Zaman Edo

Nasarar da Ieyasu ya samu a kan yammacin daimyo a yakin Sekigahara (Oktoba 21, 1600, ko a kalandar Japan a rana ta 15 ga wata na tara na shekara ta biyar na zamanin Keichō) ya ba shi iko da dukkan Japan.Ya rushe gidaje daimyo na abokan gaba da sauri, ya rage wasu, kamar na Toyotomi, kuma ya sake raba ganimar yaƙi ga danginsa da abokansa.

Tsarin Red Seal ya bayyana daga aƙalla 1592, ƙarƙashin Toyotomi Hideyoshi, ranar da aka fara ambaton tsarin a cikin takarda.Shuinjō na farko da aka kiyaye shi (Red Seal Permit) yana kwanan wata zuwa 1604, ƙarƙashin Tokugawa Ieyasu, shugaban farko na Tokugawa Japan.Tokugawa ya ba da izini mai jajayen hatimi ga sarakunan ɓangarorin da ya fi so da kuma manyan 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke sha'awar kasuwancin waje.Ta hanyar yin haka, ya sami damar sarrafa 'yan kasuwa na Japan tare da rage yawan fashin jiragen ruwa na Japan a cikin tekun Kudu.Har ila yau hatiminsa ya ba da tabbacin tsaron jiragen, tun da ya sha alwashin bin duk wani dan fashin teku ko al'ummar da za ta keta shi.Bayan 'yan kasuwar Japan, mazauna Turai 12 da Sinawa 11, ciki har da William Adams da Jan Joosten, an san sun sami izini.A wani lokaci bayan 1621, an rubuta Jan Joosten cewa ya mallaki jiragen ruwa na Red Seal guda 10 don kasuwanci.Portuguese ,Spanish , Dutch , Turanci jiragen ruwa da Asiya sarakuna m kare Jafananci ja hatimin jiragen ruwa, tun da suna da huldar diflomasiyya da Japan shōgun.Ming China ce kawai ba ta da wata alaka da wannan al'ada, saboda a hukumance daular ta haramtawa jiragen ruwa na Japan shiga tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin.(Amma jami'an Ming ba su sami damar hana masu fasa kwauri na China tashi daga jirgin ruwa zuwa Japan ba.)A cikin 1635, Tokugawa Shogunate a hukumance ya haramta wa 'yan ƙasarsu tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen waje (mai kama da yarjejeniyar Gentlemen na 1907), don haka ya kawo ƙarshen lokacin cinikin hatimi.Wannan matakin ya sa Kamfanin Dutch Gabashin Indiya ya zama ƙungiyar da aka amince da ita a hukumance don kasuwancin Turai, tare da Batavia a matsayin hedkwatarta na Asiya.

Zaman Edo ya fara ne bayan Tokugawa Ieyasu ya samu daga Sarkin sarakuna Go-Yōzei taken shōgun.Garin Edo ya zama babban birnin Japan kuma cibiyar ikon siyasa.Hakan ya faru ne bayan Tokugawa Ieyasu ya kafa hedkwatar bakufu a Edo.Kyoto ta kasance babban birnin kasar.

Don kauce wa makomar magabata, Ieyasu ya kafa tsarin daular jim kadan bayan ya zama shogun ta hanyar yin murabus daga Hidetada a shekara ta 1605. Ieyasu ya sami lakabin ogosho, shogun mai ritaya kuma ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko har mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1616. Ieyasu ya yi ritaya zuwa Kasuwar Sunpu a Sunpu. , amma kuma ya kula da ginin Edo Castle, wani gagarumin aikin gine-gine wanda ya dade har tsawon rayuwar Ieyasu.Sakamakon ya kasance babban katafaren gini a duk kasar Japan, kudin da ake kashewa wajen gina katafaren gidan duk sauran daimyo ne suka biya, yayin da Ieyasu ya sami dukkan fa'ida.Bayan mutuwar Ieyasu a shekara ta 1616, Hidetada ya mallaki bakufu.Ya ƙarfafa ikon Tokugawa ta hanyar inganta dangantaka da kotun Imperial.Don haka ya auri 'yarsa Kazuko ga Sarkin sarakuna Go-Mizunoo.Samfurin wannan aure, yarinya, daga ƙarshe ta yi nasara a kan kursiyin Japan don zama Empress Meishō.Garin Edo ma ya sami ci gaba sosai a zamanin mulkinsa.

Mamaya na Ryukyu da sojojin Jafanan feudal yankin Satsuma ya faru ne daga Maris zuwa Mayu na 1609, kuma ya nuna farkon matsayin Masarautar Ryukyu a matsayin ƙasa mai ɓacin rai a ƙarƙashin yankin Satsuma.Dakarun mamayar sun gamu da tsautsayi daga sojojin Ryukyuan a duk tsibiri guda daya a lokacin yakin.Ryukyu zai ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin Satsuma, tare da dangantakar da ta dade da kulla da kasar Sin, har sai lokacin da Japan ta mamaye ta a 1879 a matsayin lardin Okinawa.

Lamarin da ya faru a Nossa Senhora da Graça ya kasance yaƙin ruwa na kwanaki huɗu tsakanin wani jirgin ruwa na Portuguese da na Japan samurai junks na dangin Arima kusa da ruwan Nagasaki a 1610. "Babban jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci" mai kayatarwa, wanda aka san shi da "baƙar fata". "Jafanawa, sun nutse bayan da kyaftin dinsa André Pessoa ya sanya ma'ajiyar bindigar wuta yayin da samurai ya mamaye jirgin.Wannan matsananciyar tsayin daka da kisa ya burge Jafanawa a lokacin, kuma abubuwan tunawa da abin da ya faru sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19.

Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga wani samurai ne na Kirshitan Jafananci kuma mai riƙe da Kwanan Wata Masamune, daimō na Sendai.Shi dan asalin masarautar Japan ne tare da alakar kakanni da Sarkin sarakuna Kanmu.A cikin shekarun 1613 zuwa 1620, Hasekura ya jagoranci Ofishin Jakadancin Keichō, ofishin diflomasiyya ga Paparoma Paul V. Ya ziyarci New Spain da sauran tashoshin kira a Turai a kan hanya.A tafiya ta dawowa, Hasekura da abokansa sun sake bin hanyarsu ta zuwa New Spain a shekara ta 1619, suka tashi daga Acapulco zuwa Manila, sa’an nan suka tashi daga arewa zuwa Japan a shekara ta 1620. An ɗauke shi jakadan Japan na farko a Amurka daSpain , duk da haka . sauran ayyukan da ba a san su ba kuma ba a rubuta su ba kafin aikinsa.Ko da yake an karɓi ofishin jakadanci na Hasekura da kyau a Spain da Roma, hakan ya faru ne a lokacin da Japan ke matsawa wajen murkushe Kiristanci .Sarakunan Turai sun ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da Hasekura ke nema.Ya koma Japan a shekara ta 1620 kuma ya mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya shekara guda bayan haka, ofishin jakadancinsa da alama ya ƙare da ɗan sakamako a cikin ƙasar Japan da ke daɗa ware kai.Ofishin jakadancin Japan na gaba zuwa Turai ba zai faru ba sai bayan shekaru 200, bayan karni biyu na ware, tare da "Japan ofishin jakadancin Japan na farko zuwa Turai" a 1862.

