Daular Bulgaria ta farko

Sassan Gabashin Balkan Peninsula sun kasance a zamanin da da Thracians suke zama rukuni na kabilun Indo-Turai.Gaba dayan yankin har zuwa arewacin kogin Danube a hankali an shigar da shi cikin daular Roma a karni na farko AZ.Rugujewar daular Roma bayan karni na 3 CE da ci gaba da mamaye Goths da Huns sun bar yankin ya lalace, ya lalace da koma bayan tattalin arziki a karni na 5.Rabin da ke rayuwa a gabashin daular Roma, wanda masana tarihi daga baya suka kira daular Byzantine, ba za su iya gudanar da iko mai inganci a wadannan yankuna ba in ban da yankunan bakin teku da wasu garuruwa a cikin gida.Duk da haka, bai taba barin wannan da'awar ba ga dukkan yankin har zuwa Danube.Jerin gyare-gyare na gudanarwa, majalisa, soja da tattalin arziki sun ɗan inganta yanayin amma duk da waɗannan sauye-sauyen an ci gaba da ci gaba a yawancin ƙasashen Balkan.Mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Justinian I (r. 527-565) ya ga farfadowa na wucin gadi na sarrafawa da sake gina wasu sanduna da dama amma bayan mutuwarsa daular ta kasa fuskantar barazanar Slavs saboda gagarumin raguwar kudaden shiga da ma'aikata.

An fara ambata Slavs, na asalin Indo-Turai, a rubuce-rubucen madogara don su zauna a yankunan arewacin Danube a karni na 5 AZ amma yawancin masana tarihi sun yarda cewa sun zo da farko.Rikicin Slavic a cikin Balkans ya karu a lokacin rabi na biyu na mulkin Justinian I kuma yayin da waɗannan ke fara kai hare-hare, an fara sasantawa a cikin 570s da 580s.An cinye shi a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe masu ɗaci da Daular Sasaniya ta Farisa a gabas, Rumawa suna da ƴan albarkatu da za su fuskanci Slavs.Slavs sun zo da yawa kuma rashin tsarin siyasa ya sa ya zama da wuya a dakatar da su saboda babu wani shugaban siyasa da zai ci nasara a yakin kuma ta haka ne ya tilasta musu ja da baya.

Bulgars sun kasance kabilun mayaka na makiyaya na Turkawa wadanda suka yi girma a cikin Pontic-Caspian steppe da yankin Volga a cikin karni na 7.An san su a matsayin ƴan dawaki na makiyaya a yankin Volga-Ural, amma wasu masu bincike sun ce tushensu na iya samo asali ne daga tsakiyar Asiya.Sun yi magana da wani nau'i na Turanci a matsayin babban harshensu.Bulgars sun haɗa da kabilun Onugurs, Utigurs da Kutrigurs, da sauransu.Na farko bayyanannen ambaton Bulgars a cikin rubuce-rubucen madogararsa ya samo asali daga 480, lokacin da suka yi aiki a matsayin abokan kawancen Sarkin Byzantine Zeno.A farkon rabin karni na 6, Bulgars a wasu lokatai sun kai hari daular Byzantine.

Yayin da karfin Turawan Yamma ya dushe a cikin 600s Avars sun sake tabbatar da mamayarsu a kan Bulgars.Tsakanin 630 zuwa 635 Khan Kubrat na dangin Dulo ya sami damar haɗa manyan kabilun Bulgar da kuma bayyana 'yancin kai daga Avars, suna samar da wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi da ake kira Old Great Bulgaria , wanda kuma aka sani da Patria Onoguria, tsakanin Bahar Black, Tekun Azov da Caucasus.Kubrat, wanda aka yi masa baftisma a Konstantinoful a shekara ta 619, ya kulla yarjejeniya da Sarkin Rumawa Heraclius (r. 610-641) kuma kasashen biyu sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin kyakkyawar alaka har zuwa mutuwar Kubrat tsakanin 650 da 665. Kubrat ya yi yaki da Khazars a gabas amma Bayan rasuwarsa Tsohon Great Bulgaria ya tarwatse a karkashin matsin lamba na Khazar a 668 kuma 'ya'yansa biyar sun rabu da mabiyansu.Babban Batbayan ya kasance a ƙasarsa a matsayin magajin Kubrat kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Khazar vassal.Ɗan'uwa na biyu Kotrag ya yi hijira zuwa tsakiyar Volga yankin kuma ya kafa Volga Bulgaria.Ɗan'uwa na uku Asparuh ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa yammacin Danube.Na huɗu, Kuber, da farko ya zauna a Pannonia a ƙarƙashin Avar suzerainty amma ya yi tawaye ya koma yankin Makidoniya, yayin da ɗan'uwa na biyar Alcek ya zauna a tsakiyar Italiya.

Bulgars na Asparuh sun koma yamma zuwa yankin Bessarabia a yanzu, sun mamaye yankunan arewacin Danube a Wallachia na zamani, suka kafa kansu a cikin Danube Delta.A cikin 670s sun ketare Danube zuwa Scythia Minor, wanda aka fi sani da lardin Byzantine, wanda filayen ciyayi da wuraren kiwo na da mahimmanci ga manyan garken garken Bulgars ban da wuraren kiwo zuwa yammacin kogin Dniester da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu.

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Bulgars da Slavs na gida lamari ne na muhawara dangane da fassarar tushen Byzantine.Vasil Zlatarski ya tabbatar da cewa sun kulla yarjejeniya amma yawancin masana tarihi sun yarda cewa an yi su ne.Bulgars sun kasance mafi girma a kungiyance da soja kuma sun zo ne don mamaye sabuwar jihar a siyasance amma akwai hadin gwiwa tsakanin su da Slavs don kare kasar.An ƙyale Slavs su riƙe shugabanninsu, su bi al'adun su kuma a cikin haka za su biya haraji a cikin nau'i da kuma samar da sojojin ƙafa ga sojojin.Ƙabilun Slavic Bakwai an ƙaura zuwa yamma don kare kan iyaka da Avar Khaganate, yayin da aka sake tsugunar da Severi a cikin tsaunukan Balkan na gabas don kiyaye hanyar zuwa daular Byzantine.Yawan Bulgars na Asparuh yana da wuyar ƙididdigewa.Vasil Zlatarski da John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. sun ba da shawarar cewa ba su da yawa musamman, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai 10,000, yayin da Steven Runciman ya ɗauka cewa ƙabilar ta kasance tana da girma sosai.Bulgars dai sun zauna ne musamman a arewa maso gabas, inda suka kafa babban birnin kasar a Pliska, wanda da farko wani katafaren sansani ne mai nisan kilomita 23 da aka ba shi kariya da katangar kasa.

A cikin 680 Sarkin Rumawa Constantine IV, bayan da ya ci Larabawa kwanan nan, ya jagoranci wani balaguro a kan babbar runduna da jiragen ruwa don korar Bulgars amma ya sha wahala a hannun Asparuh a Onglos, yanki mai fadama a ciki ko kusa. yankin Danube Delta inda ’yan Bulgar suka kafa sansani.Yaƙin Ongal ya faru ne a lokacin rani na 680 a yankin Ongal, wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba a ciki da kuma kewayen Danube delta kusa da tsibirin Peuce, gundumar Tulcea na yanzu, Romania.An gwabza tsakanin ’yan Bulgars, wadanda suka mamaye yankin Balkan kwanan nan, da kuma daular Rumawa, wadda a karshe ta yi rashin nasara a yakin.Yaƙin ya kasance mai mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar daular Bulgarian ta farko.

Nasarar Asparuh ta kai ga nasarar da Bulgaria ta yi wa Moesia da kuma kafa wani nau'i na kawance tsakanin Bulgars da kungiyoyin Slavic na gida (wanda aka kwatanta da Severi da Bakwai Slavic kabilu).Kamar yadda Asparuh ya fara kai farmaki ta tsallaka tsaunuka zuwa cikin Byzantine Thrace a shekara ta 681, Constantine IV ya yanke shawarar yanke asararsa tare da kulla yarjejeniya, ta yadda Daular Rumawa ta biya Bulgars harajin shekara-shekara.Ana ganin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a baya kamar yadda aka kafa kasar Bulgaria da kuma amincewa da Daular Byzantine.

