Mamayewar Mongol na Japan

Bayan jerin hare-haren Mongol na Koriya tsakanin 1231 zuwa 1281, Goryeo ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don goyon bayan Mongols kuma ya zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta.An ayyana Kublai Khagan na daular Mongol a shekara ta 1260 ko da yake Mongols a yamma ba su san shi sosai ba kuma ya kafa babban birninsa a Khanbaliq (a cikin Beijing ta zamani) a 1264. Shikken (shugunate regents) na Hojō ne ke mulkinJapan . dangi, wanda ya yi aure da kuma ya kwace iko daga Minamoto no Yoriie, shōgun na Kamakura shogunate, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1203. Mongols kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su mallake mutanen asali na Sakhalin, mutanen Ainu da Nivkh, daga 1264 zuwa 1308.

A shekara ta 1266, Kublai Khan ya aika da jakadu zuwa Japan yana neman Japan ta zama vassal kuma ta aika da haraji a karkashin barazanar rikici.Sai dai manzannin sun dawo hannu wofi.A shekara ta 1268 aka aiko da wakilai na biyu kuma suka dawo hannu wofi kamar na farko.Bangarorin biyu sun gana da Chinzei Bugyō, ko Kwamishinan Tsaro na Yamma, wanda ya ba Shikken Hōjō Tokimune, sarkin Japan a Kamakura, da Sarkin Japan a Kyoto.Bayan ya tattauna wasiƙun da na kusa da shi, an yi ta muhawara sosai, amma Shikenan ya yanke shawara ya sa aka maido da manzanni ba amsa.Mongols sun ci gaba da aika buƙatu, wasu ta hannun jakadun Koriya wasu kuma ta hannun jakadun Mongol a ranar 7 ga Maris 1269;17 Satumba 1269;Satumba 1271;da Mayu 1272. Duk da haka, a kowane lokaci, ba a ba da izinin sauka a Kyushu ba.

An shirya tashin jirgin a cikin wata na bakwai na wata na 1274 amma an jinkirta watanni uku.Kublai ya shirya cewa rundunar za ta fara kai hari tsibirin Tsushima da kuma tsibirin Iki kafin su yi kasa a Hakata Bay.Tsarin tsaro na Japan shine kawai don yin takara da su a kowane lokaci tare da gokenin.Dukansu majiyoyin Yuan da na Japan sun wuce gona da iri na bangaren masu adawa da juna, inda tarihin Yuan ya nuna cewa Jafanawan sun kai 102,000, kuma Jafanawa na ikirarin sun fi akalla goma zuwa daya.A hakikanin gaskiya babu wani tabbataccen bayanai na girman sojojin Japan amma alkaluma sun ce adadinsu ya kai kusan 4,000 zuwa 6,000.Dakarun mamayar Yuan sun hada da sojojin Mongol, na kasar Han, da na Jurchen 15,000, da sojojin Koriya 6,000 zuwa 8,000 da kuma sojojin ruwan Koriya 7,000.

Sojojin Yuan sun tashi daga Koriya a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1274. Bayan kwana biyu suka fara sauka a tsibirin Tsushima.Babban saukar jirgin an yi shi ne a bakin tekun Komoda kusa da Sasuura, a kan iyakar arewa maso yammacin tsibirin kudancin.Karin saukar jiragen sama sun faru a mashigin da ke tsakanin tsibiran Tsushima biyu, da kuma a wurare biyu a tsibirin arewa.Bayanin abubuwan da ke biyo baya ya dogara ne akan tushen Jafananci na zamani, musamman Sō Shi Kafu, tarihin dangin Sō na Tsushima.A Sasuura, an hango rundunar mamaya a bakin teku, wanda ya baiwa mataimakin gwamna (jitodai) Sō Sukekuni (1207–74) damar tsara tsaro cikin gaggawa.Tare da samurai 80 da aka yi amfani da su, Sukekuni ya fuskanci wani hari na abin da So Shi Kafu ya kwatanta a matsayin mayaƙa 8,000 da suka hau kan jiragen ruwa 900.Mongols sun sauka da karfe 02:00 na safiyar ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, kuma sun yi watsi da yunkurin tattaunawar Japan, inda suka bude wuta da maharbansu tare da tilasta musu ja da baya.An yi gumurzu da karfe 04:00.An yi nasara kan ƙananan sojojin da sauri, amma a cewar Sō Shi Kafu, wani samurai, Sukesada, ya yanke sojojin abokan gaba 25 a cikin kowane yaki.Maharan sun yi galaba a kan sojojin dawakin Japan na karshe daf da dare.Bayan nasarar da suka samu a Komoda, sojojin Yuan sun kona yawancin gine-ginen da ke kewayen Sasuura tare da karkashe mafi yawan mazaunan.Sun ɗauki kwanaki masu zuwa don tabbatar da ikon Tsushima.

