoman Empire: the Classical Age, 1300–1600. Phoenix, 2013.
The Era of Transformation (1550–1700)
- Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at Ali (1984). The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul.
- Howard, Douglas (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of 'Decline' of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century". Journal of Asian History. 22: 52–77.
- Kunt, Metin İ. (1983). The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05578-1.
- Peirce, Leslie (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
- Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9.
- White, Joshua M. (2017). Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-503-60252-6.
to 1830
- Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society (1982)
- Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (2002)
- Guilmartin, John F., Jr. "Ideology and Conflict: The Wars of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1606", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, (Spring 1988) 18:4., pp721–747.
- Kunt, Metin and Woodhead, Christine, ed. Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. 1995. 218 pp.
- Parry, V.J. A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (1976)
- Şahin, Kaya. Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol I; Empire of Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1290–1808. Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0-521-21280-9.
Post 1830
- Ahmad, Feroz. The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914, (1969).
- Bein, Amit. Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition (2011) Amazon.com
- Black, Cyril E., and L. Carl Brown. Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors. 1992.
- Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (2000) Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Gürkan, Emrah Safa: Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- Faroqhi, Suraiya. Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. (2000) 358 pp.
- Findley, Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922 (Princeton University Press, 1980)
- Fortna, Benjamin C. Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire. (2002) 280 pp.
- Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (2001)
- Gingeras, Ryan. The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire. London: Allen Lane, 2023.
- Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. (1996). 220 pp.
- Hanioglu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (2008) Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Inalcik, Halil and Quataert, Donald, ed. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. 1995. 1026 pp.
- Karpat, Kemal H. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. (2001). 533 pp.
- Kayali, Hasan. Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 (1997); CDlib.org, complete text online
- Kieser, Hans-Lukas, Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Seyhan Bayraktar, and Thomas Schmutz, eds. The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. London: I.B. Tauris, 2019.
- Kushner, David. The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908. 1977.
- McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire. Hodder Arnold, 2001. ISBN 0-340-70657-0.
- McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. London: Allen Lane, 2015.
- Miller, William. The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913. (1913), Books.Google.com full text online
- Quataert, Donald. Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908. 1983.
- Rodogno, Davide. Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914 (2011)
- Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975. (1977). Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Toledano, Ehud R. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890. (1982)
Military
- Ágoston, Gábor (2005). Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521843133.
- Aksan, Virginia (2007). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.
- Rhoads, Murphey (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 1-85728-389-9.
Historiography
- Emrence, Cern. "Three Waves of Late Ottoman Historiography, 1950–2007," Middle East Studies Association Bulletin (2007) 41#2 pp 137–151.
- Finkel, Caroline. "Ottoman History: Whose History Is It?," International Journal of Turkish Studies (2008) 14#1 pp 1–10. How historians in different countries view the Ottoman Empire
- Hajdarpasic, Edin. "Out of the Ruins of the Ottoman Empire: Reflections on the Ottoman Legacy in South-eastern Europe," Middle Eastern Studies (2008) 44#5 pp 715–734.
- Hathaway, Jane (1996). "Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries". The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20: 25–31.
- Kırlı, Cengiz. "From Economic History to Cultural History in Ottoman Studies," International Journal of Middle East Studies (May 2014) 46#2 pp 376–378 DOI: 10.1017/S0020743814000166
- Mikhail, Alan; Philliou, Christine M. "The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn," Comparative Studies in Society & History (2012) 54#4 pp 721–745. Comparing the Ottomans to other empires opens new insights about the dynamics of imperial rule, periodization, and political transformation
- Pierce, Leslie. "Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: The Early Centuries," Mediterranean Historical Review (2004) 49#1 pp 6–28. How historians treat 1299 to 1700