A arewa maso gabas yaki da Khazars ya ci gaba kuma a cikin 700 Khan Asparuh ya halaka a yaƙi da su.Duk da wannan koma-baya, an ci gaba da dunkulewar kasar a karkashin magajin Asparuh, Khan Tervel (r. 700-721).A shekara ta 705 ya taimaka wa Sarkin Rumawa Justinian na II da aka hambarar don dawo da gadon sarautarsa ​​don neman yankin Zagore na Arewacin Thrace, fadada na farko na Bulgaria zuwa kudancin tsaunin Balkan.Bugu da ƙari, Tervel ya sami lakabin Kaisar kuma, bayan an naɗa shi gadon sarauta tare da Sarkin sarakuna, ya karɓi biyayyar ɗan ƙasa na Konstantinoful da kyaututtuka masu yawa.

Duk da haka, bayan shekaru uku, Justinian ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da yankin da aka ba shi da karfi, amma sojojinsa sun ci nasara a Anchialus.Rikici ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 716 lokacin da Khan Tervel ya sanya hannu kan wata muhimmiyar yarjejeniya tare da Byzantium wanda ya ayyana iyakoki da harajin Rumawa, daidaita dangantakar kasuwanci da kuma samar da musayar fursunoni da masu gudun hijira.

A ranar 25 ga Mayu 717, Leo III ɗan Isaurian ya zama Sarkin Byzantium.A lokacin bazara na wannan shekarar Larabawa , karkashin jagorancin Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, suka ketare Dardanelles suka kewaye Konstantinoful tare da babban sojoji da sojojin ruwa.Leo III ya roki Tervel don neman taimako, yana dogara ga yarjejeniyar 716, kuma Tervel ya amince.Rikicin farko da aka yi tsakanin ’yan kabilar Bulgar da Larabawa ya kare da samun nasara a kan Bulgar.A cikin matakin farko na wannan kawanya, 'yan Bulgar sun bayyana a bayan musulmi kuma an lalata yawancin sojojinsu, sauran kuma sun makale.Larabawa sun gina ramuka biyu a kusa da sansaninsu da ke fuskantar sojojin Bulgaria da katangar birnin.Sun dage tare da kewaye duk da tsananin sanyi tare da dusar ƙanƙara kwanaki 100.A cikin bazara, sojojin ruwa na Rumawa sun lalata jiragen ruwa na Larabawa da suka zo da sabbin kayayyaki da kayan aiki, yayin da sojojin Rumawa suka fatattaki sojojin Larabawa a Bitiniya.A ƙarshe, a farkon lokacin rani Larabawa sun yi yaƙi da Bulgars amma sun sha kashi sosai.A cewar Theophanes the Confessor, Bulgars sun kashe wasu Larabawa kusan 22,000 a yakin.Ba da jimawa ba, Larabawa sun tayar da kewaye.Yawancin masana tarihi sun danganta nasarar Byzantine-Bulgaria tare da dakatar da hare-haren Larabawa a kan Turai.

A shekara ta 719, Tervel ya sake tsoma baki cikin harkokin cikin gida na Daular Byzantine lokacin da hambararren sarki Anastasios na biyu ya nemi taimakonsa don ya dawo kan karagar mulki.Tervel ya ba shi sojoji da tsabar zinare 360,000.Anastasios ya yi tattaki zuwa Konstantinoful, amma jama'arta sun ki ba da hadin kai.A halin da ake ciki Leo III ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Tervel inda ya bukace shi da ya mutunta yarjejeniyar kuma ya fifita zaman lafiya maimakon yaki.Saboda magoya bayansa sun yi watsi da Anastasios, mai mulkin Bulgaria ya amince da roƙon Leo III kuma ya karya dangantaka da mai amfani.Ya kuma aika da Leo III da yawa daga cikin maharan da suka nemi mafaka a Pliska.

Bisa ga Nominalia na Bulgarian khans (Imennik), Kormesiy zai yi sarauta na shekaru 28 kuma ya kasance zuriyar dangin Dulo na sarauta.Bisa ga tarihin tarihin da Moskov ya inganta, Kormesiy zai yi mulki 715-721, kuma tsawon lokacin da aka nuna a cikin Imennik zai nuna tsawon rayuwarsa ko kuma ya hada da lokacin tarayya da magabata.Sauran tarihin tarihin zamanin Kormesiy zuwa 721-738 amma ba za a iya daidaita su da bayanan Imennik ba.An ci karo da Kormesiy dangane da abubuwan da suka shafi yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Bulgaria da Daular Byzantine tsakanin 715 zuwa 717 - dole ne a yi jayayya da tarihin tarihin daga sunayen Sarkin sarakuna da sarki da abin da ya shafa - wanda kawai tushen mu shine marubucin Byzantine Theophanes Mai shaida.A cewar Theophanes, Kormesiy ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar a matsayin mai mulkin Bulgars.Ba a ambaci Kormesiy a cikin wani mahallin tarihi ba.Kasancewar babu wani tarihin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Bulgeriya da Daular Rumawa a zamanin mulkinsa, hakan na nuni da cewa ya dore da zaman lafiya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.

Sevar ya kasance mai mulkin Bulgaria a karni na 8.Nominalia na Bulgarian Khans ya bayyana cewa Sevar na dangin Dulo ne kuma ya yi mulki na shekaru 15.Wasu tarihin tarihi sun sanya sarautarsa ​​a cikin 738-754.A cewar masana tarihi irin su Steven Runciman da David Marshall Lang, Sevar shine sarki na ƙarshe na daular Dulo kuma tare da Sevar ya mutu daga zuriyar Attila the Hun.

Tare da rasuwar Khan Sevar 'yan kabilar Dulo mai mulki sun mutu sannan kuma Khanate ya fada cikin wani dogon rikicin siyasa wanda kasar ta ke daf da rugujewa.A cikin shekaru goma sha biyar kacal Khans bakwai suka yi sarauta, kuma an kashe su duka.Abubuwan da suka tsira daga wannan lokacin sune Byzantine kuma suna gabatar da ra'ayi na Byzantine kawai na rikice-rikicen siyasa da ya biyo baya a Bulgaria .Sun bayyana bangarorin biyu da ke fafutukar neman mulki - daya ne ke neman alakar lumana da Daular, wacce ta mamaye har zuwa 755, da kuma wacce ta fifita yaki.Wadannan kafofin sun gabatar da dangantaka da Daular Byzantine a matsayin babban batu a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya na cikin gida kuma ba su ambaci wasu dalilai ba, wanda zai iya zama mafi mahimmanci ga ƙwararrun Bulgaria.Mai yiyuwa ne dangantakar da ke tsakanin Bulgars masu rinjaye a siyasance da kuma Slavs masu yawa shine babban batun da ke tattare da gwagwarmaya amma babu wata shaida game da manufofin ƙungiyoyin da ke gaba da juna.

Kormisosh ya kasance mai mulkin Bulgaria a cikin karni na 8.Jerin sunayen sarakunan Bulgaria ya bayyana cewa shi dan kabilar Ukil (ko Vokil) ne kuma ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 17.Dangane da tarihin tarihin da Moskov ya haɓaka, Kormisosh zai yi sarauta daga 737 zuwa 754. Sauran tarihin tarihi sun sanya mulkinsa a cikin 753-756, amma ba za a iya daidaita shi da shaidar "mai suna" ba (ko kuma zai buƙaci mu ɗauka tsawon lokaci na lokaci mai tsawo. tsarin mulki)."Mai suna" ya jaddada gaskiyar cewa hawan Kormisosh yana wakiltar sauyin daular, amma har yanzu ba a san ko an yi hakan ta hanyar tashin hankali ba.Mulkin Kormisosh ya kaddamar da wani dogon lokaci na yaki tare da Daular Byzantine.Sarkin Rumawa Constantine V Kopronymos ya fara ƙarfafa iyaka kuma ya fara daidaita Armeniyawa da Siriyawa a cikin Byzantine Thrace.A mayar da martani Kormisosh ya bukaci a biya haraji, watakila ya haifar da karuwar kudaden gargajiya.Da aka soke, Kormisosh ya kai hari cikin Thrace, ya kai bangon Anastasian da ke tsakanin Bahar Black Sea da Tekun Marmara mai nisan kilomita 40 a gaban Constantinople.Constantine V ya fita tare da sojojinsa, ya ci Bulgarians kuma ya juya su gudu.