A cikin 1614, dangin Toyotomi sun sake gina Osaka Castle.Tashin hankali ya fara girma tsakanin Tokugawa da dangin Toyotomi, kuma ya karu ne kawai lokacin da Toyotomi ya fara tattara sojojin rōnin da abokan gaba na shogunate a Osaka.Ieyasu, duk da ya ba dansa lakabin Shōgun a 1605, duk da haka ya ci gaba da tasiri sosai.Dakarun Tokugawa, tare da babbar runduna karkashin jagorancin Ieyasu da shōgun Hidetada, sun yi wa katangar Osaka kawanya a cikin abin da a yanzu ake kira "Siege na Osaka na Winter".Daga ƙarshe, Tokugawa sun sami damar yin shawarwari da yin amfani da makamai bayan da aka kai harin bindigar da aka yi wa mahaifiyar Hideyori, Yodo-dono barazana.Duk da haka, da zarar an amince da yarjejeniyar, Tokugawa ya cika ƙofofin gidan da yashi don sojojinsa su yi tafiya.Ta hanyar wannan dabara, Tokugawa sun sami fili mai yawa ta hanyar tattaunawa da yaudara da ba za su iya ba ta hanyar kewaye da yaki.Ieyasu ya koma fadar Sunpu, amma bayan da Toyotomi Hideyori ya ki amincewa da wani umarni na barin Osaka, Ieyasu da sojojin kawancensa na sojoji 155,000 sun sake kai hari a Osaka Castle a cikin "Siege na bazara na Osaka".A ƙarshe, a ƙarshen 1615, Osaka Castle ya fadi kuma an kashe kusan dukkanin masu kare, ciki har da Hideyori, mahaifiyarsa (gwauruwar Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Yodo-dono), da ɗansa.Matarsa, Senhime (jikar Ieyasu), ta roki a ceci rayukan Hideyori da Yodo-dono.Ieyasu ya ki, ko dai ya bukaci su kashe kansu, ko kuma ya kashe su duka.Daga ƙarshe, an mayar da Senhime zuwa Tokugawa da rai.Tare da layin Toyotomi a ƙarshe, babu wata barazana da ta rage ga mamayar dangin Tokugawa na Japan.

Tokugawa Iemitsu shi ne shōgun na uku na daular Tokugawa.Shi ne ɗan fari na Tokugawa Hidetada tare da Oeyo, kuma jikan Tokugawa Ieyasu.Lady Kasuga ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya ce, wacce ta kasance mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin siyasa kuma ta kasance kan gaba a tattaunawar da aka yi da kotun Imperial.Iemitsu ya yi mulki daga 1623 zuwa 1651;A wannan lokacin ya gicciye Kiristoci, ya kori dukkan Turawa daga Japan tare da rufe iyakokin kasar, manufar siyasar kasashen waje da ta ci gaba sama da shekaru 200 bayan kafa ta.Ana iya jayayya ko Iemitsu za a iya la'akari da shi a matsayin mai kisan kai don yin ƙanwarsa Tadanaga ya kashe kansa ta hanyar seppuku.

A baya dai Toyotomi Hideyoshi ya kafa irin wannan dabi'a ta neman masu fada a ji su ajiye matansu da magadansu a Osaka Castle ko kuma kusa da kusa a matsayin garkuwa don tabbatar da amincin su.Bayan yakin Sekigahara da kafa Tokugawa Shogunate, an ci gaba da wannan al'ada a sabon babban birnin Edo a matsayin al'ada.An wajabta wa tozama daimyōs a 1635, da kuma fudai daimōs daga 1642. Baya ga shekaru takwas a ƙarƙashin mulkin Tokugawa Yoshimune, dokar ta ci gaba har zuwa 1862.Tsarin sankin-kōtai ya tilastawa daimōs zama a Edo ta hanyar sauye-sauye, kashe wani ɗan lokaci a Edo, da wani ɗan lokaci a lardunan su.Sau da yawa ana cewa daya daga cikin manyan manufofin wannan manufa shi ne hana daimyos tara dukiya mai yawa ko mulki ta hanyar raba su da lardunan su na asali, da kuma tilasta musu su ba da makudan kudade akai-akai don ba da gudummawar makudan kudaden balaguro da ke tattare da su. tare da tafiya (tare da ƴan tawaga) zuwa da dawowa Edo.Tsarin ya kuma shafi matan daimyos da magada da suka rage a Edo, sun rabu da ubangijinsu da kuma lardinsu na asali, suna yin aiki da gaske a matsayin garkuwar da za a iya cutar da su ko kuma a kashe su idan daimyos za su shirya tawaye a kan ‘yan bindigar.Yayin da daruruwan daimōs ke shiga ko barin Edo a kowace shekara, jerin gwano sun kasance kusan al'amuran yau da kullun a babban birnin shogunal.Manyan hanyoyin zuwa larduna sune kaido.Matsuguni na musamman, honjin, sun kasance ga daimōs yayin tafiyarsu.Yawan tafiye-tafiyen daimyo ya karfafa ginin titina da gina gidaje da ababen more rayuwa a kan hanyoyin, yana haifar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa ya kafa irin wannan aiki bayan kammala fadarsa a Versailles, yana bukatar manyan sarakunan Faransa, musamman ma tsohon Noblesse d'épée ("sarkin takobi") ya kwashe watanni shida a kowace shekara a fadar, domin dalilai masu kama da na shoguns na Japan.Ana sa ran manyan za su taimaki sarki a cikin ayyukansa na yau da kullun da ayyuka na jiha da na kansa, gami da abinci, liyafa, da, ga masu gata, tashi daga barci, wanka, zuwa coci.

Halayen adawa da Turawa sun fara ne a karkashin Hideyoshi, wanda zargin Turawa ya fara da kamanninsu na ban tsoro;jiragen ruwansu masu dauke da makamai da nagartaccen karfin soja sun haifar da shakku da rashin yarda, kuma bayan cin nasarar Philippines da Mutanen Espanya suka yi, Hideyoshi ya tabbata cewa ba za a amince da su ba.Haqiqa manufar Turawa ta zo da sauri cikin tambaya.Dokar Sakoku ta 1635 wata doka ce ta Jafananci da aka yi niyya don kawar da tasirin waje, wanda tsauraran dokoki da ka'idoji na gwamnati suka aiwatar don aiwatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin.Shi ne na uku na jerin jerin abubuwan da Tokugawa Iemitsu, shōgun na Japan ya fitar daga 1623 zuwa 1651. Dokar ta 1635 ana ɗaukarsa babban misali na sha'awar Jafanawa na ware.An rubuta Dokar ta 1635 zuwa ga kwamishinonin biyu na Nagasaki, wani tashar tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kudu maso yammacin Japan.Tsibirin Nagasaki kawai yana buɗe, kuma ga yan kasuwa daga Netherlands kawai.Mahimman batutuwa na Dokar 1635 sun haɗa da:Jafanawa sun kasance a ajiye su a cikin iyakokin Japan.An kafa tsauraran dokoki don hana su ficewa daga kasar.Duk wanda aka kama yana kokarin ficewa daga kasar, ko kuma wanda ya samu damar fita sannan ya dawo daga kasashen waje, to a kashe shi.Turawan da suka shiga Japan ba bisa ka'ida ba za su fuskanci hukuncin kisa su ma.An haramta Katolika sosai.Wadanda aka samu suna bin addinin Kirista za a gudanar da bincike, kuma za a hukunta duk wanda ke da alaka da Katolika.Domin a arfafa neman waɗanda suke bin addinin Kiristanci, an ba da lada ga waɗanda suke son ba da su.ba wani ɗan mishan da aka bari ya shiga, kuma idan gwamnati ta kama shi, zai fuskanci ɗaurin kurkuku.An sanya takunkumin kasuwanci da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayayyaki don iyakance tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke buɗe don kasuwanci, da kuma 'yan kasuwa waɗanda za a ba su damar yin ciniki.An yanke dangantaka da Portuguese gaba ɗaya;'Yan kasuwan China da na Kamfanonin Gabashin Indiya na Gabashin Indiya an taƙaita su zuwa wani yanki a Nagasaki.Har ila yau, an gudanar da kasuwanci tare da kasar Sin ta hanyar masarautar Ryukyus mai cin gashin kanta, tare da Koriya ta yankin Tsushima, da kuma mutanen Ainu ta hanyar Matsumae Domain.

