Mamayewar Mongol na Koriya

Daular Mongol ta kaddamar da hare-hare da dama a kan Koriya a karkashin Goryeo daga 1231 zuwa 1259. An yi manyan yakin guda shida: 1231, 1232, 1235, 1238, 1247, 1253;tsakanin 1253 da 1258, Mongols karkashin Janar Möngke Khan Jalairtai Qorchi sun kaddamar da hare-hare guda hudu a yakin karshe na nasara kan Koriya, tare da hasarar rayukan fararen hula a duk fadin yankin Koriya.Mongols sun mamaye yankunan arewacin tsibirin Koriya bayan mamayewar tare da shigar da su cikin daularsu a matsayin yankunan Ssangseong da Lardunan Dongnyeong.

Gudu daga Mongols, a cikin 1216 Khitans sun mamaye Goryeo kuma sun yi galaba akan sojojin Koriya sau da yawa, har ma sun isa kofofin babban birnin kasar kuma sun yi zurfi zuwa kudu, amma Janar Kim Chwi-ryeo na Koriya ya ci nasara da su wanda ya mayar da su arewa zuwa Pyongang. , inda sojojin Mongol-Goryeo suka gama kashe sauran Khitans a shekara ta 1219. Wataƙila waɗannan Khitans sune asalin Baekjeong.

A cikin 1224, an kashe wakilin Mongol a cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma Koriya ta daina ba da haraji.Ögedei ya aike da Janar Saritai don ya mallake Koriya kuma ya rama wa manzon da ya mutu a shekara ta 1231. Sojojin Mongol sun tsallaka kogin Yalu kuma cikin sauri suka tabbatar da mika wuya ga garin Uiju da ke kan iyaka.

Choe Woo ya tattara sojoji da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin sojojin da suka ƙunshi yawancin sojoji, inda suka yi yaƙi da Mongols a duka Anju da Kuju (Kusong na yau).Mongols sun dauki Anju.

Don ƙwace Kuju, Saritai ya yi amfani da ɗimbin makamai na yaƙi don ya ruguza tsaron birnin.Layukan katafiloli sun harba manyan duwatsu da narkakken karafa a bangon birnin.Mongols sun tura ƙungiyoyin kai hare-hare na musamman waɗanda ke kula da hasumiyai da tsani.Sauran dabarun da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da tura kuloli masu tada wuta a kan ƙofofin katako na birnin da kuma rami a ƙarƙashin bangon.Makamin mafi muni da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka kewaye shi ne bama-bamai na wuta wanda ya kunshi tafasasshen kitsen dan adam.Duk da cewa sojojin Goryeo sun fi yawa kuma bayan sama da kwanaki 30 na kazamin yakin kawanya, sojojin Goryeo har yanzu sun ki mika wuya kuma tare da karuwar asarar rayukan Mongol, sojojin Mongol ba su iya kwace birnin ba kuma dole ne su janye.

Cike da takaicin yakin kewayewa, Saritai a maimakon haka ya yi amfani da mafi girman motsin sojojinsa don ketare sojojin Goryeo kuma ya yi nasarar daukar babban birnin Gaesong.Wasu daga cikin sojojin Mongol sun kai har zuwa Chungju a yankin tsakiyar Koriya;duk da haka, rundunar bayi karkashin jagorancin Ji Gwang-su ta dakatar da ci gabansu inda sojojinsa suka yi yaki har suka mutu.Ganin cewa da faduwar babban birnin Goryeo ya kasa yin tir da maharan Mongol, Goryeo ya kai karar neman zaman lafiya.

Janar Saritai ya fara janye babbar rundunarsa zuwa arewa a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1232, inda ya bar jami'an gudanarwa na Mongol saba'in da biyu da aka jibge a garuruwa daban-daban a arewa maso yammacin Goryeo don tabbatar da cewa Goryeo ya kiyaye wa'adin zaman lafiya.