Vineh ya kasance mai mulkin Bulgaria a tsakiyar karni na 8.Bisa ga Nominalia na Bulgarian khans, Vineh ya yi sarauta na tsawon shekaru bakwai kuma ya kasance dan kabilar Vokil.Vineh ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan cin kashin da magajinsa Kormisosh ya yi da Sarkin Gabas na Romawa Constantine V. A c.756 Constantine ya yi yaƙi da Bulgaria ta ƙasa da ruwa kuma ya ci nasara da sojojin Bulgaria karkashin jagorancin Vineh a Marcellae (Karnobat).Sarkin da ya sha kaye ya kai kara domin a samu zaman lafiya kuma ya dauki nauyin tura ‘ya’yan nasa a matsayin garkuwa.A cikin 759 Constantine ya sake mamaye Bulgaria, amma a wannan karon sojojinsa sun yi kwanton bauna a mashigin dutse na Stara Planina (yakin Rishki Pass).Vineh bai bi nasararsa ba kuma ya nemi sake kafa zaman lafiya.Wannan ya ci nasarar Vineh adawar ’yan mulkin Bulgaria, wadanda suka kashe Vineh tare da danginsa, in ban da Maguzawan Bulgaria.

Tsakanin shekara ta 755 zuwa 775, Sarkin Rumawa Constantine V ya shirya fafutuka tara don kawar da Bulgaria kuma ko da yake ya yi nasarar kayar da Bulgaria sau da yawa, amma bai taba cimma burinsa ba.A cikin 759, sarki ya jagoranci sojoji zuwa Bulgaria, amma Khan Vinekh yana da isasshen lokaci don hana hawan dutse da yawa.Lokacin da Rumawa suka isa mashigin Rishki, an yi musu kwanton bauna, aka ci su gaba daya.Masanin tarihin Bizantine Theophanes the Confessor ya rubuta cewa Bulgarian sun kashe dabarun Thrace Leo, kwamandan wasan kwaikwayo, da sojoji da yawa.Khan Vinekh bai yi amfani da damar da ya dace don ci gaba a yankin abokan gaba ba kuma ya kai karar zaman lafiya.Wannan aikin ba shi da farin jini sosai a tsakanin manyan mutane kuma an kashe Khan a cikin 761.

Telets, memba na dangin Ugain, shine mai mulkin Bulgaria daga 762 zuwa 765. Majiyoyin Byzantine sun nuna cewa Telets ya maye gurbin masu mulki na Bulgaria .Majiyoyi iri ɗaya sun bayyana Telets a matsayin jarumi kuma mutum mai kuzari a cikin farkon sa (kimanin shekaru 30).Masana sun yi la'akari da cewa Telets na iya kasancewa na ƙungiyar anti-Slavic na manyan mutanen Bulgaria.

Bayan hawansa, Telets ya jagoranci rundunonin da aka horar da su sosai a kan Daular Rumawa tare da lalata yankin iyakar daular, inda ya gayyaci sarki zuwa gasa na karfi.Sarkin sarakuna Constantine V Kopronymos ya yi tattaki zuwa arewa a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni, 763, yayin da wata runduna ta dauki nauyin jiragen ruwa 800 (kowace ta na dauke da sojoji da mahayan dawakai 12) da nufin haifar da motsi daga arewa.Babban dan Bulgarian Khan da farko ya hana hawan dutse tare da sojojinsa da wasu dakarun Slavic dubu ashirin kuma ya dauki matsayi masu kyau a kan tuddai kusa da Anchialus, amma amincewa da kansa da rashin haƙuri ya sa shi ya gangara zuwa ƙananan wurare ya caje abokan gaba.An fara yakin ne da karfe 10 na safe kuma har zuwa faduwar rana.Ya yi tsayi da jini, amma a ƙarshe Rumawa sun yi nasara, ko da yake sun yi asarar sojoji da manyan mutane da kwamandoji da yawa.Har ila yau, 'yan Bulgaria sun sami raunuka masu yawa kuma an kama mutane da yawa, yayin da Telets ya yi nasarar tserewa.Constantine V ya shiga babban birninsa cikin nasara sannan ya kashe fursunonin.Sakamakon Telets ya kasance irin wannan: bayan shekaru biyu an kashe shi saboda shan kashi.

Duk da samun nasarar kayar da 'yan Bulgaria sau da yawa, Rumawa ba su iya cin nasara a Bulgaria ba, ko kuma tilasta musu suzerainty da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa, wanda shaida ce ga juriya, ƙwarewar fada da haɗin kai na akidar kasar Bulgaria.Barnar da aka kawo wa ƙasar ta kamfen tara na Constantine V ya ƙarfafa Slavs a bayan Bulgars kuma ya ƙaru da ƙiyayya na Rumawa, ya mai da Bulgaria ta zama maƙwabcin abokan gaba.Rikicin ya ci gaba har zuwa 792 lokacin da Khan Kardam ya samu gagarumar nasara a yakin Marcellae, wanda ya tilasta wa Rumawa sake ba da kyauta ga Khans.Sakamakon nasarar da aka samu, an shawo kan rikicin, kuma Bulgaria ta shiga sabon karni, da ƙarfi, da kuma ƙarfafawa.

Yunkurin da Rumawa ya yi don ƙarfafa ikonsu a kan Slavs a Macedonia da arewacin Girka da kuma mayar da martani ga farmakin da Rumawa suka kai wa ƙasar, Bulgarian sun fuskanci Daular Byzantine.A cikin 808 sun kai hari kwarin Struma, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Rumawa, kuma a cikin 809 sun kwace muhimmin birnin Serdica (Sofia na zamani).

A shekara ta 811 Sarkin Rumawa Nicephorus na I ya kaddamar da wani gagarumin farmaki a kan Bulgaria, ya kwace, ya yi wa ganima, ya kona babban birnin kasar Pliska amma a kan hanyar dawowa sojojin Byzantine sun sha kashi a yakin Varbitsa Pass.An kashe Nicephorus ni da kansa tare da yawancin sojojinsa, kuma kwanyarsa an yi masa liyi da azurfa aka yi amfani da ita azaman ƙoƙon sha.Yakin Pliska na daya daga cikin mafi muni a tarihin Rumawa.Hakan ya hana sarakunan Rumawa daga tura sojojinsu zuwa arewacin yankin Balkan sama da shekaru 150 bayan haka, wanda hakan ya kara tasiri da yaduwan Bulgariya zuwa yamma da kudu da yankin Balkan, wanda ya haifar da wani gagarumin fadada yankin daular Bulgariya ta farko.Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka kashe Sarkin Rumawa a yakin tun bayan yakin Adrianople a shekara ta 378.

Krum ya dauki matakin kuma a cikin 812 ya motsa yakin zuwa Thrace, yana kama tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Black Sea na Messembria kuma ya sake cin nasara akan Rumawa a Versinikia a 813 kafin ya ba da shawarar sasantawa mai karimci.Duk da haka, yayin tattaunawar, Rumawa sun yi yunkurin kashe Krum.A martanin da suka mayar, 'yan Bulgaria sun yi wa gabashin Thrace hari tare da kwace muhimmin birnin Adrianople, inda suka sake tsugunar da mazaunanta 10,000 a " Bulgaria a fadin Danube".Da ya fusata da ha’incin Rumawa, Krum ya ba da umarnin a rusa dukkan majami’u, gidajen ibada, da manyan fadoji da ke wajen Konstantinoful, aka kashe Rumawa da aka kama, aka kuma aika dukiyoyin gidajen sarauta zuwa Bulgeriya a kan karusai.Bayan haka, an kwace dukkan kagaran makiya da ke kewayen Konstantinoful da Tekun Marmara kuma aka lalata su a kasa.An wawashe manyan gine-gine da ƙauyuka a yankin Gabashin Thrace kuma duk yankin ya lalace.Sa'an nan Krum ya koma Adrianople kuma ya ƙarfafa sojojin da ke kewaye.Da taimakon mangonels da adda ya tilastawa birnin mika wuya.'Yan Bulgariya sun kama mutane 10,000 da aka sake tsugunar da su a Bulgariya a fadin Danube.An kuma kori wasu 50,000 daga wasu ƙauyuka a Thrace a can.A lokacin hunturu Krum ya koma Bulgaria kuma ya kaddamar da shiri mai tsanani don harin karshe a kan Constantinople.Dole ne a kai injinan kewayen zuwa Konstantinoful da karusai 5,000 da aka lulluɓe da baƙin ƙarfe da shanu 10,000.Duk da haka, ya mutu a lokacin tsawo na shirye-shirye a kan 13 Afrilu 814.