Tawayen Shimabara wani tawaye ne da ya faru a yankin Shimabara na Tokugawa Shogunate a Japan daga 17 Disamba 1637 zuwa 15 Afrilu 1638.Matsukura Katsuie, daimō na Shimabara Domain, ya aiwatar da manufofin da ba sa so da mahaifinsa Matsukura Shigemasa ya kafa wanda ya ɗaga haraji sosai don gina sabon Kasuwar Shimabara kuma ya haramta Kiristanci da ƙarfi.A cikin Disamba 1637, haɗin gwiwar rōnin na gida da galibin ƙauyen Katolika da Amakusa Shirō ya jagoranta sun yi tawaye ga Tokugawa Shogunate saboda rashin jin daɗi kan manufofin Katsuie.Kungiyar Tokugawa Shogunate ta aike da dakaru sama da 125,000 da ke samun goyon bayan 'yan kasar Holand domin murkushe 'yan tawayen tare da fatattakar su bayan wani dogon kawanya da suka yi a sansaninsu na Hara Castle a Minamishimabara.Bayan nasarar murkushe tawayen, Shirō da ƴan tawaye da masu goyon bayansu kusan 37,000 aka kashe ta hanyar fille kawunansu, kuma an kori ƴan kasuwan Portugal da ake zargin suna taimaka musu daga Japan.An bincika Katsuie don rashin adalci, kuma a ƙarshe an fille kansa a Edo, ya zama kawai daimyō da za a kashe a lokacin Edo.An baiwa Koriki Tadafusa Domain Shimabara.Manufofin Japan na keɓantawa da tsananta wa Kiristanci sun tsananta har zuwa Bakumatsu a cikin 1850s.Shimabara Tawayen sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi a matsayin tawaye na Kirista akan murkushe tashin hankali daga Matsukura Katsuie.Sai dai babban fahimtar ilimi ita ce tawayen ya fi yin adawa da rashin mulkin Matsukura na manoma, inda daga baya Kiristoci suka shiga tawayen.Tawayen Shimabara ita ce rikicin cikin gida mafi girma a Japan a lokacin Edo, kuma yana daya daga cikin ƴan lokuta kaɗan na tashe-tashen hankula a lokacin zaman lafiya na mulkin Tokugawa shogunate.

Babban Yunwar Kan'ei yunwa ce da ta shafi Japan a lokacin mulkin Empress Meishō a zamanin Edo.An kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon yunwa tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 100,000.Hakan ya faru ne saboda haɗakar kashe-kashen da gwamnati ta yi, Rinderpest epizootic, aman wuta da matsanancin yanayi.Gwamnatin Bakufu ta yi amfani da ayyukan da aka koya a lokacin Babban Yunwar Kan'ei don magance yunwar da ta biyo baya, musamman a lokacin yunwar Tenpo a 1833. Har ila yau, tare da korar Kiristanci daga Japan, Babban Yunwar Kan'ei ya kafa samfurin yadda Bakufu zai magance matsalolin ƙasa baki ɗaya, ta ƙetare daimō.An daidaita tsarin gudanar da mulki na dangi da yawa.A ƙarshe, an aiwatar da ƙarin kariya ga manoma daga haraji na sabani na iyayengiji na gida.

Tokugawa Iemitsu ya mutu a farkon 1651, yana da shekaru arba'in da bakwai.Bayan mutuwarsa, daular Tokugawa tana cikin babban haɗari.Ietsuna, magajin, yana ɗan shekara goma kacal.Duk da haka, duk da shekarunsa, Minamoto no Ietsuna ya zama shogun a Kei'an 4 (1651).Har sai da ya girma, sarakuna biyar ne za su yi mulki a madadinsa, amma Shogun Ietsuna ya zama shugaban hukumar bakufu.Abu na farko da Shogun Ietsuna da regency suka yi magana shine rōnin ( samurai maras ƙwarewa).A lokacin mulkin Shogun Iemitsu, samurai biyu, Yui Shosetsu da Marubashi Chūya, sun kasance suna shirin tayar da tarzoma inda za a kona birnin Edo kurmus kuma, a cikin rudani, za a kai hari Edo Castle da shōgun, sauran membobin. na Tokugawa da manyan jami'ai za a kashe su.Irin waɗannan abubuwan zasu faru a Kyoto da Osaka.Shosetsu kansa haifaffen ƙanƙanta ne kuma ya ga Toyotomi Hideyoshi a matsayin gunkinsa.Duk da haka, an gano shirin bayan mutuwar Iemitsu, kuma masu mulkin Ietsuna sun yi taurin kai wajen murkushe tawayen, wanda ya zama sananne da sunan Kiyan Uprising ko "Maƙarƙashiyar Tosa".An kashe Chuya tare da iyalansa da kuma dangin Shosetsu.Shosetsu ya zaɓi yin seppuku maimakon a kama shi.A cikin 1652, kusan rōnin 800 ya jagoranci ƙaramin tashin hankali a Tsibirin Sado, kuma an danne wannan da wulakanci.Amma ga mafi yawancin, ragowar mulkin Ietsuna bai sake damu da rōnin ba yayin da gwamnati ta zama mai son farar hula.Ko da yake Ietsuna ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne shugaba mai ƙwazo, al'amura sun fi rinjaye ta hannun sarakunan da mahaifinsa ya naɗa, ko da bayan an ayyana Ietsuna ya isa ya yi mulki a kansa.

Tawayen Shakushain wani tawaye ne na Ainu akan ikon Jafananci a Hokkaidō tsakanin 1669 zuwa 1672. Ainu sarkin Shakushain ne ya jagorance shi akan dangin Matsumae, wanda ke wakiltar kasuwancin Japan da bukatun gwamnati a yankin Hokkaidō sannan Jafananci (Mutanen Yamato) ke iko da shi.Yaƙin ya fara ne a matsayin yaƙin neman albarkatu tsakanin mutanen Shakushain da dangin Ainu abokin hamayya a cikin kogin Shibuchari (Kogin Shizunai) na yankin Shinhidaka a yanzu, Hokkaidō.Yakin ya ci gaba da zama na karshe da Ainu ya yi na ganin sun ci gaba da samun ‘yancin kai a siyasance da kuma maido da ka’idojin huldar kasuwanci da mutanen Yamato.

A cikin 1682, shōgun Tsunayoshi ya umarci masu bincikensa da ’yan sanda su ɗaga rayuwar jama’a.Ba da daɗewa ba, an hana karuwanci, ba za a iya ɗaukar ma'aikatan jirage aiki a gidajen shayi ba, kuma an hana yadudduka masu tsada da tsada.Mai yiwuwa, fataucin ya fara ne a matsayin al'ada a Japan jim kaɗan bayan da dokokin Tsunayoshi suka fara aiki.Duk da haka, saboda shawarwarin iyaye mata, Tsunnayoshi ya zama mai addini sosai, yana haɓaka tsarin Neo-Confucianism na Zhu Xi.A cikin 1682, ya karanta wa daimyōs bayanin "Babban Ilmi", wanda ya zama al'adar shekara-shekara a kotun shōgun.Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara ba da lacca fiye da haka, kuma a cikin 1690 ya yi lacca game da aikin Neo-Confucian ga Shinto da Buddha daimyos, har ma da wakilai daga kotun sarki Higashiyama a Kyoto.Ya kuma yi sha'awar ayyukan Sinanci da dama, wato Babban Koyo (Da Xue) da Classic na Filial Piety (Xiao Jing).Tsunayoshi kuma yana son fasaha da wasan kwaikwayo na Noh.Sakamakon tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, Tsunayoshi ya nemi kariya ga masu rai a sassan mulkinsa na baya.A cikin 1690s da goma na farko na 1700s, Tsunayoshi, wanda aka haifa a cikin Shekarar Kare, ya yi tunanin ya kamata ya dauki matakai da yawa game da karnuka.Tarin dokokin da aka fitar a kullum, wanda aka fi sani da Edicts on Compassion for Living Things, ya gaya wa jama'a, da dai sauransu, su kare karnuka, tun da a Edo akwai karnuka da yawa da batattu da marasa lafiya suna yawo a cikin birnin.A cikin 1695, akwai karnuka da yawa da Edo ya fara jin wari sosai.A karshe dai lamarin ya kai ga wuce gona da iri, domin an kori karnuka sama da 50,000 zuwa gidajen kwana da ke bayan birnin inda za a tsugunar da su.Ga dukkan alamu an ciyar da su shinkafa da kifi ne a kan kudin harajin ’yan kasar Edo.A karshen zamanin Tsunayoshi, Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu ya ba shi shawara.Zamanin zinari ne na fasahar Jafananci na gargajiya, wanda aka sani da zamanin Genroku.