A cikin 1232, Choe Woo, a kan roƙon duka biyun Sarki Gojong da da yawa daga cikin manyan jami'an farar hula, ya ba da umarnin a mayar da Kotun Sarauta da mafi yawan mutanen Gaesong daga Songdo zuwa Ganghwa Island a Bay na Gyeonggi, kuma ya fara gina wani gagarumin gini. kariya don shirya don barazanar Mongol.Choe Woo ya yi amfani da raunin farko na Mongols, tsoron teku.Gwamnati ta umurci kowane jirgi da jirgin ruwa don jigilar kayayyaki da sojoji zuwa tsibirin Ganghwa.Gwamnati ta kara ba wa talakawa umarnin guduwa daga karkara su fake a manyan birane, manyan tsaunuka, ko kuma tsibiran da ke kusa da teku.Tsibirin Ganghwa da kansa ya kasance kagara mai ƙarfi na tsaro.An gina ƙananan garu a gefen tsibirin tsibirin kuma an gina katanga biyu a kan tsaunin Dutsen Munsusan.

Mongols sun nuna rashin amincewa da matakin inda nan take suka kaddamar da hari na biyu.Sojojin Mongol sun kasance karkashin jagorancin wani mayaudari daga Pyongyang mai suna Hong Bok-won kuma Mongols sun mamaye da yawa daga Arewacin Koriya.Duk da cewa sun isa wasu sassan kudancin kudancin kasar, amma Mongols sun kasa kwace tsibirin Ganghwa, wanda ke da nisan mil kadan daga gabar teku, kuma aka fatattake su a Gwangju.Shugaban Mongol na can, Saritai (撒禮塔), dan zuhudu Kim Yun-hu (김윤후) ne ya kashe shi a cikin tsananin tsayin daka na farar hula a yakin Cheoin kusa da Yongin, wanda ya tilastawa Mongols sake janyewa.

A cikin 1235, Mongols sun fara yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya lalata sassan Gyeongsang da Jeolla.Juriyar farar hula ta yi ƙarfi, kuma Kotun Sarauta a Ganghwa ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa kagararta.Goryeo ya ci nasara da dama amma sojojin Goryeo da rundunonin adalai sun kasa jure raƙuman mamaya.Bayan da Mongols suka kasa daukar ko dai Tsibirin Ganghwa ko manyan katangar tsaunin Goryeo, Mongols sun fara kona gonakin Goryeo a kokarin kashe jama'a.Lokacin da wasu kagara suka mika wuya, Mongols sun kashe duk wanda ya yi tsayayya da su.

Goryeo ya hakura ya kai kara domin a samu zaman lafiya.Mongols sun janye, a maimakon yarjejeniyar Goryeo na aika dangin sarki a matsayin garkuwa.Koyaya, Goryeo ya aika da wani memba na layin Royal mara alaƙa.Sun fusata, Mongols sun bukaci share tekuna daga jiragen ruwan Koriya, da mayar da kotun zuwa babban yankin, da mikawa jami'an adawa da Mongol, da kuma, dangin sarauta a matsayin garkuwa.A mayar da martani, Koriya ta aika wata gimbiya mai nisa da ’ya’yan manyan mutane goma.

Mongols sun fara yaƙin neman zaɓe na huɗu akan Goryeo, suna sake neman a mayar da babban birnin kasar zuwa Songdo da kuma dangin sarki a matsayin garkuwa.Güyük ya aika Amuqan zuwa Koriya kuma Mongols sun yi sansani a kusa da Yomju a watan Yuli 1247. Bayan da sarkin Gojong na Goryeo ya ƙi ya ƙaura babban birninsa daga tsibirin Ganghwa zuwa Songdo, sojojin Amuqan sun yi wa Koriya ta Arewa fashi.Da mutuwar Güyük Khan a shekara ta 1248, Mongols sun sake janyewa.Amma hare-haren Mongol ya ci gaba har zuwa 1250.