Magajin Krum Khan Omurtag (r. 814-831) ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta shekaru 30 da Rumawa, ta haka ya baiwa kasashen biyu damar dawo da tattalin arzikinsu da kudadensu bayan tashe-tashen hankula a cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni, inda suka kafa kan iyaka da Erkesia. mahara tsakanin Debeltos a kan Black Sea da kwarin Maritsa River a Kalugerovo.A yamma Bulgarians sun kasance suna iko da Belgrade a cikin 820s kuma iyakar arewa maso yamma tare da daular Frankish an daidaita su tare da tsakiyar Danube ta 827. A arewa maso gabas Omurtag ya yi yaƙi da Khazars tare da kogin Dnieper, wanda shine iyakar gabas. na Bulgaria .An gudanar da wani gagarumin gini a Pliska babban birnin kasar, wanda ya hada da gina wani katafaren fada, gidajen ibada na arna, wurin zama na masu mulki, kagara, kagara, babban ruwa, da wanka, musamman daga dutse da bulo.Omurtag ya fara a cikin 814 tsananta wa Kiristoci, musamman a kan fursunonin yaƙi na Byzantine da suka zauna a arewacin Danube.An ci gaba da faɗaɗa kudu da kudu maso yamma a ƙarƙashin magada Omurtag a ƙarƙashin jagorancin kavhan (wazirin farko) Isbul.

Karkashin Khan Presian (r. 836-852), Bulgarian sun mamaye mafi yawan Makidoniya, kuma iyakokin ƙasar sun isa Tekun Adriatic kusa da Valona da Tekun Aegean.Masana tarihi na Byzantine ba su ambaci wani tsayin daka kan faɗaɗa Bulgarian a Macedonia ba, wanda ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa faɗaɗa ya kasance cikin lumana.Da wannan, Bulgaria ta zama babban iko a cikin Balkans.

Duk da koma baya da sojoji suka samu, mulkin Boris na I ya kasance da muhimman al’amura da suka tsara tarihin Bulgeriya da na Turai.Tare da Kiristanci na Bulgaria a cikin 864 an kawar da maguzanci (watau Tengrim).ƙwararren jami'in diflomasiyya, Boris I ya yi nasarar amfani da rikicin da ke tsakanin fadar sarki ta Konstantinoful da Papacy don tabbatar da Ikilisiyar Bulgeriya mai cin gashin kanta, don haka ya magance damuwar manyan mutane game da tsoma bakin Byzantine a cikin harkokin cikin gida na Bulgaria.Lokacin da a cikin 885 aka kori almajiran Saints Cyril da Methodius daga Great Moravia, Boris I ya ba su mafaka kuma ya ba da taimako wanda ya ceci Glagolithic kuma daga baya ya inganta ci gaban rubutun Cyrillic a Preslav da kuma littattafan Slavic.Bayan da ya yi murabus a shekara ta 889, babban ɗansa da magajinsa ya yi ƙoƙari ya maido da tsohon addinin arna amma Boris I ya kore shi. A lokacin Majalisar Preslav da ta biyo bayan wannan taron, an maye gurbin limaman Rumawa da ’yan Bulgeriya, kuma yaren Girka aka maye gurbinsu da yaren Girka. abin da ake kira Old Church Slavonic yanzu.

Bayan nasarar yakin da aka yi da Rascia, kasar Serbia ta tsakiya, ci gaba da fadada Bulgaria zuwa yamma ya isa kan iyakokin Croatia.Sojojin Bulgaria sun mamaye Croatia kimanin a cikin 853 ko 854 a arewa maso gabashin Bosnia, inda Croatia da Bulgaria ke kan iyaka a lokacin.A cewar majiyoyin da aka samu, an gwabza kazamin fada guda daya ne kawai tsakanin sojojin Bulgaria da dakarun Croatia.Majiyoyi sun ce sojojin da suka mamaye karkashin jagorancin dan kasar Bulgariya Khan Boris na daya sun yi yaki da dakarun Duke Trpimir a yankin tsaunuka na arewa maso gabashin Bosnia da Herzegovina a yau a shekara ta 854. Ba a san takamaiman wuri da lokacin yakin ba saboda rashin samun na zamani. lissafin yakin.'Yan Bulgaria da Croatia ba su samu nasara ba.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Boris na Bulgaria da Trpimir na Croatia sun koma diflomasiyya kuma sun cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.Tattaunawar ta haifar da samar da zaman lafiya na dogon lokaci tare da iyaka tsakanin Duchy na Croatia da Bulgarian Khanate ya daidaita a kogin Drina (tsakanin Bosnia da Herzegovina na zamani da Jamhuriyar Serbia).

Duk da koma baya na soja da bala'o'i, ƙwararren diflomasiya na Boris I ya hana duk wani asarar yanki kuma ya kiyaye daular.A cikin wannan yanayi mai sarkakiya na kasa da kasa Kiristanci ya zama abin sha'awa a matsayin addini a tsakiyar karni na 9 domin ya samar da mafi kyawun damammaki na kulla amintacciyar kawance da alakar diflomasiyya.Yin la'akari da wannan, da kuma abubuwa daban-daban na ciki, Boris I ya koma Kiristanci a shekara ta 864, yana ɗaukar lakabin Knyaz (Prince).Yin amfani da fa'idar gwagwarmaya tsakanin Papacy a Roma da Ecumenical Patriarchate na Constantinople, Boris I da hazaka ya yi rawar gani don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na sabuwar cocin Bulgaria da aka kafa.Don duba yiwuwar tsangwama na Byzantine a cikin al'amuran cikin gida na Bulgaria , ya dauki nauyin almajiran 'yan'uwa Cyril da Methodius don ƙirƙirar wallafe-wallafe a cikin Tsohon Bulgarian harshen.Boris I ya yi rashin tausayi da masu adawa da Kiristanci na Bulgeriya, inda ya murkushe tawaye na masu mulki a shekara ta 866 tare da hambarar da dansa Vladimir (r. 889-893) bayan ya yi yunkurin maido da addinin gargajiya.A cikin 893 ya kira Majalisar Preslav inda aka yanke shawarar cewa za a mayar da babban birnin Bulgaria daga Pliska zuwa Preslav, za a kori limaman Rumawa daga kasar kuma a maye gurbinsu da limaman Bulgaria, kuma tsohon harshen Bulgaria ne ya maye gurbin. Girkanci a cikin liturgy.Bulgaria za ta zama babbar barazana ga kwanciyar hankali da tsaro na Daular Byzantine a karni na 10.

Nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na Saminu a kan Rumawa, Magyars da Sabiyawa ya jagoranci Bulgaria zuwa mafi girman yankinta na faɗaɗawa, wanda ya mai da ita ƙasa mafi ƙarfi a Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai na wannan zamani.Har ila yau, mulkinsa wani lokaci ne na wadatar al'adu da wayewa daga baya wanda ake ganin shine Zaman Zinare na al'adun Bulgaria.A lokacin mulkin Saminu, Bulgaria ta bazu a kan wani yanki tsakanin Aegean, Adriatic da Black Sea.Sabuwar Cocin Orthodox na Bulgeriya mai zaman kanta ta zama sabon sarki na farko baya ga Pentarchy, kuma fassarar Glagolitic na Bulgarian da na Cyrillic na rubutun Kirista sun bazu ko'ina cikin duniyar Slavic na lokacin.A cikin Preslav Literary School a cikin 890s ne aka haɓaka haruffan Cyrillic .Rabin mulkinsa, Saminu ya ɗauki sarautar Sarkin sarakuna (Tsar), tun kafin wannan ya zama Yarima (Knyaz).

Zamanin Zinare na Bulgaria lokaci ne na wadatar al'adun Bulgaria a lokacin mulkin sarki Saminu na daya.Spiridon Palauzov ne ya kirkiro kalmar a tsakiyar karni na 19.A wannan lokacin an sami karuwar wallafe-wallafe, rubuce-rubuce, fasaha, gine-gine da gyare-gyare na liturgical.An gina babban birnin Preslav a cikin salon Byzantine zuwa kishiyoyin Constantinople.Daga cikin manyan gine-ginen birnin akwai cocin Round Church, wanda aka fi sani da Cocin Golden, da fadar sarki.A wancan lokacin an ƙirƙira da fentin tukwane na Preslavian, wanda ya bi mafi kyawun samfuran Byzantine.Wani tarihin ƙarni na 11 ya shaida cewa Saminu Na I ya gina Preslav na shekaru 28.Saminu na I ya tara wa kansa abin da ake kira da'irar Saminu, wanda ya haɗa da wasu fitattun marubutan adabi a zamanin daular Bulgeriya.Saminu I da kansa ana zargin ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin marubuci: ayyukan da wasu lokuta ana yaba masa sun haɗa da Zlatostruy (Rafi na Zinariya) da biyu na tarin Saminu (Svetoslavian).Mafi mahimmancin nau'o'in su ne yabo na magana na koyarwa na Kirista, rayuwar waliyai, waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi, tarihin tarihi, da labaran tarihi.