Rundunar Yuan ta tashi daga Tsushima a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba kuma ta kai hari tsibirin Iki.Kamar Sukekuni, Taira no Kagetaka, gwamnan Iki, ya ba da kariya ta ruhi tare da samurai 100 da kuma jama'ar yankin da ke dauke da makamai kafin ya koma gidansa da dare.Washe gari, sojojin Yuan sun kewaye katangar.Kagetaka ya kori 'yarsa tare da wani amintaccen samurai, Sōzaburọ, a kan hanyar asirce zuwa gaci, inda suka shiga jirgi suka gudu zuwa cikin ƙasa.Wani jirgin ruwan Mongol da ke wucewa ya harba musu kibau ya kashe diyar amma Sōzaburo ya yi nasarar isa Hakata Bay ya ba da labarin yadda Iki ya sha kashi.Kagetaka ya yi wasan karshe da bai yi nasara ba tare da mutane 36, 30 daga cikinsu sun mutu a yakin, kafin ya kashe kansa da iyalinsa.A cewar Jafanawan, sai Mongols suka rike matan suka caka mata wukake a tafin hannunsu, suka tube su tsirara, sannan suka daure gawarwakinsu a gefen jiragen ruwansu.

Jirgin ruwan Yuan ya tsallaka teku tare da sauka a Hakata Bay a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, mai tazara kadan daga Dazaifu, tsohuwar hedkwatar gudanarwa ta Kyūshū.Washegari aka kawo yakin Bun'ei (文永の役), wanda kuma aka fi sani da "Yakin Farko na Hakata Bay".Sojojin Japan, waɗanda ba su da masaniya da dabarun da ba na Japan ba, sun sami sojojin Mongol suna cikin ruɗani.Sojojin Yuan sun sauko daga cikin jirgin sun kuma ci gaba a cikin wani makeken jiki wanda ke da kariya ta fuskar garkuwa.Sun yi amfani da sandunansu cikin tsari mai matsewa ba tare da sarari a tsakaninsu ba.Yayin da suke ci gaba kuma suna jefa bama-bamai na takarda da na ƙarfe a wasu lokuta, abin da ya tsorata dawakan Japan tare da sanya su cikin yaƙi.Lokacin da jikan wani kwamandan Japan ya harba kibiya don sanar da farkon yakin, Mongols suka fashe da dariya.Yaƙin dai ya kasance na yini ɗaya kawai, kuma faɗan, ko da yake ya yi zafi, ba a haɗa kai da ɗan gajeren lokaci ba.Da dare sojojin Yuan na mamayewa sun tilastawa Jafanan daga bakin tekun tare da kashe kashi uku na sojojin da suke karewa, tare da kona su da dama a cikin kasa, suka kona Hakata.Jafanawa suna shirin tsayawa na ƙarshe a Mizuki (gidan ruwa), wani katafaren katafaren gini da aka gina tun daga shekara ta 664. Duk da haka harin Yuan bai taɓa zuwa ba.Daya daga cikin manyan kwamandojin Yuan guda uku, Liu Fuxiang (Yu-Puk Hyong), samurai mai ja da baya, Shoni Kagesuke, ya harbe shi a fuska, kuma ya ji munanan raunuka.Liu ya gana da sauran janar-janar Holdon da Hong Dagu a kan jirginsa.

Da safe, yawancin jiragen ruwan Yuan sun bace.A cewar wani mai shari'a na kasar Japan a cikin littafin tarihinsa na ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1274, wata iska ta juyo daga gabas ba zato ba tsammani ta mayar da jiragen ruwa na Yuan.An kama wasu jiragen ruwa a bakin teku kuma an kama wasu sojojin Yuan da ma'aikatan ruwa 50 tare da kashe su.Kamar yadda tarihin Yuan ya nuna, " guguwa mai girma ta taso kuma jiragen yaki da dama sun yi ta dirar mikiya a kan duwatsu tare da lalata su."Babu tabbas ko guguwar ta afku ne a Hakata ko kuma tuni rundunar ta tashi zuwa kasar Koriya kuma ta ci karo da ita a hanyarsu ta dawowa.Wasu asusun suna ba da rahoton asarar rayuka da ke nuna cewa an yi asarar jiragen ruwa 200.Daga cikin 30,000 masu karfi na mamayewa, 13,500 ba su dawo ba.

