Masarautar Hungary (Late Medieval)

Mulkin Hungary ya kasance lokacin da Stephen I, babban yariman Hungarian ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1000 ko 1001. Ya ƙarfafa ikon tsakiya kuma ya tilasta wa talakawansa su karɓi Kiristanci .Yaƙe-yaƙe, boren arna da kuma rashin nasara da sarakunan Romawa suka yi na faɗaɗa ikonsu a kan Hungary sun yi wa sabuwar masarauta barazana.Matsayinsa ya daidaita a ƙarƙashin Ladislaus I (1077-1095) da Coloman (1095-1116).Bayan rikicin da ya barke a kasar Croatia sakamakon yakin neman zaben da suka yi a shekarar 1102 Masarautar Croatia ta shiga kawance da Masarautar Hungary a shekara ta 1102.Mawadaci a cikin ƙasashen da ba a noma ba kuma a cikin kuɗin azurfa, zinare, da gishiri, masarautar ta zama abin da aka fi so na ci gaba da ƙaura na ƙasashen Jamus, Italiyanci da Faransanci.Kasancewa a mararrabar hanyoyin kasuwanci ta duniya, al'adu da dama sun shafi Hungary.Gine-ginen Romanesque, Gothic da Renaissance, da ayyukan adabi da aka rubuta a cikin Latin sun tabbatar da mafi yawan halayen Roman Katolika na al'adun Masarautar, amma Orthodox, har ma da al'ummomin tsirarun kabilun Kiristanci ma sun wanzu.Yaren Latin shine yaren dokoki, gudanarwa da shari'a, amma "yawancin harshe" ya ba da gudummawa ga rayuwar harsuna da dama, ciki har da yarukan Slavic iri-iri.Galibin kadarori na sarauta da farko ya tabbatar da matsayin sarki na farko, amma kauracewa filayen sarauta ya haifar da bullar wata kungiya mai son kai ta masu karamin karfi.Sun tilasta Andrew II ya ba da Golden Bull na 1222, "ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na iyakokin tsarin mulki da aka sanya a kan ikon sarkin Turai".Masarautar ta sami babban rauni daga mamayar Mongol na 1241-1242.Bayan haka an zaunar da ƙungiyoyin Cuman da Jassic a tsakiyar tsaunuka kuma masu mulkin mallaka sun zo daga Moravia, Poland da sauran ƙasashe na kusa.

Andrew III ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1301. Mutuwarsa ta ba da dama ga kusan sarakuna goma sha biyu, ko "oligarchs", waɗanda a lokacin suka sami 'yancin kai na sarki don ƙarfafa 'yancin kai.Sun sami duk manyan gidajen sarauta a cikin ƙananan hukumomi inda kowa ya wajaba ko dai ya karɓi ikonsu ko kuma ya bar.A labarin mutuwar Andrew III, mataimakin Šubić ya gayyaci Charles na Anjou, dan marigayi Charles Martel, don neman sarauta, wanda ya gaggauta zuwa Esztergom inda aka nada shi sarki.Duk da haka, yawancin sarakunan duniya sun yi hamayya da mulkinsa kuma suka ba da sarauta ga Sarki Wenceslaus na biyu na ɗa mai suna Bohemia.Matashin Wenceslaus bai iya ƙarfafa matsayinsa ba kuma ya yi watsi da goyon bayan Otto III, Duke na Bavaria a 1305. Ladislaus Kán ya tilasta wa na ƙarshe barin masarautar a 1307.Wakilin Paparoma ya rinjayi dukan sarakunan su yarda da mulkin Charles na Anjou a shekara ta 1310, amma yawancin yankunan ba su da ikon sarauta.Taimakon shugabanni da ɗimbin ƙarami, Charles I ya ƙaddamar da jerin balaguro a kan manyan iyayengiji.Yana cin gajiyar rashin hadin kai a tsakanin su, ya yi galaba a kansu daya bayan daya.Ya sami nasararsa ta farko a yakin Rozgony (Rozhanovce na yanzu, Slovakia) a cikin 1312. Duk da haka, Ubangiji mafi iko, Matiyu Csák ya kiyaye ikonsa har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1321, yayin da iyalan Babonić da Šubić suka kasance kawai a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka a cikin 1323.

Charles ya zo Masarautar Hungary bisa gayyatar wani babban sarki dan kasar Croatia, Paul Šubić, a watan Agustan shekara ta 1300. Andrew III ya mutu (daular Arpad na karshe) a ranar 14 ga Janairu 1301, kuma a cikin watanni hudu Charles ya zama sarki, amma tare da kambi na wucin gadi maimakon Mai Tsarki Crown na Hungary.Yawancin mutanen Hungary sun ƙi yarda da shi kuma suka zaɓi Wenceslaus na sarkin Bohemia.Charles ya koma yankunan kudancin masarautar.Paparoma Boniface VIII ya amince da Charles a matsayin sarki halal a 1303, amma Charles ya kasa ƙarfafa matsayinsa a kan abokin hamayyarsa.Charles ya ci nasararsa ta farko a yakin Rozgony (a halin yanzu Rozhanovce a Slovakia) a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1312. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, Charles ya maido da ikon sarauta da taimakon shugabanni da ƴan ƙasa a yawancin yankuna na masarautar. .Bayan mutuwar babban oligarch, Matthew Csák, a shekara ta 1321, Charles ya zama mai mulkin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba na dukan masarautun, ban da Croatia inda masu fada aji suka iya kiyaye matsayinsu na cin gashin kansu.Bai sami damar hana ci gaban Wallachia ya zama masarauta mai zaman kanta ba bayan shan kaye a yakin Posada a 1330.Charles da wuya ya ba da tallafin ƙasa na dindindin, a maimakon haka ya gabatar da tsarin "fiefs na ofis", wanda jami'ansa ke samun kudaden shiga mai yawa, amma kawai a lokacin da suke riƙe da ofishin sarauta, wanda ya tabbatar da amincin su.A cikin rabin na biyu na mulkinsa, Charles bai riƙe Abinci ba kuma ya gudanar da mulkinsa da cikakken iko.Ya kafa Order of Saint George, wanda shine tsari na farko na mayaka.Ya inganta bude sabbin ma'adinan zinare, wanda ya sanya kasar Hungary ta zama kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa samun zinare a Turai.An haƙa tsabar zinare na farko na Hungary a lokacin mulkinsa.A taron Visegrád a shekara ta 1335, ya shiga tsakani a sulhu tsakanin sarakuna biyu makwabta, John na Bohemia da Casimir III na Poland.Yarjejeniyoyin da aka rattaba hannu a wannan taron sun kuma ba da gudummawa wajen samar da sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke danganta Hungary da yammacin Turai.Ƙoƙarin da Charles ya yi na sake haɗa ƙasar Hungary, tare da sauye-sauyen harkokin mulki da na tattalin arziki, sun kafa tushen nasarorin da magajinsa, Louis the Great ya samu.

A 1312, Charles ya kewaye Saros Castle, (yanzu wani yanki na Slovakia - Šariš Castle) wanda Abas ke sarrafawa.Bayan Abas ya sami ƙarin ƙarfafawa daga Máté Csák (bisa ga Chronicon Pictum kusan dukkanin sojojin Máté da kuma mashin 1,700), Charles Robert na Anjou ya tilasta komawa zuwa gundumar Szepes mai aminci (yau yankin na Spiš), wanda mazaunan Saxon daga baya ya karfafa nasa sojojin.Abas sun amfana da ja da baya.Sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da rundunonin 'yan adawa da suka taru don kai hari kan garin Kassa (a yau Košice) saboda mahimmancin dabarunsa.Charles ya yi tafiya a kan Kasa kuma ya shiga abokan gaba.Yaƙin ya haifar da gagarumar nasara ga Charles.Sakamakon nan da nan shi ne Charles Robert na Hungary ya sami iko a yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar.Amma sakamakon dogon lokaci na nasara ya fi muhimmanci.Yaƙin ya rage girman adawar manyan sarakunan da suke yi masa.Sarki ya kara karfin mulki da martabarsa.Matsayin Charles Robert a matsayin Sarkin Hungary yanzu ya sami tsaro ta hanyar soja kuma tsayin daka da mulkinsa ya kawo karshensa.

Charles I ya inganta bude sabbin ma'adinan zinare, wanda ya sanya kasar Hungary ta zama mafi yawan masu samar da zinari a Turai.An haƙa tsabar zinare na farko na Hungary a lokacin mulkinsa.A cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, an buɗe sababbin ma'adinan zinare a Körmöcbánya (yanzu Kremnica a Slovakia), Nagybanya (baia Mare na Romania a yau) da Aranyosbanya (yanzu Baia de Arieș a Romania).Ma'adinan kasar Hungary ya samar da kusan kilogiram 1,400 (3,100 lb) na zinari a wajen 1330, wanda ya zama sama da kashi 30% na yawan abin da ake samarwa a duniya.An fara kera tsabar zinare a ƙarƙashin ikon Charles a ƙasashen arewacin Alps na Turai.Furen nasa, waɗanda aka kera akan tsabar tsabar zinare na Florence, an fara fitar da su a cikin 1326.

Kamar yadda ɗaya daga cikin takardunsa ya kammala, Charles ya mallaki "cikakken mallaka" na mulkinsa a shekara ta 1323. A farkon rabin shekara, ya ƙaura babban birninsa daga Temesvár zuwa Visegrád a tsakiyar mulkinsa.A cikin wannan shekarar, Dukes na Ostiriya sun yi watsi da Pressburg (yanzu Bratislava a Slovakia), wanda suka yi mulki shekaru da yawa, don musayar goyon baya da suka samu daga Charles a kan Louis IV, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki, a 1322.An sake dawo da ikon sarauta kawai a cikin ƙasashen da ke tsakanin tsaunin Carpathian da ƙananan Danube, waɗanda aka haɗe a ƙarƙashin wani voivode, wanda aka sani da Basarab, a farkon 1320s.Ko da yake Basarab ya yarda ya karɓi mulkin Charles a cikin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka rattaba hannu a 1324, ya daina barin ikon mallakar ƙasashen da ya mamaye a Banate na Severin.Charles kuma yayi ƙoƙarin maido da ikon sarauta a Croatia da Slavonia.Ya kori Ban na Slavonia, John Babonić, ya maye gurbinsa da Mikcs Ákos a shekara ta 1325. Ban Mikcs ya mamaye Croatia don ya rinjaye sarakunan gida da suka kwace tsoffin katangar Mladen Subić ba tare da amincewar sarki ba, amma daya daga cikin sarakunan Croatia, Ivan I. Nelipac, ya fatattaki sojojin haramcin a shekara ta 1326. Saboda haka, ikon sarauta ya kasance kawai a cikin Croatia a lokacin mulkin Charles.Babonići da Kőszegis sun tashi cikin tawaye a fili a 1327, amma Ban Mikcs da Alexander Köcski sun ci su.A matsayin ramuwar gayya, an kwace aƙalla biriyoyi takwas na sarakunan tawaye a Slavonia da Transdanubia.

A cikin Satumba 1330, Charles ya kaddamar da wani balaguron soji a kan Basarab I na Wallachia wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kawar da halinsa.Bayan ya kwace kagara na Severin (Drobeta-Turnu Severin a yanzu a Romania), ya ki yin sulhu da Basarab ya zarce zuwa Curtea de Argeș, wadda ita ce kujerar Basarab.Wallachians sun yi amfani da dabarun duniya, suna tilasta Charles ya yi sulhu da Basarab kuma ya janye sojojinsa daga Wallachia.Yayin da sojojin masarautar ke tafiya ta wata kunkuntar hanyar wucewa ta Kudancin Carpathians a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, ƙananan sojojin Wallachian, da suka kafa na sojan doki da maharba ƙafa, da kuma manoma na gida, sun yi nasarar yin kwanton bauna tare da fatattakar sojojin Hungary 30,000 mai karfi.A cikin kwanaki huɗu masu zuwa, an lalatar da sojojin sarki;Charles zai iya tserewa daga fagen fama ne kawai bayan ya canza tufafinsa tare da daya daga cikin jarumansa, Desiderius Hédervári, wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don ba da damar tserewa daga sarki.Charles bai yi ƙoƙarin wani sabon mamayewa na Wallachia ba, wanda daga baya ya ɓullo da wata hukuma mai zaman kanta.