A Bulgaria, Clement na Ohrid da Naum na Preslav sun ƙirƙira (ko kuma sun haɗa) sabon haruffa waɗanda ake kira Cyrillic kuma an ayyana su a matsayin haruffa na hukuma a Bulgaria a cikin 893. An ayyana harshen Slavic a matsayin hukuma a cikin wannan shekarar.A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa wannan haruffa wasu al'ummomi da jihohi na Slavic sun karɓi wannan haruffa.Gabatar da liturgy na Slavic ya yi daidai da ci gaba da ci gaban Boris na ci gaban majami'u da gidajen ibada a duk fadin mulkinsa.

An gwabza yakin Byzantine- Bulgaria na 894-896 tsakanin Daular Bulgariya da Daular Rumawa sakamakon shawarar da Sarkin Rumawa Leo VI ya yanke na mayar da kasuwar Bulgeriya daga Konstantinoful zuwa Tassaluniki wanda zai kara yawan kudaden da 'yan kasuwar Bulgaria ke kashewa. .Bayan da sojojin Rumawa suka sha kashi a farkon yakin a shekara ta 894 Leo na shida ya nemi agaji daga Majusawa wadanda a lokacin suke zaune a kan tudu zuwa arewa maso gabashin Bulgaria.Da taimakon sojojin ruwa na Rumawa, a cikin 895 Magyars sun mamaye Dobrudzha tare da fatattakar sojojin Bulgaria.Saminu I ya yi kira da a sasanta kuma da gangan ya tsawaita tattaunawar da Rumawa har sai an sami taimakon Pechenegs.

Bayan da ya fuskanci matsin lamba daga Majusawa da Rumawa, Saminu ya sami 'yanci ya shirya yaƙin yaƙi da Maguzawa yana neman ramuwa.Ya yi shawarwari da rundunar hadin gwiwa tare da makwabtan Magyar na gabas, Pechenegs.Ta hanyar amfani da mamayar Magyar a cikin kasashen Slavs makwabta a cikin 896 a matsayin casus belli, Saminu ya tunkari Magyar tare da abokansa na Pecheg, inda suka ci su gaba daya a yakin Kudancin Buh, ya sa su bar Etelköz har abada, suka zauna a Pannonia.Bayan shan kashi na Magyars, a karshe Saminu ya saki fursunonin Rumawa don musanyawa ga Bulgarian da aka kama a 895.

An yi yakin Boulgarophygon a lokacin rani na 896 kusa da garin Bulgarophygon, Babaeski na zamani a Turkiyya, tsakanin daular Byzantine da daular Bulgariya ta farko.Sakamakon ya kasance halakar sojojin Byzantine wanda ya tabbatar da nasarar Bulgaria a yakin cinikayya na 894-896.Yaƙin ya ƙare tare da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya wadda ta kasance har zuwa lokacin mutuwar Leo VI a shekara ta 912, kuma a karkashinta an wajabta Byzantium ta biya Bulgaria haraji na shekara don musanyawa ga dawowar sojojin da aka kama 120,000 na sojojin Byzantine da fararen hula.A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Rumawa sun kuma ba da wani yanki tsakanin tekun Black Sea da Strandzha ga daular Bulgaria, yayin da Bulgaria kuma suka yi alkawarin ba za su mamaye yankin na Byzantine ba.Sau da yawa Saminu ya saba yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Byzantium, yana kai hari tare da mamaye yankin Rumawa a lokuta da dama, kamar a cikin 904, lokacin da Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Bawan Rumawa Leo na Tripoli suka yi amfani da hare-haren Bulgaria don gudanar da yakin ruwa tare da kwace Tasalonika.Bayan Larabawa sun wawashe birnin, ya kasance wuri mai sauƙi ga Bulgaria da kuma kabilun Slavic na kusa.Domin ya hana Saminu ƙwace birnin da kuma mamaye shi da Slavs, Leo VI ya tilasta wa ’yan Bulgeriya da ke yankin Makidoniya na zamani ya ba da izini ga yanki.Tare da yarjejeniyar 904, duk ƙasashen Slavic da ke zaune a kudancin Macedonia na zamani da kuma kudancin Albania an mika su ga daular Bulgaria, tare da iyakar iyakar da ke da nisan kilomita 20 daga arewacin Tasalonika.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Bulgaria -Serbiya na 917-924 jerin rikice-rikice ne da aka yi tsakanin Masarautar Bulgeriya da Masarautar Serbia a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban yaƙin Byzantine-Bulgaria na 913-927.Bayan da 'yan Bulgaria suka hallaka sojojin Rumawa a yakin Achelous, diflomasiyyar Byzantine ta tunzura masarautar Serbia don kai wa Bulgaria hari daga yamma.Bulgeriya sun magance wannan barazanar kuma sun maye gurbin yariman Serbia da wani mai kare kansu.A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, daulolin biyu sun yi takara don samun iko akan Serbia.A cikin 924 Sabiyawan sun sake tashi, sun yi kwanton bauna kuma suka ci wani karamin sojojin Bulgaria.Wannan juye-juye ya haifar da wani babban kamfen na ramuwar gayya wanda ya ƙare tare da mamaye ƙasar Serbia a ƙarshen wannan shekarar.Ci gaban Bulgaria a Yammacin Balkans 'yan Croat ne suka bincikar da suka ci sojojin Bulgaria a 926.

A shekara ta 917, sojojin Rumawa na musamman karkashin Leo Phokas dattijo, dan Nikephoros Phokas, sun mamaye Bulgaria tare da rakiyar sojojin ruwa na Byzantine karkashin jagorancin Romanos Lekapenos, wadanda suka tashi zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Bulgarian Black Sea.Da suke kan hanyar zuwa Mesembria (Nesebǎr), inda ya kamata sojojin da sojan ruwa ke jigilar su su ƙarfafa su, sojojin Phokas sun tsaya su huta kusa da kogin Acheloos, da ba da nisa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Anchialos (Pomorie).Da aka sanar da mamayar, Saminu ya garzaya ya tare Rumawa, ya kai musu hari daga tsaunukan da ke kusa da su yayin da suke cikin rashin tsari.A yakin Acheloos na 20 ga Agusta 917, daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin tarihin daular, Bulgarians gaba daya sun fatattaki Rumawa tare da kashe da yawa daga cikin kwamandojinsu, kodayake Phokas ya sami nasarar tserewa zuwa Mesembria.Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Leo the Deacon zai rubuta cewa "har yanzu ana iya ganin tarin ƙasusuwa a kogin Acheloos, inda aka kashe sojojin Roma da ke tserewa da rashin kunya".Yaƙin Achelous yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin dogon Yaƙin Byzantine-Bulgaria.Ya tabbatar da amincewar sarautar Imperial ga sarakunan Bulgaria, kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da matsayin Bulgaria a matsayin babban dan wasa a Turai.

Yayin da sojojin Bulgaria da suka ci nasara ke tafiya kudu, kwamandan Rumawa Leo Phokas, wanda ya tsira a Achelous, ya isa Constantinople ta teku kuma ya tara sojojin Rumawa na karshe don su katse abokin gabansa kafin ya isa babban birnin kasar.Dakarun biyu sun yi arangama a kusa da kauyen Katasyrtai da ke wajen birnin kuma bayan fafatawa da dare, an fatattaki Rumawa gaba daya daga fagen daga.Sojojin Byzantine na ƙarshe sun lalace a zahiri kuma an buɗe hanyar zuwa Konstantinoful, amma Sabiyawan sun yi tawaye zuwa yamma kuma Bulgarian sun yanke shawarar tabbatar da bayansu kafin harin ƙarshe na babban birnin Byzantine wanda ya ba abokan gaba lokaci mai daraja don murmurewa.

Saminu I ya yi shirin tabbatar da matsayinsa a Konstantinoful ta hanyar aure tsakanin 'yarsa da jariri Sarkin sarakuna Constantine VII (r. 913-959), don haka ya zama basileopator (suruki) kuma mai kula da Constantine VII.Duk da haka, a cikin 919 Admiral Romanos Lekapenos ya auri 'yarsa ga Constantine VII kuma a shekara ta 920 ya yi shelar kansa babban sarki, wanda ya lalata burin Saminu I na hawan karagar mulki ta hanyar diplomasiyya.Har zuwa rasuwarsa, sarkin Bulgaria bai taba sanin halaccin hawan Romanos kan karagar mulki ba.Don haka, a farkon 921 Saminu ban amsa shawara na Ecumenical Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos ya auri ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata ko maza ga zuriyar Romanos I kuma ya aika da sojojinsa zuwa cikin Byzantine Thrace, isa Katasyrtai a bayan Konstantinoful. .Yaƙin Pegae ya faru ne a wata ƙauye da ake kira Pegae (watau "ɗakin bazara"), mai suna bayan Cocin St. Mary na bazara.Layukan Rumawa sun rushe a farkon harin Bulgaria kuma kwamandojinsu sun gudu daga fagen fama.A ci gaba da kashe yawancin sojojin Rumawa da takobi, sun nutse ko kuma aka kama su.A cikin 922 Bulgarians sun ci gaba da nasarar yakinsu a cikin Byzantine Thrace, suna kama wasu garuruwa da kagara, ciki har da Adrianople, birni mafi mahimmanci na Thrace, da Bizye.A cikin watan Yuni 922 sun shiga kuma sun ci nasara da wani sojojin Byzantine a Konstantinoful, wanda ya tabbatar da mulkin Bulgaria na Balkans.Duk da haka, Constantinople kanta ya kasance a waje da isar su, saboda Bulgaria ba ta da ikon sojan ruwa don kaddamar da yakin nasara.Yunkurin da Sarkin Bulgeriya Simeon I ya yi na yin shawarwari tare da haɗin gwiwar Bulgaria da Larabawa a kan birnin tare da Fatimids, Rumawa ya bankado kuma sun yi nasara.

Saminu I ya aika da ƙaramin sojoji karkashin Thedore Sigritsa da Marmais amma aka yi musu kwanton bauna aka kashe su.Zaharija ya aika da kawunansu da makamai zuwa Konstantinoful.Wannan aikin ya haifar da babban yakin neman ramuwar gayya a cikin 924. An aika da babban sojojin Bulgaria, tare da sabon dan takara, Časlav, wanda aka haifa a Preslav ga mahaifiyar Bulgaria.'Yan Bulgaria sun mamaye yankunan karkara tare da tilastawa Zaharija gudu zuwa Masarautar Croatia.A wannan karon, duk da haka, Bulgarian sun yanke shawarar canza hanyar zuwa Sabiyawa.Sun kira dukan župans Serbian don su yi mubaya'a ga Časlav, aka kama su kuma aka kai su Preslav.An hade Serbia a matsayin lardin Bulgariya, wanda ya fadada iyakar kasar zuwa Croatia, wanda a lokacin ya kai ga uzuri kuma ya zama makwabcin haɗari.'Yan Bulgariya suna ganin haɗakarwa a matsayin matakin da ya dace tun lokacin da Sabiyawan suka tabbatar da cewa su ne ƙawayen da ba za su iya dogaro da su ba kuma Saminu na yi kaffa-kaffa da tsarin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa da babu makawa.A cewar littafin Constantine VII na De Administrando Impero Simeon I ya sake tsugunar da daukacin al’ummar kasar zuwa cikin kasar Bulgeriya kuma wadanda suka kaucewa zaman talala sun gudu zuwa Croatia, inda suka bar kasar ta zama babu kowa.

Manufar Saminu ita ce ta ci Daular Rumawa ta kuma cinye Constantinoful.Domin ya cim ma burinsa, Saminu ya mamaye gabas da tsakiyar Balkans sau da yawa, ya mamaye Serbia kuma a ƙarshe ya kai hari ga Croatia.Sakamakon yakin ya kasance babbar nasara ta Croatia.A shekara ta 926, sojojin Saminu karkashin Alogobotur sun mamaye Croatia, a lokacin kawancen Rumawa ne, amma sojojin sarki Tomislav sun ci su gaba daya a yakin tsaunukan Bosnia.

Peter I ya tattauna yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin Byzantine.Sarkin Rumawa Romanos I Lakapenos ya yi ɗokin yarda da shawarar zaman lafiya kuma ya shirya auren diflomasiyya tsakanin jikanyarsa Maria da sarkin Bulgaria.A cikin Oktoba 927 Bitrus ya isa kusa da Constantinople don saduwa da Romanos kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, ya auri Maria a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba a cocin Zoödochos Pege.Don nuna sabon zamanin a cikin dangantakar Bulgaro-Byzantine, an sake masa suna Gimbiya Eirene ("salama").Ana tsammanin babban taska na Preslav yana wakiltar wani ɓangare na sadakin gimbiya.Yarjejeniyar ta 927 tana wakiltar 'ya'yan nasarar Saminu na soja da manufofin diflomasiyya, wanda gwamnatin ɗansa ta ci gaba.An sami zaman lafiya tare da iyakokin da aka mayar da su ga waɗanda aka ayyana a cikin yarjejeniyoyin 897 da 904. Rumawa sun amince da sarautar sarkin Bulgarian (basileus, tsar) da matsayin autocephalus na baban Bulgarian, yayin da ake biyan harajin shekara-shekara ga Bulgaria ta hanyar ba da kyauta. daular Byzantine aka sabunta.

Duk da yarjejeniyar da zaman lafiya da ya biyo baya, matsayin daular Bulgariya ya kasance mai wahala.Ƙasar ta kewaye ƙasar da maƙwabta masu tsaurin ra'ayi - Magyars zuwa arewa maso yamma, Pechenegs da ƙarfin girma na Kievan Rus' zuwa arewa maso gabas, da kuma daular Byzantine a kudu, wanda ya zama maƙwabcin da ba za a iya dogara da shi ba.

Dangantaka da Daular Rumawa ta tsananta bayan mutuwar matar Bitrus a tsakiyar shekarun 960.Mai nasara a kan Larabawa, Sarkin sarakuna Nikephoros II Phokas ya ki biyan harajin shekara-shekara ga Bulgaria a cikin 966, yana gunaguni game da kawancen Bulgaria tare da Magyars , kuma ya dauki nauyin nuna karfi a kan iyakar Bulgaria.An hana shi daga harin kai tsaye da aka kai wa Bulgaria, Nikephoros II ya aika da manzo zuwa ga yarima mai jiran gado na Rasha Sviatoslav Igorevich don shirya harin da Rasha ta kai wa Bulgaria daga arewa.Sviatoslav ya kaddamar da wani kamfen cikin hanzari da dakaru 60,000, ya fatattaki ‘yan Bulgarian a Danube, kuma ya ci su da yaki a kusa da Silistra, ya kwace wasu kagara 80 na Bulgaria a shekara ta 968. Rumawa sun karfafawa Sviatoslav sarkin Rasha ya kai wa Bulgaria hari, inda ya jagoranci kasar. don fatattakar sojojin Bulgaria da mamayar yankin arewaci da arewa maso gabashin kasar da sojojin Rasha suka yi tsawon shekaru biyu.

Yakin Silistra ya faru ne a cikin bazara na shekara ta 968 kusa da garin Silistra na Bulgaria, amma mai yiwuwa a kan yankin Romania na zamani.An yi yaƙi tsakanin sojojin Bulgaria da Kievan Rus 'kuma ya haifar da nasarar Rus.Bayan da aka samu labarin shan kaye, Sarkin Bulgaria Peter I ya yi murabus.Yunkurin mamayar da yarima Sviatoslav na Rasha ya yi ya yi wa daular Bulgeriya nauyi.Da yake cike da mamakin nasarar abokinsa da kuma zargin ainihin manufarsa, Sarkin sarakuna Nikephoros II ya gaggauta yin sulhu da Bulgaria kuma ya shirya daurin aurensa, sarakunan da ba su da shekaru Basil II da Constantine VIII, ga wasu gimbiyoyin Bulgaria biyu.Biyu daga cikin ’ya’yan Bitrus an aika zuwa Konstantinoful a matsayin masu sasantawa da masu garkuwa da mutane.A halin da ake ciki, Bitrus ya yi nasarar tabbatar da ja da baya na sojojin Rasha ta hanyar tunzura abokan al'adun gargajiya na Bulgaria, Pechenegs, don kai hari kan Kiev kanta.