Bayan mamayewa na 1274, shogunate sun yi ƙoƙari don kare kai hari na biyu, wanda suke tsammanin zai zo.Sun fi tsara samurai na Kyūshū kuma sun ba da umarnin gina garu da babban katangar dutse (石塁, Sekirui ko 防塁, Bōrui) da sauran tsare-tsaren tsaro a wurare da yawa da za a iya saukowa, gami da Hakata Bay, inda tsayin mita biyu (6.6 ft). ) An gina katanga mai tsayi a shekara ta 1276. Bugu da kari, an kori manyan gundumomi a bakin kogin da wuraren da ake sa ran sauka don hana Sojojin Mongol sauka.An ƙaddamar da agogon bakin teku, kuma an ba da lada ga wasu ƙwararrun samurai 120.

An ba da umarni na mamayewa na biyu a watan farko na wata na 1281. An shirya jiragen ruwa guda biyu, rundunar jiragen ruwa 900 a Koriya da jiragen ruwa 3,500 a Kudancin China tare da haɗin gwiwar sojoji da ma'aikatan ruwa 142,000.An nada Janar Arakhan na Mongol a matsayin babban kwamandan aikin kuma zai yi tafiya tare da jiragen ruwa na Kudancin Hanyar, wanda ke ƙarƙashin umarnin Fan Wenhu amma an jinkirta shi saboda matsalolin samar da kayayyaki.Sojojin Gabas sun fara tashi daga Koriya a ranar 22 ga Mayu kuma sun kai hari Tsushima a ranar 9 ga Yuni da tsibirin Iki a ranar 14 ga Yuni.Bisa ga tarihin Yuan, kwamandan Japan Shoni Suketoki da Ryūzōji Suetoki sun jagoranci dakaru a cikin dubun dubatar sojojin da suka mamaye.Sojojin da suka yi balaguro sun saki bindigoginsu, kuma an fatattaki Japanawa, tare da kashe Suketoki a cikin aikin.An kashe mazauna tsibirin fiye da 300.Sojojin sun nemo yaran suka kashe su ma.Koyaya, tarihin Yuan ya haɗu da abubuwan da suka faru a watan Yuni tare da yaƙin baya a Yuli, lokacin da Shoni Suketoki ya faɗi a yaƙi.

Sojojin Gabas ya kamata su jira sojojin Kudancin Route a Iki, amma kwamandojin su, Hong Dagu da Kim Bang-gyeong, sun ƙi bin umarninsu kuma suka tashi su mamaye Mainland Japan da kansu.Sun tashi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, mako guda gabanin isowar sojojin da ke kan hanyar Kudancin ranar 2 ga Yuli.Sojojin Hanyar Gabas sun raba dakarunsu gida biyu kuma a lokaci guda suka kai hari a yankin Hakata Bay da Lardin Nagato.Dakarun Hanyar Gabas sun isa Hakata Bay a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni. Sun kasance 'yar tazara daga arewa da gabashin inda dakarunsu suka sauka a shekara ta 1274, kuma sun wuce bango da kariyar da Japanawa suka gina.Wasu jiragen ruwan Mongol sun zo bakin teku amma sun kasa wuce bangon tsaro kuma kibau sun kore su.Samurai ya mayar da martani da sauri, yana kai wa maharan hari da igiyoyin kariya, tare da hana su bakin teku.Da daddare ƙananan jiragen ruwa sun ɗauki ƙananan makada na samurai cikin rundunar Yuan a bakin teku.A cikin duhun duhu suka shiga jiragen ruwa na abokan gaba, suka kashe duk abin da za su iya, kuma suka ja da baya kafin wayewar gari.Wannan dabarar ta muzgunawa ta sa sojojin na Yuan suka koma Tsushima, inda za su jira sojojin da ke kan hanyar kudancin kasar.Duk da haka, a cikin makonni da yawa masu zuwa, an kashe mazaje 3,000 a cikin ɓangarorin da ke kusa da juna a cikin yanayi mai zafi.Sojojin Yuan ba su taba samun bakin teku ba.

Jiragen ruwa dari uku sun kai hari Nagato a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni amma aka kore su aka tilasta musu komawa Iki.

Dakarun mamayar Mongol sun kasa sauka, sun mamaye tsibiran Shika da Noko wadanda daga nan ne suka yi shirin kaddamar da farmaki kan Hakata.Maimakon haka, Japanawa sun kai farmaki cikin dare a kan ƙananan jiragen ruwa.Hachiman Gudōkun ya yaba Kusano Jirō da shiga jirgin ruwan Mongol, ya cinna masa wuta, ya ɗauki kawuna 21.Kashegari, Kawano Michiari ya jagoranci wani hari da rana da jiragen ruwa biyu kawai.Nan take aka kashe kawunsa Michitoki da kibiya, kuma Michiari ya ji rauni duka a kafada da hannun hagu.Duk da haka, da shiga jirgin abokan gaba, ya kashe wani babban jarumi na Mongol wanda aka sanya shi jarumi kuma ya sami lada mai yawa.Takezaki Suenaga shi ma yana cikin wadanda suka kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa na Yuan.Takezaki ya kuma taka rawa wajen tukin Mongols daga tsibirin Shika, kodayake a wancan misali, ya ji rauni kuma ya tilasta musu su janye zuwa Iki a ranar 30 ga Yuni.Kariyar Japan na Hakata Bay an san shi da Yaƙin Koan.

Jafananci sun sake maimaita ƙananan hare-haren da suka kai a kan sojojin mamaye da suka yi tsawon dare.Mongols sun amsa ta hanyar ɗaure jiragen ruwansu tare da sarƙoƙi da katako don samar da dandamali na tsaro.Kawo yanzu dai babu labarin samame daga bangaren Japan a wannan lamari, sabanin yadda aka yi garkuwa da shi a yankin Hakata Bay.Kamar yadda tarihin Yuan ya nuna, jiragen ruwa na Japan ƙanana ne kuma an yi musu duka

A ranar 15 ga Agusta, wata babbar mahaukaciyar guguwa, wacce aka fi sani da Jafananci kamar kamikaze, ta bugi rundunar a anka daga yamma kuma ta lalata shi.Yayin da ake jin guguwar da ke tafe, jiragen ruwan Koriya da kudancin China sun ja da baya, inda ba su yi nasara ba suka doshi tekun Imari, inda guguwar ta lalata su.An bar dubban sojoji suna yawo a kan itace ko kuma a wanke bakin teku.Masu tsaron Japan din sun kashe duk wadanda suka samu in ban da 'yan Kudancin China, wadanda suke ganin an tilasta musu shiga harin da aka kai Japan.A cewar wani dan kasar China da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, bayan guguwar, Kwamanda Fan Wenhu ya dauko sauran jiragen ruwa mafi kyau ya tafi da su, inda sama da sojoji 100,000 suka mutu.Bayan sun makale na tsawon kwanaki uku a tsibirin Takashima, Japanawa sun kai hari tare da kama dubun dubatar.An kai su Hakata inda Jafanawa suka kashe duk Mongols, Koreans, and Northern Chinese.An kare mutanen Kudancin China amma sun zama bayi.

Mahimmin Bincike:Daular Mongol da ta sha kaye ta yi asarar mafi yawan karfinta na sojan ruwa - karfin tsaron sojojin ruwa na Mongol ya ragu sosai.Ita ma Koriyar wadda ita ce ke da alhakin kera jiragen ruwa don mamaya, ta kuma rasa yadda za ta kera jiragen ruwa da kuma yadda za ta kare teku tun lokacin da aka yanke katako mai yawa.A daya bangaren kuma, akasar Japan babu wani sabon fili da aka samu saboda yaki ne na tsaro don haka Kamakura ya kasa bada tukuicin ga gokenin da ya halarci yakin, kuma ikonsa ya ragu.Daga baya, da yin amfani da halin da ake ciki, yawan 'yan Japan da ke shiga wokou ya fara karuwa, kuma hare-haren da ake kaiwa ga gabar tekun China da Koriya ya tsananta.Sakamakon yakin, an samu karbuwa akasar Sin cewa Jafanawa jajirtattu ne da tashin hankali, kuma mamayewar da aka yi wa kasar Japan ba shi da amfani.A lokacin daular Ming , an tattauna batun mamaye kasar Japan sau uku, amma ba a taba aiwatar da shi ba idan aka yi la'akari da sakamakon wannan yaki.