Bayan hawan Möngke Khan na 1251, Mongols sun sake maimaita bukatunsu.Möngke Khan ya aika da wakilai zuwa Goryeo, inda ya sanar da nadin sarauta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1251. Ya kuma bukaci a gayyaci Sarki Gojong a gabansa da kansa, kuma a dauke shi hedikwatarsa ​​daga tsibirin Ganghwa zuwa yankin Koriya.Amma kotun Goryeo ta ki tura sarkin saboda tsohon sarkin bai iya tafiya zuwa yanzu ba.Möngke ya sake aika wakilansa da takamaiman ayyuka.Möngke ya umurci Yarima Yeku ya umarci sojoji da su yaki Koriya.Yeku, tare da Amuqan, sun bukaci kotun Goryeo da ta mika wuya.Kotun ta ki yarda amma ba ta yi tsayayya da Mongols ba kuma ta tattara manoma a cikin kagara da tsibirai.Yin aiki tare da kwamandojin Goryeo da suka shiga Mongols, Jalairtai Qorchi ya lalata Koriya.Lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Yeku ya isa, Gojong da kansa ya same shi a sabon fadarsa da ke Sin Chuan-bug.Daga karshe Gojong ya amince ya mayar da babban birnin kasar zuwa babban yankin kasar, ya kuma aika da dansa Angyeong a matsayin garkuwa.Mongols sun amince da tsagaita wuta a cikin Janairu 1254.

Tsakanin 1253 zuwa 1258, Mongols karkashin Jalairtai sun kaddamar da hare-hare guda hudu a yakin karshe na nasara da Koriya.Möngke ya gane cewa wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi ba yariman na daular Goryeo ba ne.Don haka Möngke ya zargi kotun Goryeo da yaudararsa tare da kashe dangin Lee Hyeong, wanda wani Janar din Koriya ne mai goyon bayan Mongol.Kwamandan Möngke Jalairtai ya lalata yawancin Goryeo kuma ya kama mutane 206,800 a shekara ta 1254. Yunwa da rashin bege sun tilasta wa manoma mika wuya ga Mongols.Sun kafa ofishin chiliarchy a Yonghung tare da jami'an yankin.Da yake ba da umarnin ƙetare don gina jiragen ruwa, Mongols sun fara kai hari kan tsibirin bakin teku daga 1255 zuwa gaba.A cikin yankin Liaodong, Mongols a ƙarshe sun tara masu sauya sheka daga Koriya zuwa cikin gidaje 5,000.A cikin 1258, Sarkin Goryeo Gojong kuma daya daga cikin masu rike da dangin Choe, Kim Injoon, sun yi juyin mulki tare da kashe shugaban dangin Choe, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkin dangin Choe wanda ya kwashe shekaru sittin.Bayan haka, sarkin ya kai ƙarar neman zaman lafiya da Mongols.Lokacin da kotun Goryeo ta aika da sarki Wonjong na gaba a matsayin garkuwa ga kotun Mongol kuma ya yi alkawarin komawa Kaegyong, Mongols sun janye daga Koriya ta Tsakiya.

Yawancin Goryeo sun lalace bayan shekaru da yawa na fada.An ce babu wani ginin katako da ya rage bayan haka a Goryeo.An lalata al'adu, kuma hasumiya mai hawa tara na Hwangnyongsa da Tripitaka Koreana na farko sun lalace.Bayan ya ga yarima mai jiran gado na Goryeo ya zo ya amince, Kublai Khan ya yi murna ya ce "Goryeo kasa ce da tun da dadewa hatta Tang Taizong da kansa ya yi yakin neman zabe amma ya kasa cin nasara, amma yanzu yarima mai jiran gado ya zo wurina, nufina ne. sama!"Wani ɓangare na tsibirin Jeju ya koma wurin kiwo don sojojin dawakan Mongol da ke wurin.Daular Goryeo ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a karkashin daular Yuan ta Mongol har zuwa lokacin da ta fara tilasta wa sojojin Mongolian koma baya tun daga shekarun 1350, lokacin da daular Yuan ta riga ta fara rugujewa, tana fama da gagarumin tawaye a kasar Sin.Yin amfani da damar, Sarkin Goryeo Gongmin ya kuma yi nasarar dawo da wasu yankuna na arewa.