A cikin Satumba 1331, Charles ya yi ƙawance tare da Otto the Merry, Duke na Austria, da Bohemia.Ya kuma aika da ƙarfafawa zuwa Poland don yaƙar Teutonic Knights da Bohemians.A cikin 1332 ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da John na Bohemia kuma ya shiga tsakani tsakanin Bohemia da Poland.A lokacin rani na 1335, wakilan John na Bohemia da sabon Sarkin Poland , Casimir III, sun shiga tattaunawa a Trencsén don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu.Tare da sasancin Charles, an cimma matsaya a ranar 24 ga Agusta: John na Bohemia ya yi watsi da da'awarsa ga Poland kuma Casimir na Poland ya yarda da John na Bohemia na Suzerainty a Silesia.A ranar 3 ga Satumba, Charles ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da John na Bohemia a Visegrád, wanda aka kafa da farko a kan Dukes na Austria.Bayan gayyatar Charles, John na Bohemia da Casimir na Poland sun hadu a Visegrád a watan Nuwamba.A lokacin taron na Visegrád, sarakunan biyu sun tabbatar da sasantawar da wakilansu suka yi a Trencsén.Sarakunan uku sun amince da wata ƙungiyar tsaro ta hadin gwiwa a kan Habsburgs, kuma an kafa sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci don baiwa 'yan kasuwa da ke tafiya tsakanin Hungary da Daular Roma mai tsarki damar wucewa Vienna.Babonići da Kőszegis sun kulla kawance da Dukes na Ostiriya a cikin Janairu 1336. John na Bohemia, wanda ya yi iƙirarin Carinthia daga Habsburgs, ya mamaye Austria a cikin Fabrairu.Casimir III na Poland ya zo Austria don taimaka masa a karshen watan Yuni.Ba da daɗewa ba Charles ya shiga su a Marchegg.Shugabannin sun nemi sulhu kuma sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da John na Bohemia a watan Yuli.Charles ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da su a ranar 13 ga Disamba, kuma ya kaddamar da wani sabon balaguro kan Austria a farkon shekara mai zuwa.Ya tilasta wa Babonići da Kőszegis su ba da gudummawa, kuma an tilasta wa na karshen su mika masa kagaransu da ke kan iyaka don musanyawa ga manyan kasoshi masu nisa.Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Charles da Albert da Otto na Ostiriya, wadda aka rattaba hannu a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1337, ta haramta wa sarakuna da Charles su ba da matsuguni ga batutuwan tawaye na ɗayan.

Louis I ya gaji masarauta ta tsakiya da dukiya mai tarin yawa daga mahaifinsa.A cikin shekarun farko na mulkinsa, Louis ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe a kan Lithuanians kuma ya maido da ikon sarauta a Croatia;Dakarunsa sun fatattaki sojojin Tatar, inda suka fadada ikonsa zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum.Lokacin da aka kashe ɗan'uwansa, Andrew, Duke na Calabria, mijin Sarauniya Joanna I na Naples, a shekara ta 1345, Louis ya zargi sarauniyar kisan gilla da azabtar da ita ya zama babban burin manufofinsa na waje.Ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe sau biyu zuwa Masarautar Naples tsakanin 1347 zuwa 1350. Ayyukan son zuciya da zaluncin Louis da sojojin haya suka yi ya sa mulkinsa ba shi da farin jini a Kudancin Italiya.Ya janye dukkan sojojinsa daga masarautar Naples a shekara ta 1351.Kamar mahaifinsa, Louis ya gudanar da Hungary tare da cikakken iko kuma ya yi amfani da ikon sarauta don ba da gata ga fadawansa.Duk da haka, ya kuma tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na Hungarian a Diet na 1351, yana mai da hankali ga daidaitattun matsayi na dukan masu daraja.A daidai wannan abincin, ya gabatar da tsarin entail da kuma hayar hayar da manoma za su biya ga masu gonakin, kuma ya tabbatar da haƙƙin yin motsi ga duk manoma.Ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe da Lithuanians, Serbia, da Golden Horde a cikin 1350s, tare da maido da ikon sarakunan Hungarian akan yankuna tare da iyakokin da suka ɓace a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.Ya tilasta wa Jamhuriyar Venice yin watsi da garuruwan Dalmatiya a shekara ta 1358. Ya kuma yi yunƙuri da yawa don faɗaɗa ikonsa akan sarakunan Bosnia, Moldavia, Wallachia, da wasu sassan Bulgaria da Serbia.Wadannan masu mulki wani lokaci suna son mika wuya gare shi, ko dai a karkashin tursasawa ko kuma da begen goyon bayan abokan adawar su na cikin gida, amma mulkin Louis a wadannan yankuna ba shi da tushe kawai a lokacin mafi yawan mulkinsa.Ƙoƙarin da ya yi na mai da al’ummar arna ko Orthodox zuwa Katolika ya sa ba a yi masa farin jini a jihohin Balkan ba.Louis ya kafa jami'a a Pécs a cikin 1367, amma an rufe ta cikin shekaru ashirin saboda bai shirya isassun kudaden shiga ba don kula da ita.Louis ya gāji ƙasar Poland bayan mutuwar kawunsa a shekara ta 1370. A ƙasar Hungary, ya ba wa manyan biranen sarauta damar tura alkalai zuwa babban kotun da ke sauraron ƙararrakinsu kuma ya kafa sabuwar babbar kotu.A farkon Western Schism, ya amince da Urban VI a matsayin halastaccen Paparoma.Bayan Urban ya kori Joanna kuma ya sanya dangin Louis Charles na Durazzo a kan kursiyin Naples, Louis ya taimaka wa Charles ya mallaki mulkin.

Louis ya shiga yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan arna Lithuania a watan Disamba 1344. 'Yan Salibiyya - ciki har da John na Bohemia, Charles na Moravia, Peter na Bourbon, da William na Hainaut da Holland - sun kewaye Vilnius.Duk da haka, mamayewar Lithuania na ƙasashen Teutonic Knights ya tilasta musu ɗaukar kewayen.Louis ya koma Hungary a ƙarshen Fabrairu 1345.

Louis ya aika da Andrew Lackfi don ya mamaye ƙasashen Golden Horde don ramuwar gayya ga hare-haren da Tatars suka yi a baya a kan Transylvania da Szepesség (yanzu Spiš a Slovakia).Lackfi da sojojinsa na mayakan Székely sun yi galaba a kan babban sojojin Tatar.Bayan haka ikon Golden Horde na ƙasashen da ke tsakanin Gabashin Carpathians da Bahar Maliya ya raunana.

Yayin da sojojin Louis ke yaki a Poland da kuma Tatars, Louis ya yi tafiya zuwa Croatia a watan Yuni 1345 kuma ya kewaye Knin, tsohon wurin zama na marigayi Ivan Nelipac, wanda ya yi nasarar tsayayya da mahaifin Louis, wanda ya tilasta wa matar sa da dansa su mika wuya.Ƙididdigar Corbavia da sauran ƴan ƙasar Croatia su ma sun ba shi damar zama a Croatia.Jama'ar Zadar sun yi tawaye ga Jamhuriyar Venice kuma sun yarda da matsayinsa.Yayin da wakilansa suka yi shawarwari a Italiya, Louis ya yi tafiya zuwa Dalmatia don taimaka wa Zadar, amma Venetian sun ba wa shugabanninsa cin hanci.Lokacin da 'yan kasar suka fashe suka kai wa mahara hari a ranar 1 ga Yuli, sojojin masarautar sun kasa shiga tsakani, kuma 'yan Venetia sun ci nasara kan masu tsaron bayan garun garin.Louis ya janye amma ya ki yin watsi da Dalmatia, kodayake 'yan Venetian sun yi tayin biyan florins na zinare 320,000 a matsayin diyya.Rashin goyon bayan soja daga Louis, duk da haka, Zadar ya mika wuya ga Venetian a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1346.

An kashe ɗan'uwan Louis Andrew a Aversa a ranar 18 ga Satumba 1345. Louis da mahaifiyarsa sun zargi Sarauniya Joanna I, Prince Robert na Taranto, Duke Charles na Durazzo, da sauran membobin Neapolitan rassan Capetian House of Anjou da yin makirci ga Andrew.A cikin wasiƙarsa ta 15 ga Janairu 1346 zuwa Paparoma Clement VI, Louis ya bukaci Paparoman ya tsige sarauniyar "mai kisan miji" don goyon bayan Charles Martel, ɗanta na Andrew.Louis kuma ya yi da'awar mulkin sarauta a lokacin 'yan tsirarun ɗan'uwansa, yana nufin zuriyarsa daga ɗan fari na mahaifin Robert the Wise, Charles II na Naples.Har ma ya yi alkawarin ƙara yawan harajin da sarakunan Naples za su biya wa Mai Tsarki.Bayan Paparoma ya kasa yin cikakken bincike game da kisan Andrew, Louis ya yanke shawarar mamaye kudancin Italiya.A cikin shiri don mamayewa, ya aika da wakilansa zuwa Ancona da sauran garuruwan Italiya kafin lokacin rani na 1346.

A cikin Nuwamba 1347, Louis ya tashi zuwa Naples tare da wasu sojoji 1,000 (Hungarians da Jamusawa), yawancin sojojin haya.Lokacin da ya isa kan iyakar mulkin Joanna, yana da mayaƙan Hungarian 2,000, manyan mayaƙan sojan soja 2,000, da maharba na Cuman, da maharba 6,000 na sojan haya.Ya yi nasarar gujewa rikici a arewacin Italiya, kuma sojojinsa suna da albashi mai kyau da kuma ladabi.Sarki Louis ya hana ganima, kuma duk kayan da aka siyo daga mutanen gida aka biya su da zinariya.Sarkin Hungarian ya zagaya ƙasar, yana mai shelar cewa ba zai yi yaƙi da garuruwa ko jihohin Italiya ba, don haka yawancinsu suka yi maraba da su.Joanna a halin yanzu ta auri dan uwanta Louis na Taranto kuma ta sanya hannu kan zaman lafiya da abokan gaba na Naples, Masarautar Sicily.Sojojin Naples, 2,700 Knights da 5,000 na sojojin kasa, Louis na Taranto ne ya jagoranta.A Foligno wani limamin Paparoma ya nemi Louis da ya yi watsi da kasuwancinsa, saboda an riga an hukunta masu kisan gilla, da kuma la’akari da matsayin Naples a matsayin firist.Bai hakura ba, amma kafin karshen shekara ya ketare iyakar kasar Nepoli ba tare da fuskantar wata turjiya ba.

Louis ya aika da ƙananan balaguro ɗaya bayan ɗaya zuwa Italiya a farkon yaƙin da ya yi da Joanna, domin ba ya so ya tursasa Italiyawa waɗanda suka yi fama da yunwa a shekarar da ta gabata.Sojojinsa na farko sun tashi a ƙarƙashin umurnin Nicholas Vásári, Bishop na Nyitra (yanzu Nitra a Slovakia), a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1347. Louis kuma ya ɗauki hayar Jamus.Ya tashi daga Visegrád a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba.Bayan ya bi ta Udine, Verona, Modena, Bologna, Urbino, da Perugia, ya shiga Mulkin Naples a ranar 24 ga Disamba kusa da L'Aquila, wanda ya ba shi.

An yi yakin Capua tsakanin 11-15 ga Janairu 1348 tsakanin sojojin Louis I na Hungary da na Masarautar Naples, a lokacin da tsohon ya mamaye Naples.Bayan rushewar sojojin haya na Neapolitan sun fara tserewa daga Capua, wanda ya tilasta kwamandan Capua ya yi kama.Bayan wasu kwanaki Sarauniya Joan ta tashi zuwa Provence, mijinta ya biyo baya;daga baya Masarautar Naples ta fada hannun Sarki Louis.

Louis ya yi tafiya zuwa Naples a watan Fabrairu.‘Yan kasar sun ba shi izinin shiga cikin biki, amma ya ki, inda suka yi barazanar barin sojojinsa su kori garin idan ba su kara haraji ba.Ya karɓi lakabin gargajiya na sarakunan Naples - "Sarkin Sicily da Urushalima, Duke na Apulia da Yariman Capua" - kuma ya gudanar da mulkin daga Castel Nuovo, yana tsare da sojojin haya a cikin garu mafi mahimmanci.Ya yi amfani da hanyoyin bincike da ba a saba gani ba wajen kamo duk wadanda suka hada baki wajen mutuwar dan uwansa, a cewar Domenico da Gravina.Yawancin iyalai masu daraja na gida (ciki har da Balzos da Sanseverinos) sun ƙi ba shi hadin kai.Paparoma ya ƙi tabbatar da mulkin Louis a Naples, wanda da zai haɗa masarautu biyu masu ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Louis.Paparoman da Cardinals sun bayyana sarauniya Joanna ba ta da wani laifi daga kisan mijinta a wani taro na yau da kullun na Kwalejin Cardinal.

Mutuwar Baƙar fata ta isa ƙasar Hungary a shekara ta 1349. An kawo ƙarshen annobar a watan Yuni, amma ta sake dawowa a watan Satumba, inda ta kashe matar Louis ta farko, Margaret.Louis kuma ya kamu da rashin lafiya, amma ya tsira daga annobar.Ko da yake Mutuwar Baƙar fata ba ta da barna a ƙasar Hungary da ba ta da yawan jama'a fiye da na sauran sassan Turai, akwai yankuna da suka ƙaru a shekara ta 1349, kuma buƙatar ƙarfin aiki ya karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Hakika, mulkin mallaka ma ya ci gaba a ƙarni na 14.Sabbin mazaunan sun fito ne daga Moravia, Poland da sauran kasashe makwabta.

Louis ya ba da shawarar yin watsi da Mulkin Naples idan Clement ya tsige Joanna.Bayan da Paparoman ya ƙi, Louis ya tafi yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu na Neapolitan a watan Afrilu 1350. Ya kawar da wani tashin hankali da ya faru tsakanin sojojin haya sa’ad da shi da sojojinsa suke jiran isowar ƙarin sojoji a Barletta.Yayin da yake tattaki zuwa Naples, ya fuskanci turjiya a garuruwa da yawa saboda masu tsaronsa, wadanda ke karkashin jagorancin Stephen Lackfi, sun shahara saboda zalunci.A lokacin kamfen, Louis da kansa ya jagoranci kai hare-hare tare da haura ganuwar birni tare da sojojinsa, tare da jefa kansa cikin hatsari.Yayin da yake kewaye da Canosa di Puglia, Louis ya fada cikin tudu daga wani tsani lokacin da mai tsaron gidan ya buge shi da dutse.Ya kurciya cikin kogi ba tare da jinkiri ba don ya ceci wani matashin soja da aka tafi da shi a lokacin da yake binciken hanyar ruwa bisa umarninsa.Kibiya ta huda ƙafar hagu na Louis a lokacin da aka kewaye Aversa.Bayan faduwar Aversa ga sojojin Hungary a ranar 3 ga Agusta, Sarauniya Joanna da mijinta sun sake gudu daga Naples.Duk da haka, Louis ya yanke shawarar komawa Hungary.A cewar masanin tarihi Matteo Villani, Louis ya yi ƙoƙari ya bar masarauta ba tare da ɓata fuska ba bayan da ya ƙare da kuɗi kuma ya fuskanci juriyar jama'ar yankin.

Casimir III na Poland ya aririci Louis ya sa baki a yaƙin da ya yi da ’yan Lithuania da suka mamaye Brest, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, da wasu muhimman garuruwa a Halych da Lodomeria a shekarun baya.Sarakunan biyu sun amince cewa Halych da Lodomeria za su shiga cikin Masarautar Hungary bayan mutuwar Casimir.Louis ya ja-goranci sojojinsa zuwa Cracow a watan Yuni 1351. Domin Casimir ya yi rashin lafiya, Louis ya zama kwamandan sojojin Poland da na Hungaria tilo.Ya mamaye ƙasashen yariman Lithuania, Kęstutis, a watan Yuli.Kęstutis da alama ya karɓi suzerainty Louis a ranar 15 ga Agusta kuma ya yarda a yi masa baftisma, tare da 'yan uwansa, a Buda.Duk da haka, Kęstutis bai yi wani abu ba don cika alkawuransa bayan da aka janye sojojin Poland da na Hungary.A yunƙurin kama Kęstutis, Louis ya dawo, amma bai iya kayar da Lithuania ba, wanda har ma ya kashe ɗaya daga cikin abokansa, Boleslaus III na Płock, a yaƙi.Louis ya koma Buda kafin 13 ga SatumbaCasimir III ya kewaye Belz kuma Louis ya haɗu da kawunsa a cikin Maris 1352. A lokacin da aka kewaye shi, wanda ya ƙare ba tare da mika wuya na sansanin ba, Louis ya ji rauni sosai a kansa.Algirdas, Grand Duke na Lithuania, ya yi hayar ƴan hayar Tatar da suka shiga Podolia, Louis ya koma Hungary saboda yana tsoron mamayewar Tatar na Transylvania.Paparoma Clement ya yi shelar yaki da 'yan kasar Lithuania da Tatar a watan Mayu, inda ya ba Louis izinin karbar zakka daga kudaden shiga na Coci a cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa.

Neapolitans, waɗanda suka yi girma da sauri ba tare da jin daɗin mulkin Hungarian mai tsanani ba, sun kira Joan, wanda ya biya bashin dawowarta (ciki har da sabis na 'yan kasuwa na Urslingen) ta hanyar sayar da haƙƙinta a kan Avignon ga popes.Ta sauka kusa da Naples kuma cikin sauƙi ta kama shi, amma kwamandan Hungarian Ulrich von Wolfurt ya ba da umarnin juriya mai ƙarfi a Apulia.Lokacin da Urslingen ta koma ga 'yan Hungary, ta nemi taimako ga Paparoma.Ƙarshen ya aika da wakili wanda, bayan ya ba da kuɗi mai yawa ga Urslingen da 'yan'uwan Wolfurt, ya yi sulhu.Joanna da Louis za su bar Masarautar don jiran sabon shari'a kan kisan Andrew, wanda za a gudanar a Avignon.Paparoma da Cardinals sun bayyana Sarauniya Joanna ba ta da laifi daga kisan mijinta a wani taro na musamman na Kwalejin Cardinal a watan Janairu 1352, kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Hungary a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1352.

A lokacin rani na 1356, Louis ya mamaye yankunan Venetian ba tare da sanarwar yaƙi ba.Ya kewaye Treviso a ranar 27 ga Yuli.Wani basarake mai suna Giuliano Baldachino, ya lura cewa Louis yana zaune shi kaɗai sa’ad da yake rubuta wasiƙunsa a bakin Kogin Sile kowace safiya.Baldachino ya ba da shawara ga 'yan Venetia su kashe shi don musayar florins na zinariya 12,000 da Castelfranco Veneto, amma sun ki amincewa da tayin nasa saboda bai yi musu cikakken bayanin shirinsa ba.Louis ya koma Buda a cikin kaka, amma sojojinsa sun ci gaba da kewaye.Paparoma Innocent VI ya bukaci 'yan Venetia da su yi zaman lafiya da Hungary.

Louis ya yi tafiya zuwa Dalmatia a watan Yuli 1357. Ba da daɗewa ba Split, Trogir, da Šibenik sun kawar da gwamnonin Venetia kuma suka ba da kai ga Louis.Bayan wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan, sojojin Louis kuma sun kama Zadar tare da taimakon mutanen garin.Tvrtko I na Bosnia, wanda ya gaji surukin Louis a shekara ta 1353, ya mika wuya ga yammacin Hum ga Louis, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa yankin a matsayin sadakin matarsa.A cikin yerjejeniyar Zadar, wadda aka rattaba hannu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 1358, Jamhuriyar Venice ta yi watsi da dukkan garuruwa da tsibiran Dalmatian tsakanin Gulf of Kvarner da Durazzo don goyon bayan Louis.Jamhuriyar Ragusa kuma ta yarda da suzerainty Louis.Garuruwan Dalmatian sun kasance al'ummomin masu cin gashin kansu, saboda harajin shekara-shekara da sabis na sojan ruwa ga Louis, wanda kuma ya soke duk hani na kasuwanci da aka gabatar a lokacin mulkin Venetian.'Yan kasuwan Ragusa suna da haƙƙin ciniki a fili a Sabiya ko da a lokacin yaƙi tsakanin Hungary da Sabiya.

Tsananin tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan da ke nuna fasalin mulkin Louis I.Ya yi ƙoƙari, ba tare da nasara ba, don maida yawancin mabiyansa na Orthodox zuwa Katolika da karfi.Louis ya yanke shawarar maida Yahudawan da ke Hungary zuwa Katolika a shekara ta 1360. Bayan ya fuskanci juriya, ya kore su daga masarautunsa.An kwace musu kadarorin nasu, amma an bar su su tafi da dukiyarsu tare da karbo rancen da suka karba.Babu pogrom da ya faru, wanda ya kasance sabon abu a Turai a karni na 14, a cewar masanin tarihi Raphael Patai.Louis ya ƙyale Yahudawa su koma Hungary a 1364;An shafe shekaru ana shari’a tsakanin Yahudawa da waɗanda suka kwace gidajensu.

Louis ya mamaye Bosniya daga wurare biyu a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1363. Sojoji da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Palatine Nicholas Kont da Nicholas Apáti, Archbishop na Esztergom, sun kewaye Srebrenica, amma sansanin ba su mika wuya ba.Yayin da aka saci hatimin sarauta a lokacin da aka kewaye, an yi sabon hatimi kuma an tabbatar da duk tsoffin hatimin Louis da sabon hatimin.Sojojin da ke karkashin ikon Louis sun yi wa Sokolac kawanya a watan Yuli, amma ba su iya kama shi ba.Sojojin Hungary sun koma Hungary a cikin wannan watan.

Louis ya tara sojojinsa a Temesvár (yanzu Timișoara a Romania ) a watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1365. Bisa ga yarjejeniyar sarauta a wannan shekarar, yana shirin kai wa Wallachia hari domin sabon Voivode, Vladislav Vlaicu, ya ƙi ya yi masa biyayya.Koyaya, ya ƙare ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Tsardom na Bulgarian na Vidin da mai mulkinsa Ivan Sratsimir, wanda ke nuni da cewa Vladislav Vlacu a halin yanzu ya yarda da shi.Louis ya kama Vidin kuma ya daure Ivan Stratsimir a watan Mayu ko Yuni.A cikin watanni uku, sojojinsa sun mamaye daular Ivan Stratsimir, wanda aka tsara zuwa wani lardin iyaka na daban, ko banate, ƙarƙashin umarnin sarakunan Hungary.

Sarkin Rumawa, John V Palaiologos ya ziyarci Louis a Buda a farkon 1366, yana neman taimakonsa akan Turkawa Ottoman , waɗanda suka sa ƙafa a Turai.Wannan shi ne karo na farko da wani Sarkin Rumawa ya bar daularsa don neman taimakon wani sarki na waje.A cewar Likitan Louis, Giovanni Conversini, a ganawarsa ta farko da Louis, sarkin ya ki sauka daga kan dutsen kuma ya cire hularsa, wadda ta ɓata wa Louis rai.John V ya yi alkawarin cewa zai inganta haɗin gwiwar Cocin Byzantine tare da Papacy, kuma Louis ya yi alkawarin aika masa taimako, amma sarki ko Louis ba su cika alkawuransu ba.Paparoma Urban ya ƙarfafa Louis kada ya aika taimako zuwa Konstantinoful kafin sarki ya ba da tabbacin ƙungiyar Ikilisiya.

Casimir III na Poland ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1370. Louis ya isa bayan jana'izar kawunsa kuma ya ba da umarnin a kafa wani babban abin tunawa na Marmara na Gothic ga marigayin.An nada shi Sarkin Poland a cikin Cathedral na Cracow a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba.Casimir III ya so ubangidansa - ciki har da duchies na Sieradz, Łęczyca da Dobrzyń - ga jikansa, Casimir IV, Duke na Pomerania.Duk da haka, sarakuna da sarakunan Poland sun yi adawa da wargajewar Poland kuma an bayyana wa'adin Casimir III a matsayin mara amfani.Louis ya ziyarci Gniezno kuma ya sanya mahaifiyarsa 'yar Poland, Elizabeth, mai mulki kafin ya koma Hungary a watan Disamba.'Ya'yan kawunsa guda biyu da suka tsira (Anna da Jadwiga) sun raka shi, kuma an tura kayan ado na Polish Crown zuwa Buda, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin sababbin batutuwa na Louis.Matar Louis ta haifi 'ya mace, Catherine, a cikin 1370, shekaru goma sha bakwai bayan aurensu;an haifi ’ya ta biyu, Mary, a shekara ta 1371. Bayan haka Louis ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don kare haƙƙin ’ya’yansa mata na gaje shi.

Louis ya mamaye Wallachia a watan Mayu 1375, domin sabon yariman Wallachia, Radu I, ya kulla kawance da Sarkin Bulgaria Ivan Shishman, da Sarkin Musulmi Murad I. Sojojin Hungary sun fatattaki hadin kan sojojin Wallachia da abokansu. kuma Louis ya mamaye Banate na Severin, amma Radu bai yi nasara ba.A lokacin bazara, sojojin Wallachian sun shiga cikin Transylvania kuma Ottomans sun washe Banat.

'Yan kasar Lithuania sun kai farmaki a Halych, Lodomeria, da Poland, inda suka kusa kaiwa Cracow a watan Nuwamba 1376. Wani tarzoma ya barke a Cracow a kan mahaifiyar sarauniya Elizabeth, wanda ba a so, a ranar 6 ga Disamba.Masu tarzomar sun kashe kimanin bayin sarauniya-uwar 160, inda suka tilasta mata tserewa zuwa Hungary.Yin amfani da yanayin, Władysław the White, Duke na Gniewkowo, wanda namiji ne na daular Piast, ya sanar da da'awarsa ga kambi na Poland.Duk da haka, 'yan jam'iyyar Louis sun ci nasara da mai yin riya, kuma Louis ya sanya shi abbot na Pannonhalma Archabbey a Hungary.Louis ya nada Vladislaus II na Opole gwamnansa a Poland.A lokacin rani na 1377, Louis ya mamaye yankunan da Yariman Lithuania, George, ke Lodomeria.Ba da daɗewa ba sojojinsa na Poland sun kama Chełm, yayin da Louis suka kwace kujerar George, Belz, bayan da suka yi mata kawanya na tsawon makonni bakwai.Ya haɗa yankunan da aka mamaye a Lodomeria, tare da Galicia, cikin Masarautar Hungary.Sarakunan Lithuania uku - Fedor, Yariman Ratno, da sarakunan Podolia guda biyu, Alexander da Boris - sun yarda da amincin Louis.

Cardinal din da suka yi adawa da Paparoma Urban VI sun zabi sabon Paparoma, Clement VII a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1378, wanda ya haifar da Schism na Yamma.Louis ya amince da Urban VI a matsayin halattaccen Paparoma kuma ya ba shi goyon baya don yakar abokan hamayyarsa a Italiya.Kamar yadda Joanna I na Naples ta yanke shawarar shiga sansanin Clement VII, Paparoma Urban ya kore ta kuma ya tsige ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1380. Paparoma ya amince da Charles na Durazzo, wanda ya zauna a kotun Louis, a matsayin halaltaccen sarkin Naples.Bayan Charles na Durazzo ya yi alkawarin cewa ba zai yi da'awar Hungary a kan 'ya'yan Louis ba, Louis ya aika da shi ya mamaye Kudancin Italiya a shugaban babban sojoji.A cikin shekara guda, Charles na Durazzo ya mamaye mulkin Naples, kuma ya tilasta Sarauniya Joanna ta mika wuya gare shi a ranar 26 ga Agusta 1381.

Louis, wanda lafiyarsa ta tabarbare cikin sauri, ya gayyaci wakilan limamai da ubangijin Poland don wani taro a Zólyom.Bisa bukatarsa, 'yan sanda sun yi rantsuwa da biyayya ga 'yarsa, Maryamu, da angonta, Sigismund na Luxemburg, a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1382. Louis ya mutu a Nagyszombat a cikin dare a ranar 10 ko 11 ga Satumba 1382.Louis I ya yi nasara a 1382 da 'yarsa, Maryamu.Duk da haka, yawancin masu fada a ji sun yi adawa da ra'ayin cewa wata mace ce ta mulki.Da yake cin gajiyar lamarin, wani namijin dan daular, Charles III na Naples ya yi ikirarin sarautar kansa.Ya isa masarautar ne a watan Satumban 1385. Ya hau mulki bai yi masa wahala ba, domin ya samu goyon bayan sarakunan Croatia da dama da tuntubar juna da dama da ya yi a lokacin da yake rike da sarautar Sarkin Croatia da Dalmatiya.Abincin ya tilasta sarauniya ta yi murabus kuma ta zabi Charles na Naples sarki.Duk da haka, Elizabeth ta Bosnia, gwauruwa na Louis kuma mahaifiyar Maryamu, ta shirya don kashe Charles a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1386. Paul Horvat, Bishop na Zagreb ya fara sabon tawaye kuma ya ayyana ɗansa, Ladislaus na Naples sarki.Sun kama sarauniya a watan Yuli 1386, amma magoya bayanta sun ba da shawarar kambi ga mijinta, Sigismund na Luxemburg.Ba da daɗewa ba Sarauniya Maryamu ta sami 'yanci, amma ba ta sake shiga cikin gwamnati ba.

Sigismund na Luxembourg ya auri Sarauniya Maryamu ta Hungary a 1385 kuma an nada shi Sarkin Hungary jim kadan bayan haka.Ya yi yaƙi don maidowa da kuma kula da mulki a kan karagar mulki.Maryamu ta mutu a shekara ta 1395, ta bar Sigismund mai mulkin Hungary.A cikin 1396, Sigismund ya jagoranci Crusade na Nicopolis, amma daular Ottoman ta ci nasara sosai.Bayan haka, ya kafa Order of Dragon don yaƙar Turkawa kuma ya tabbatar da kursiyin Croatia, Jamus da Bohemia.Sigismund yana daya daga cikin sojojin da ke bayan Majalisar Constance (1414-1418) wanda ya kawo karshen Papal Schism, amma wanda ya haifar da yakin Hussite wanda ya mamaye lokacin rayuwarsa.A cikin 1433, Sigismund ya zama Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1437.Masanin tarihi Thomas Brady Jr. ya bayyana cewa Sigismund "ya mallaki sararin hangen nesa da kuma girman da ba a gani ba a cikin wani sarki na Jamus tun karni na goma sha uku".Ya fahimci bukatar aiwatar da gyare-gyare na Daular da Coci a lokaci guda.Amma matsalolin waje, kurakuran da suka haifar da kai da kuma bacewar layin maza na Luxembourg ya sa wannan hangen nesa bai cika ba.

Bayan da ya tara kuɗi ta hanyar yin alƙawarin Brandenburg ga ɗan uwansa Jobst, Margrave na Moravia (1388), ya shiga cikin shekaru tara masu zuwa a cikin gwagwarmayar da ba ta ƙare ba don mallakar wannan kursiyin maras tabbas.A karshe dai karfin tsakiya ya raunana ta yadda kawancen Sigismund da jam'iyyar Czillei-Garai mai karfi zai iya tabbatar da matsayinsa a kan karagar mulki.Ba don dalilai na rashin son kai ba ne daya daga cikin kungiyoyin baron ya taimaka masa ya hau kan mulki: Sigismund ya biya kudin tallafin iyayengiji ta hanyar canja wani yanki mai girman gaske na kadarorin sarauta.(Na wasu shekaru, majalisar baron ta mulkin kasar da sunan mai tsarki Crown).Maido da ikon gwamnatin tsakiya ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa na aiki.Mafi yawan al'ummar da ke karkashin jagorancin Gidan Garai na tare da shi;amma a cikin lardunan kudanci tsakanin Sava da Drava, Horvathys tare da goyon bayan Sarki Tvrtko I na Bosnia, kawun mahaifiyar Maryamu, sun yi shelar a matsayin sarkinsu Ladislaus na Naples, ɗan Charles II na Hungary da aka kashe.Sai a 1395 Nicholas II Garai ya yi nasarar murkushe su.

A shekara ta 1396, Sigismund ya jagoranci rundunar haɗin gwiwar Kiristendam a yaƙi da Turkawa, waɗanda suka yi amfani da rashin taimako na ɗan lokaci na Hungary don faɗaɗa mulkinsu zuwa gaɓar Danube.Wannan yakin kiristocin, wanda Paparoma Boniface na IX ya yi wa'azi, ya shahara sosai a kasar Hungary.Manyan mutane sun yi tururuwa cikin dubbansu zuwa matsayin sarauta, kuma masu sa kai daga kusan kowane yanki na Turai sun ƙarfafa su.Babban abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne na Faransawa karkashin jagorancin John the Tsoro, ɗan Philip II, Duke na Burgundy.Sigismund ya tashi tare da maza 90,000 da kuma tudun ruwa na galley 70.Bayan kama Vidin, ya yada zango tare da sojojinsa na Hungary a gaban kagara na Nicopolis.Sultan Bayezid na daya ya tayar da kewayen Constantinoful kuma, a lokacin da yake shugaban mutane 140,000, ya ci nasara gaba daya sojojin Kirista a yakin Nicopolis da aka gwabza tsakanin 25 da 28 ga Satumba 1396. Sigismund ya dawo ta teku kuma ta hanyar daular Zeta, inda ya nada. shugaban Montenegrin na gida Đurađ II tare da tsibiran Hvar da Korčula don jure wa Turkawa;An mayar da tsibiran zuwa Sigismund bayan mutuwar Đurađ a cikin Afrilu 1403. Ba a kaddamar da wani sabon balaguro daga yammacin Turai don dakatar da ci gaban Turkiyya a yankin Balkan bayan wannan shan kashi, har zuwa 1440s.

Tashar tashar jiragen ruwa, wacce kuma aka fi sani da mayakan sa kai, ita ce cibiya ta farko da ta tabbatar da shiga dindindin na manoma a cikin tsaron Masarautar Hungary.An kafa ta ne lokacin da Diet na Hungary ya wajabta wa dukan masu mallakar ƙasa su ba da maharba guda don yin filaye 20 na manoma a yankunansu don yin hidima a cikin sojojin sarauta a shekara ta 1397. Sojojin da ba su da ƙwararru za su yi aikin soja ne kawai a lokacin gaggawa.

Bayan mummunan yakin Nicopolis, Sarki Sigismund ya yi kira ga Sabor a birnin Križevci kuma ya ba da garanti a rubuce (saluus conductus) yana mai cewa ba zai yi ƙoƙari na ramuwar gayya ga abokan adawar ba ko cutar da su ta kowace hanya.Amma, ya shirya kashe dan Croatian Ban Stephen Lackfi (Stjepan Lacković) da mabiyansa don goyon bayan dan takarar sarki Ladislaus na Naples.Dokar Croatia ta ce babu wanda zai iya shiga Sabor da makamai, don haka Ban Lackfi da magoya bayansa suka bar hannunsu a gaban cocin.Sojojin da ke marawa Lackfi suma sun kasance a wajen garin.Su kuma magoya bayan sarkin sun riga sun shiga cocin, dauke da makamai.A cikin muhawarar da ta biyo baya, magoya bayan sarkin sun zargi Lackfi da cin amanar kasa a yakin Nicopolis.An yi amfani da muggan kalamai, aka fara fada, sai gawayen sarki suka zare takubbansu a gaban sarki, suka kori Ban Lackfi, da kaninsa Stephen III Lackfi, wanda ya taba zama Jagoran doki, da kuma manyan masu goyon bayansa.Sabor na jini ya haifar da tsoron Sigismund na fansa na mutanen Lackfi, sabon tawaye na manyan mutane a Croatia da Bosnia, mutuwar 170 Bosnian sarakunan da Sigismund ya kashe, da kuma sayar da Dalmatia zuwa Venice don 100,000 ducats ta Ladislaus na Naples.A ƙarshe, bayan shekaru 25 na yaƙi, Sigismund ya yi nasarar karɓe mulki kuma an gane shi a matsayin sarki ta hanyar ba da gata ga manyan mutanen Croatia.

A cikin kusan 1406, Sigismund ya auri dan uwan ​​Maryamu Barbara na Celje, 'yar Count Hermann II na Celje.Sigismund ya gudanar ya kafa iko a Slavonia.Bai yi jinkirin yin amfani da hanyoyin tashin hankali ba (duba Bloody Sabor na Križevci), amma daga kogin Sava zuwa kudu ikonsa ya yi rauni.Sigismund da kansa ya jagoranci sojojin kusan 50,000 "'yan Salibiyya" a kan Bosnia, wanda ya ƙare da yakin Dobor a 1408, kisan kiyashi na kusan iyalai 200 masu daraja.

Sigismund ya kafa nasa umarni na Knights, Order of Dragon, bayan nasara a Dobor.Babban makasudin odar shine yakar daular Usmaniyya .Mambobin wannan odar sun kasance abokan siyasa da magoya bayansa.Manyan mambobi na odar sune makusantan Sigismund Nicholas II Garay, Hermann II na Celje, Stibor na Stiboricz, da Pippo Spano.Manyan sarakunan Turai sun zama membobin tsari.Ya karfafa kasuwancin kasa da kasa ta hanyar soke ayyukan cikin gida, daidaita haraji kan kayayyakin kasashen waje da daidaita ma'auni da matakan a duk fadin kasar.

Daga 1412 zuwa 1423, Sigismund ya yi yaƙi da Jamhuriyar Venice a Italiya.Sarkin ya yi amfani da wahalhalu na Antipope John XXIII don samun alƙawarin cewa ya kamata a kira majalisa a Constance a 1414 don daidaita schism na Yamma.Ya taka rawa a tattaunawar da aka yi a wannan taro, kuma a lokacin zaman ya yi tattaki zuwa Faransa, Ingila da Burgundy a wani yunkuri na banza na ganin an tsige Fafaroman uku masu hamayya da juna.Majalisar ta ƙare a shekara ta 1418, bayan ta warware Schism da - babban sakamako ga Sigismund na gaba aiki - yana da mai gyara addinin Czech, Jan Hus, ya ƙone a kan gungumen azaba a watan Yuli 1415. Ƙaddamar da Sigismund a cikin mutuwar Hus shine al'amarin da ke jawo cece-kuce.Ya baiwa Hus lafiya kuma ya nuna rashin amincewa da daurin da aka yi masa;kuma an kona Hus a lokacin rashin Sigismund.

A cikin 1419, mutuwar Wenceslaus IV ya bar Sigismund titular Sarkin Bohemia, amma ya jira shekaru goma sha bakwai kafin Czech Estates su amince da shi.Ko da yake manyan mutane biyu na Sarkin Romawa da Sarkin Bohemia sun daɗa daɗaɗa masa muhimmanci sosai, kuma sun mai da shi shugaban Kiristendam na ɗan lokaci, ba su ba da ƙarin iko ba kuma sun kunyata shi ta kuɗi.Da yake ba da amanar gwamnatin Bohemia ga Sofia na Bavaria, gwauruwar Wenceslaus, ya gaggauta zuwa Hungary.Bohemians, waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da shi a matsayin wanda ya ci amanar Hus, ba da daɗewa ba suka shiga makamai;kuma wutar ta tashi lokacin da Sigismund ya bayyana aniyarsa ta gurfanar da shi a yaki da ‘yan bidi’a.Yaƙin neman zaɓe guda uku a kan Husites ya ƙare cikin bala'i ko da yake sojojin abokinsa mafi aminci Stibor na Stiboricz da ɗansa Stibor na Beckov za su iya hana Hussite daga iyakokin Masarautar.Turkawa sun sake kai hari Hungary.Sarkin, ya kasa samun tallafi daga sarakunan Jamus, ba shi da iko a Bohemia.Yunkurinsa na cin abinci na Nuremberg a shekara ta 1422 don tara sojojin haya ya ci tura saboda juriyar garuruwan;kuma a cikin 1424 masu zaɓe, waɗanda a cikinsu akwai tsohon abokin Sigismund, Frederick I na Hohenzollern, sun nemi ƙarfafa nasu ikon don kashe sarki.Ko da yake shirin ya ci tura, haɗarin da Jamus ke fuskanta daga Husites ya kai ga Ƙungiyar Bingen, wadda kusan ta hana Sigismund jagorancin yaƙi da shugabancin Jamus.

Yaƙin Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg) yaƙi ne na farko da yaƙin neman zaɓe a Hussite Wars, wanda aka yi yaƙi a ranar 21 ga Disamba 1421 tsakanin sojojin Jamus da Hungary na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki da Husites, ƙungiyar farko ta ikilisiyoyi masu kawo sauyi da aka kafa a cikin abin da ke yanzu Jamhuriyar Czech.A shekara ta 1419, Paparoma Martin V ya ayyana yaƙi da Hussites.Wani reshe na Husites, da aka sani da Taborites, ya kafa ƙungiyar addini da sojoji a Tabor.Karkashin jagorancin hazaka Janar Jan Žižka, Taboriyawa sun yi amfani da sabbin makamin da ake da su, wadanda suka hada da bindigogin hannu, dogayen bindigogi, siraran bindigogi, da ake yi wa lakabi da "macizai", da kekunan yaki.Amincewar da suka yi na ƙarshe ya ba su damar yin yaƙi mai sassauƙa da salon yaƙi.Asalin aikin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ma'auni na ƙarshe, tasirin sa a kan sojojin dawakan sarki ya mai da manyan bindigogin fage zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarfi na sojojin Hussite.

Daular Usmaniyya sun mamaye sansanin Golubac a shekara ta 1427 kuma sun fara kwasar ganima a kai a kai.Hare-haren Ottoman sun tilastawa mazauna yankin da dama tashi zuwa yankunan da aka fi samun kariya.'Yan gudun hijirar Slavic ta Kudu (yawancin Sabiyawa) ne suka mamaye wurinsu.Yawancin su an tsara su zuwa rukunin sojoji na tafi-da-gidanka da ake kira hussars.

A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1434, sojojin Taborite, karkashin jagorancin Prokop the Great da Prokop the Lesser, wadanda suka fadi a yakin, sun sha kaye gaba daya, kuma sun kusan halaka su a yakin Lipany.A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1436, an karɓi ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar kuma aka sanya hannu a Jihlava (Iglau), a Moravia, ta Sarki Sigismund, ta wakilan Hussite, da wakilan Cocin Roman Katolika.

John Hunyadi babban sojan Hungary ne kuma jigo a siyasa a Tsakiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai a cikin karni na 15.A cewar mafi yawan majiyoyi na zamani, shi memba ne na dangi mai daraja na zuriyar Wallachian.Ya kware a fagen soji a yankunan kudancin Masarautar Hungary da ke fuskantar hare-haren Ottoman .An nada voivode na Transylvania kuma shugaban wasu gundumomin kudanci, ya ɗauki alhakin kare iyakokin a 1441.Ya dauki ƙwararrun sojoji aiki, amma kuma ya tara manoman cikin gida don yakar mahara.Wadannan sabbin abubuwa sun ba da gudummawa ga nasarorin farko da ya samu a kan sojojin Ottoman wadanda ke washe safarar kudanci a farkon shekarun 1440.Ko da yake an ci nasara a yakin Varna a 1444 da kuma a karo na biyu na Kosovo a 1448, nasarar da ya samu "Dogon Gangamin" a cikin tsaunin Balkan a 1443-44 da kuma kare Belgrade (Nándorfehérvár) a 1456, a kan sojojin da Sultan ya jagoranta da kansa. , ya kafa sunansa a matsayin babban janar.John Hunyadi kuma fitaccen dan siyasa ne.Ya taka rawar gani sosai a yakin basasa tsakanin 'yan jam'iyyar Wladislas I da ƙaramin Ladislaus V, masu da'awar sarautar Hungary a farkon 1440s, a madadin tsohon.Abincin na Hungary ya zaɓi Hunyadi a matsayin mai mulki kawai tare da lakabin gwamna.Nasarorin da Hunyadi ya samu kan Turkawa sun hana su mamaye daular Hungary sama da shekaru 60.Shahararsa ta kasance wani muhimmin al'amari a zaben dansa, Matthias Corvinus, a matsayin sarki ta hanyar cin abinci na 1457. Hunyadi sanannen mutum ne na tarihi tsakanin Hungarian, Romania , Sabiya, Bulgaria da sauran al'ummomin yankin.

Manufar Sigismund mai aiki a waje ta bukaci sabbin hanyoyin samun kudin shiga.Alal misali, sarkin ya sanya haraji na musamman a kan limamai kuma ya ba da jinginar gidaje 13 na Saxon a cikin Szepesség zuwa Poland a shekara ta 1412. Ya ci gaba da zubar da tsabar kudi a kai a kai wanda ya haifar da wata babbar tawaye na ƙauyen Hungarian da Romania a Transylvania a shekara ta 1437. An kashe shi. Dakarun hadin gwiwa na manyan sarakunan kasar Hungary, Székelys da Transylvanian Saxon wadanda suka kulla yarjejeniya da 'yan tawaye.

Daular Ottoman sun mamaye babban yankin Sabiya a ƙarshen shekara ta 1438. A wannan shekarar, sojojin Ottoman—da suke samun goyon bayan Vlad II Dracul, Yariman Wallachia—suka kai farmaki cikin ƙasar Transylvania, suna washe Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben, Gyulafehérvár (Albafehérvár na yanzu). Iulia, Romania) da sauran garuruwa.Bayan da Ottomans suka kewaye Smederevo, birni na ƙarshe mai mahimmanci na Serbia a watan Yuni 1439, Đurađ Branković, Despot na Serbia ya gudu zuwa Hungary don neman taimakon soja.

Sarki Albert ya mutu sakamakon cutar zazzaɓi a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 1439. Matarsa, Elisabeth—yar Sarkin Sigismund— ta haifi ɗa mai suna Ladislaus.Gidajen daular sun ba da kambi ga Vladislaus, Sarkin Poland, amma Elizabeth ta sa jariri ɗansa ya zama sarki a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1440. Duk da haka, Vladislaus ya amince da tayin Estates kuma an naɗa shi sarki a ranar 17 ga Yuli.A lokacin yakin basasa da ya biyo baya tsakanin bangarorin sarakunan biyu, Hunyadi ya goyi bayan Vladislaus.Hunyadi ya yi yaƙi da Ottomans a Wallachia, wanda sarki Vladislaus ya ba shi yankuna biyar a kusa da gidajen danginsa a ranar 9 ga Agusta 1440.Hunyadi, tare da Nicholas na Ilok, sun halaka sojojin abokan adawar Vladislaus a Bátaszek a farkon shekara ta 1441. Nasarar da suka samu ya kawo ƙarshen yakin basasa yadda ya kamata.Sarki mai godiya ya nada Hunyadi da abokin aikinsa Voivodes na Transylvania da Counts of the Székelys a cikin Fabrairu.A takaice, Sarkin ya nada su Ispáns na gundumar Temes kuma ya ba su umarnin Belgrade da duk sauran katangar da ke gefen Danube.

Hunyadi ya shirya gyaran katangar birnin Belgrade, wanda ya lalace a lokacin wani harin da Ottoman ya kai.A matsayin ramuwar gayya ga hare-haren da Ottoman suka kai a yankin kogin Sava, ya yi kutse cikin yankin Ottoman a lokacin rani ko kaka na shekara ta 1441. Ya ci nasara a kan Ishak Bey, kwamandan Smederovo.

Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya, Murad II, ya yi shela a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1441 cewa za a kai farmaki a ƙasar Hungarian Transylvania a watan Maris na shekara ta 1442. A farkon Maris na shekara ta 1442, sarkin yaƙi Mezid Bey ya jagoranci mayaƙan doki 16,000 akinji zuwa ƙasar Transylvania, inda suka tsallaka Wallachia a Danube zuwa Danube. Nicopolis da kuma tafiya arewa cikin tsari.John Hunyadi ya yi mamaki kuma ya yi rashin nasara a yakin farko a kusa da Marosszentimre (Sântimbru, Romania).Bey Mezid ya kewaye Hermannstadt, amma hadin kan sojojin Hunyadi da Újlaki, wadanda a halin yanzu suka isa Transylvania, sun tilasta wa Ottomans tayar da yakin. kewaye.An halaka sojojin Ottoman.Wannan ita ce nasara ta uku da Hunyadi ya samu kan Daular Usmaniyya bayan samun saukin Smederevo a shekara ta 1437 da kuma kashin da Ishak Beg ya yi a tsakiyar hanya tsakanin Semendria da Belgrade a shekara ta 1441.

Paparoma Eugenius IV, wanda ya kasance mai ɗokin farfagandar sabon yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya, ya aika da wakilinsa, Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini zuwa Hungary.Cardinal ya isa a watan Mayun 1442 wanda ke da alhakin sasanta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Sarki Vladislaus da Dowager Sarauniya Elisabeth.

Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya, Murad II ya aike da Şihabeddin Pasha—gwamnan Rumelia—domin mamaye kasar Transylvania da dakaru 70,000.Pasha ya bayyana cewa kawai ganin rawaninsa zai sa maƙiyansa su gudu daga nesa.Ko da yake Hunyadi ya iya tara rundunar mazaje 15,000 kawai, amma ya yi wa Daular Usmaniyya mummunar kaye a kogin Ialomița a watan Satumba.Hunyadi ya dora Basarab na biyu a kan gadon sarautar Wallachia, amma abokin hamayyar Basarab Vlad Dracul ya dawo ya tilasta Basarab ya gudu a farkon shekara ta 1443.

A cikin Afrilu 1443 Sarki Vladislaus da barorinsa sun yanke shawarar yin babban yaƙin yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya .Tare da shiga tsakani na Cardinal Cesarini, Vladislaus ya cimma matsaya tare da Frederick III na Jamus, wanda ya kasance majibincin yaron Ladislaus V. Rundunar sojojin ta ba da tabbacin cewa Frederick III ba zai kai wa Hungary hari a cikin watanni goma sha biyu masu zuwa ba.Da yake kashe kusan furannin gwal 32,000 daga taskarsa, Hunyadi ya dauki hayar sojojin haya sama da 10,000.Sarkin ya kuma tara dakaru, kuma an kawo wasu sojoji daga Poland da Moldavia.Sarki da Hunyadi sun tafi yaƙin neman zaɓe a shugaban runduna 25-27,000 a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1443. A ka'idar, Vladislaus ya jagoranci sojojin, amma ainihin jagoran yakin shine Hunyadi.Despot Đurađ Branković ya haɗu da su tare da sojojin 8,000.Hunyadi ya umurci jami’an tsaron tare da fatattakar wasu kananan sojojin daular Usmaniyya guda hudu, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga hadewarsu.Ya kama Kruševac, Niš da Sofia.Duk da haka, sojojin kasar Hungary sun kasa kutsawa ta hanyar tsaunin Balkan zuwa Edirne.Yanayin sanyi da rashin kayan aiki ya tilasta wa sojojin Kirista dakatar da yakin da aka yi a Zlatitsa.Bayan sun yi nasara a yakin Kunovica, sun koma Belgrade a watan Janairu da Buda a cikin Fabrairu 1444.

Yakin Niš (farkon Nuwamba, 1443) ya ga 'yan Salibiyya karkashin jagorancin John Hunyadi da Đurađ Branković sun kwace sansanin Ottoman na Niš a Serbia, kuma sun yi nasara da sojojin uku na Daular Ottoman .Yakin Niš wani bangare ne na balaguron Hunyadi wanda aka fi sani da dogon yakin.Hunyadi, shugaban masu gadi, ya ratsa yankin Balkan ta Ƙofar Trajan, ya kama Niš, ya ci pashas na Turkiyya guda uku, kuma bayan ya ɗauki Sofia, ya haɗa kai da sojojin sarauta kuma ya yi nasara da Sultan Murad II a Snaim (Kustinitza).Rashin hakurin sarki da tsananin damuna ya sanya shi (a watan Fabrairu 1444) ya koma gida.

An yi yakin Zlatitsa a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1443 tsakanin Daular Usmaniyya da sojojin Hungarian na Serbia a yankin Balkan.An yi yaƙin ne a hanyar wucewar Zlatitsa kusa da garin Zlatitsa a cikin tsaunin Balkan, daular Usmaniyya ( Bulgaria ta zamani).Rashin haƙurin sarkin Poland da tsananin lokacin sanyi ya sa Hunyadi (Fabrairu 1444) ya koma gida, amma ba kafin ya karya ikon Sultan a Bosnia, Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, da Albania ba.

Tawagar Kirista ta fara ja da baya a ranar 24 ga Disamba 1443, bayan yakin Zlatica.Sojojin Ottoman sun bi su ta kogunan Iskar da Nišava kuma a cikin hanyar Kunorica sun kai hari (wasu majiyoyi sun ce sun yi kwanton bauna) a baya na sojojin da suka ja da baya wadanda suka hada da sojojin Serbia Despotate karkashin kwamandan Đurađ Branković.An yi yakin ne cikin dare, a karkashin wata.Hunyadi da Władysław wadanda tuni suka bi ta hanyar sun bar kayansu da sojoji suka tsare tare da kai hari kan dakarun daular Usmaniyya a kusa da kogin da ke gabashin dutsen.Daular Usmaniyya ta sha kaye kuma an kama wasu kwamandojin Ottoman da dama ciki har da Mahmud Çelebi na dangin Çandarlı (a wasu majiyoyin farko da ake kira Karambeg).Yunkurin da Ottoman ya yi a yakin Kunovica da kame Mahmud Bey, surukin Sarkin Musulmi, ya haifar da yakinin nasara baki daya.A cewar wasu majiyoyi, Skanderbeg ya halarci wannan yaki a bangaren Ottoman kuma ya bar sojojin daular Usmaniyya a lokacin rikicin.

Tsammanin mamayewar Ottoman wanda matashi da rashin kwarewa sabon sarkin Ottoman ya karfafa, Hungary ta hada kai da Venice da Paparoma Eugene IV don shirya sabuwar rundunar 'yan Salibiyya karkashin Hunyadi da Władysław III.Da aka samu wannan labari, Mehmet II ya fahimci cewa shi matashi ne kuma ba shi da kwarewa wajen samun nasarar yaki da kawancen.Ya tuno da Murad na biyu a kan karagar mulki domin ya jagoranci rundunar yaki, amma Murad na biyu ya ki.A fusace da mahaifinsa, wanda ya dade da yin ritaya zuwa rayuwa ta tunani a kudu maso yammacin Anatoliya, Mehmed II ya rubuta cewa, "Idan kai ne Sarkin Musulmi, ka zo ka jagoranci sojojinka. ."Bayan samun wannan wasika ne Murad na biyu ya amince ya jagoranci sojojin daular Usmaniyya.A lokacin yakin, sarkin ya yi biris da shawarar Hunyadi, ya garzaya da sojojinsa 500 na Poland a kan cibiyar Ottoman.Sun yi yunƙurin cin galaba a kan sojojin Janisar da kuma ɗauko Murad fursuna, kuma sun kusan yin nasara, amma a gaban tantin Murad, dokin Władysław, ko dai ya faɗa cikin tarko, ko kuma aka caka masa wuka, kuma Kodja Hazar, ɗan haya ya kashe sarkin, wanda ya fille kansa a lokacin da yake yin haka.Dakarun da suka rage na kawancen daular Usmaniyya sun karaya kuma sun sha kashi.Hunyadi ya tsere da kyar daga fagen fama, amma sojojin Wallachia suka kama shi suka daure shi.Duk da haka, Vlad Dracul ya 'yantar da shi ba da daɗewa ba.

A cin abinci na gaba na Hungary, wanda aka taru a Afrilu 1445, Estates sun yanke shawarar cewa za su amince da mulkin Ladislaus V gaba ɗaya idan Sarki Vladislaus, wanda har yanzu ba a tabbatar da makomarsa ba, bai isa Hungary a ƙarshen Mayu ba.Estates sun kuma zaɓi "Kyaftin a Hafsa" bakwai, ciki har da Hunyadi, kowannensu yana da alhakin maido da tsarin cikin gida a yankin da aka ba su.An sanya Hunyadi don gudanar da filayen gabashin kogin Tisza.A nan ya mallaki gidaje akalla shida da kuma mallakar filaye a kusan kananan hukumomi goma, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama baron da ya fi kowa karfi a yankin a karkashin mulkinsa.

Yaƙin Kosovo na biyu shi ne ƙarshen farmakin da 'yan ƙasar Hungary suka kai musu don ɗaukar fansar shan kashi a Varna shekaru huɗu da suka gabata.A yakin na kwanaki uku sojojin Ottoman karkashin jagorancin Sultan Murad na biyu sun fatattaki sojojin Salibiyya na sarki John Hunyadi.Bayan wannan yakin, hanyar ta fito fili ga Turkawa sun mamaye Serbia da sauran kasashen Balkan, kuma hakan ya kawo karshen duk wani fata na ceto Konstantinoful.Masarautar Hungarian ba ta da karfin soja da na kudi don kai farmaki kan Daular Usmaniyya.Tare da ƙarshen barazanar Crusader na tsawon rabin karni ga iyakar Turai, ɗan Murad Mehmed II ya sami 'yanci ya kewaye Constantinople a 1453.

Bayan faduwar Constantinoful a shekara ta 1453, Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya Mehmed Mai Nasara ya tattara dukiyarsa don ya mallake daular Hungary.Burinsa na kai tsaye shine sansanin kan iyaka na garin Belgrade.John Hunyadi, Count of Temes kuma kyaftin-janar na Hungary, wanda ya yi yaki da Turkawa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, ya shirya kariyar katangar.Sifen ya rikide zuwa wani gagarumin yaki, inda Hunyadi ya jagoranci wani harin kwatsam wanda ya mamaye sansanin daular Usmaniyya, wanda daga karshe ya tilastawa Mehmed na biyu da ya samu rauni ya daga wannan hari ya ja da baya.Yakin ya sami sakamako mai ma'ana, yayin da ya daidaita iyakokin kudancin Masarautar Hungary sama da rabin karni, don haka ya jinkirta ci gaban Ottoman a Turai.Kamar yadda a baya ya umarci dukkanin masarautun Katolika da su yi addu’a domin samun nasara ga masu kare Belgrade, Paparoma ya yi bikin wannan nasara ta hanyar yin doka don tunawa da ranar.Wannan ya haifar da tatsuniyar cewa al'adar kararrawa ta azahar da aka yi a cocin Katolika da na tsohuwar cocin Furotesta, wanda Paparoma ya kafa kafin yakin, an kafa shi ne don tunawa da nasarar.Ranar nasara, 22 ga Yuli, ta kasance ranar tunawa a Hungary tun daga lokacin.

Nasarar da 'yan Salibiyya suka yi a Belgrade a kan Sultan wanda ya ci Constantinople ya haifar da sha'awa a ko'ina cikin Turai.An yi matakai don murnar nasarar Hunyadi a Venice da Oxford.Sai dai kuma a sansanin 'yan Salibiyya na kara ta'azzara, domin manoman sun musanta cewa barayin ba su taka rawar gani ba a wannan nasara.Domin kaucewa tawaye a fili, Hunyadi da Capistrano sun wargaza sojojin 'yan Salibiyya.A halin da ake ciki dai wata annoba ta barke tare da kashe mutane da dama a sansanin 'yan Salibiyya.Hunyadi kuma ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a kusa da Zimony (Zemun na yanzu, Serbia) a ranar 11 ga Agusta.

Sojojin Bakar fata sunan gama-gari ne da ake ba wa sojojin da ke aiki a karkashin mulkin Sarki Matthias Corvinus na Hungary.Kakanni da jigon wannan runduna ta farko ta sojojin haya sun bayyana a zamanin mahaifinsa John Hunyadi a farkon shekarun 1440.Tunanin ƙwararrun rundunonin sojan haya sun fito ne daga karatun matasa na Matthias game da rayuwar Julius Kaisar.Sojojin Baƙar fata na Hungary bisa ga al'ada sun ƙunshi shekaru daga 1458 zuwa 1494. Sojojin hayar na wasu ƙasashe a zamanin an tura su ne daga yawan jama'a a lokacin rikici, kuma sojoji suna aiki a matsayin masu tuya, manoma, masu yin bulo, da sauransu. shekara.Akasin haka, mutanen Baƙar fata sun yi yaƙi a matsayin masu biyan kuɗi, masu aikin haya na cikakken lokaci kuma sun sadaukar da kai ga fasahar yaƙi.Sojojin haya ne a tsaye wanda ya ci manyan sassan kasar Ostiriya (ciki har da babban birnin kasar Vienna a shekara ta 1485) da fiye da rabin Sarautar Bohemia (Moravia, Silesia da duka Lusatias), sauran muhimmiyar nasarar da sojojin suka samu a kan Ottomans. Yaƙin Breadfield a 1479.

Sarki Matthias ya yi yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin haya na Czech waɗanda suka mamaye Upper Hungary (yau sassan Slovakia da Arewacin Hungary) da kuma Frederick III, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki, wanda ya yi iƙirarin Hungary don kansa.A cikin wannan lokaci, daular Ottoman ta ci Sabiya da Bosnia, inda ta kawo karshen yankin jihohin da ke da iyaka da kudancin kasar Hungary.Matthias ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Frederick III a shekara ta 1463, tare da amincewa da ikon Sarkin sarakuna don ya zama Sarkin Hungary.Matthias ya gabatar da sabbin haraji kuma yana saita haraji akai-akai a matakan ban mamaki.Waɗannan matakan sun haifar da tawaye a Transylvania a shekara ta 1467, amma ya fatattaki 'yan tawayen.A shekara ta gaba, Matthias ya shelanta yaƙi a kan George na Poděbrady, Sarkin Hussite na Bohemia, kuma ya ci Moravia, Silesia, da Lausitz, amma ya kasa mamaye Bohemia daidai.Estates Katolika sun ayyana shi Sarkin Bohemia a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1469, amma sarakunan Hussite sun ƙi ba shi biyayya ko da bayan mutuwar shugabansu George na Poděbrady a 1471.Matthias ya kafa ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun rundunonin soja na farko na Turai ta Tsakiya (Rundunar Baƙar fata na Hungary), ya gyara tsarin shari'a, rage ikon baron, da haɓaka ayyukan ƙwararrun mutane waɗanda aka zaɓa don iyawarsu maimakon matsayin zamantakewa.Matthias ya jagoranci fasaha da kimiyya;Laburarensa na sarauta, Bibliotheca Corviniana, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarin littattafai a Turai.Tare da taimakonsa, Hungary ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta rungumi Renaissance daga Italiya.Kamar yadda Matthias adali, sarkin da ya yi yawo a cikin talakawansa a ɓoye, ya kasance sanannen gwarzo na tatsuniyoyi na Hungary da Slovak.

Matashin sarkin cikin kankanin lokaci ya cire Ladislaus Garay mai iko daga ofishin palatine da kawunsa, Michael Szilágyi, na masarautar.Garay ya jagoranta, abokan hamayyarsa sun ba da kambi ga Frederick III, amma Matthias ya ci su kuma ya kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da sarki a 1464.

A Diet na Maris 1467, an sake sunan harajin gargajiya guda biyu;Daga nan aka tara ribar ɗakin a matsayin harajin baitul malin sarki da na talatin a matsayin kwastan na Masarautar.Saboda wannan sauyi, duk keɓewar harajin da aka yi a baya sun zama banza, suna ƙara samun kudaden shiga na jihohi.Matthias ya yi niyya game da daidaita tsarin tafiyar da kudaden shiga na sarauta.Ya ba wa John Ernuszt, wani ɗan kasuwa Bayahude da ya tuba amanar kula da al'adun masarautar sarauta.A cikin shekaru biyu, Ernuszt ne ke da alhakin tattara duk wani haraji na yau da kullun da na ban mamaki, da kuma kula da ma'adinan gishiri.Gyaran harajin Matthias ya haifar da tawaye a Transylvania.Wakilan "Al'ummai Uku" na lardin - masu daraja, Saxon da Székelys - sun kulla kawance da Sarki a Kolozsmonostor (yanzu gundumar Mănăștur a Cluj-Napoca, Romania) a ranar 18 ga Agusta, inda suka bayyana cewa a shirye suke. yaƙi don 'yancin Hungary.Matthias ya tattara sojojinsa nan da nan ya gaggauta zuwa lardin.’Yan tawayen sun mika wuya ba tare da juriya ba amma Matthias ya azabtar da shugabanninsu sosai, da yawa daga cikinsu an rataye su, aka fille kawunansu, ko kuma aka azabtar da su cikin rashin tausayi bisa umarninsa.Da yake zargin Stephen Mai Girma ya goyi bayan tawayen, Matthias ya kai hari Moldavia.Duk da haka, sojojin Stephen sun fatattaki Matthias a yakin Baia a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1467. Matthias ya sami munanan raunuka, wanda ya tilasta masa komawa Hungary.

Yakin Baia shi ne yunkurin Hungarian na karshe na fatattakar Moldavia, saboda yunkurin da aka yi a baya ya kare a kasa.Matthias Corvinus ya mamaye Moldavia a sakamakon mamayewar Stephen na Chilia - kagara da tashar jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun Bahar Black - daga sojojin Hungarian da Wallachian.Ya kasance na Moldavia ƙarni a baya.Yaƙin na Moldavia ne, wanda sakamakonsa ya ƙare da'awar Hungary akan Moldavia.

Yaƙin Bohemian (1468-1478) ya fara ne lokacin da Sarkin Hungary, Matthias Corvinus ya mamaye Mulkin Bohemia.Matthias ya mamaye tare da hujjar mayar da Bohemia zuwa Katolika;a lokacin, Sarkin Hussite, George na Poděbrady ne ya mulki shi.Mamaya da Matthias ya yi ya samu nasara sosai, wanda ya kai ga mamaye kudancin kasar da kuma gabashin kasar.Duk da haka, ba a taɓa ɗaukar ainihin ƙasashen sa ba, waɗanda ke kan Prague.Daga ƙarshe duka Matthias da George za su yi shelar kansu a matsayin sarki, kodayake ba su taɓa samun duk wasu laƙabi da suka dace ba.Lokacin da George ya mutu a shekara ta 1471, magajinsa Vladislaus II ya ci gaba da yaki da Matthias.A cikin 1478, yakin ya ƙare bayan yarjejeniyar Brno da Olomouc.Bayan mutuwar Matthias a 1490, Vladislaus zai gaje shi a matsayin sarkin Hungary da Bohemia.

Yaƙin Austriya-Hungary rikici ne na soja tsakanin Masarautar Hungary a ƙarƙashin Mathias Corvinus da Archduchy Habsburg na Austriya a ƙarƙashin Frederick V (kuma Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki kamar Frederick III).Yakin ya ci gaba daga 1477 zuwa 1488 kuma ya haifar da gagarumar nasara ga Matthias, wanda ya wulakanta Frederick, amma wanda aka sake komawa kan mutuwar Matthias a 1490.

Matthias shi ne sarki na farko wanda ba na Italiya ba wanda ke inganta yaduwar salon Renaissance a cikin mulkinsa.Auren da ya yi da Beatrice na Naples ya ƙarfafa tasirin fasahar fasahar Italiya na zamani da malanta, kuma a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa ne Hungary ta zama ƙasa ta farko a wajen Italiya don rungumar Renaissance.Farkon bayyanar gine-ginen salon Renaissance da ayyuka a wajen Italiya sun kasance a Hungary.Masanin Italiyanci Marsilio Ficino ya gabatar da Matthias ga ra'ayoyin Plato na sarkin falsafa ya haɗa hikima da ƙarfi a cikin kansa, wanda ya burge Matthias.Matthias shine babban jigo a cikin Jamhuriyoyin Aurelio Lippo Brandolini da aka kwatanta, tattaunawa akan kwatanta nau'ikan gwamnati biyu.A cewar Brandolini, Matthias ya ce wani sarki "yana kan doka kuma yana mulkinta" lokacin da yake taƙaita ra'ayoyinsa na ƙasa.Matthias kuma ya noma fasahar gargajiya.An sha rera wakokin almara na Hungary da wakokin kade-kade a fadarsa.Ya yi alfahari da rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai kare addinin Roman Katolika a kan Ottomans da Husites.Ya qaddamar da muhawarar tauhidi, alal misali a kan koyaswar Immaculate Conception, kuma ya zarce Paparoma da takwaransa "game da kiyaye addini", a cewar na karshen.Matthias ya ba da tsabar kudi a cikin 1460s masu ɗauke da siffar Budurwa Maryamu, yana nuna sadaukarwarsa ta musamman ga al'adunta.Bisa yunƙurin Matthias, Archbishop John Vitéz da Bishop Janus Pannonius sun shawo kan Paparoma Paul II ya ba su izinin kafa jami'a a Pressburg (yanzu Bratislava a Slovakia) a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1465. Academia Istropolitana an rufe shi jim kadan bayan mutuwar Archbishop.Matthias yana tunanin kafa sabuwar jami'a a Buda amma wannan shirin bai cika ba.Baya (1490-1526)

Sojojin Ottoman sun shiga Transylvania a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, kusa da Kelnek (Câlnic), karkashin jagorancin Ali Koca Bey.'Yan Akıncı sun kai hari a wasu kauyuka, gidaje, da garuruwan kasuwa, inda suka yi garkuwa da wasu 'yan kasar Hungary, Vlachs, da Saxon.A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, Koca Bey ya kafa sansaninsa a filin Breadfield (Kenyérmező), kusa da Zsibót.Koca Bey ya zama tilas a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe ta hanyar dagewar Basarab cel Tânăr, wani basarake na Wallachia, wanda da kansa ya kawo sojoji 1,000 – 2,000 a dalilin.An fara yakin ne da rana.Stephen V Báthory, Voivode na Transylvania, ya fado daga kan dokinsa kuma Ottoman sun kusa kama shi, amma wani mai martaba mai suna Antal Nagy ya buge kurwar.Bayan sun shiga yaƙi, Ottomans sun kasance cikin haɓaka tun da wuri, amma Kinizsi ya tuhumi Turkawa tare da manyan mayaƙan doki na Hungary da Serbs 900 a ƙarƙashin Jakšić waɗanda suka taimaka wa "sarakunan sarki da yawa".An tilastawa Ali Bey ja da baya.Kinizsi ya koma gefe don murkushe cibiyar ta Turkiyya kuma kafin nan Isa Bey shima ya janye.Turkawa kadan da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin sun gudu zuwa cikin tsaunuka, inda mutanen yankin suka kashe mafi yawansu.Jarumin yaƙin shine Pál Kinizsi, babban ɗan ƙasar Hungarian kuma mutun mai ƙarfin Herculean a hidimar Matthias Corvinus' Black Army na Hungary.

Yaƙin Leitzersdorf yaƙi ne tsakanin Daular Roma Mai Tsarki da Masarautar Hungary a shekara ta 1484. Rikicin farko na Matthias Corvinus da Frederick III, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki.Ya kawo karshen shirye-shiryen adawa da Ottoman da fara yaki mai tsarki.Shi ne kawai bude filin yakin Austro-Hungary, kuma shan kashi yana nufin - a cikin dogon lokaci - asarar Archduchy na Austria ga Daular Roman Mai Tsarki.

Sifen Vienna wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawanya ne a cikin 1485 na Yaƙin Austrian-Hungary.Sakamakon rikicin da ke gudana tsakanin Frederick III da Matthias Corvinus ne.Faɗuwar Vienna yana nufin cewa ta haɗu da Hungary daga 1485 zuwa 1490. Matthias Corvinus kuma ya koma fadar sarautarsa ​​zuwa sabon birni da aka mamaye.Vienna ya zama babban birnin kasar Hungary fiye da shekaru goma.

Vladislaus ya dage da'awar Hungary bayan mutuwar Matthias.Abinci na Hungary ya zabe shi sarki bayan da magoya bayansa suka doke John Corvinus.Sauran masu da'awar guda biyu, Maximilian na Habsburg da ɗan'uwan Vladislaus, John Albert, sun mamaye ƙasar Hungary, amma sun kasa tabbatar da da'awarsu kuma suka yi sulhu da Vladislaus a shekara ta 1491. Ya zauna a Buda, ya ba da damar Kayayyakin Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia da Lusatias duka. don daukar cikakken nauyin gudanar da harkokin mulki na jiha.Kamar a baya a Bohemia, kuma a Hungary Vladislaus koyaushe ya amince da shawarar Majalisar Sarauta, don haka laƙabinsa na Hungarian "Dobzse László" (daga Czech kral Dobře, a cikin Latin rex Bene - "King Very Well").Saboda rangwame da ya yi kafin zabensa, baitul malin sarki ba zai iya ba da tallafin rundunonin sojoji ba kuma an wargaza sojojin Black Army na Matthias Corvinus bayan tawaye, kodayake Ottoman sun kai hare-hare akai-akai a kan iyakar kudanci kuma bayan 1493 har ma da yankunan da suka hade a Croatia.A lokacin mulkinsa, ikon sarautar Hungarian ya ƙi amincewa da manyan mutanen Hungary, waɗanda suka yi amfani da ikonsu don tauye 'yanci na manoma.Mulkinsa a Hungary ya kasance mai karko, ko da yake Hungary na fuskantar matsin lamba a kan iyaka daga Daular Ottoman kuma ta shiga cikin tawaye na György Dózsa.A ranar 11 ga Maris, 1500, tsarin cin abinci na Bohemian ya amince da sabon tsarin mulkin ƙasa wanda ya iyakance ikon sarauta, kuma Vladislav ya sanya hannu a cikin 1502. Bugu da ƙari, ya kula da ginin (1493-1502) na babban ɗakin Vladislav na fadar da ke fadar Prague Castle.

Vladislaus ya gaji baitulmali kusan fanko daga Matthias kuma ya kasa samun kuɗi don ba da kuɗin baƙar fata na magabacinsa (Rundunar sojojin haya).Sojojin hayar da ba a biya su albashi sun tashi sun yi awon gaba da kauyuka da dama da ke gabar kogin Sava.Paul Kinizsi ya fatattake su a watan Satumba.Yawancin sojojin haya an kashe su kuma Vladislaus ya narkar da ragowar sojojin a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1493.

A cikin 1514, shugabar gwamnatin Hungary, Tamás Bakócz, ya dawo daga Mai Tsarki tare da bijimin papal da Leo X ya bayar wanda ke ba da izinin yaƙin yaƙi da Ottomans.Ya nada Dózsa don tsarawa da jagorantar tafiyar.A cikin 'yan makonni, Dózsa ya tara dakaru kusan 40,000 da ake kira hajdúta, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin ɓangarori na ƙauye, ɗalibai masu yawo, limamai, da limaman coci - wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mafi ƙasƙanci na al'umma na tsakiyar zamanai.Masu aikin sa kai sun ƙara yin fushi da gazawar masu mulki wajen ba da jagoranci na soja (ainihin aiki na asali da na farko na masu mulki da kuma tabbatar da matsayi mafi girma a cikin al'umma). a lokacin tattakinsu na ƙetaren Babban Filin Hungarian, kuma Bakócz ya soke yaƙin neman zaɓe.Ta haka aka karkatar da wannan yunkuri daga ainihin abin da ya kasance, sai manoma da shugabanninsu suka fara yakin daukar fansa kan masu gidaje.Tawayen ya bazu cikin sauri, musamman a tsakiyar tsakiyar ko lardunan Magyar, inda aka kona ɗaruruwan gidaje da katakai, aka kashe dubban ƴan sanda ta hanyar gicciye, gicciye, da sauran hanyoyi.Sansanin Dózsa a Cegléd shi ne tsakiyar jacquerie, yayin da duk hare-haren da ke kewaye suka fara daga can.Yayin da aka danne shi ya zama larura ta siyasa, an fatattaki Dózsa a Temesvár (yau Timișoara, Romania) da sojojin 20,000 karkashin jagorancin John Zápolya da István Báthory.An kama shi bayan yaƙin, kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin zama a kan gadon sarauta, da zafi mai zafi, aka tilasta masa sanya rawanin ƙarfe mai zafi da sandan sarauta (yana izgili da burinsa na zama sarki).An danne tawayen amma an azabtar da wasu manoma 70,000.Kisan György, da mumunar murkushe manoma, sun taimaka matuka ga mamayewar Ottoman na 1526 yayin da Hungarian suka daina zama jama'a ta siyasa.

Bayan hawan gadon sarautar Suleiman I , Sarkin ya aika da jakada zuwa Louis II don karbar harajin shekara-shekara da aka yi wa Hungary.Louis ya ƙi biyan harajin shekara-shekara kuma ya sa aka kashe jakadan Ottoman kuma ya aika da shugaban ga Sultan.Louis ya yi imanin cewa jihohin Papal da sauran Jihohin Kirista ciki har da Charles V, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki zai taimake shi.Wannan lamari ya gaggauta faduwar kasar Hungary.Kasar Hungary ta kasance cikin wani yanayi na kusa da rashin zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1520 a karkashin mulkin manya.Kuɗin sarki ya yi tagumi;ya ci bashi don biyan kuɗin gidansa duk da cewa sun kai kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na kuɗin shiga na ƙasa.Tsaron kasar ya yi rauni yayin da jami'an tsaron kan iyaka ba su biya albashi ba, sansanonin sun lalace, an kuma dakile yunkurin kara haraji don karfafa tsaro.A 1521 Sultan Suleiman Mai Girma ya san raunin Hungary sosai.Daular Ottoman ta shelanta yaki a kan Masarautar Hungary, Suleiman ya jinkirta shirinsa na kewaye Rhodes kuma ya yi balaguro zuwa Belgrade.Louis da matarsa ​​Maryamu sun nemi taimakon soja daga wasu ƙasashen Turai.Kawunsa, Sarki Sigismund na Poland, da surukinsa, Archduke Ferdinand, sun yarda su taimaka.Ferdinand ya aike da dakaru 3,000 na kasa da kasa da wasu makaman bindigu a lokacin da yake shirye-shiryen tattara kadarori na kasar Austriya, yayin da Sigismund ya yi alkawarin tura 'yan takawa.Tsarin daidaitawa gaba ɗaya ya gaza ko da yake.Maryamu, ko da yake jagora ce mai mahimmanci, ta haifar da rashin amincewa ta hanyar dogara ga masu ba da shawara na Hungary yayin da Louis ba shi da ƙarfin hali, wanda manyansa suka gane.Daular Usmaniyya ta kame Belgrade da manyan kasoshi masu mahimmanci a Serbia.Wannan bala'i ne ga masarautar Louis;Ba tare da muhimman muhimman biranen Belgrade da Šabac ba, Hungary, ciki har da Buda, a bude take don ci gaba da mamayar Turkiyya.

Bayan da aka kewaye Rhodes, a cikin 1526 Suleiman ya yi balaguro na biyu don mamaye dukan ƙasar Hungary.A cikin tsakiyar watan Yuli, Sarkin matashi ya tashi daga Buda, ya ƙudura don "ko dai ya yaƙi mahara ko kuma a murkushe shi gaba ɗaya".Louis ya yi kuskuren dabara lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da sojojin Ottoman a fagen yaƙin buɗe ido tare da runduna ta tsakiya, rashin isassun bindigogi, da dabarun da ba su da amfani.A ranar 29 ga Agusta 1526, Louis ya jagoranci sojojinsa a kan Suleiman a cikin mummunan yakin Mohács.Sojojin kasar Hungary sun yi kawanya da dakarun dawakan Ottoman a cikin wani yunkuri na tsageru, kuma a tsakiyar kasar an fatattaki manyan mayaka da sojojin kasar Hungarian, inda aka yi ta fama da munanan raunuka, musamman daga makaman daular Usmaniyya da ke da kyau da kuma makami masu kyau da horaswa na Janissary.An lalata kusan dukkanin sojojin Masarautar Hungary cikin kusan sa'o'i 2 a fagen daga.A lokacin da ake ja da baya, sarkin mai shekaru ashirin ya mutu lokacin da ya fado baya daga kan dokinsa yayin da yake kokarin haye wani babban rafi na kogin Csele.Ya fada cikin rafi, saboda nauyin sulkensa, ya kasa tashi ya nutse.Da yake Louis ba shi da 'ya'ya na gaskiya, an zaɓi Ferdinand a matsayin magajinsa a Masarautar Bohemia da Hungary , amma John Zápolya ya yi hamayya da kursiyin Hungarian, wanda ya mulki yankunan daular da Turkawa suka ci a matsayin abokin ciniki na Ottoman.