Dan takaitaccen zaman da Sviatoslav ya yi a kudu ya farkar da shi sha'awar cin wadannan kasashe masu albarka da wadata.A cikin wannan nufin, a fili ya sami ƙarfafa daga tsohon wakilin na Byzantine, Kalokyros, wanda ya yi marmarin samun kambi na sarauta.Don haka, bayan ya ci Pechenegs, sai ya kafa mataimakansu da za su yi mulkin Rasha a cikin rashi kuma ya sake mayar da hankalinsa kudu.A lokacin rani 969 Sviatoslav koma Bulgaria da karfi, tare da m Pecheneg da Magyar contingents.A cikin rashi, Boris II ya dawo da Pereyaslavets;'Yan bayan Bulgaria sun yi fafatawa da juna, amma Sviatoslav ya mamaye birnin.Bayan haka Boris da Roman sun mamaye, kuma Rus ta hanzarta kafa iko a gabas da arewacin Bulgaria, inda suka sanya garrisons a Dorostolon da babban birnin Bulgaria na Preslav.A can Boris ya ci gaba da zama da kuma yin amfani da ikon da ba a sani ba a matsayin Sviatoslav's vassal.A hakikanin gaskiya ya kasance dan kadan fiye da mutum-mutumi, wanda aka ajiye shi don rage fushin Bulgarian da kuma amsawa ga kasancewar Rus.Sviatoslav da alama ya yi nasara wajen neman goyon bayan Bulgaria.Sojojin Bulgaria sun haɗu da sojojinsa da yawa, waɗanda aka jarabce su da buƙatun ganima, amma kuma ƙirar Sviatoslav ta anti-Byzantine ta yaudare su kuma wataƙila ta hanyar al'adun Slavic.Sarkin Rus da kansa ya yi taka-tsan-tsan don kada ya ware sabbin talakawansa: ya hana sojojinsa wawashe ganima ko kuma wawashe garuruwan da suka mika wuya cikin lumana.Don haka makircin Nikephoros ya ci tura: Maimakon Bulgaria mai rauni, an kafa sabuwar al'umma mai yaki a arewacin iyakar daular, kuma Sviatoslav ya nuna duk wani niyyar ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa kudu zuwa Byzantium.

A farkon shekara ta 970, sojojin Rasha , tare da gungun jama'a na Bulgaria, Pechenegs, da Magyars , suka tsallaka tsaunin Balkan suka nufi kudu.Rus' sun mamaye birnin Philippopolis (yanzu Plovdiv), kuma, a cewar Leo Deacon, sun rataye 20,000 na mazaunan da suka tsira.Skleros, tare da sojoji 10,000-12,000, sun fuskanci gaba na Rus a kusa da Arcadiopolis (yanzu Luleburgaz) a farkon bazara na shekara ta 970. Janar na Byzantine, wanda sojojinsa suka fi yawa, ya yi amfani da ja da baya da ƙima don janye tawagar Pecheg daga babban birnin. sojoji cikin shirin kwanton bauna.Babban sojojin na Rasha sun firgita, suka gudu, sun sha wahala sosai a hannun Rumawa da suka bi su.Rumawa ba su iya yin amfani da wannan nasara ba ko kuma su bi ragowar sojojin Rus, tun da Bardas Phokas ya tashi a cikin tawaye a Asiya Ƙarama.Saboda haka Bardas Skleros da mutanensa an janye su zuwa Asiya Ƙarama, yayin da Sviatoslav ya takaita sojojinsa zuwa arewacin tsaunin Balkan.A cikin bazara na shekara mai zuwa, duk da haka, tare da tawayen Phokas, Tzimiskes da kansa, a shugaban sojojinsa, ya ci gaba da arewa zuwa Bulgaria .Rumawa sun kwace babban birnin Bulgaria Preslav, inda suka kame sarkin Bulgarian Boris II, suka tsare Rus a kagara na Dorostolon (Silistra na zamani).Bayan da aka shafe watanni uku ana gwabza fada da fadace-fadace a gaban bangon birnin, Sviatoslav ya amince da shan kaye kuma ya yi watsi da Bulgaria.

Ko da yake an yi niyya ne a bikin a shekara ta 971 a matsayin alama ta ƙarshe na daular Bulgaria, Rumawa sun kasa tabbatar da ikonsu a kan lardunan yammacin Bulgaria .Waɗannan sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin gwamnonin nasu, musamman na wani dangi mai daraja wanda ’yan’uwa huɗu ke jagoranta da ake kira Kometopouloi (watau “’ya’yan ƙidaya”), mai suna Dauda, ​​Musa, Aron, da Sama’ila.An dauki wannan motsi a matsayin "tawaye" daga Sarkin Byzantine, amma a fili yana ganin kansa a matsayin wani nau'i na mulki ga Boris II da aka kama.Yayin da suka fara kai hare-hare a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su a karkashin mulkin Rumawa, gwamnatin Rumawa ta yi amfani da dabarar da ke nufin yin sulhu da jagorancin wannan "taka-tsayi".Wannan ya haɗa da barin Boris na biyu da ɗan'uwansa Roman su tsere daga tsare su na girmamawa a kotun Byzantine, da fatan cewa zuwan su Bulgaria zai haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin Kometopouloi da sauran shugabannin Bulgaria.Yayin da Boris II da Roman suka shiga yankin da ke karkashin ikon Bulgaria a cikin 977, Boris II ya sauka kuma ya gaba da ɗan'uwansa.An yi kuskure don sanannen Bamasare saboda suturar sa, wani kurma da bebe na sintiri kan iyaka ya harbe Boris a kirji.Roman ya yi nasarar bayyana kansa ga sauran masu gadi kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin sarki yadda ya kamata.

Daga 977 zuwa 997, ya kasance janar a ƙarƙashin Roman I na Bulgaria , ɗan sarki Peter I na Bulgeriya na biyu mai rai, kuma ya yi mulki tare da shi, kamar yadda Roman ya ba shi umarnin sojoji da ikon sarauta.Yayin da Sama'ila yake gwagwarmaya don kare 'yancin kasarsa daga Daular Rumawa, mulkinsa ya kasance da yakin da ake yi da Rumawa da kuma shugabansu Basil II .A cikin shekarunsa na farko Sama'ila ya yi nasarar cin galaba a kan Rumawa da kuma kaddamar da hare-hare a yankinsu.A ƙarshen karni na 10, sojojin Bulgaria sun ci sarautar Sabiyawa ta Duklja kuma sun jagoranci yakin yaƙi da Masarautun Croatia da Hungary .Amma daga 1001, an tilasta masa musamman don kare daular daga manyan sojojin Byzantine.

Yaƙin Ƙofofin Trajan yaƙi ne tsakanin sojojin Rumawa da na Bulgaria a shekara ta 986. Wannan shi ne karo mafi girma da Rumawa suka sha a ƙarƙashin Basil II .Bayan da bai yi nasara ba na Sofia ya koma Thrace, amma sojojin Bulgaria karkashin jagorancin Samuil sun kewaye shi a tsaunin Sredna Gora.An hallaka sojojin Rumawa kuma Basil da kansa ya tsira da kyar.

A matsayin mayar da martani, an aika da sojojin Byzantine karkashin Nikephorus Uranos bayan Bulgarian, wanda ya dawo arewa don saduwa da ita.Sojojin biyu sun hadu a kusa da kogin Specheios da ya mamaye.Rumawa sun sami wurin da za su wuce, kuma a daren 19 ga Yuli 996 sun ba da mamaki ga sojojin Bulgaria da ba su shirya ba kuma suka fatattake su a yakin Specheios.Hannun Sama’ila ya ji rauni kuma da kyar ya tsere daga zaman talala;An yi zargin cewa shi da dansa sun yi kaca-kaca da mutuwa Bayan dare suka nufi Bulgaria suka yi tafiyar kilomita 400 zuwa gida.Yakin dai ya kasance babban kashin da sojojin Bulgaria suka yi.Da farko Samuil ya nuna shirye-shiryen tattaunawa amma da labarin mutuwar shugaban gwamnatin Bulgaria Roman a gidan yari, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin halaltaccen sarki kuma ya ci gaba da yakin.

A cikin 998, Samuel ya kaddamar da wani babban kamfen a kan Duklja don hana kawance tsakanin Yarima Jovan Vladimir da Rumawa.Lokacin da sojojin Bulgaria suka isa Duklja, yarima na Serbia da mutanensa suka janye zuwa tsaunuka.Sama'ila ya bar wani ɓangare na sojojin a gindin duwatsu kuma ya jagoranci sauran sojojin suka kewaye katangar bakin teku na Ulcinj.A ƙoƙarin hana zubar da jini, ya nemi Jovan Vladimir ya mika wuya.Bayan da yariman ya ƙi, wasu sarakunan Sabiyawan sun ba da hidima ga Bulgarian kuma, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa ƙarin juriya ba ta da amfani, Sabiyawan sun mika wuya.An kai Jovan Vladimir zaman gudun hijira zuwa fadar Samuel a Prespa.Sojojin Bulgaria sun ci gaba da wucewa ta Dalmatiya, suna iko da Kotor kuma suna tafiya zuwa Dubrovnik.Ko da yake sun kasa ɗaukar Dubrovnik, sun lalata ƙauyukan da ke kewaye.Daga nan ne sojojin Bulgaria suka kai wa Croatia hari domin nuna goyon bayansu ga yarima Krešimir na III da Gojslav na 'yan tawaye kuma suka ci gaba da zuwa arewa maso yamma har zuwa Split, Trogir da Zadar, sannan arewa maso gabas ta Bosnia da Rashka suka koma Bulgaria .Wannan Yaƙin Croato-Bulgaria ya ƙyale Sama’ila ya kafa sarakunan vassal a Croatia.Dan uwan ​​Samuel Kosara ya yi soyayya da Jovan Vladimir da aka kama.Ma’auratan sun yi aure bayan sun sami amincewar Samuel, kuma Jovan ya koma ƙasarsa a matsayin jami’in Bulgaria tare da kawunsa Dragomir, wanda Samuel ya amince da shi.A halin yanzu, Gimbiya Miroslava ta ƙaunaci Bazantin mai martaba ɗan fursuna Ashhot, ɗan Gregorios Taronites, mataccen gwamnan Tasalonika, kuma ya yi barazanar kashe kansa idan ba a bar ta ta aure shi ba.Sama'ila kuwa ya yarda, ya naɗa Ashot hakimin Dirakiya.Sama'ila ya kuma kulla yarjejeniya da Magyars lokacin da babban dansa kuma magaji, Gavril Radomir, ya auri 'yar Babban Yariman Hungarian Géza.

A shekara ta 1003, Basil na biyu ya kaddamar da yaki da Daular Bulgeriya ta farko kuma bayan watanni takwas na kewaye ya mamaye muhimmin garin Vidin da ke arewa maso yamma.Yajin aikin na Bulgeriya a gaban Odrin bai kawar da hankalinsa daga manufarsa ba kuma bayan kama Vidin ya zarce zuwa kudu ta kwarin Morava inda ya lalata katangar Bulgarian a kan hanyarsa.Daga ƙarshe, Basil II ya isa kusa da Skopje kuma ya sami labarin cewa sansanin sojojin Bulgaria yana kusa da wani gefen kogin Vardar.Samuil na Bulgaria ya dogara da babban ruwan kogin Vardar kuma bai dauki wani taka tsantsan ba don tabbatar da sansanin.Abin ban mamaki yanayin ya kasance iri ɗaya da na yakin Specheios shekaru bakwai da suka gabata, kuma yanayin yakin ya kasance iri ɗaya.Rumawa sun yi nasarar samun fjord, suka haye kogin suka kai wa Bulgarian gafala cikin dare.An kasa yin tsayin daka yadda ya kamata 'yan Bulgaria suka ja da baya, suka bar sansanin da tantin Samuil a hannun Rumawa.A lokacin wannan yakin Samuil ya yi nasarar tserewa ya nufi gabas.

Yaƙin Kleidion ya faru ne a cikin kwarin da ke tsakanin tsaunukan Belasitsa da Ograzhden, kusa da ƙauyen Klyuch na Bulgaria na zamani.An yi wannan gamuwa mai tsanani ne a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli tare da kai hari a baya da wata runduna karkashin Janar Nikephoros Xiphias na Byzantine, wanda ya kutsa kai cikin yankunan Bulgaria.Yakin da ya biyo baya ya kasance babban shan kashi ga Bulgarian.An kama sojojin Bulgaria kuma an makantar da su ta hanyar Basil II , wanda daga baya za a san shi da "Bulgar-Slayer".Sama’ila ya tsallake rijiya da baya, amma bayan wata biyu ya rasu sakamakon bugun zuciya, wanda aka ce makafin sojojin nasa ne ya yi sanadiyar mutuwarsa.Duk da cewa wannan alkawari bai kawo karshen daular Bulgaria ta farko ba, yakin Kleidion ya rage karfinsa na yin tsayayya da ci gaban Byzantine, kuma an dauke shi muhimmiyar haduwar yaki da Byzantium.

Juriya ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru hudu a karkashin Gavril Radomir (r. 1014-1015) da Ivan Vladislav (r. 1015-1018) amma bayan rasuwar na karshen a lokacin da aka kewaye Dyrrhachium da manyan mukamai suka mika wuya ga Basil II kuma Bulgaria ta kasance tare da Bulgaria. Daular Byzantine.Sarakunan Bulgeriya sun ci gaba da samun gata, ko da yake an tura manyan mutane zuwa Asiya Ƙarama, don haka ya hana Bulgarian shugabanninsu na halitta.Ko da yake Paparoma na Bulgeriya ya zama babban Bishop amma ya ci gaba da ganinsa kuma ya sami 'yancin cin gashin kansa.An tilastawa Sabiyawa da Croat su amince da sarautar Sarkin Rumawa bayan 1018. An maido da iyakokin Danube zuwa Danube a karon farko tun karni na 7, wanda ya baiwa Byzantium damar sarrafa dukkan yankin Balkan daga Danube zuwa Danube. Peloponnese kuma daga Tekun Adriatic zuwa Bahar Black.Duk da yunƙuri da yawa na maido da 'yancin kai, Bulgaria ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Byzantine har sai da 'yan'uwan Asen da Bitrus sun 'yantar da ƙasar a 1185, suka kafa daular Bulgaria ta biyu .

Kasar Bulgaria ta wanzu kafin kafuwar al'ummar Bulgaria.Kafin kafuwar kasar Bulgariya, Slavs sun haɗu da al'ummar Thracian na asali.Yawan jama'a da yawa na ƙauyuka sun karu bayan 681 kuma bambance-bambance a tsakanin kabilun Slavic guda ɗaya a hankali ya ɓace yayin da sadarwa ta zama na yau da kullum a tsakanin yankunan kasar.A rabi na biyu na karni na 9, Bulgars da Slavs, da Romanized ko Hellenized Thracians sun zauna tare kusan kusan ƙarni biyu kuma yawancin Slavs sun kasance da kyau a kan hanyar da za su iya daidaita Thracians da Bulgars.Yawancin Bulgars sun riga sun fara amfani da harshen Slavic Old Bulgarian yayin da harshen Bulgar na masu mulki a hankali ya mutu ya bar wasu kalmomi da kalmomi kawai. Kiristanci na Bulgaria, kafa Tsohon Bulgarian a matsayin harshen jihar da coci a karkashin Boris I, da ƙirƙirar rubutun Cyrillic a cikin ƙasar, sune manyan hanyoyin da za a iya samu na ƙarshe na al'ummar Bulgaria a karni na 9;wannan ya hada da Makidoniya, inda Bulgarian khan, Kuber, ya kafa jihar data kasance a layi daya da Khan Asparuh na Bulgarian Empire.Sabon addinin ya yi mummunar illa ga gata na tsohon shugaban mulkin Bulgar;Har ila yau, a lokacin, yawancin Bulgars suna iya yiwuwa suna magana da Slavic.Boris Na sanya shi tsarin kasa don amfani da koyaswar Kiristanci , wanda ba shi da asalin Slavic ko Bulgar, don haɗa su a cikin al'ada ɗaya.A sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen karni na 9 'yan Bulgaria sun zama ƙasa ɗaya na Slavic tare da fahimtar kabilanci wanda zai tsira cikin nasara da bala'i don gabatarwa.