Tarihin Ireland

A lokacin Ƙarshe na Glacial Maximum, tsakanin kimanin shekaru 26,000 zuwa 20,000 da suka wuce, dusar ƙanƙara mai kauri sama da mita 3,000 ta rufe Ireland, tana sake fasalin yanayinta.A shekaru 24,000 da suka wuce, wadannan dusar ƙanƙara ta zarce iyakar kudancin Ireland.Duk da haka, yayin da yanayin ya yi zafi, ƙanƙara ta fara ja da baya.A shekaru 16,000 da suka gabata, gadar kankara ce kawai ta haɗa Arewacin Ireland zuwa Scotland .A shekaru 14,000 da suka gabata, Ireland ta kasance keɓe daga Biritaniya, tare da lokacin glaciation ya ƙare kusan shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata, yana mai da Ireland ta zama wuri mai faɗi na tundra.Ana kiran wannan glaciation da glaciation Midlandian.Tsakanin shekaru 17,500 zuwa 12,000 da suka wuce, lokacin dumamar yanayi na Bølling-Allerød ya ba da damar mafarauta su sake mamaye arewacin Turai.Bayanan kwayoyin halitta sun nuna sake zama daga kudu maso yammacin Turai, yayin da sauran dabbobin da ke ba da shawarar 'yan gudun hijirar Iberian da ke fadada zuwa kudancin Faransa.Reindeer da aurochs sun yi ƙaura zuwa arewa a wannan lokacin kafin haihuwa, suna jawo hankalin mutane waɗanda ke farautar wasan ƙaura a tashar glacial har zuwa arewacin Sweden.Kamar yadda Holocene ya fara kusan shekaru 11,500 da suka gabata, mutane sun isa yankunan arewaci marasa kankara na nahiyar Turai, gami da yankuna kusa da Ireland.Duk da yanayin ɗumamar yanayi, farkon Holocene Ireland ya kasance mara kyau, yana iyakance daidaitawar ɗan adam zuwa ayyukan kamun kifi.Kodayake gadar ƙasa mai ƙila ta haɗa Biritaniya da Ireland, wataƙila ta ɓace kusan 14,000 KZ saboda hauhawar matakan teku, yana hana yawancin flora da fauna na ƙasa wucewa.Akasin haka, Biritaniya ta kasance tana da alaƙa da nahiyar Turai har zuwa kusan 5600 KZ.Sanannen mutanen zamani na zamani a Ireland sun samo asali ne tun daga ƙarshen Paleolithic.Radiocarbon mai dangantaka a cikin 2016 na ƙashin beyar da aka yanka daga Alice da Gwendoline Cave a County Clare ya bayyana kasancewar ɗan adam a kusan 10,500 KZ, jim kaɗan bayan ƙanƙara ta ja da baya.Binciken da aka yi tun da farko, kamar dutsen dutse da aka samu a Mell, Drogheda, da guntun kashin baya daga Kogon Castlepook, yana ba da shawarar ayyukan ɗan adam tun daga shekaru 33,000 da suka gabata, kodayake waɗannan al'amuran ba su da ma'ana kuma suna iya haɗawa da kayan da ƙanƙara ke ɗauka.Shaida daga wani wuri na 11,000 KZ a bakin tekun Burtaniya na Tekun Irish yana nuna cin abinci na ruwa ciki har da kifi, wanda ke nuna cewa watakila mutane sun mamaye Ireland ta jirgin ruwa.Koyaya, saboda ƴan albarkatu da suka wuce yankunan bakin teku, waɗannan mutanen farko na iya zama ba su zauna ba har abada.Matasan Dryas (10,900 KZ zuwa 9700 KZ) ya kawo dawo da yanayin daskarewa, mai yiwuwa ya lalata Ireland da kuma tabbatar da gadar ƙasa tare da Biritaniya ba ta sake bayyana ba.

Zaman kankara na ƙarshe a Ireland ya ƙare kusan 8000 KZ.Kafin binciken 2016 na Paleolithic bear kashi tun daga 10,500 KZ, farkon sanannun shaidar aikin ɗan adam ya kasance daga lokacin Mesolithic, kusan 7000 KZ.A wannan lokacin, Ireland ta riga ta kasance tsibiri saboda ƙananan matakan teku, kuma mazaunan farko sun isa jirgin ruwa, mai yiwuwa daga Biritaniya.Waɗannan mutanen farko ma’aikatan ruwa ne waɗanda suka dogara ga tekun kuma suka zauna kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.Duk da cewa mutanen Mesolithic sun dogara sosai kan yanayin kogin da bakin teku, tsohuwar DNA ta nuna cewa sun daina hulɗa da al'ummomin Mesolithic a Biritaniya da bayanta.An sami shaidar masu farauta na Mesolithic a cikin Ireland.Mahimman wuraren tonowa sun haɗa da wurin zama a Dutsen Sandel a Coleraine, County Londonderry, konawa a Hermitage a kan Kogin Shannon a cikin County Limerick, da sansanin a Lough Boora a cikin County Offaly.Hakanan an lura da warwatsewar Lithic daga County Donegal a arewa zuwa County Cork a kudu.An kiyasta yawan jama'a a wannan lokacin ya kai kusan mutane 8,000.Mesolithic mafarauta-gatherers a Ireland sun rayu a kan wani iri-iri na abinci wanda ya hada da abincin teku, tsuntsaye, daji boar, da hazelnuts.Babu wata shaida ta barewa a cikin Mesolithic na Irish, tare da jajayen barewa da wataƙila an gabatar da su a lokacin Neolithic.Waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi amfani da mashi, kibau, da garaya da aka ɗora da microliths kuma suna ƙara abincinsu da goro, 'ya'yan itace, da berries.Suna zama a cikin matsuguni na yanayi da aka yi ta hanyar shimfiɗa fatun dabbobi ko ciyayi a kan firam ɗin katako kuma suna da wuraren dafa abinci na waje.Yawan jama'a a lokacin Mesolithic mai yiwuwa bai wuce 'yan dubbai ba.Abubuwan da aka tsara daga wannan lokacin sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙananan ɗigon ruwa da maki, da kuma manyan kayan aikin dutse da makamai, musamman maɗaurin Bann flake, waɗanda ke nuna dabarun daidaita su a cikin yanayin bayan dusar ