Yakin basasar kasar Sin

Bayan rugujewar daular Qing da juyin juya halin shekara ta 1911, Sun Yat-sen ya zama shugaban sabuwar jamhuriyar Sin, kuma jim kadan bayan haka Yuan Shikai ya gaje shi.Yuan ya ji takaici a wani ɗan gajeren ƙoƙari na maido da sarauta a China, kuma China ta fada cikin gwagwarmayar mulki bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1916.

Ƙungiyar May Fourth Movement ta kasance ƙungiya ce mai adawa da mulkin mallaka, al'adu, da siyasa na kasar Sin wanda ya taso daga zanga-zangar dalibai a birnin Beijing a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1919. Dalibai sun taru a gaban Tiananmen (ƙofar zaman lafiya) don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin mayar da martani na gwamnatin kasar Sin. A yerjejeniyar Versailles ta yanke shawarar baiwa Japan damar ci gaba da rike yankuna a Shandong da aka mika wa Jamus bayan Siege na Tsingtao a shekara ta 1914. Zanga-zangar ta haifar da zanga-zangar gama gari a fadin kasar tare da haifar da tashin hankali na kishin kasar Sin, inda aka koma yunkurin siyasa daga yin siyasa. ayyukan al'adu, da kuma matsawa zuwa tushen jama'a, nesa da jiga-jigan al'adun gargajiya da na siyasa.Zanga-zangar ta watan Mayu ta hudu ta nuna wani sauyi a cikin wata faffadan sabuwar al'adu ta al'ada (1915-1921) wacce ta nemi maye gurbin dabi'un Confucius na gargajiya kuma ita kanta ci gaban sauye-sauyen Qing ne.Amma duk da haka ko bayan 1919, waɗannan “sababbin matasa” masu ilimi har yanzu sun bayyana matsayinsu da tsarin gargajiya wanda masu ilimi suka ɗauki alhakin al'amuran al'adu da siyasa.Sun yi adawa da al'adun gargajiya amma sun nemi kasashen waje don neman kwarin gwiwa da sunan kishin kasa kuma sun kasance wani gagarumin yunkuri na birni wanda ya haifar da ra'ayin jama'a a cikin ƙauye mai yawa.Yawancin shugabannin siyasa da zamantakewa na shekaru 50 masu zuwa ne suka fito a wannan lokaci, ciki har da na jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin.Masana sun ba da matsayin sabon al'adu da kuma yunkurin juyin juya hali na Mayu na hudu, kamar yadda David Wang ya ce, "Wannan shi ne sauyin da aka samu wajen neman zamanantar da adabi na kasar Sin", tare da kawar da tsarin aikin farar hula a shekarar 1905, da kuma hambarar da daular. a shekarar 1911. Kalubalantar dabi'un gargajiyar kasar Sin, duk da haka, ya fuskanci adawa mai karfi, musamman daga jam'iyyar masu kishin kasa.Ta fuskarsu, wannan yunkuri ya lalata abubuwa masu kyau na al'adun kasar Sin, sun kuma mai da hankali sosai kan ayyukan siyasa kai tsaye, da tsattsauran ra'ayi, halaye masu alaka da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP).A daya hannun kuma, jam'iyyar CCP, wadda ta kasance shugabanninta biyu Li Dazhao da Chen Duxiu, sun kasance jagororin wannan yunkuri, duk da cewa ta kasance cikin shakku kan matakin farko, wanda ya jaddada rawar da masana ilimi suka taka, ba wai juyin juya hali ba.A ma'anarta mafi fa'ida, kungiyar ta May ta hudu ta kai ga kafa masana masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wadanda suka ci gaba da hada kan manoma da ma'aikata a cikin jam'iyyar CCP da samun karfin kungiyar da za ta karfafa nasarar juyin juya halin gurguzu na kasar Sin.A lokacin Harkar 4 ga Mayu, gungun masana masu ra'ayin gurguzu kamar Chen Tanqiu, Zhou Enlai, Chen Duxiu, da sauransu, wadanda sannu a hankali sun yaba da karfin Marxism.Wannan ya sa aka kauda tsarin Marxism kuma ya ba da tushe ga haihuwar CCP da gurguzu mai halaye na kasar Sin.

Kuomintang (KMT) karkashin jagorancin Sun Yat-sen, ta kafa sabuwar gwamnati a birnin Guangzhou don yin adawa da shugabannin yakin da suka yi mulki a yankuna da dama na kasar Sin, tare da hana kafa wata kwakkwarar gwamnatin tsakiya.Bayan da aka yi watsi da ƙoƙarin Sun na samun taimako daga ƙasashen Yamma, ya juya zuwa Tarayyar Soviet .A shekara ta 1923, wakilin Sun da Soviet Adolph Joffe a Shanghai ya yi alkawarin ba da taimako ga Tarayyar Soviet don hadewar kasar Sin a cikin Manifesto na Sun-Joffe, sanarwar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Comintern, KMT, da CCP.Wakilin Comintern Mikhail Borodin ya isa a cikin 1923 don taimakawa wajen sake tsarawa da haɗin gwiwa na CCP da KMT tare da layin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet.CCP, wanda da farko rukunin bincike ne, da KMT tare suka kafa ƙungiyar farko ta United Front.A shekara ta 1923, Sun aika Chiang Kai-shek, daya daga cikin mukarrabansa, na tsawon watanni da dama na nazarin soja da na siyasa a Moscow.Daga nan Chiang ya zama shugaban Kwalejin Soja ta Whampoa wanda ya horar da shugabannin sojoji na gaba.Soviets sun ba wa makarantar da kayan koyarwa, tsari, da kayan aiki, ciki har da bindigogi.Sun kuma ba da ilimi a yawancin fasahohin tattara jama'a.Da wannan taimakon, Sun tada wani kwazo "dakaru na jam'iyya," wanda ya yi fatan kayar da shugabannin yakin da sojoji.Mambobin CCP ma sun kasance a makarantar, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama malamai, ciki har da Zhou Enlai, wanda aka mai da shi malamin siyasa.An ba membobin kwaminisanci damar shiga KMT a daidaikunsu.CCP kanta har yanzu karami ne a lokacin, yana da memba na 300 a 1922 kuma 1,500 kawai ta 1925. Tun daga 1923, KMT yana da mambobi 50,000.

A shekara ta 1926, an sami wasu manyan kawance guda uku na shugabannin yaki a fadin kasar Sin wadanda ke adawa da gwamnatin KMT a Guangzhou.Sojojin Wu Peifu sun mamaye arewacin lardin Hunan, Hubei, da Henan.Hadakar Sun Chuanfang ce ke rike da lardunan Fujian da Zhejiang da Jiangsu da Anhui da Jiangxi.Gamayyar da ta fi karfi, karkashin jagorancin Zhang Zuolin, shugaban gwamnatin Beiyang a lokacin, da kuma 'yan kabilar Fengtian, sun mallaki Manchuria, Shandong da Zhili.Don fuskantar balaguron arewa, daga ƙarshe Zhang Zuolin ya haɗa "Rundunar Sojin Fasific ta ƙasa", ƙawance na shugabannin yaƙi na arewacin Sin.

Juyin mulkin Canton na ranar 20 ga Maris na 1926, wanda kuma aka fi sani da waki'ar Zhongshan ko kuma abin da ya faru a ranar 20 ga Maris, ya kasance kawar da 'yan gurguzu na sojojin 'yan kishin kasa a Guangzhou da Chiang Kai-shek ya yi.Lamarin da ya kara karfafa ikon Chiang nan da nan kafin yakin Arewa da ya yi nasara, ya mai da shi shugaban kasa na farko.

Balaguron Arewa wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na Sojan Juyin Juya Hali (NRA) na Kuomintang (KMT) wanda aka fi sani da "Jam'iyyar Kishin Ƙasa ta Sin" ta kaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan gwamnatin Beiyang da sauran shugabannin yaƙin yankin a shekara ta 1926. Manufar yaƙin neman zaɓe shi ne. don sake hade kasar Sin, wadda ta wargaje bayan juyin juya halin 1911. Janarissimo Chiang Kai-shek ne ya jagoranci wannan balaguron, kuma ya kasu kashi biyu.Kashi na farko ya ƙare a cikin 1927 rarrabuwar siyasa tsakanin bangarori biyu na KMT: bangaren Nanjing mai ra'ayin dama, karkashin jagorancin Chiang, da bangaren hagu na Wuhan, karkashin jagorancin Wang Jingwei.Kisan Kisan Kwaminisanci da Chiang ya yi na 'yan gurguzu a cikin KMT ne ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna, wanda ya nuna karshen rukunin farko na hadin gwiwa.A kokarin da ake yi na dinke wannan baraka, Chiang Kai-shek ya sauka a matsayin kwamandan NRA a watan Agustan 1927, ya tafi gudun hijira a Japan.Kashi na biyu na balaguron ya fara ne a watan Janairun 1928, lokacin da Chiang ya koma umarni.A watan Afrilu 1928, sojojin kasa sun ci gaba zuwa Kogin Yellow.Tare da taimakon sojojin kawancen da suka hada da Yan Xishan da Feng Yuxiang, sojojin kishin kasa sun sami nasarar samun gagarumar nasara a kan sojojin Beiyang.Yayin da suka isa birnin Beijing, Zhang Zuolin, shugaban kungiyar Fengtian clique na Manchuria, ya tilastawa tserewa, kuma ba da jimawa ba Japanawa sun kashe shi.Dansa, Zhang Xueliang, ya karbi ragamar jagorancin kungiyar 'yan kabilar Fengtian, kuma a watan Disamba na shekarar 1928, ya sanar da cewa Manchuria za ta amince da ikon gwamnatin kasar Nanjing.Tare da yankin karshe na kasar Sin karkashin kulawar KMT, an kammala balaguron arewa cikin nasara kuma an sake hade kasar Sin, lamarin da ya nuna farkon shekaru goma na birnin Nanjing.

Lamarin Nanking ya faru ne a cikin Maris 1927 a lokacin da Sojojin Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Kasa (NRA) suka kwace Nanjing (sai Nanking) a balaguron su na Arewa.Jiragen yakin kasashen waje sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a birnin don kare mutanen kasashen waje da tarzoma da kwasar ganima.Jiragen ruwa da yawa sun shiga cikin wannan yarjejeniya, ciki har da jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy da na Amurka.An kuma saukar da ma'aikatan ruwa da na ruwa don ayyukan ceto ciki har da wasu sojojin Holland 140.Dakarun 'yan kishin kasa da na kwaminisanci a cikin NRA sun shiga cikin tarzoma da wawashe dukiyoyin kasashen waje a Nanjing.

Kisan gillar da aka yi a birnin Shanghai na ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1927, ko kuma abin da ya faru a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, kamar yadda aka saba sani a kasar Sin, shi ne murkushe kungiyoyin jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) da 'yan adawa a Shanghai da sojojin da ke goyon bayan Janar Chiang Kai-shek suka yi. da kuma ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin Kuomintang (Jam'iyyar Kishin Ƙasa ta Sin ko KMT).Tsakanin 12 zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, an kama daruruwan 'yan gurguzu a Shanghai tare da kashe su bisa umarnin Chiang.Ta'addancin da ya biyo baya ya lalata 'yan gurguzu, kuma 10,000 ne kawai cikin 60,000 na jam'iyyar suka tsira.Bayan faruwar lamarin, 'yan KMT masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun gudanar da aikin share kwaminisanci a dukkan yankunan da suke karkashin ikonsu, kuma an dakile wani tashin hankali a Guangzhou da Changsha.Wannan tsarkakewar ta haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin bangaren hagu da na dama a cikin KMT, inda Chiang Kai-shek ya kafa kansa a matsayin shugaban bangaren dama da ke Nanjing, mai adawa da asalin gwamnatin KMT ta hagu. wanda ke birnin Wuhan, wanda Wang Jingwei ya jagoranta.A ranar 15 ga Yulin 1927, gwamnatin Wuhan ta kori 'yan gurguzu a cikin sahu, tare da kawo karshen kungiyar farko ta hadin gwiwa, kawancen hadin gwiwa na KMT da CCP karkashin kulawar wakilan Comintern.A cikin sauran 1927, CCP zai yi yaƙi don sake samun iko, ya fara tayar da girbi na kaka.Tare da gazawa da murkushe zanga-zangar Guangzhou a Guangzhou, duk da haka, ikon 'yan gurguzu ya ragu sosai, ya kasa kaddamar da wani babban hari a birane.

Tashin Nanchang shi ne karo na farko da babbar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta kasar Sin da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin ta shiga yakin basasar kasar Sin, wanda 'yan gurguzu na kasar Sin suka fara don tinkarar kisan gillar da aka yi a Shanghai a shekarar 1927 da Kuomintang ya yi.Dakarun soji a Nanchang karkashin jagorancin He Long da Zhou Enlai sun yi tawaye a kokarinsu na kwace iko da birnin bayan kawo karshen kawancen Kuomintang-Communist na farko.Dakarun 'yan gurguzu sun yi nasarar mamaye Nanchang tare da tserewa daga harin da sojojin Kuomintang suka yi a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, inda suka janye zuwa tsaunin Jinggang na yammacin Jiangxi.Daga baya an dauki 1 ga watan Agusta a matsayin ranar tunawa da kafuwar sojojin 'yantar da jama'a (PLA) kuma matakin farko da aka yi yaki da Kuomintang da sojojin juyin juya hali na kasa (NRA).

Rikicin girbi na kaka wani tawaye ne da ya faru a lardunan Hunan da Kiangsi (Jiangxi) na kasar Sin, a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1927, karkashin jagorancin Mao Tse-tung, wanda ya kafa Hunan Soviet na gajeren lokaci.Bayan nasarar farko, an kawar da tashin hankalin.Mao ya ci gaba da yin imani da dabarun karkara amma ya yanke shawarar cewa ya zama dole a kafa rundunar jam’iyya.

A ranar 11 ga Disamba 1927, shugabancin siyasa na CCP ya ba da umarnin sojoji kusan 20,000 masu ra'ayin gurguzu da ma'aikata masu dauke da makamai da su shirya "Jan Tsaro" tare da mamaye Guangzhou.Tashin hankalin dai ya faru ne duk da tsananin adawar kwamandojin sojan gurguzu, saboda 'yan gurguzu na da muggan makamai - kawai 2,000 na maharan suna da bindigogi.Duk da haka, sojojin 'yan tawaye sun kwace mafi yawan birnin cikin sa'o'i da dama ta hanyar amfani da wani abin mamaki, duk kuwa da babbar fa'idar lambobi da fasaha da sojojin gwamnati ke da shi.Bayan wannan nasara ta farko da 'yan gurguzu suka samu, sai dakaru 15,000 na sojojin juyin juya hali na kasa (NRA) da ke yankin suka shiga cikin birnin suka fara fatattakar 'yan tada kayar baya.Bayan wasu sassa biyar na NRA sun isa Guangzhou, an murkushe boren cikin sauri.Maharan dai sun yi mummunar barna, yayin da wadanda suka tsira suka tsere daga birnin ko kuma suka buya.Daga baya an zargi kungiyar Comintern, musamman Neumann da nacewa cewa dole ne 'yan gurguzu su rike Guangzhou ko ta halin kaka.An kashe Zhang Tailei, babban jami'in kungiyar agaji ta Red Guard a wani kwanton bauna a lokacin da yake dawowa daga wani taro.An narkar da mulkin da safiyar ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1927.A sakamakon tsarkakewa, an kashe matasa da yawa 'yan gurguzu kuma Guangzhou Soviet ta zama sanannun "Canton Commune", "Guangzhou Commune" ko "Commune na Paris na Gabas";ya dau lokaci kadan a kan kashe fiye da 5,700 'yan gurguzu da kuma adadin daidai da bacewar.Da misalin karfe 8 na dare a ranar 13 ga Disamba, an kewaye ofishin jakadancin Soviet a Guangzhou kuma an kama dukkan jami'anta.A cikin hatsarin jami'an ofishin jakadancin Ukolov, Ivanov da sauransu sun mutu.Ye Ting, kwamandan soji, an yi masa kaca-kaca, an wanke shi, aka kuma dora masa alhakin gazawar, duk kuwa da cewa illar da rundunar ‘yan gurguzu ta yi ita ce babbar musabbabin shan kaye, kamar yadda Ye Ting da sauran kwamandojin soji suka nuna daidai.Duk da kasancewa karo na uku da aka yi rashin nasara a shekara ta 1927, da kuma rage kwarin gwiwar 'yan gurguzu, hakan ya kara karfafa yin bore a fadin kasar Sin.Yanzu akwai manyan birane uku a kasar Sin: babban birnin kasar da aka amince da shi a birnin Beijing, da CCP da KMT na hagu a Wuhan da kuma na hannun dama na KMT a Nanjing, wanda zai kasance babban birnin KMT na shekaru goma masu zuwa.Wannan shi ne mafarin gwagwarmayar makami na tsawon shekaru goma, wanda aka fi sani da "Yakin Basasa na shekaru 10" a babban yankin kasar Sin, wanda ya kawo karshen waki'ar Xi'an, lokacin da aka tilastawa Chiang Kai-shek kafa kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta biyu ta yaki da sojojin da suka mamaye daga daular Japan.

Lamarin na Jinan ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1928, tsakanin sojojin juyin juya hali na kasa na Chiang Kai-shek (NRA) da sojojin Japan da fararen hula a birnin Jinan, babban birnin lardin Shandong na kasar Sin, wanda daga nan ya rikide zuwa rikici da makami tsakanin NRA da daular mulkin mallaka. Sojojin Japan.An tura sojojin Japan zuwa lardin Shandong don kare muradun kasuwancin Japan a lardin, wadanda suka fuskanci barazanar ci gaban balaguron arewa na Chiang na sake hade kasar Sin karkashin gwamnatin Kuomintang.Lokacin da NRA ta tunkari Jinan, sojojin Sun Chuanfang da ke da alaka da gwamnatin Beiyang sun janye daga yankin, wanda ya ba da damar kwace birnin cikin lumana da NRA.Da farko dakarun NRA sun yi nasarar zama tare da sojojin Japan da ke kusa da karamin ofishin jakadancin Japan da kasuwanci, kuma Chiang Kai-shek ya isa don tattaunawa kan janyewar su a ranar 2 ga Mayu.Wannan zaman lafiya ya karye washegari, duk da haka, lokacin da wata takaddama tsakanin Sinawa da Japan ta yi sanadin mutuwar fararen hula 13-16 na Japan.Rikicin da ya haifar ya haifar da mutuwar dubban mutane daga bangaren NRA, wadanda suka gudu daga yankin don ci gaba da zuwa arewa zuwa birnin Beijing, kuma suka bar birnin a karkashin mamayar Japan har zuwa Maris 1929.

Lamarin na Huanggutun shi ne kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban kasar Fengtian kuma Janarissimo na gwamnatin sojan kasar Sin Zhang Zuolin a kusa da Shenyang a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1928. Zhang ya mutu a lokacin da jirginsa na kashin kansa ya lalace sakamakon fashewar wani abu a tashar jirgin kasa ta Huanggutun da aka shirya da kuma aikata laifin. ta Rundunar Kwantung na Sojojin Japan na Imperial.Mutuwar Zhang ta haifar da sakamako mara kyau ga daular Japan, wacce ta yi fatan ci gaban moriyarta a Manchuria a karshen zamanin Yakin Yaki, kuma an boye lamarin a matsayin "Wani Muhimmin lamari a Manchuria" a Japan.Lamarin ya jinkirta mamayewar Japanawa na Manchuria na shekaru da yawa har zuwa Mukden da ya faru a 1931.Zhang karami, don kaucewa duk wani rikici da Japan da hargitsi da ka iya tunzura Jafan a cikin martanin soja, bai zargi Japan da hannu a kisan mahaifinsa kai tsaye ba, a maimakon haka ya yi shiru ya aiwatar da manufar yin sulhu da gwamnatin Chiang Kai mai kishin kasa. shek, wanda ya bar shi a matsayin sanannen sarkin Manchuria maimakon Yang Yuting.Kisan ta haka ya raunana matsayin siyasar Japan a Manchuria.

A cikin Afrilu 1928, Chiang Kai-shek ya ci gaba da balaguron arewa na biyu kuma yana gabatowa birnin Beijing a ƙarshen watan Mayu.An tilasta wa gwamnatin Beiyang ta birnin Beijing rugujewa sakamakon haka;Zhang Zuolin ya yi watsi da Beijing don komawa Manchuria kuma sojojin Kwantung na Japan sun kashe shi a cikin lamarin Huanggutun.Nan da nan bayan mutuwar Zhang Zuolin, Zhang Xueliang ya koma Shenyang don ya gaji matsayin mahaifinsa.A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli ya ba da sanarwar kafa rundunar sojan juyin juya hali ta kasa tare da shelanta cewa ba zai tsoma baki tare da sake hadewar ba.Jafanawan ba su gamsu da matakin ba kuma sun bukaci Zhang ya shelanta 'yancin kan Manchuria.Ya ki amincewa da bukatar Japan kuma ya ci gaba da harkokin haɗin kai.A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, Chiang Kai-shek ya isa birnin Beijing, inda ya gana da wakilin kungiyar 'yan kabilar Fengtian, inda suka tattauna batun sulhun cikin lumana.Wannan shawarwarin ya nuna cece-kuce tsakanin Amurka da Japan game da tasirinta a kasar Sin saboda Amurka ta goyi bayan hada kan Manchuria Chiang Kai-shek.A karkashin matsin lamba daga Amurka da Burtaniya, Japan ta kasance saniyar ware a fannin diflomasiyya kan wannan batu.A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba Zhang Xueliang ya ba da sanarwar sauya dukkan tutoci a Manchuria kuma ya amince da ikon gwamnatin kishin kasa.Bayan kwana biyu gwamnatin kishin kasa ta nada Zhang a matsayin kwamandan sojojin arewa maso gabas.Kasar Sin a alamance ta sake hadewa a wannan lokacin.

Yakin tsakiyar fili wani jerin yakin soji ne a tsakanin shekarun 1929 da 1930 wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa na kasar Sin tsakanin gwamnatin Kuomintang mai kishin kasa a birnin Nanjing karkashin jagorancin Janarissimo Chiang Kai-shek da wasu kwamandojin soji da shugabannin yaki wadanda suka kasance abokan Chiang.Bayan kammala balaguron arewa a shekarar 1928, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren da Zhang Fakui sun yanke hulda da Chiang jim kadan bayan taron kawar da sojoji a shekara ta 1929, kuma tare suka kafa kawancen kin jinin Chiang, domin nuna adawa da sahihancin gwamnatin Nanjing. .Yakin shi ne rikici mafi girma a zamanin Yakin Yaki, wanda aka gwabza a fadin Henan, Shandong, Anhui da sauran yankunan tsakiyar fili na kasar Sin, wanda ya hada da sojoji 300,000 daga Nanjing da sojoji 700,000 na kawancen.Yakin tsakiyar fili shi ne rikici mafi girma na makami a kasar Sin tun bayan da aka kawo karshen balaguron arewa a shekarar 1928. Rikicin ya bazu a larduna da dama na kasar Sin, wanda ya hada da kwamandojin yankuna daban daban tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin sama da miliyan daya.Yayin da gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa a Nanjing ta yi nasara, rikicin ya yi tsadar kudi wanda ya yi mummunan tasiri kan yakin neman zabe da ya biyo baya kan jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin.Bayan da sojojin arewa maso gabas suka shiga tsakiyar kasar Sin, tsaron Manchuria ya yi rauni sosai, wanda a kaikaice ya kai Japan hari a Mukden.

A cikin 1930 yakin tsakiyar fili ya barke a matsayin rikici na cikin gida na KMT.Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan da Wang Jingwei ne suka kaddamar da shi.An mayar da hankali ne don kawar da sauran aljihu na ayyukan gurguzu a cikin jerin kamfen na kewaye biyar.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko a kan Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne da gwamnatin 'yan kishin ƙasa ta kasar Sin ta kaddamar da nufin lalata Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet mai ra'ayin gurguzu da sojojin Red Army na kasar Sin a yankin.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko da 'yan gurguzu suka yi a Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet ne ya mayar da martani, inda sojojin Red Army na ƙasar Sin suka yi nasarar kare jamhuriyarsu ta Soviet a lardin Hubei, da Henan, da Anhui da ke kan iyaka daga hare-haren 'yan kishin ƙasa daga watan Nuwamba. 1930 zuwa 9 Maris 1931.

Bayan da suka sha kaye a yakin farko na zagaye na farko kan Honghu Soviet a farkon watan Fabrairun 1931 da kuma tilastawa janyewar da suka biyo baya don tattarawa, sojojin kishin kasa sun kaddamar da yakin na biyu a kan sansanin 'yan gurguzu a Honghu a ranar 1 ga Maris 1931. 'Yan kishin kasa sun yi imanin cewa gurguzu ba su da wadata. Abokan gaba ba za su sami isasshen lokaci don murmurewa daga yaƙe-yaƙe na baya ba a yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarshe, kuma dole ne su daɗe ba su daɗe ba don samar da ƙarin lokuta ga abokan gabansu na gurguzu.Babban kwamandan 'yan kishin kasa ya kasance daya ne a yakin farko na yin kaca-kaca da 'yan kabilar Honghu, kwamandan soji na 10, Xu Yuanquan, wanda ba a tura sojojinsa na 10 kai tsaye a cikin yakin ba, amma a maimakon haka, ya tura wani nesa da filin daga. dabarun tanadi.An dai kai harin ne akasarin sojojin mayakan yakin yankin wadanda ke karkashin jagorancin Chiang Kai-shek.'Yan gurguzu ba su ji daɗi ba bayan nasarar da suka samu a yaƙin yaƙi na farko na yaƙi da 'yan tawayen Honghu Soviet, saboda suna da cikakkiyar masaniyar janyewar 'yan kishin ƙasa na ɗan lokaci ne kawai kuma lokaci kaɗan ne kawai 'yan kishin ƙasa suka sake kai farmaki kan Honghu Soviet.Domin a inganta tsaron gidansu daga sabon guguwar hare-haren 'yan kishin kasa da aka fara, 'yan gurguzu sun sake fasalin kungiyarsu a Honghu Soviet.Wannan sake fasalin na'urorin jam'iyyar kwaminisanci an tabbatar da cewa ya zama bala'i daga baya, lokacin da Xià Xī ya aiwatar da babban fatattakar 'yan gurguzu na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da barna fiye da ayyukan soja da makiyansu masu kishin kasa suka dauka.Rundunar Red Army ta kasar Sin ta yi nasarar kare jamhuriyarsu ta Soviet a yankin Honghu daga hare-haren 'yan kishin kasa daga ranar 1 ga Maris na shekarar 1931 zuwa farkon watan Yunin shekarar 1931.

Kamfen na zagaye na uku kan yankin Honghu Soviet wani gangami ne da gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa ta kasar Sin ta kaddamar da nufin rusa Honghu Soviet 'yan gurguzu da sojojinta na Red Army na kasar Sin a yankin.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na uku na 'yan gurguzu a Honghu Soviet ya mayar da martani, inda sojojin Red Army na ƙasar Sin suka yi nasarar kare jamhuriyarsu ta Tarayyar Soviet da ke kudancin lardin Hubei da arewacin Hunan daga hare-haren 'yan kishin ƙasa daga farkon watan Satumba na 1931 zuwa 30 ga Mayu 1932.

Lamarin Mukden, ko Lamarin Manchurian wani lamari ne na tuta na ƙarya da jami'an sojan Japan suka shirya a matsayin hujja don mamayewar da Japanawa suka yi a Manchuria a 1931. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1931, Laftanar Suemori Kawamoto na Sashen Garrison Mai Zaman Kanta na Rundunar Sojojin Jafananci ta 29 ta tarwatsa wani hari. ƙaramin dynamite kusa da layin dogo mallakar tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Manchuria ta Kudu ta Japan kusa da Mukden (yanzu Shenyang).Fashewar ta yi rauni sosai har ta kasa lalata titin, kuma jirgin kasa ya wuce ta bayan mintuna.Sojojin Japan na daular sun zargi 'yan adawar kasar Sin da aikata wannan aika-aika tare da mayar da martani da cikakken mamayewa wanda ya kai ga mamayar Manchuria, inda Japan ta kafa kasar 'yar tsana ta Manchukuo bayan watanni shida.Rahoton Lytton na 1932 ya fallasa yaudarar, wanda ya kai Japan warewa diflomasiyya da kuma janyewarta na Maris 1933 daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

Sojojin Kwantung naDaular Japan sun mamaye Manchuria a ranar 18 ga Satumba 1931, nan da nan bayan faruwar Mukden.A karshen yakin a watan Fabrairun 1932, Jafanawa sun kafa jihar 'yar tsana ta Manchukuo.Mamayarsu ta dade har sai da Tarayyar Soviet da Mongoliya suka sami nasarar aiwatar da aikin kai hari kan dabarun Manchurian a tsakiyar watan Agustan 1945, zuwa karshen yakin duniya na biyu .Yankin layin dogo na Manchuria ta kudu da yankin Koriya sun kasance karkashin ikon daular Japan tun yakin Rasha da Japan na 1904-1905.Ci gaba da haɓaka masana'antu da aikin soja na Japan sun tabbatar da haɓakar dogaro da shigo da mai da karafa daga Amurka.Takunkumin Amurka wanda ya hana kasuwanci da Amurka (wanda ya mamaye Philippines a lokaci guda) ya sa Japan ta kara fadada yankin China da kudu maso gabashin Asiya.Mamaye Manchuria, ko Gadar Marco Polo na 7 ga Yuli 1937, wani lokaci ana ambaton su azaman madadin kwanakin farawa don yakin duniya na biyu, sabanin ranar da aka fi yarda da ita ta Satumba 1, 1939.

Kamfen na zagaye na hudu an yi niyya ne don lalata Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet na kwaminisanci da sojojin Red Army na kasar Sin a yankin.Dakarun 'yan kishin kasa na yankin sun fatattaki sojojin Red Army na kasar Sin tare da mamaye jamhuriyarsu ta Soviet a lardin Hubei da Henan da Anhui da ke kan iyaka daga farkon watan Yuli na shekarar 1932 zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Oktoban 1932. Duk da haka, nasarar da 'yan kishin kasa suka samu bai cika ba saboda sun kammala yakin neman zabe ma. A farkon farin cikin su, wanda ya sa akasarin sojojin gurguzu suka tsere tare da kafa wani sansanin 'yan gurguzu a yankin kan iyaka na lardin Sichuan da Shaanxi.Haka kuma, sauran rundunonin gurguzu na Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet suma sun sake gina jamhuriyar Soviet ta gida ta hanyar cin gajiyar janyewar 'yan kishin kasa na farko, kuma a sakamakon haka, 'yan kishin kasa sun sake kaddamar da wani yakin neman zabe daga baya don sake maimaita kokarin.

A ƙarshen 1934, Chiang ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyar wanda ya haɗa da tsarin kewaye yankin Jiangxi na Soviet tare da katangar gidaje.Sabbin mashawartan Nazi da aka yi hayar sun ƙirƙira da aiwatar da dabarun blockhouse.Ba kamar yakin da suka yi a baya ba inda suka kutsa kai cikin yajin aiki guda, a wannan karon sojojin KMT sun yi hakuri sun gina gidaje mai nisan zango, wanda kowanne ya raba da kusan kilomita takwas, don kewaye yankunan 'yan gurguzu tare da yanke kayan abinci da kayan abinci.A cikin Oktoba 1934 CCP ya yi amfani da gibba a cikin zobe na blockhouses kuma ya fita daga cikin kewaye.Sojojin yakin sun yi jinkirin kalubalantar sojojin gurguzu saboda tsoron rasa mazajensu kuma ba su bi CCP da zarafi ba.Bugu da kari, manyan sojojin KMT sun shagaltu da ruguza sojojin Zhang Guotao, wanda ya fi na Mao girma.Gagarumin ja da baya na soji na sojojin gurguzu ya dauki tsawon shekara guda kuma ya mamaye abin da Mao ya kiyasta ya kai kilomita 12,500;Ya zama sananne da Dogon Maris.

Dogon Maris wani ja da baya na soji ne da Red Army na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP), wanda ya kasance jigo a cikin rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar jama'a, don kauce wa bin rundunar sojojin kasa ta jam'iyyar Nationalist ta kasar Sin (CNP/KMT).Duk da haka, wanda ya fi shahara ya fara ne a lardin Jiangxi (Jiangxi) a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1934, ya kuma kare a lardin Shaanxi a watan Oktoba na shekarar 1935. Rundunar soja ta farko ta Jamhuriyar Soviet ta kasar Sin, karkashin jagorancin kwamitin soja da ba ta da kwarewa, ta kasance a kan gaf da halaka ta. Dakarun Janarissimo Chiang Kai-shek a tungarsu da ke lardin Jiangxi.Hukumar CCP, karkashin jagorancin Mao Zedong da Zhou Enlai, sun tsere a wani zagaye da suka yi a yamma da arewa, wanda aka ce ya yi tafiyar kilomita 9,000 cikin kwanaki 370.Hanyar ta bi ta wasu wurare mafi wahala a yammacin kasar Sin ta hanyar tafiya yamma, sannan arewa, zuwa Shaanxi.A watan Oktoban shekarar 1935, sojojin Mao sun isa lardin Shaanxi inda suka hada kai da sojojin gurguzu a can, karkashin jagorancin Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang, da Xu Haidong, wadanda suka riga suka kafa sansanin Soviet a arewacin Shaanxi.Ragowar rundunar Red Army ta hudu ta Zhang daga karshe ta koma cikin Mao a Shaanxi, amma tare da halaka sojojinsa, Zhang, ko da a matsayinsa na memba na CCP, bai taba iya kalubalantar ikon Mao ba.Bayan wani balaguro na kusan shekara guda, sojojin Red Army na biyu sun isa Bao'an (Shaanxi) a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1936, a kasar Sin da aka fi sani da "gamayyar rundunonin sojoji uku", da kuma karshen dogon Maris.A duk hanyar, Sojojin Kwaminisanci sun kwace kadarori da makamai daga hannun sarakunan yaki na cikin gida da masu gidaje, yayin da suke daukar manoma da talakawa.Duk da haka, wasu sojoji 8,000 ne kawai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mao, wato First Front Army, a ƙarshe suka kai ga inda aka nufa na Yan’an a shekara ta 1935. A cikin waɗannan, kasa da 7,000 na cikin sojoji 100,000 na asali da suka fara tattaki.Abubuwa iri-iri ne suka haifar da asarar da suka hada da gajiya, yunwa da sanyi, rashin lafiya, guduwa, da jikkatar sojoji.A yayin ja da baya, mambobin jam’iyyar sun ragu daga 300,000 zuwa kusan 40,000.A watan Nuwamban shekarar 1935, jim kadan bayan ya zauna a arewacin Shaanxi, Mao ya karbi ragamar jagorancin Zhou Enlai a hukumance.Bayan wani gagarumin sauyi da aka yi a hukumance, Mao ya zama shugaban hukumar soji, inda Zhou da Deng Xiaoping suka zama mataimakan shugabanni.(Bayan Zhang Gutao ya isa Shaanxi, Zhang ya maye gurbin Deng).Wannan ya nuna matsayin Mao a matsayin fitaccen shugaban jam'iyyar, inda Zhou ke matsayi na biyu bayan Mao.Dukansu Mao da Zhou za su ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa mutuwarsu, a 1976.Yayin da yake da tsada, Dogon Maris ya baiwa CCP keɓewar da take buƙata, wanda ya baiwa sojojinsa damar samun waraka da sake ginawa a arewa.Hakanan yana da mahimmanci wajen taimakawa CCP don samun kyakkyawan suna a tsakanin manoma saboda himma da sadaukar da kai na mahalarta taron Dogon Maris.Bugu da kari, manufofin da Mao ya ba da umurni ga dukkan sojoji su bi, Hanyoyi takwas na Hankali, sun umurci sojojin da su mutunta manoma da kuma biyansu adalci, maimakon kwace duk wani kaya, duk da tsananin bukatar abinci da kayayyaki.Wannan manufar ta sami goyon baya ga 'yan gurguzu tsakanin manoman karkara.Dogon Maris ya tabbatar da matsayin Mao a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar CCP wanda ba a taba ganin sa ba, ko da yake bai zama shugaban jam'iyyar a hukumance ba sai a shekarar 1943. Sauran wadanda suka tsira daga Maris din kuma sun ci gaba da zama fitattun shugabannin jam'iyyar tun cikin shekarun 1990, ciki har da Zhu De, Lin Biao. Liu Shaoqi, Dong Biwu, Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, Yang Shangkun, Zhou Enlai da Deng Xiaoping.

Taron Zunyi taro ne na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) a watan Janairun 1935 a lokacin dogon Maris.Wannan taron ya kunshi fadan mulki tsakanin shugabannin Bo Gu da Otto Braun da kuma 'yan adawa karkashin jagorancin Mao Zedong.Babban ajandar wannan taro shi ne nazarin gazawar jam'iyyar a yankin Jiangxi da kuma duba zabin da ake da su a yanzu.Bo Gu ne ya fara magana da cikakken rahoto.Ya yarda cewa dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a Jiangxi sun gaza, ba tare da daukar wani laifi ba.Ya yi iƙirarin rashin samun nasara ba saboda rashin tsari ba ne.A gaba Zhou ya ba da rahoto kan halin da sojoji ke ciki cikin salon ban hakuri.Ya bambanta da Bo, ya yarda an tabka kurakurai.Sa'an nan Zhang Wentian ya yi Allah wadai da jagororin da suka yi tashe-tashen hankula a Jiangxi a cikin wani dogon bayani mai mahimmanci.Mao da Wang sun goyi bayan hakan.Kwatankwacin nisan da Mao ya yi da mulki a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata ya sa shi ba shi da aibu kan gazawar da aka samu a baya-bayan nan kuma yana da karfin kai hari ga shugabanni.Mao ya nace cewa Bo Gu da Otto Braun sun yi kuskuren soja ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsaro mai tsafta maimakon fara yakin wayar hannu.Magoya bayan Mao sun sami karfin gwiwa yayin ganawar kuma daga karshe Zhou Enlai ya koma baya ga Mao.A karkashin tsarin dimokuradiyya na masu rinjaye, an sake zabar sakatariyar kwamitin tsakiya da juyin juya halin tsakiya da na soja na CCP.Bo da Braun an rage musu matsayi yayin da Zhou ya ci gaba da rike mukaminsa a yanzu yana musayar aikin soja tare da Zhu De.Zhang Wentian ya karbi matsayin Bo a baya yayin da Mao ya sake shiga kwamitin tsakiya.Taron Zunyi ya tabbatar da cewa ya kamata CCP ya juya baya ga 28 Bolsheviks kuma zuwa Mao.Ana iya kallonsa a matsayin nasara ga tsoffin membobin CCP waɗanda suka samo asali a China kuma, akasin haka, babban rashi ne ga waɗannan membobin CCP irin su Bolshevik 28 waɗanda suka yi karatu a Moscow kuma ƙungiyar Comintern ta horar da su. da Tarayyar Soviet kuma ana iya ɗaukar su azaman masu kariya ko wakilai na Comintern daidai.Bayan taron na Zunyi, an rage tasiri da shigar da qungiyar a cikin harkokin CCP.

Chiang Kai-shek, shugaban gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa ta kasar Sin, wasu manyan hafsoshin kasarsa Chang Hsüeh-liang (Zhang Xueliang) da Yang Hucheng ne suka tsare shi, domin tilasta wa jam'iyyar Kuomintang ko KMT mai mulkin kasar Sin ta sauya manufofinta game da batun. Daular Japan da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP) .Kafin abin da ya faru, Chiang Kai-shek ya bi dabarun "zaman lafiya na farko a cikin gida, sa'an nan kuma tsayin daka na waje" wanda ya haifar da kawar da CCP da kuma farantawa Japan damar ba da lokaci don sabunta tsarin. China da sojojinta.Bayan faruwar lamarin, Chiang ya hada kai da 'yan gurguzu a kan Japanawa.Duk da haka, a lokacin da Chiang ya isa birnin Xi'an a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1936, an shafe shekaru biyu ana gudanar da shawarwarin hadin gwiwa.Rikicin ya kawo karshe bayan tattaunawar makonni biyu, inda daga karshe aka sako Chiang, aka koma Nanjing, tare da rakiyar Zhang.Chiang ya amince da kawo karshen yakin basasar da ake yi da jam'iyyar CCP kuma ya fara shiri sosai don yakin da ke gabatowa da kasar Japan.

Jam'iyyar hadin gwiwa ta biyu ita ce kawance tsakanin jam'iyyar Kuomintang mai mulki da jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) don tinkarar mamayar da kasar Japan ta yi wa kasar Sin a lokacin yakin Sino da Japan na biyu, wanda ya dakatar da yakin basasar kasar Sin daga shekarar 1937 zuwa 1945.Sakamakon sasantawar da aka yi tsakanin KMT da CCP, an sake tsara rundunar sojojin Red Army zuwa sabuwar runduna ta hudu da runduna ta 8, wadanda aka sanya su karkashin rundunar sojojin juyin juya hali ta kasa.CCP ta amince da karbar shugabancin Chiang Kai-shek, kuma ta fara samun wasu tallafin kudi daga gwamnatin tsakiya da KMT ke gudanarwa.A cikin yarjejeniya da KMT Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region da Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region.CCP ne ke sarrafa su.Bayan da aka fara yakin basasa tsakanin Sin da Japan, sojojin kwaminisanci sun yi yaki tare da sojojin KMT a lokacin yakin Taiyuan, kuma babban abin da suka yi hadin gwiwa ya kasance a shekarar 1938 a lokacin yakin Wuhan.Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da 'yan gurguzu ga jerin sunayen sojojin juyin juya hali na ƙasa suna kawai.'Yan gurguzu sun yi aiki da kansu kuma da kyar suka taba shiga Jafanawa a fadace-fadacen al'ada.Matsayin ainihin haɗin kai tsakanin CCP da KMT a lokacin Yaƙin Sino-Japan na Biyu ya yi kadan.

Yaƙin Sino-Japan na biyu yaƙin soji ne da aka fara yi tsakaninJamhuriyar Sin daDaular Japan .Yakin ya kunshi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific na yakin duniya na biyu.Wasu masana tarihi na kasar Sin sun yi imanin cewa, mamayar da kasar Japan ta yi wa Manchuria a ranar 18 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1931, ita ce farkon yakin.Ana daukar wannan cikakken yakin tsakanin Sinawa da daular Japan a matsayin farkon yakin duniya na biyu a Asiya.Kasar Sin ta yi yaki da Japan tare da taimakon Nazi Jamus , Tarayyar Soviet , Birtaniya da kuma Amurka .Bayan hare-haren da Japanawa suka kai a Malaya da Pearl Harbor a 1941, yakin ya hade da wasu rikice-rikicen da aka kasafta a karkashin wadancan rikice-rikicen yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin wani babban bangare da aka sani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burma Indiya.Bayan afkuwar gadar Marco Polo, Jafanawa sun samu gagarumar nasara, inda suka kwace birnin Beijing da Shanghai da kuma babban birnin kasar Sin Nanjing a shekarar 1937, wanda ya haifar da fyaden Nanjing.Bayan da aka kasa dakatar da Japanawa a yakin Wuhan, gwamnatin tsakiyar kasar Sin ta koma Chongqing (Chungking) da ke cikin kasar Sin.Bayan yerjejeniyar kasar Sin da tarayyar Soviet da aka cimma a shekarar 1937, tallafin kayan aiki mai karfi ya taimaka wa sojojin kishin kasa na kasar Sin da sojojin saman kasar Sin su ci gaba da yin tsayin daka kan harin Japan.Ya zuwa shekarar 1939, bayan nasarar da kasar Sin ta samu a Changsha da Guangxi, da layukan sadarwa na kasar Japan sun zurfafa a cikin cikin kasar Sin, yakin ya kai ga tangarda.Yayin da kuma Japanawa suka kasa cin galaba a kan dakarun jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) a Shaanxi, wadanda suka kaddamar da yakin zagon kasa da yakin neman zabe kan mahara, daga karshe sun yi nasarar yakin kudancin Guangxi na tsawon shekara guda, inda suka mamaye birnin Nanning, wanda ya katse. hanyar teku ta ƙarshe zuwa babban birnin Chongqing na lokacin yaƙi.Yayin da Japan ke mulkin manyan biranen, ba su da isassun ma'aikata da za su iya sarrafa faffadan karkarar kasar Sin.A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1939, sojojin 'yan kishin kasar Sin sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki na lokacin sanyi, yayin da a watan Agustan shekarar 1940, dakarun CCP suka kaddamar da farmaki a tsakiyar kasar Sin.Amurka ta tallafa wa kasar Sin ta hanyar kara kaurace wa kasar Japan, inda ta kai ga yanke karafa da man fetur da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Japan a watan Yunin shekarar 1941. Bugu da kari, sojojin haya na Amurka irinsu Flying Tigers sun ba da karin taimako ga kasar Sin kai tsaye.A cikin watan Disambar 1941, Japan ta kai harin ba-zata a kan Pearl Harbor, kuma ta ayyana yaki a kan Amurka.{Asar Amirka ta shelanta yaƙi, kuma ta ƙara yawan taimakon da take ba wa China - tare da dokar Lend-Lease, Amirka ta ba wa China jimlar dala biliyan 1.6 (dala biliyan 18.4 da aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki).Tare da Burma ta yanke ta da kayan da aka ɗaga sama a kan Himalayas.A cikin 1944, Japan ta ƙaddamar da Operation Ichi-Go, mamayewar Henan da Changsha.Duk da haka, hakan ya kasa haifar da mika wuya na sojojin kasar Sin.A shekara ta 1945, rundunar ba da agaji ta kasar Sin ta ci gaba da ci gaba da aikinta a kasar Burma kuma ta kammala hanyar Ledo da ta hada Indiya da Sin.

Lamarin gadar Marco Polo wani yaki ne a watan Yulin 1937 tsakanin sojojin juyin juya hali na kasar Sin da sojojin Japan na daular.Tun lokacin da Japan ta mamaye birnin Manchuria a shekarar 1931, an samu kananan abubuwa da dama a kan layin dogo da ya hada birnin Beijing da tashar jiragen ruwa na Tianjin, amma duk sun lafa.A wannan karon, wani sojan Japan ba ya nan na wani dan lokaci daga rukuninsa da ke gaban Wanping, kuma kwamandan na Japan ya bukaci a ba shi hakkin ya bincika garin.Lokacin da aka ki wannan, an sanya sauran raka'o'i na bangarorin biyu;da tashin hankali, sojojin kasar Sin sun yi luguden wuta kan sojojin Japan, lamarin da ya kara ta'azzara lamarin, duk da cewa sojan Japan da ya bace ya koma layinsa.Lamarin gadar Marco Polo gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon yakin Sino da Japan na biyu, kuma za a iya cewa yakin duniya na biyu .

Sabuwar Lamarin Sojoji na Hudu yana da mahimmanci a matsayin ƙarshen haƙiƙanin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu kishin ƙasa da gurguzu.A yau, ROC da masana tarihi na PRC suna kallon Sabon Sojoji na Hudu daban.Daga ra'ayi na ROC, 'yan gurguzu sun fara kai hari kuma ya kasance hukunci ga rashin biyayya ga kwaminisanci;daga ra'ayin PRC, ha'incin kishin kasa ne.A ranar 5 ga watan Janairu, dakarun 'yan kishin kasa na 80,000 karkashin jagorancin Shangguan Yunxiang sun kewaye sojojin kwaminisanci a Garin Maolin kuma suka kai hari kwanaki.Bayan an kwashe kwanaki ana gwabzawa, an yi hasarar babbar asara - ciki har da ma'aikatan farar hula da dama wadanda ke aiki a hedkwatar siyasa ta sojojin - an yi wa sabuwar Sojoji ta hudu saboda yawan dakarun 'yan kishin kasa.A ranar 13 ga Janairu, Ye Ting, yana son ceton mutanensa, ya je hedkwatar Shangguan Yunxiang don yin shawarwari.Bayan isowa, an tsare ku.An kashe kwamishanan siyasa na sabuwar rundunar soji ta hudu Xiang Ying, kuma mutane 2,000 ne kawai, karkashin jagorancin Huang Huoxing da Fu Qiutao suka samu nasarar ballewa.Chiang Kai-shek ya ba da umarnin wargaza sabuwar rundunar soji ta hudu a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu, sannan ya aika da Ye Ting zuwa kotun soji.Sai dai a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin dake birnin Yan'an ta ba da umarnin sake tsara sojoji.Chen Yi shi ne sabon kwamandan sojoji.Liu Shaoqi shi ne kwamishinan siyasa.Sabuwar hedkwatar ta kasance a Jiangsu, wanda a yanzu shine babban hedikwatar rundunar sojojin ta hudu da kuma runduna ta takwas.Tare, sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi bakwai da brigade ɗaya mai zaman kanta, jimlar sama da dakaru 90,000.Saboda wannan lamarin, a cewar jam'iyyar gurguzu ta kasar Sin, an soki jam'iyyar 'yan kishin kasa ta kasar Sin da haifar da rikici a cikin gida a lokacin da ya kamata Sinawa su hada kai kan Japanawa;A daya bangaren kuma, ana kallon jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin a matsayin jarumai a sahun gaba wajen yaki da ha'incin kasar Japan da 'yan kishin kasa.Ko da yake a sakamakon wannan lamari, jam'iyyar gurguzu ta yi asarar filayen da ke kudancin kogin Yangtze, lamarin da ya samu goyon bayan jam'iyyar daga al'ummar kasar, lamarin da ya karfafa tushensu a arewacin kogin Yangtze.A cewar jam’iyyar Nationalist, wannan lamarin ya kasance ramuwar gayya ne a lokuta da dama na ha’inci da cin zarafi da sabuwar Sojoji ta hudu ke yi.

Operation Ichi-Go wani gangami ne na jerin manyan fadace-fadacen da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Japan na mulkin mallaka da sojojin juyin juya hali na kasar Sin, wanda aka gwabza tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Disamba na shekarar 1944. Ya kunshi fadace-fadace guda uku a lardunan Henan na kasar Sin. Hunan dan Guangxi.Babban burin biyu na Ichi-go shine bude hanyar kasa zuwa Indochina na Faransa, da kuma kame sansanonin jiragen sama a kudu maso gabashin China inda Amurkawa ke kai hare-hare kan mahaifar Japan da jigilar kaya.

A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1945 ne Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Manchuria, bayan da sojojin Soviet suka mamaye kasar Manchukuo na kasar Japan.Ya kasance yaƙin neman zaɓe mafi girma na Yaƙin Soviet-Japan na 1945, wanda ya sake dawo da yaƙi tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet Socialist daDaular Japan bayan kusan shekaru shida na zaman lafiya.Ribar da Tarayyar Soviet ta samu a nahiyar ita ce Manchukuo, Mengjiang (yankin arewa maso gabas na Mongoliya ta ciki a yau) da kuma Koriya ta Arewa.Shigar da Tarayyar Soviet cikin yakin da kuma shan kashin da sojojin Kwantung suka yi ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a matakin da gwamnatin Japan ta dauka na mika wuya ba tare da wani sharadi ba, domin a fili yake cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba ta da niyyar yin aiki a matsayin wata kungiya ta uku wajen yin shawarwarin kawo karshen tashin hankali. sharuddan sharadi.Wannan farmakin ya lalata sojojin Kwantung a cikin makonni uku kacal, kuma ya bar USSR ta mamaye dukkan Manchuria a karshen yakin, a cikin gibin ikon sojojin kasar Sin na gida.Sakamakon haka, sojojin Japan 700,000 da ke yankin sun mika wuya.Daga baya a cikin shekara Chiang Kai-shek ya gane cewa ba shi da albarkatun da zai hana CCP kwace Manchuria bayan tafiyar Soviet.Don haka ya kulla yarjejeniya da Soviets na jinkirta janyewar har sai ya kwashe isassun mutanensa da suka kware da kayan zamani zuwa yankin.Duk da haka, Soviets sun ki yarda ga sojojin 'yan ƙasa su keta ƙasarsu kuma sun yi amfani da karin lokaci don rushe babban ginin masana'antu na Manchurian (kimanin dala biliyan 2) da kuma tura shi zuwa ƙasarsu da yaki ya lalata.

Gangamin Shangdang wani jerin fadace-fadace ne da aka gwabza tsakanin dakarun soji na hanya ta takwas karkashin jagorancin Liu Bocheng da dakarun Kuomintang karkashin jagorancin Yan Xishan (wanda aka fi sani da Jin clique) a lardin Shanxi na kasar Sin.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ci gaba daga ranar 10 ga Satumban 1945 zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1945. Kamar sauran nasarorin da 'yan gurguzu na kasar Sin suka samu a cikin fadan da aka yi bayan daular Japan ta mika wuya a yakin duniya na biyu , sakamakon wannan yakin ya sauya tsarin shawarwarin zaman lafiya da aka gudanar a Chongqing daga ranar 28 ga watan Agusta. 1945, ta hanyar 11 Oktoba 1945, wanda ya haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga Mao Zedong da jam'iyyar.Kamfen na Shangdang ya kashe ƙungiyoyin Kuomintang 13 da ya ƙunshi fiye da dakaru 35,000, tare da fiye da 31,000 daga cikin 35,000 da 'yan gurguzu suka kama a matsayin POWs.'Yan gurguzu sun sha wahala fiye da 4,000, ba tare da wani wanda 'yan kishin kasa suka kama ba.Baya ga halaka rundunar 'yan kishin kasa tare da jikkata wasu da dama, rundunar 'yan gurguzu ta kuma samu wani muhimmin kayan yaki da rundunar ta ke bukata, inda ta kama bindigogin tsaunuka 24, da manyan bindigogi sama da 2,000, da bindigogi sama da 16,000, da kananan bindigogi, da bindigogin hannu. .Gangamin ya sami ƙarin mahimmanci ga 'yan gurguzu domin shi ne yaƙin neman zaɓe na farko da rundunar 'yan gurguzu ta tsunduma cikin maƙiyi ta hanyar amfani da dabaru na al'ada kuma suka yi nasara, wanda ke nuna sauyin yanayi daga yaƙin neman zaɓe da 'yan gurguzu ke yi.Ta fuskar siyasa, yakin neman zabe ya kasance wani babban ci gaba ga 'yan gurguzu a tattaunawar da suka yi a tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Chongqing.Kuomintang ya sha wahala daga asarar yanki, dakaru, da kayan aiki.Kuomintang kuma ta rasa fuska a gaban jama'ar kasar Sin.

Yarjejeniyar ta goma sau biyu yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Kuomintang (KMT) da jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) da aka kulla a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1945 (ranar kwanaki goma na Jamhuriyar Sin) bayan shafe kwanaki 43 ana tattaunawa.Shugaban jam'iyyar CCP Mao Zedong da jakadan Amurka a kasar Sin Patrick J.Hurley sun tashi tare zuwa Chungking a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1945 don fara shawarwarin.Sakamakon haka shi ne, CCP ta amince da KMT a matsayin halastacciyar gwamnati, yayin da KMT ta kuma amince da CCP a matsayin halastacciyar jam'iyyar adawa.Gangamin Shangdang, wanda aka fara a ranar 10 ga Satumba, ya zo karshe a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, sakamakon sanarwar yarjejeniyar.

Harkar gyare-gyaren filaye wani taron jama'a ne karkashin jagorancin shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin Mao Zedong a lokacin karshen yakin basasar kasar Sin da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin ta farko, wanda ya samu nasarar rarraba filaye ga manoma.An kwace masu gonakinsu kuma an yi musu kisan gilla a hannun CCP da tsoffin gidajen haya, inda aka yi kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai dubu daruruwa zuwa miliyoyi.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haifar da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin manoma sun sami fili a karon farko.Umarnin 7 ga Yuli na 1946 ya kafa watanni goma sha takwas na kazamin rikici inda za a kwace dukiyoyin manoma da masu gida kowane iri a raba su ga talakawa talakawa.Tawagar ayyukan jam’iyya sun yi sauri daga ƙauye zuwa ƙauye suka rarraba jama’a zuwa masu gidaje, masu hannu da shuni, da matsakaita, matalauta, da manoma marasa ƙasa.Domin ƙungiyoyin aikin ba su sa mutanen ƙauye a cikin wannan tsari ba, manoma masu arziki da matsakaitan manoma da sauri suka dawo kan mulki.Gyaran ƙasa ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a sakamakon yakin basasar kasar Sin.Miliyoyin manoma waɗanda suka sami ƙasa ta hanyar motsi sun shiga Rundunar 'Yancin Jama'a ko kuma sun taimaka a hanyoyin sadarwar sa.A cewar Chun Lin, nasarar da aka samu wajen gyare-gyaren filaye na nufin cewa, a lokacin kafuwar PRC a shekarar 1949, kasar Sin za ta iya yin iƙirari cewa, a karon farko tun daga ƙarshen zamanin Qing , ta sami nasarar ciyar da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na al'ummar duniya da mutane 7 kawai. % na ƙasar noma ta duniya.A shekarar 1953, an kammala yin gyare-gyaren filaye a babban yankin kasar Sin, ban da Xinjiang, da Tibet, da Qinghai, da Sichuan.Tun daga shekarar 1953, hukumar CCP ta fara aiwatar da hadin gwiwar mallakar filayen da aka kwace ta hanyar kirkiro "Kungiyoyin Samar da Aikin Gona", da mika hakkin mallakar filayen da aka kwace ga kasar Sin.An tilasta wa manoma shiga gonakin gama-gari, waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu haƙƙin mallaka na tsakiya.

A karshen yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, karfin jam'iyyar gurguzu ya karu sosai.Babban rundunonin nasu ya karu zuwa dakaru miliyan 1.2, tare da ƙarin sojoji miliyan 2, jimlar sojoji miliyan 3.2.Yankinsu na ‘Yanci’ a shekarar 1945 ya ƙunshi yankuna 19 da suka haɗa da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama’arta;wannan ya haɗa da manyan garuruwa da birane masu yawa.Haka kuma, Tarayyar Soviet ta mayar da dukkan makamanta na Japan da ta kama da kuma wani adadi mai yawa na kayayyakin da suka mallaka ga 'yan gurguzu, wadanda suka karbi Arewa maso Gabashin kasar Sin daga hannun Soviets kuma.A cikin Maris 1946, duk da maimaita buƙatun da Chiang ya yi, sojojin Soviet Red Army karkashin jagorancin Marshal Rodion Malinovsky sun ci gaba da jinkirta janyewa daga Manchuria, yayin da Malinovsky ya gaya wa dakarun CCP a asirce cewa su matsa a bayansu, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa. kula da yankin arewa maso gabas.Ko da yake Janar Marshall ya bayyana cewa bai san wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Tarayyar Soviet ce ke ba da CCP ba, amma hukumar ta CCP ta iya yin amfani da dimbin makaman da Japanawa suka yi watsi da su, gami da wasu tankokin yaki.Lokacin da ɗimbin ƙwararrun sojojin KMT suka fara sauya sheka zuwa sojojin kwaminisanci, a ƙarshe CCP ta sami damar samun fifikon abin duniya.Katin kati na ƙarshe na CCP shine manufar sake fasalin ƙasa.Wannan ya jawo ɗimbin adadin marasa ƙasa da yunwa a ƙauye zuwa tafarkin gurguzu.Wannan dabarar ta baiwa CCP damar samun damar samar da ma'aikata kusan marar iyaka don dalilai na yaƙi da dabaru;duk da cewa an samu hasarar rayuka a duk tsawon yakin yaƙin, ma'aikatan sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa.Misali, a lokacin yakin Huaihai kadai, CCP ta iya tattara manoma 5,430,000 don yakar sojojin KMT.

Bayan yakin da Japanawa ya kawo karshe, Chiang Kai-shek ya gaggauta tura sojojin KMT zuwa sabbin yankunan da aka kwato domin hana sojojin kwaminisanci samun mika wuya na Japan.Amurka ta yi jigilar sojojin KMT da yawa daga tsakiyar China zuwa arewa maso gabas (Manchuria).Yin amfani da kalmar "karɓar mika wuya na Japan," sha'awar kasuwanci a cikin gwamnatin KMT sun mamaye yawancin bankuna, masana'antu da kaddarorin kasuwanci, waɗanda Sojojin Japan na Imperial suka kwace a baya.Sun kuma shigar da sojoji cikin hanzari daga farar hula da tattara kayayyaki, suna shirye-shiryen sake komawa yaƙi da 'yan gurguzu.Wannan shiri na gaggawa da tsautsayi ya jawo wa mazauna garuruwa irin su Shanghai wahala matuka, inda yawan marasa aikin yi ya karu zuwa kashi 37.5 cikin dari.Amurka tana goyon bayan dakarun Kuomintang sosai.Kimanin sojojin Amurka 50,000 ne aka tura su gadin manyan wurare a Hebei da Shandong a Operation Beleaguer.Amurka tana ba wa sojojin KMT kayan aiki tare da horar da su, sannan ta dawo da Japanawa da Koriya don taimakawa sojojin KMT su mamaye yankunan da aka kwato tare da mamaye yankunan da 'yan gurguzu ke iko da su.A cewar William Blum, taimakon na Amurka ya haɗa da adadi mai yawa na yawancin rarar kayan soja, kuma an ba da lamuni ga KMT.A cikin kasa da shekaru biyu bayan yakin Sino-Japan, KMT ta sami dala biliyan 4.43 daga Amurka - mafi yawansu taimakon soja ne.

Yayin da tattaunawar da aka yi bayan yakin da aka yi tsakanin gwamnatin ‘yan kishin kasa a Nanjing da jam’iyyar gurguzu ta kasa, yakin basasa tsakanin wadannan bangarorin biyu ya sake komawa.Ana kiran wannan mataki na yaki a babban yankin kasar Sin da kuma tarihin kwaminisanci a matsayin "Yakin 'Yanci".A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1946, Chiang Kai-shek ya kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki kan yankin 'yan gurguzu a arewacin kasar Sin tare da birged 113 (jimlar sojoji miliyan 1.6).Wannan ya nuna matakin farko na mataki na karshe a yakin basasar kasar Sin.Sanin rashin amfanin su a cikin ƙarfin ma'aikata da kayan aiki, CCP ta aiwatar da dabarun "kare mai wucewa".Ta nisanci wurare masu karfi na sojojin KMT kuma ta shirya yin watsi da yankin domin kare dakarunta.A galibin yankunan karkara da ƙananan garuruwa sun shiga ƙarƙashin ikon gurguzu tun kafin biranen.CCP ta kuma yi yunƙurin lalata sojojin KMT gwargwadon iko.Wannan dabara ta zama kamar ta yi nasara;bayan shekara guda, ma'aunin wutar lantarki ya zama mafi dacewa ga CCP.Sun shafe sojojin KMT miliyan 1.12, yayin da karfinsu ya kai kimanin mutane miliyan biyu.A cikin Maris 1947 KMT ta sami nasara ta alama ta kwace babban birnin CCP na Yan'an.'Yan gurguzu sun mayar da martani ba da jimawa ba;a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1947 sojojin CCP sun haye kogin Yellow kuma suka koma yankin tsaunin Dabie, suka sake dawo da su kuma suka bunkasa Tsakiyar Tsakiya.A sa'i daya kuma, sojojin kwaminisanci su ma sun fara kai farmaki a arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin, da arewacin kasar Sin da kuma gabashin kasar Sin.

Sifen na Changchun wani shingen soja ne da sojojin 'yantar da jama'a suka yi wa birnin Changchun a tsakanin watan Mayu da Oktoba na shekarar 1948, birni mafi girma a Manchuria a lokacin, kuma daya daga cikin hedkwatar sojojin Jamhuriyar Sin a arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin.Ya kasance daya daga cikin kamfen mafi tsayi a yakin Liaoshen na yakin basasar kasar Sin.Ga gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa, faduwar Changchun ya bayyana karara cewa KMT ba ta da ikon rike Manchuria.Da sauri PLA ta ci birnin Shenyang da sauran Manchuria.Yakin da CCP ta yi amfani da shi a duk lokacin yakin neman zabe a yankin Arewa maso Gabas ya yi nasara sosai, wanda ya rage yawan sojojin KMT da kuma sauya daidaiton iko.

Yakin Liaoshen shi ne na farko daga cikin manyan kamfen na soji guda uku (tare da yakin Huaihai da yakin Pingjin) da rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar gurguzu (PLA) ta kaddamar kan gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa ta Kuomintang a lokacin karshen yakin basasar kasar Sin.An kawo karshen yakin neman zaben ne bayan da dakarun 'yan kishin kasa suka sha kashi a duk fadin kasar Manchuria, inda suka yi asarar manyan biranen Jinzhou, Changchun, da Shenyang a cikin wannan tsari, wanda ya kai ga kwace daukacin birnin Manchuria daga hannun dakarun gurguzu.Nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haifar da 'yan gurguzu suna samun fa'ida ta dabarar ƙima fiye da masu kishin ƙasa a karon farko a tarihinta.

Bayan faduwar Jinan ga 'yan gurguzu a ranar 24 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1948, PLA ta fara shirin yin wani gagarumin yakin neman shiga sauran dakarun 'yan kishin kasa a lardin Shandong da kuma babbar rundunarsu a Xuzhou.Dangane da tabarbarewar yanayin soji a yankin Arewa maso Gabas, gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa ta yanke shawarar tura sassan biyu na hanyar dogo ta Tianjin-Pukou don hana PLA zuwa kudu zuwa kogin Yangtze.Du Yuming, kwamandan sansanin 'yan kishin kasa a Xuzhou, ya yanke shawarar kai hari ga sojojin filin tsakiya na Plains, tare da kwace muhimman shingayen binciken jiragen kasa don karya shingen da aka yi wa sojojin na bakwai.Duk da haka, Chiang Kai-shek da Liu Zhi sun yi watsi da shirinsa na cewa suna da haɗari sosai, kuma sun ba da umarnin Garrison Xuzhou da su kubutar da sojojin na 7 kai tsaye.'Yan kwaminisanci sun yi hasashen wannan matakin daga kyakkyawar fahimta da tunani mai kyau, inda aka tura fiye da rabin rundunar sojojin da ke gabashin kasar Sin don dakile ayyukan agaji.Rundunar ta 7 ta yi nasarar tsayuwar kwanaki 16 ba tare da kayan aiki ba da kuma karin kayan aiki tare da jikkata sojojin PLA 49,000 kafin a lalata su.Da babu runduna ta bakwai, gabacin Xuzhou ya fuskanci harin gurguzu.Mai goyon bayan kwaminisanci a cikin gwamnatin kishin kasa ya yi nasarar shawo kan Chiang ya mayar da hedikwatar 'yan kishin kasa zuwa kudu.A halin da ake ciki kuma, Rundunar 'Yan Kwaminisanci ta Tsakiyar Filin Sojin ta kame Sojoji na 12 na 'yan kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Huang Wei da ke fitowa daga Henan a matsayin karin taimako.Dakarun na takwas na Janar Liu Ruming da na Lieutenant Janar Li Yannian na shida sun yi kokarin karya kewayen 'yan gurguzu amma abin ya ci tura.Sojoji na goma sha biyu kuma sun daina wanzuwa bayan kusan wata guda na rikice-rikice na zubar da jini, tare da yawancin sabbin fursunonin yaki na 'yan kishin kasa da suka shiga cikin sojojin kwaminisanci maimakon.Chiang Kai-shek ya yi kokarin ceton sojojin na 12, ya kuma umarci dakaru ukun da ke karkashin hedkwatar rundunar 'yan ta'adda ta Xuzhou Garrison da su juya kudu maso gabas tare da sauke sojojin na 12 kafin lokaci ya kure a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1948. Duk da haka, sojojin PLA sun kama. tare da su kuma an kewaye su da nisan mil 9 kawai daga Xuzhou.A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, wato ranar da aka kawar da sojoji na 12, sojojin na 16 karkashin Janar Sun Yuanliang sun balle daga yankin 'yan gurguzu da kansu.A ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1949, sojojin gurguzu sun kaddamar da wani farmaki na gama-gari a kan runduna ta 13 da ragowar sojoji na 13 suka janye zuwa yankin kariya na soja na 2.Runduna ta 6 da ta 8 ta ROC ta ja da baya zuwa kudancin kogin Huai, kuma an kawo karshen yakin.Yayin da PLA ta tunkari Yangtze, yunƙurin ya karkata gaba ɗaya zuwa ɓangaren kwaminisanci.Ba tare da ingantattun matakan yaki da PLA ba a duk fadin Yangtze, gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa a Nanjing ta fara rasa goyon bayansu daga Amurka, yayin da taimakon sojan Amurka ya tsaya a hankali.

Ya zuwa lokacin sanyi na shekarar 1948, daidaiton iko a Arewacin kasar Sin ya fara canjawa zuwa ga rundunar 'yantar da jama'a.Yayin da rundunar sojan gurguzu ta hudu karkashin jagorancin Lin Biao da Luo Ronghuan suka shiga yankin arewacin kasar Sin bayan kammala yakin Liaoshen, Fu Zuoyi da gwamnatin kasar Nanjing sun yanke shawarar yin watsi da Chengde, Baoding, Shanhai Pass da Qinhuangdao tare, tare da janye sauran Dakarun 'yan kishin kasa zuwa Beiping, Tianjin da Zhangjiakou tare da karfafa tsaro a cikin wadannan sansanonin.Masu kishin kasa sun yi fatan kiyaye karfinsu tare da karfafa Xuzhou inda wani babban gangamin ke kan hanyarsa, ko kuma komawa lardin Suiyuan da ke kusa idan ya cancanta.A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1948, sojojin 'yantar da jama'a sun kai hari kan Zhangjiakou.Nan take Fu Zuoyi ya umarci Sojoji na 35 na masu kishin kasa a Beiping da na 104 na Huailai da su karfafa birnin.A ranar 2 ga Disamba, Sojojin Filin na biyu na PLA sun fara tunkarar Zhuolu.Sojojin Filin na huɗu na PLA sun kama Miyun a ranar 5 ga Disamba kuma suka ci gaba zuwa Huailai.A halin da ake ciki, sojojin filin na biyu sun yi gaba zuwa kudancin Zhuolu.Yayin da Beiping ke cikin hadarin kewaye, Fu ya tuna da sojojin na 35 da na 104 daga Zhangjiakou da su dawo su ba da goyon bayan kare Beiping kafin PLA ta "kawaye su da lalata su".A lokacin da suka dawo daga Zhangjiakou, sojojin 'yan kishin kasa na 35 sun sami kansu a kewaye da sojojin kwaminisanci a Xinbao'an.Dakarun kwaminisanci sun kame dakarun 'yan kishin kasa daga Beiping kuma sun kasa isa birnin.Yayin da lamarin ya tabarbare, Fu Zuoyi ya yi yunkurin yin shawarwari da CCP a asirce tun daga ranar 14 ga Disamba, wanda CCP ta ki amincewa da shi a ranar 19 ga Disamba.Daga nan sai PLA ta kaddamar da farmaki kan birnin a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba tare da kwace birnin da maraice.Kwamandan Sojoji na 35 Guo Jingyun ya kashe kansa a lokacin da dakarun gurguzu suka kutsa cikin birnin, kuma an lalata sauran dakarun kishin kasa yayin da suke yunkurin komawa Zhangjiakou.Bayan kama Zhangjiakou da Xinbao'an, PLA ta fara tattara sojoji a kusa da yankin Tianjin tun daga ranar 2 ga Janairun 1949. Nan da nan bayan kammala yakin Huaihai a kudancin kasar, PLA ta kaddamar da harin karshe a Tianjin a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu.Bayan an shafe sa'o'i 29 ana gwabzawa, an kashe ko kuma an kama sojojin kasar ta 62 da na 86 da kuma sojoji 130,000 da ke sassa goma, ciki har da kwamandan 'yan kishin kasa Chen Changjie.Ragowar sojojin kishin kasa daga Rukunin Sojoji na 17 da Sojoji na 87 da suka shiga yakin sun koma kudu a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu ta hanyar ruwa.Bayan faduwar Tianjin ga sojojin kwaminisanci, rundunar 'yan kishin kasa a Beiping ta zama saniyar ware sosai.Fu Zuoyi ya kai ga yanke shawarar yin shawarwarin sulhu a ranar 21 ga Janairu.A cikin mako mai zuwa, dakaru 260,000 na 'yan kishin kasa sun fara ficewa daga birnin a cikin sa ran mika wuya nan take.A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, Sojojin Filin na 4 na PLA sun shiga birnin Beiping don karbe birnin wanda ya kawo karshen yakin.Gangamin Pingjin ya haifar da mamayar 'yan gurguzu a arewacin kasar Sin.

A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1949, wakilai daga bangarorin biyu sun gana a birnin Beijing, inda suka yi yunkurin yin shawarwarin tsagaita bude wuta.A yayin da ake ci gaba da tattaunawa, 'yan gurguzu sun ci gaba da yin atisayen soji, inda suka koma arewacin yankin Yangtze na biyu da na uku da na hudu a shirye-shiryen yakin neman zabe, suna matsawa gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa lamba.Tang Enbo ne ya jagoranci rundunar tsaron 'yan kishin kasa tare da Yangtze tare da mutane 450,000, masu kula da Jiangsu, Zhejiang da Jiangxi, yayin da Bai Chongxi ke kula da maza 250,000, yana kare yankin Yangtze daga Hukou zuwa Yichang.Tawagar 'yan gurguzu daga ƙarshe ta ba da wa'adi ga gwamnatin kishin ƙasa.Bayan da aka umarci tawagar 'yan kishin kasa da ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, PLA ta fara ketara kogin Yangtze a hankali a cikin dare guda, inda ta kai wani hari ga masu kishin kasa a tsallaken kogin.Tsakanin 20 ga Afrilu zuwa 21 ga Afrilu, mutane 300,000 daga PLA sun tsallaka daga arewa zuwa gabar kudu na kogin Yangtze.Ba da dadewa ba rundunar sojan ruwa ta kasar Sin ta biyu da kuma sansanin 'yan kishin kasa da ke Jiangyin sun sauya sheka zuwa 'yan gurguzu, lamarin da ya baiwa kungiyar PLA damar kutsawa ta hanyar tsaron 'yan kishin kasa a gabar tekun Yangtze.Yayin da PLA ta fara sauka a gefen kudu na Yangtze a ranar 22 ga Afrilu da kuma tabbatar da bakin teku, layukan tsaron 'yan kishin kasa sun fara wargajewa cikin sauri.Kamar yadda aka yi wa Nanjing barazana kai tsaye, Chiang ya ba da umarnin aiwatar da manufofin duniya yayin da dakarun 'yan kishin kasa suka koma Hangzhou da Shanghai.Dakarun PLA sun mamaye lardin Jiangsu, inda suka kama Danyang, Changzhou da Wuxi a cikin aikin.Yayin da dakarun 'yan kishin kasa suka ci gaba da ja da baya, PLA ta samu nasarar kame Nanjing a ranar 23 ga Afrilu ba tare da fuskantar turjiya ba.A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, PLA ta kama Suzhou, tare da yin barazana ga Shanghai.A halin da ake ciki, sojojin kwaminisanci da ke yamma sun fara kai farmaki kan wuraren kishin kasa a Nanchang da Wuhan.A karshen watan Mayu, Nanchang, Wuchang, Hanyang duk suna karkashin ikon 'yan gurguzu.Kungiyar PLA ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba a lardin Zhejiang, kuma ta kaddamar da yakin Shanghai a ranar 12 ga Mayu.A ranar 27 ga watan Mayu ne tsakiyar birnin Shanghai ya fada hannun 'yan gurguzu, sauran yankunan Zhejiang kuma sun fadi a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, wanda ke nuna karshen yakin tsallaken kogin Yangtze.

A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1949 da misalin karfe 3:00 na yamma ne shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin Mao Zedong ya sanar da kafa jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a dandalin Tiananmen dake birnin Peking, wanda yanzu shi ne babban birnin Beijing, babban birnin kasar Sin. China.An sanar da kafa gwamnatin jama’a ta tsakiya a karkashin jagorancin jam’iyyar CCP, gwamnatin sabuwar jihar a hukumance yayin jawabin da shugaban ya yi a wajen bikin kafuwar.A baya can, jam'iyyar CCP ta yi shelar kafa jamhuriyar Soviet a cikin yankunan da 'yan tawayen kasar Sin ba su karkashin ikon 'yan kishin kasa ba, a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1931, a Ruijin, Jiangxi tare da goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.CSR ya dau shekaru bakwai har sai da aka soke shi a 1937.An buga sabuwar taken Maris na 'yan sa kai na kasar Sin karon farko, a hukumance an kaddamar da sabuwar tutar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin (Jajan tuta mai taurari biyar) ga sabuwar al'ummar da aka kafa tare da dagawa a karon farko a lokacin. biki a matsayin gaisuwar bindiga 21 da aka harba daga nesa.Faretin soji na farko na sojojin jama'a na sabuwar rundunar 'yantar da jama'a ta lokacin ya gudana ne bayan da aka daga tutar kasar tare da kade kade na PRC.

Yakin Guningtou, wani yaki ne da aka gwabza kan Kinmen da ke mashigin Taiwan a lokacin yakin basasar kasar Sin a shekarar 1949. Rashin nasarar da 'yan gurguzu suka yi na kwace tsibirin ya bar shi a hannun Kuomintang ('yan kishin kasa) tare da murkushe damarsu ta daukar Taiwan. don rusa masu kishin kasa gaba daya a yakin.Ga sojojin ROC da suka saba ci gaba da shan kaye a kan PLA a babban yankin, nasarar da aka samu a Guningtou ya ba da kwarin gwiwa da ake bukata.Rashin nasarar da PRC ta yi na daukar Kinmen yadda ya kamata ya dakatar da ci gabanta zuwa Taiwan.Da barkewar yakin Koriya a shekara ta 1950 da kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare kai tsakanin Sin da Amurka a shekarar 1954, an dakatar da shirin kwaminisanci na mamaye Taiwan.

Janyewar da gwamnatin jamhuriyar Sin ta yi zuwa kasar Taiwan, da aka fi sani da komawar Kuomintang zuwa Taiwan, na nufin gudun hijirar da ragowar gwamnatin jamhuriyar Sin ta Kuomintang da kasashen duniya suka amince da su zuwa tsibirin Taiwan. (Formosa) a ranar 7 ga Disamba 1949 bayan da aka sha kashi a yakin basasar kasar Sin a babban yankin.Jam'iyyar Kuomintang (Jam'iyyar 'yan kishin kasa ta kasar Sin), jami'anta, da sojojin ROC kusan miliyan 2 ne suka halarci jana'izar, baya ga fararen hula da 'yan gudun hijira da dama, wadanda suka tsere daga ci gaban rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar kasar Sin ta jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP).Dakarun ROC galibi sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Taiwan ne daga lardunan kudancin kasar Sin, musamman lardin Sichuan, inda aka yi zaman karshe na babbar rundunar ROC.Jirgin zuwa Taiwan ya yi sama da watanni hudu bayan da Mao Zedong ya yi shelar kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) a birnin Beijing a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1949. Tsibirin Taiwan ya ci gaba da zama wani bangare na Japan a lokacin mamayar har sai da Japan ta yanke ikrarin yankinta. Yarjejeniyar San Francisco, wacce ta fara aiki a 1952.Bayan ja da baya, shugabannin ROC, musamman Generalissimo da shugaban kasar Chiang Kai-shek, sun yi shirin mayar da zaman na wucin gadi ne kawai, da fatan sake haduwa, da karfafawa, da kuma sake mamaye babban yankin.Wannan shiri, wanda bai taba yin tasiri ba, an san shi da "Project National Glory", kuma ya ba da fifikon kasa na ROC kan Taiwan.Da zarar ya bayyana cewa ba za a iya aiwatar da irin wannan shirin ba, sai hankalin ROC na kasa ya koma ga zamani da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Taiwan.ROC, duk da haka, na ci gaba da da'awar ikon keɓantacce a hukumance a kan babban yankin China mai CCP a yanzu.

Yaƙin Tsibirin Hainan ya faru ne a shekara ta 1950 a lokacin yaƙin basasar China na ƙarshe.Jamhuriyar Jama'ar kasar Sin (PRC) ta kai wani mummunan hari a tsibirin a tsakiyar watan Afrilu, tare da taimakon kungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta Hainan mai cin gashin kanta, wadda ke iko da yawancin cikin tsibirin, yayin da jamhuriyar Sin (ROC) ke rike da gabar teku;Sojojin nasu sun taru ne a arewa kusa da Haikou kuma an tilasta musu komawa kudu bayan saukar jiragen.'Yan gurguzu sun tsare garuruwan kudancin kasar a karshen wannan wata tare da ayyana nasara a ranar 1 ga Mayu.

Kwaminisanci da 'yan gurguzu suka yi wa tsibiran Wanshan ya kawar da barazanar 'yan kishin kasa ga muhimman layukanta na jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Hong Kong da Macau tare da murkushe katangar 'yan kishin kasa a bakin kogin Pearl.Yakin na Wanshan Archipelago shi ne karo na farko da aka hada sojoji da na ruwa ga 'yan gurguzu kuma baya ga lalata da nutsewar jiragen ruwa na 'yan kishin kasa, an kama jiragen ruwa na 'yan kishin kasa goma sha daya kuma sun ba da kadarorin tsaron gida mai kima da zarar an gyara su gaba daya kuma sun koma aikin aiki a cikin rundunar kwaminisanci.Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga nasarar ita ce dabarun da ba su dace ba na rashin shigar da manyan jiragen ruwa masu adawa da su, amma a maimakon haka, yin amfani da batura masu girma na lambobi da fasaha waɗanda 'yan gurguzu suka ji daɗin shiga gaba da makamai na ruwa da aka yi amfani da su.Tsibiri mafi girma, Trash Tail (Lajiwei, 垃圾尾) Tsibirin, an sake masa suna Laurel Mountain (Guishan, 桂山) Island, don girmama jirgin ruwan Laurel Mountain (Guishan, 桂山), jirgin ruwa mafi girma na kwaminisanci ya shiga cikin rikici.Ikon kishin ƙasa na tsibirin Wanshan ya kasance mafi yawan alama don farfagandar siyasa kuma yaƙin da ake yi don sarrafa tsibiran an ƙaddara ya gaza don wannan dalili mai sauƙi kamar yakin farko na tsibirin Na'ao: wurin ya yi nisa sosai daga. Duk wani tushe na abokantaka don haka yana da wuya a goyi bayan yaƙi, kuma lokacin da tallafin ya kasance, yana da tsada sosai.Ko da yake tsibirin mafi girma ya ba da wurin zama mai kyau, babu isasshen ƙasar da za ta gina duk wani ingantattun wurare da kayan more rayuwa don tallafawa jiragen ruwa.Sakamakon haka, yawancin gyare-gyaren da za a iya yi a cikin gida suna da ingantattun kayan aiki da abubuwan more rayuwa na buƙatar komawa zuwa sansanonin abokantaka na nesa, don haka ƙarin farashi.Lokacin da babbar barna ta faru, ana buƙatar tuƙi don jawo jirgin da ya lalace, kuma idan yaƙi ya kasa samun tulun, sai a yi watsi da tasoshin da suka lalace.Sabanin haka, 'yan gurguzu suna da cikakkun kayan aiki da abubuwan more rayuwa a cikin babban yankin kuma tun da tsibiran da ke kofar 'yan gurguzu, kawai za su iya kwato jiragen ruwa na 'yan kishin kasa da aka yi watsi da su sannan su gyara su bayan mayar da su cikin babban yankin, sannan su mayar da su hidima don yaki da su. wadanda suka mallaki wadannan jiragen ruwa, kamar yadda aka yi a jiragen ruwa goma sha daya da 'yan kishin kasa suka yi watsi da su bayan yakin.Dangane da katange bakin kogin Lu'u-lu'u, hakika ya haifar da wahalhalu ga 'yan gurguzu.Duk da haka, ana iya shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin saboda akwai kuma har yanzu akwai alaƙa tsakanin babban yankin da Hong Kong, da kuma Macau ta hanyar ƙasa, kuma ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, sojojin ruwa masu kishin ƙasa ba za su iya rufe yankin bakin teku kawai ba tare da ingantaccen kewayon ƙasar gurguzu ba. batura da ƴan gurguzu na iya ɗan ƙara ɗan ƙara zurfafawa cikin kogin Lu'u-lu'u don gujewa sojojin ruwa na ƙasa.Ko da yake wannan ya ƙara tsadar ɗan gurguzu, farashin aikin rundunar sojan ruwa da ke gudanar da wannan aiki nesa ba kusa ba daga duk wani tushe na tallafi ya fi girma kwatankwacin magana, saboda safarar gurguzu ya kasance ta hanyar katako na katako wanda kawai ke buƙatar iska. , yayin da sojojin ruwa na zamani masu kishin kasa suka bukaci fiye da haka, kamar man fetur da kayan kula.Yawancin masu kishin kasa da kwamandojin sojan ruwa sun yi nuni da wannan hasarar tare da rashi na geographically (watau rashin cikakken kayan aiki da kayayyakin more rayuwa), cikin hikima da kuma daidai ba da shawarar janyewa daga tsibiran Wanshan domin karfafa tsaro a wasu wurare, amma buƙatunsu sun kasance. aka musanta saboda riƙe wani abu a matakin ƙofar abokan gaba zai kasance yana da ma'anar alama ta babbar fa'idar farfagandar siyasa, amma lokacin da faɗuwar da ba makawa ta faru a ƙarshe, bala'in da ya haifar ya yi watsi da duk wata nasarar da ta samu a farfagandar siyasa da ta hankali.

Mafi akasarin masu lura da al'amura sun yi tsammanin daga karshe gwamnatin Chiang za ta fada cikin shirin mamaye Taiwan da sojojin 'yantar da jama'a suka yi, kuma tun da farko Amurka ta yi watsi da bayar da cikakken goyon baya ga Chiang a matsayinta na karshe.Shugaban kasar Amurka Harry S. Truman ya sanar a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1950 cewa Amurka ba za ta shiga duk wata takaddama da ta shafi mashigin tekun Taiwan ba, kuma ba za ta tsoma baki a harin da PRC ta kai ba.Truman, yana neman yin amfani da yuwuwar rarrabuwar kawuna irin na Titoist na Sino-Soviet, ya sanar a cikin manufofinsa na Amurka game da Formosa cewa, Amurka za ta yi biyayya ga sanarwar da Alkahira ta ayyana Taiwan a matsayin yankin kasar Sin kuma ba za ta taimaka wa masu kishin kasa ba.Koyaya, shugabancin gurguzu bai san wannan canjin siyasa ba, a maimakon haka ya ƙara zama maƙiya ga Amurka.Al'amarin ya canza da sauri bayan fara yakin Koriya ba zato ba tsammani a watan Yunin 1950. Wannan ya haifar da sauya yanayin siyasa a Amurka, kuma shugaba Truman ya umarci jirgin ruwa na bakwai na Amurka da ya tashi zuwa mashigin Taiwan a matsayin wani bangare na manufofin kamewa ga yuwuwar kwaminisanci. gaba.A cikin watan Yunin 1949, ROC ta ba da sanarwar "rufe" dukkan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin da sojojin ruwanta sun yi kokarin katse dukkan jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje.Rufewar ta kasance daga wani wuri arewa da bakin kogin Min a Fujian zuwa bakin kogin Liao a Liaoning.Tun da yake ba a bunkasuwar hanyar layin dogo na babban yankin kasar Sin ba, kasuwancin arewa da kudu ya dogara sosai kan hanyoyin teku.Har ila yau, ayyukan sojojin ruwa na ROC sun haifar da wahala ga masuntan yankin kasar Sin.A lokacin da jamhuriyar Sin ta koma Taiwan, sojojin KMT, wadanda ba za su iya komawa Taiwan ba, an bar su a baya tare da hada kai da 'yan fashi na cikin gida domin yakar 'yan gurguzu.An kawar da waɗannan ragowar KMT a cikin Kamfen na murkushe masu adawa da juyin juya hali da kuma Kamfen na murkushe 'yan fashi.Samun nasarar kasar Sin a shekarar 1950, kuma bayan hadewar Tibet, CCP ta mallaki dukkan fadin kasar a karshen shekarar 1951 (ban da Kinmen da tsibirin Matsu).