Tashin Jōkyō babban boren ƙauye ne wanda ya faru a 1686 (a cikin shekara ta uku na zamanin Jōkyō a lokacin Edo) a Azumidaira, Japan.Azumidaira a wancan lokacin, wani yanki ne na Matsumoto Domain da ke karkashin ikon Tokugawa shogunate.Kabilar Mizuno ce ke mulkin yankin a lokacin.An yi rigingimu da dama na tashin hankalin manoma a lokacin Edo, kuma a lokuta da dama an kashe jagororin boren bayan haka.An yaba wa waɗancan shugabannin da aka kashe a matsayin Gimin, shahidai da ba na addini ba, tare da shahararren Gimin shine mai yuwuwa Sakura Sōgoro na tatsuniya.Amma tashe tashen hankula na Jōkyō ya kasance na musamman domin ba wai kawai jagororin masu tayar da kayar baya ba (tsohuwar ƙauyen ko na yanzu, waɗanda ba su sha wahala daga haraji mai yawa ba), har ma da yarinya ’yar shekara sha shida (batun littafin Oshyun na Ohtsubo). Kazuko) wanda ya taimaki mahaifinta, "mataimakin shugaban", an kama shi kuma aka kashe shi.A kan haka, jagororin masu tayar da kayar baya sun fahimci abin da ke cikin hadari.Sun fahimci cewa ainihin batun shine cin zarafi a cikin tsarin feudal.Domin sabon matakin harajin da aka tara ya yi daidai da adadin harajin kashi 70%;adadin da ba zai yiwu ba.Mizunos sun tattara Shimpu-tōki, rikodin hukuma na Matsumoto Domain kimanin shekaru arba'in bayan tawaye.Wannan Shimpu-tōki shine babban kuma ingantaccen tushen bayanai game da tashin.

Wakan Sansai Zue wani kwatanci ne na leishu na Jafananci da aka buga a cikin 1712 a lokacin Edo.Ya ƙunshi juzu'i 105 a cikin littattafai 81.Wanda ya hada shi shine Terashima, likita daga Osaka.Ya bayyana da kuma kwatanta ayyuka daban-daban na rayuwar yau da kullum, kamar aikin kafinta da kamun kifi, da tsirrai da dabbobi, da taurarin taurari.Yana kwatanta mutanen "ƙasashe daban-daban/baƙi" (ikoku) da "mutane na waje".Kamar yadda aka gani daga taken littafin, ra'ayin Terajima ya dogara ne akan kundin kundin tarihin kasar Sin, musamman aikin Ming Sancai Tuhui ("Pictorial..." ko "Compendium Compendium of the Three Powers") na Wang Qi (1607), wanda aka sani a cikin littafin. Japan a matsayin Sansai Zue (三才図会).Ana ci gaba da buga Wakan Sansai Zue a Japan.

Yoshimune ya ci nasara zuwa mukamin shōgun a Shotoku-1 (1716).Wa'adinsa na shōgun ya kai shekaru 30.Ana ɗaukar Yoshimune a cikin mafi kyawun tokugawa shōguns.An san Yoshimune saboda sauye-sauye na kudi.Ya kori mai ba da shawara mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Arai Hakuseki kuma ya fara abin da za a kira shi da Kyōho Reforms.Ko da yake an haramta littattafan kasashen waje sosai tun 1640, Yoshimune ya sassauta ƙa'idodin a 1720, ya fara kwararar littattafan ƙasashen waje da fassararsu zuwa Japan, kuma ya fara haɓaka nazarin ƙasashen yamma, ko rangaku.Wataƙila Yoshimune ya sassauta ƙa'idodin ya sami tasiri ta hanyar jerin laccoci da masanin falaki kuma masanin falsafa Nishikawa Joken ya gabatar a gabansa.

Kodayake yawancin littattafan Yammacin Turai an hana su daga 1640, an sassauta dokoki a ƙarƙashin shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune a 1720, wanda ya fara kwararar littattafan Dutch da fassararsu zuwa Jafananci.Misali ɗaya shine bugu na 1787 na Morishima Chūryō's Sayings of the Dutch, yana rikodin ilimi da yawa da aka samu daga Yaren mutanen Holland.Littafin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da batutuwa masu yawa: ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar na'urorin microscopes da balloon iska mai zafi;ya tattauna asibitocin Yammacin Turai da yanayin ilimin rashin lafiya da cututtuka;ya zayyana dabarun zane da bugu da faranti na jan karfe;ya bayyana kayan aikin injin samar da wutar lantarki da manyan jiragen ruwa;kuma yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen ilimin yanki.Tsakanin 1804 zuwa 1829, makarantun Shogunate (Bakufu) da kuma terakoya (makarantar haikali) suka buɗe ko'ina cikin ƙasar sun taimaka wajen yada sabbin ra'ayoyin.A lokacin, an ba wa jakadun Dutch da masana kimiyya damar samun damar shiga jama'ar Japan kyauta.Likitan Bajamushe Philipp Franz von Siebold, wanda ke da alaƙa da tawagar Netherlands, ya kafa mu'amala da ɗaliban Japan.Ya gayyaci masana kimiyya na Japan don nuna musu abubuwan al'ajabi na kimiyyar Yammacin Turai, koyo, a madadin, game da Jafananci da al'adunsu.A cikin 1824, von Siebold ya fara makarantar likitanci a wajen Nagasaki.Ba da daɗewa ba wannan Narutaki-juku ya zama wurin taro na ɗalibai kusan hamsin daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar.Yayin da suke samun cikakken ilimin likitanci sun taimaka tare da nazarin dabi'a na von Siebold.

Sake fasalin Kyōho wani tsari ne na manufofin tattalin arziki da al'adu wanda Tokugawa Shogunate ya gabatar tsakanin 1722-1730 a lokacin Edo don inganta matsayinta na siyasa da zamantakewa.Tokugawa shōgun na Japan na takwas, Tokugawa Yoshimune ne ya ƙaddamar da waɗannan gyare-gyare, wanda ya ƙunshi shekaru 20 na farko na shogunate.Sunan Kyōho Reforms, yana nufin lokacin Kyōho (Yuli 1716 - Afrilu 1736).An yi gyare-gyaren ne da nufin sanya Tokugawa ta sha fama da matsalar kuɗi, kuma zuwa wani mataki, don inganta tsaro na siyasa da zamantakewa.Saboda tashin hankali tsakanin akidar Confucius da gaskiyar tattalin arzikin Tokugawa Japan (ka'idodin Confucius na cewa kuɗi yana ƙazantar da buƙatun tattalin arziƙin kuɗi), Yoshimune ya ga ya zama dole ya tanadi wasu ƙa'idodin Confucian waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga tsarinsa na gyarawa.Gyaran Kyōhō ya haɗa da mai da hankali kan rashin ƙarfi, da kuma samar da gungun 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke ba da damar iko da haraji.An dage haramcin da aka yi wa littattafan Yamma (ban da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Kiristanci) don ƙarfafa shigo da ilimi da fasaha na Yamma.Ka'idojin halartar madadin (sankin-kōtai) sun kasance cikin annashuwa.Wannan manufar ta kasance nauyi a kan daimyōs, saboda tsadar kula da gidaje biyu da jigilar mutane da kayayyaki a tsakanin su, tare da kiyaye matsayi da kare filayensu lokacin da ba su nan.Gyaran Kyōho ya sauke wannan nauyi kaɗan a ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya ga shogunate daga daimyos .

Ba shi da sha'awar al'amuran gwamnati, Ieshige ya bar dukan yanke shawara a hannun shugaban majalisarsa, Ọoka Tadamitsu (1709-1760).Ya yi ritaya a hukumance a shekara ta 1760 kuma ya dauki taken Ọgosho, ya nada dansa na farko Tokugawa Ieharu a matsayin shōgun na 10, ya mutu a shekara mai zuwa.Mulkin Ieshige ya yi fama da cin hanci da rashawa, bala'o'i, lokacin yunwa da bullowar 'yan kasuwa, kuma jajircewarsa wajen tunkarar waɗannan al'amura sun raunana mulkin Tokugawa sosai.

Babban yunwar Tenmei yunwa ce da ta shafi Japan a lokacin Edo.An yi la'akari da cewa an fara shi a cikin 1782, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1788. An yi masa suna bayan zamanin Tenmei (1781-1789), a zamanin Sarkin sarakuna Kokaku.shoguns masu mulki a lokacin yunwa sune Tokugawa Ieharu da Tokugawa Ienari.Yunwa ita ce mafi muni a lokacin farkon zamani a Japan.

Sake-sake na Kansei jerin sauye-sauyen manufofin martani ne da hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi niyya don magance matsalolin da ake gani da yawa waɗanda suka taso a tsakiyar Tokugawa Japan na ƙarni na 18.Kansei yana nufin nengō wanda ya shafe shekaru daga 1789 zuwa 1801;tare da sake fasalin da ke faruwa a lokacin Kansei amma tsakanin shekarun 1787-1793.A ƙarshe, matakan shogunate sun sami nasara kaɗan kawai.Abubuwan da suka shiga tsakani kamar yunwa, ambaliya da sauran bala'o'i sun ta'azzara wasu yanayin da shōgun ya yi niyyar inganta.Matsudaira Sadanobu (1759–1829) an nada shi babban kansila na shōgun (rōju) a lokacin rani na 1787;kuma a farkon shekara ta gaba, ya zama sarki na shōgun na 11, Tokugawa Ienari.A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da shawara a harkokin mulki a cikin sarautar bakufu, ya kasance a cikin yanayin da zai iya haifar da canji mai mahimmanci;kuma ayyukansa na farko suna wakiltar hutu mai tsanani tare da kwanakin baya.Kokarin Sadanobu ya mayar da hankali ne wajen karfafa gwamnati ta hanyar sauya wasu tsare-tsare da ayyuka da suka zama ruwan dare a zamanin mulkin shōgun da ya gabata, Tokugawa Ieharu.Sadanobu ya kara yawan shinkafar bakufu kuma ya bukaci daimyos suyi haka.Ya rage kashe kudade a garuruwa, ya tanadi tanadi don bala'in yunwa a nan gaba, ya kuma karfafa gwiwar manoma a garuruwa su koma karkara.Ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa manufofin da ke inganta ɗabi'a da rashin gaskiya, kamar hana ayyukan almubazzaranci a cikin karkara da hana karuwanci mara izini a cikin birane.Sadanobu ya kuma soke wasu basussukan da daimyos ke bin 'yan kasuwa.Ana iya fassara waɗannan manufofin garambawul a matsayin mayar da martani ga wuce gona da iri na magajinsa, Tanuma Okitsugu (1719-1788).Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa Tanuma ta fara, gyare-gyare masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin bakufu da kuma annashuwa da Sakoku (siyasar "rufe-ƙofa" ta Japan na kula da 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje) sun koma baya.An canza manufofin ilimi ta hanyar dokar Kansei na 1790 wanda ya tilasta koyarwar Neo-Confucianism na Zhu Xi a matsayin falsafar Confucian na Japan.Dokar ta haramta wasu wallafe-wallafe kuma ta ba da umarnin kiyaye koyarwar Neo-Confucian, musamman game da tsarin karatun makarantar Hayashi na hukuma.Wannan motsi na sake fasalin yana da alaƙa da wasu uku a lokacin Edo: gyare-gyaren Kyōho (1722-30), gyare-gyaren Tenpo na 1841-43 da gyaran Keiō (1864-67).

Dokar da za a kori jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje wata doka ce da Tokugawa Shogunate ta yi a cikin 1825 don tabbatar da cewa ya kamata a kori dukkan jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje daga ruwan Japan.Misalin dokar da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce lamarin Morrison na 1837, inda wani jirgin ruwa na Amurka da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da dawo da ɓangarorin Jafananci a matsayin damar fara ciniki.An soke dokar a 1842.

Yunwa ta Tenpo, wadda aka fi sani da Babban Tenpo yunwa yunwa ce da ta shafi Japan a lokacin Edo.An yi la'akari da cewa ya kasance daga 1833 zuwa 1837, an sanya masa suna bayan zamanin Tenpo (1830-1844), lokacin mulkin Sarkin sarakuna Ninko.Shōgun mai mulki a lokacin yunwa shine Tokugawa Ienari.Yunwa ta fi kamari a arewacin Honsū kuma ta afku ne sakamakon ambaliya da sanyi.Yunwa na daya daga cikin jerin bala'o'in da suka girgiza imanin al'ummar bakufu mai mulki.A daidai lokacin da ake fama da yunwa, akwai kuma gobarar Kogo ta Edo (1834) da girgizar ƙasa mai karfin awo 7.6 a yankin Sanriku (1835).A cikin shekarar da ta gabata na yunwa, Oshio Heihachiro ya jagoranci tawaye a Osaka ga jami'an cin hanci da rashawa, wadanda suka ki taimakawa wajen ciyar da talakawan birnin.Wani tawaye ya barke a yankin Choshū.Har ila yau, a cikin 1837, jirgin ruwa na Amurka Morrison ya bayyana a bakin tekun Shikoku kuma an kori shi da bindigogi na bakin teku.Waɗancan al’amura sun sa Tokugawa bakufu ya zama mai rauni da rashin ƙarfi, kuma sun fallasa cin hanci da rashawa na jami’an da suka ci riba yayin da talakawa ke shan wahala.

Balaguron Perry ("Isowar Jirgin Ruwa") ya kasance balaguron diflomasiyya da na soja a lokacin 1853-54 zuwa Tokugawa Shogunate wanda ya ƙunshi tafiye-tafiye daban-daban guda biyu ta jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Navy na Amurka .Makasudin wannan balaguron sun hada da bincike, bincike, da kulla huldar diflomasiyya da tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da kasashe daban-daban na yankin;An yi la'akari da bude hulda da gwamnatin Japan a matsayin babban fifikon balaguron, kuma yana daya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da suka sa aka kafa ta.Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry ne ya ba da umarnin balaguron, a karkashin umarnin Shugaba Millard Fillmore.Manufar farko ta Perry ita ce tilasta kawo karshen manufar keɓancewa na Japan na shekaru 220 da kuma buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Japan ga kasuwancin Amurka, ta hanyar amfani da diflomasiyyar jirgin ruwa idan ya cancanta.Balaguron Perry ya kai ga kafa dangantakar diflomasiya kai tsaye tsakanin Japan da manyan kasashen yammacin duniya, daga karshe kuma zuwa rugujewar gwamnatin Tokugawa mai mulki da maido da sarki.Bayan wannan balaguron, hanyoyin kasuwanci da Japan ke bunƙasa tare da duniya sun haifar da yanayin al'adun Japonisme, wanda al'amuran al'adun Japan suka yi tasiri ga fasaha a Turai da Amurka.

A ƙarshen karni na sha takwas da farkon ƙarni na sha tara, shogunate ya nuna alamun rauni.Babban ci gaban noma wanda ya nuna farkon lokacin Edo ya ƙare, kuma gwamnati ta shawo kan bala'in yunwar Tenpo.Rikicin manoma ya karu kuma kudaden shiga na gwamnati ya ragu.Shogunate ya yanke albashin samurai da ke fama da matsalar kuɗi, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi aikin gefe don yin rayuwa.Samurai da ba su da daɗi ba da daɗewa ba za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin injiniya faduwar Shogunate Tokugawa.Zuwan 1853 na rundunar jiragen ruwa na Amurka da Commodore Matthew C. Perry ya umarta ya jefa Japan cikin tashin hankali.Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi niyyar kawo karshen manufofin keɓancewa na Japan.Shogunate ba shi da kariya daga jiragen ruwan Perry kuma dole ne ya amince da buƙatunsa na a ba da izinin jiragen ruwa na Amurka su sami kayayyaki da kasuwanci a tashar jiragen ruwa na Japan.Kasashen yammacin turai sun sanya wani abu da aka fi sani da "yarjejeniyoyin da ba su dace ba" a kan Japan wanda ya nuna cewa dole ne Japan ta bar 'yan asalin wadannan kasashe su ziyarci ko zama a yankin Japan kuma kada su sanya haraji kan kayan da suke shigowa da su ko kuma a gurfanar da su a kotunan Japan.Gazawar Shogunate na adawa da ikon yammacin Turai ya fusata yawancin Jafananci, musamman na kudancin Choshū da Satsuma.Yawancin samurai da yawa a wurin, wahayi daga koyarwar kishin ƙasa na makarantar kokugaku, sun ɗauki taken sonnō jōi ("girmama sarki, korar ƴan barbariyya").Yankunan biyu sun ci gaba da kulla kawance.A watan Agustan 1866, jim kadan bayan zama shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, ya yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaba da mulki yayin da tashin hankalin jama'a ya ci gaba.Yankunan Choshū da Satsuma a cikin 1868 sun shawo kan matashin Sarkin sarakuna Meiji da masu ba shi shawara su ba da takarda ta sake yin kira da a kawo karshen Shogunate Tokugawa.Dakarun Choshū da Satsuma sun yi tattaki zuwa Edo ba da jimawa ba kuma yakin Boshin da ya biyo baya ya kai ga faduwar ‘yan bindigar.Bakumatsu shine shekarun ƙarshe na lokacin Edo lokacin da Tokugawa Shogunate ya ƙare.Babban rarrabuwar kawuna da siyasa a wannan lokaci ita ce tsakanin ’yan kishin kasa masu goyon bayan daular da ake kira ishin shishi da kuma rundunonin soji, wadanda suka hada da jiga-jigan takubba na shinsengumi.Juyin juya halin Bakumatsu shine a lokacin yakin Boshin da yakin Toba-Fushimi lokacin da aka fatattaki dakarun da ke goyon bayan yan tawaye.

Yarjejeniyar Kanagawa ko Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya da Aminci ta Japan da Amurka, yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Amurka da Tokugawa Shogunate a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1854. An sanya hannu cikin barazanar karfi, yana nufin ƙarshen shekaru 220 na Japan- tsohuwar manufar keɓance ƙasa (sakoku) ta hanyar buɗe tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Shimoda da Hakodate zuwa jiragen ruwa na Amurka.Har ila yau, ta tabbatar da tsaron ƴan gudun hijirar Amurka da kuma kafa matsayin jakadan Amurka a Japan.Yarjejeniyar ta sa aka rattaba hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin da ke kulla huldar diplomasiyya da sauran kasashen yammacin duniya.A ciki, yarjejeniyar ta sami sakamako mai yawa.Hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke na dakatar da takunkumin da aka yi a baya kan ayyukan soja ya haifar da sake yin amfani da makamai ta yankuna da yawa kuma ya kara raunana matsayin shogun.Tattaunawa game da manufofin ketare da kuma ficewar jama'a game da jin daɗin da ake yi wa ƙasashen waje ya kasance mai haifar da motsin sonnō jōi da kuma sauya ikon siyasa daga Edo zuwa Kotun Imperial a Kyoto.Adawar Sarkin sarakuna Kōmei ga yarjejeniyoyin sun kara ba da goyon baya ga motsin tōbaku (kisar da shogunate), kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa Maido da Meiji , wanda ya shafi duk yanayin rayuwar Jafananci.Bayan wannan lokaci an samu karuwar cinikayyar kasashen waje, da karuwar karfin sojan kasar Japan, sannan daga baya aka samu ci gaban tattalin arziki da fasaha na kasar Japan.Turawan yamma a lokacin wata hanya ce ta tsaro, amma tun daga nan Japan ta sami daidaito tsakanin zamani na yammacin Turai da al'adar Jafananci.

Cibiyar horar da sojojin ruwa ta Nagasaki wata cibiyar horar da sojojin ruwa ce, tsakanin 1855 lokacin da gwamnatin Tokugawa shogunate ta kafa ta, har zuwa 1859, lokacin da aka canza shi zuwa Tsukiji a Edo.A lokacin Bakumatsu, gwamnatin Japan ta fuskanci karuwar kutse daga jiragen ruwa daga kasashen yammacin duniya, da nufin kawo karshen manufofin ketare na ketare na tsawon shekaru biyu na kasar.Wadannan yunƙurin da aka tattara a lokacin saukar commodore na Amurka Matthew Perry a cikin 1854, wanda ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Kanagawa da buɗe Japan zuwa kasuwancin waje.Gwamnatin Tokugawa ta yanke shawarar ba da odar jiragen yaki na tururi na zamani da kuma gina cibiyar horar da sojojin ruwa a wani bangare na kokarin zamanantar da ita don tunkarar barazanar soji da ake kyautata zaton na sojojin ruwan kasashen yammacin duniya.Jami'an Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Netherlands sun kasance masu kula da ilimi.An auna tsarin karatun zuwa kewayawa da kimiyyar Yammacin Turai.Cibiyar horarwa ta kuma samar da jirgin ruwa na farko na kasar Japan, Kanko Maru wanda Sarkin Netherland ya bayar a shekarar 1855. Daga baya Kanrin Maru da Choyō suka shiga.An yanke shawarar dakatar da Makarantar ne saboda dalilai na siyasa, wanda ya taso daga bangaren Japan da kuma daga bangaren Holland.Yayin da Netherlands ta ji tsoron cewa sauran kasashen yammacin Turai za su yi zargin cewa suna taimaka wa Japanawa su tara ikon ruwa don korar Turawan Yamma, Shogunate ya yi jinkirin ba da samurai daga yankunan anti-Tokugawa na al'ada don koyon fasahar jiragen ruwa na zamani.Kodayake Cibiyar Horar da Sojojin Ruwa ta Nagasaki ba ta daɗe ba, tana da tasiri kai tsaye da kai tsaye ga al'ummar Jafan nan gaba.Cibiyar horar da sojojin ruwa ta Nagasaki ta ilmantar da jami'an sojan ruwa da injiniyoyi da yawa wadanda daga baya ba za su zama wadanda suka kafa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Jafananci kadai ba har ma da masu tallata aikin gine-ginen Japan da sauran masana'antu.

An tilasta wa daular Qing ta amince da yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita ba, wadanda suka bude karin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin ga cinikayyar kasashen waje, da ba da izini ga wakilan kasashen waje a babban birnin kasar Sin Beijing, da ba da damar aikin mishan na Kirista, da kuma halatta shigo da opium yadda ya kamata.Hakan ya jefa girgizar kasar Japan, wanda ke nuna karfin kasashen yammacin duniya.

Ofishin Jakadancin Japan a Amurka, Man'en gannen kenbei shisetsu, lit.Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu) ne ya aika shekarar farko ta aikin Man'en zuwa Amurka a cikin 1860.Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da sabuwar yarjejeniya ta abokantaka, kasuwanci, da kewayawa tsakanin Amurka da Japan, baya ga kasancewar jakadan Japan na farko zuwa Amurka tun bayan bude Japan a 1854 ta Commodore Matthew Perry.Wani muhimmin bangare na aikin shi ne aika da jirgin ruwan yaki na Japan Kanrin Maru, don raka tawagar da ke cikin tekun Pasifik, don haka ya nuna irin matakin da kasar Japan ta kware kan fasahohin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da fasahar jiragen ruwa na yammacin shekaru kusan shekaru shida bayan kawo karshen manufar kebewarta. kusan shekaru 250.

Ii Naosuke, Babban Ministan Tokugawa Shogunate shi ne aka kashe shi a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1860 ta hanyar rōnin samurai na Mito Domain da Satsuma Domain, a waje da Ƙofar Sakurada na Edo Castle.Ii Naosuke ya kasance mai goyon bayan sake bude Japan bayan fiye da shekaru 200 na keɓancewa, an sha suka sosai saboda sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da kasuwanci ta 1858 tare da karamin jakadan Amurka Townsend Harris kuma, jim kadan bayan haka, irin wannan yarjejeniyoyin da wasu kasashen Yamma.Daga 1859, tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Nagasaki, Hakodate da Yokohama sun bude wa 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje sakamakon yarjejeniyar.

Umarnin korar barace doka ne da Sarkin Japan Kōmei ya bayar a shekara ta 1863 akan Yammacin Japan bayan buɗe ƙasar da Commodore Perry ya yi a shekara ta 1854. Wannan doka ta dogara ne akan kyamar baki da halasci, wanda ake kira Sonnō jōi. "Ku girmama Sarkin sarakuna, Korar Barbariyawa".Sarkin sarakuna Kōmei da kansa ya yarda da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma - ya karya tare da al'adun sarauta na ƙarni - ya fara taka rawa a cikin al'amuran ƙasa: yayin da dama ta taso, ya cika ka'idodin yarjejeniyoyin kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya tsoma baki a cikin maye gurbin shogunal.Shogunate ba shi da niyyar aiwatar da odar, kuma Dokar ta haifar da hare-hare kan Shogunate kanta da kuma kan baƙi a Japan.Babban abin da ya fi shahara shi ne harbin jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje a mashigin Shimonoseki da ke lardin Chōshū da zarar wa'adin ya cika.Samurai (rōnin) mara ƙwazo ya haɗa kai ga dalilin, yana kashe jami'an Shogunate da Turawan Yamma.Kisan dan kasuwan Ingila Charles Lennox Richardson ana daukarsa wani lokaci ne sakamakon wannan manufar.An bukaci gwamnatin Tokugawa da ta biya diyya na fam dubu dari na Burtaniya domin mutuwar Richardson.Amma wannan ya zama zenith na sonnō jōi motsi, tun lokacin da kasashen Yamma suka mayar da martani ga hare-haren Japan a kan jiragen ruwa na yammacin tare da Bombardment na Shimonoseki.A baya an bukaci a biya mai yawa daga Satsuma saboda kisan Charles Lennox Richardson - Lamarin Namamugi.Lokacin da waɗannan ba su fito ba, tawagar jiragen ruwa na Royal Navy sun je tashar jiragen ruwa na Satsuma na Kagoshima don tilasta daimō ya biya.Maimakon haka, ya buɗe wuta a kan jiragen ruwa daga batir ɗinsa, kuma rundunar ta rama.An kira wannan daga baya, ba daidai ba, da Bombard na Kagoshima.Wadannan al'amura sun nuna a fili cewa Japan ba ta dace da karfin soja na yammacin Turai ba, kuma mummunan fada ba zai iya zama mafita ba.Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, duk da haka, sun taimaka wajen kara raunana yunƙurin, wanda ya bayyana ba shi da ƙarfi kuma yana yin sulhu a cikin dangantakarsa da kasashen yammacin Turai.Daga karshe lardunan 'yan tawaye sun yi kawance tare da kifar da ta'addanci a yakin Boshin da kuma Maido da Meiji da ya biyo baya.

Lamarin da ya faru na Tenchūgumi wani yunkuri ne na soji na sonnō jōi (girmama Sarkin sarakuna da kuma korar ƴan ta'adda) masu fafutuka a Lardin Yamato, yanzu Nara Prefecture, a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1863, a lokacin Bakumatsu.Sarkin sarakuna Kōmei ya aika da aika zuwa shogun Tokugawa Iemochi don korar baƙi daga Japan a farkon 1863. Shōgun ya amsa da ziyarar Kyoto a watan Afrilu, amma ya ƙi bukatun ƙungiyar Jōi.A ranar 25 ga Satumba, sarkin ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi tafiya zuwa lardin Yamato, zuwa kabarin Emperor Jimmu, wanda ya kafa tatsuniya na Japan, don ya sanar da sadaukar da kansa ga tafarkin Joi.Bayan haka, wata kungiya mai suna Tenchūgumi mai kunshe da samurai 30 da rōnin daga Tosa da sauran ’yan bindiga sun yi tattaki zuwa lardin Yamato tare da kwace ofishin Majistare da ke Gojō.Yoshimura Toratarō ne ya jagorance su.Kashegari, masu biyayya daga Satsuma da Aizu sun mayar da martani ta hanyar korar jami'an masarautar da dama na bangaren sonnō jōi daga Kotun Imperial a Kyoto, a cikin juyin mulkin Bunkyū.Shogunate ya aika da sojoji don murkushe Tenchūgumi, kuma an ci su a watan Satumba na 1864.

Tawayen Mito wani yakin basasa ne da ya faru a yankin Mito Domain a kasar Japan tsakanin Mayu 1864 zuwa Janairu 1865. Ya ƙunshi tashin hankali da ayyukan ta'addanci a kan tsakiyar ikon Shogunate don goyon bayan sonnō jōi (" Girmama sarki, korar 'yan baranda") siyasa.A ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1864 ne aka aika da rundunar sulhu ta shogunal zuwa Dutsen Tsukuba, wanda ya kunshi sojoji 700 na Mito karkashin jagorancin Ichikawa, dauke da bindigu 3 zuwa 5 da kuma bindigogi akalla 200, da kuma wata rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Tokugawa mai dauke da mutane 3,000 dauke da bindigogi sama da 600 da dama. gwangwani.Yayin da rikicin ya tsananta, a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1864 a Nakaminato, 'yan tawaye 2000 sun yi galaba a kan 'yan ta'addar 6,700, kuma an sha kashi da dama.Masu tada kayar bayan sun yi rauni, duk da haka, sun ragu zuwa kusan 1,000.A watan Disamba na 1864 sun fuskanci sabuwar rundunar karkashin Tokugawa Yoshinobu (wanda aka haifa a Mito) wanda ya kai 10,000, wanda a ƙarshe ya tilasta musu mika wuya.Tashin hankalin ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 1,300 daga bangaren 'yan tawayen, wadanda suka fuskanci muguwar danniya, wadanda suka hada da kisa 353 da kuma kusan 100 da suka mutu a zaman talala.

A cikin Maris na 1863, 'yan tawayen Shishi sun nemi su mallaki Sarkin sarakuna don mayar da gidan Imperial zuwa matsayinsa na siyasa.A lokacin abin da ya kasance murkushe tawaye na zubar da jini, an dau nauyin zurfafa zurfafan zuriyar Choshū.Domin tinkarar yunƙurin sace 'yan tawayen, sojojin yankin Aizu da Satsuma (wanda Saigo Takamori ke jagoranta) sun jagoranci tsaron fadar Imperial.Sai dai a yayin yunkurin, 'yan tawayen sun cinnawa Kyoto wuta, inda suka fara da gidan dangin Takatsukasa, da na wani jami'in Choshū.Shogunate ya biyo bayan lamarin tare da ramuwar gayya da makami, balaguron farko na Choshū, a cikin Satumba 1864.

Tafiyar Choshū ta Farko wani balaguron soji ne mai ladabtarwa da Tokugawa ya yi wa yankin Chōshū a watan Satumba-Nuwamba 1864. Tafiyar ta kasance a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga rawar da Choshū ya taka a harin da aka kai a Fadar Imperial na Kyoto a lokacin lamarin Kinmon a watan Agusta 1864. Tashin ya ƙare. a cikin wani babban nasara ga shogunate bayan yarjejeniyar da Saigō Takamori ya yi shawarwari ya ba da damar Chōshū ya mika masu jagorancin lamarin Kinmon.Rikicin daga ƙarshe ya haifar da sasantawa da Satsuma Domain ya yi a ƙarshen 1864. Duk da cewa Satsuma ya fara tsalle don ya raunana maƙiyinsa na Choshū na gargajiya, ba da daɗewa ba ya gane cewa manufar Bakufu ita ce ta kawar da Chōshū, sannan kuma ta yi nasara. neutralize Satsuma.Don haka, Saigo Takamori, wanda yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin dakarun ‘yan tada kayar baya, ya ba da shawarar kaucewa fada, a maimakon haka ya samu shugabannin da ke da alhakin tawayen.Choshu ya huce ya karb'a, haka ma sojojin da ba su da sha'awar yaki.Ta haka ne aka kawo karshen balaguron farko na Choshuwa ba tare da faɗa ba, a matsayin cin nasara ga Bakufu.

An sanar da balaguron Choshū na Biyu a ranar 6 ga Maris 1865. An fara aikin ne a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1866 tare da harin bam na Suō-Ōshima a Yamaguchi Prefecture da Navy na Bakufu.Tafiyar ta ƙare a cikin bala'in soji ga sojojin ƴan ta'adda, yayin da aka sabunta sojojin Choshū kuma an tsara su yadda ya kamata.Akasin haka, rundunar 'yan ta'adda ta ƙunshi tsoffin sojojin ƴan ta'adda daga Bakufu da yankuna da dama da ke makwabtaka da su, waɗanda ke da ƙananan sassa na zamani da aka sabunta.Yawancin yankuna sun yi ƙoƙari na rabin zuciya kawai, kuma da yawa sun ƙi umarnin a kai hari, musamman Satsuma wanda a wannan lokacin ya shiga ƙawance da Chōshū.Tokugawa Yoshinobu, sabon shōgun, ya yi nasarar yin shawarwarin tsagaita wuta bayan mutuwar shogun ɗin da ta gabata, amma shan kashin ya raunana martabar shogunate.An bayyana bajintar sojan Tokugawa a matsayin damisar takarda, kuma ya bayyana cewa shogunate ba zai iya ƙara aiwatar da nufinsa a kan yankunan ba.Ana yawan ganin kamfen ɗin da ke cike da bala'i ya rufe makomar ƴan tawayen Tokugawa.Wannan cin kashin da aka yi ya zaburar da Bakufu wajen yin gyare-gyare da dama don zamanantar da harkokin mulki da sojojinsa.An aika kanin Yoshinobu Ashitake zuwa nunin Paris na 1867, tufafin Yamma ya maye gurbin tufafin Jafananci a kotun shogunal, kuma an ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Faransanci wanda ya kai ga aikin soja na Faransa na 1867 zuwa Japan.

Yarima Tokugawa Yoshinobu shi ne na 15 kuma na karshe na shogun na Tokugawa na Japan.Ya kasance wani bangare ne na wani yunkuri da ke da nufin kawo gyara ga tsofuwar shogunate, amma a karshe bai yi nasara ba.Nan da nan a hawan Yoshinobu a matsayin shōgun, an fara manyan canje-canje.An gudanar da gagarumin garambawul ga gwamnati domin fara gyare-gyaren da zai karfafa gwamnatin Tokugawa.Musamman ma, an shirya taimako daga Daular Faransa ta biyu, tare da gina arsenal na Yokosuka a ƙarƙashin Léonce Verny, da tura tawagar sojojin Faransa don sabunta sojojin bakufu.Sojojin kasar da na ruwa, wadanda aka riga aka kafa a karkashin rundunar Tokugawa, sun sami ƙarfafa ta hanyar taimakon Rashawa, da Ofishin Jakadancin Tracey da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya ta samar.An kuma sayi kayan aiki daga Amurka.Ra'ayin mutane da yawa shi ne cewa Tokugawa Shogunate yana samun ƙasa zuwa sabon ƙarfi da ƙarfi;duk da haka, ya fadi kasa da shekara guda.Bayan ya yi murabus a ƙarshen 1867, ya shiga ritaya, kuma ya kauce wa idon jama'a har tsawon rayuwarsa.

Ta hanyar wakilinta a Turai, Shibata Takenaka, Tokugawa shogunate ya nemi sarki Napoléon III da nufin sabunta sojojin Japan.Aikin soja na Faransa na 1867-1868 na ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan horar da sojan waje na farko zuwa Japan.Shibata ya kuma bukaci kasashen Birtaniya da Faransa da su tura tawagar soji don horar da yakin yammacin duniya.Shibata ya rigaya yana tattaunawa da Faransanci don gina tashar jirgin ruwa na Yokosuka.Ta hanyar Ofishin Jakadancin Tracey, Burtaniya ta tallafa wa sojojin ruwa na Bakufu.Kafin sojojin daular Tokugawa su ci nasara a yakin Boshin a 1868, aikin soja ya sami damar horar da manyan gawawwakin shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Denshtai, na dan kadan fiye da shekara guda.Bayan haka, sabon Sarkin Meiji da aka nada ya ba da umarni a cikin Oktoba 1868 don aikin soja na Faransa ya tashi daga Japan.

Sarkin sarakuna Kōmei ya mutu yana da shekaru 35. An yi imani da shi gabaɗaya saboda cutar sankarau.Wannan ya nuna ƙarshen lokacin Edo.Sarkin sarakuna Meiji ya hau gadon sarautar Chrysanthemum.Wannan ya nuna farkon Lokacin Meiji .

Maidowa Meiji wani lamari ne na siyasa wanda ya maido da mulkin mallaka na Japan a cikin 1868 karkashin Emperor Meiji.Ko da yake akwai sarakuna masu mulki kafin Meiji Restoration, abubuwan da suka faru sun dawo da kwarewa masu amfani kuma sun karfafa tsarin siyasa a karkashin Sarkin Japan.Sabon sarki ya bayyana manufofin gwamnatin da aka dawo a cikin yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniya.Maidowa ya haifar da sauye-sauye masu yawa a tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa na Japan kuma ya kai duka ƙarshen lokacin Edo (wanda aka fi sani da Bakumatsu) da farkon zamanin Meiji, lokacin da Japan ta haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri kuma ta karɓi ra'ayoyin yamma da hanyoyin samarwa.

Yakin Boshin, wanda wani lokaci ake kiransa da yakin basasa na kasar Japan, yakin basasa ne a kasar Japan wanda aka gwabza tsakanin shekarar 1868 zuwa 1869 tsakanin dakarun gwamnatin Tokugawa da ke mulki da kuma 'yan bangar da ke neman karbe ikon siyasa da sunan Kotun Daular.An kafa yakin ne cikin rashin gamsuwa a tsakanin manya da matasa samurai tare da yadda Shogunate ke tafiyar da baki bayan budewar Japan a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.Karuwar tasirin kasashen yamma a cikin tattalin arzikin ya haifar da koma baya kwatankwacin na sauran kasashen Asiya a lokacin.Ƙungiyoyin samurai na yamma, musamman yankunan Choshū, Satsuma da Tosa, da jami'an kotu sun tabbatar da ikon Kotun Imperial kuma sun rinjayi matashin Sarkin Meiji.Tokugawa Yoshinobu, shōgun mai zaune, ya fahimci rashin amfanin halin da yake ciki, ya yi watsi da mulkin siyasa ga sarki.Yoshinobu ya yi fatan cewa ta yin hakan, za a iya kiyaye gidan Tokugawa da shiga cikin gwamnati mai zuwa.Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin soji da sojojin daular sarakuna suka yi, da tashe-tashen hankula a Edo, da dokar sarauta da Satsuma da Chōshū suka ɗauka na soke Majalisar Tokugawa ya sa Yoshinobu ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na kwace kotun sarki a Kyoto.Guguwar soji ta juyo cikin hanzari zuwa ga ƙarami amma in mun gwada da tsarin mulkin daular, kuma, bayan jerin fadace-fadacen da suka kai ga mika wuya na Edo, Yoshinobu da kansa ya mika wuya.Wadanda ke biyayya ga Tokugawa sun koma arewacin Honshū daga baya zuwa Hokkaidō, inda suka kafa Jamhuriyar Ezo.Cin nasara a Yaƙin Hakodate ya karya wannan riƙewa na ƙarshe kuma ya bar mulkin sarauta mafi girma a duk faɗin Japan, yana kammala aikin soja na Maido da Meiji .Kimanin mazaje 69,000 ne aka tattara a lokacin rikicin, kuma an kashe kusan 8,200 daga cikinsu.A ƙarshe, ƙungiyar daular da ta ci nasara ta yi watsi da manufarta na korar baƙi daga Japan, maimakon haka ta ɗauki manufar ci gaba da zamanantar da kai tare da sa ido don sake yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyin da ba su daidaita da ƙasashen yamma.Saboda dagewar Saigō Takamori, wani fitaccen shugaban bangaren masarautar, an nuna wa masu biyayya ga Tokugawa tausayi, kuma daga baya aka ba wa da dama daga cikin tsoffin shugabannin bogunate da samurai mukamai a karkashin sabuwar gwamnati.Lokacin da aka fara yakin Boshin, Japan ta riga ta zama zamani, tana bin tsarin ci gaba iri daya da na kasashen yammacin Turai masu ci gaban masana'antu.Tun da kasashen yammacin duniya musamman Birtaniya da Faransa suka shiga cikin harkokin siyasar kasar, shigar da karagar mulki ya kara dagula rikicin.A tsawon lokaci, yakin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a matsayin "juyin juya hali", saboda adadin wadanda suka mutu ba su da yawa dangane da girman yawan jama'ar Japan.Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba rikici ya samo asali tsakanin samurai na yamma da masu zamani a cikin sashin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da tawaye na Satsuma.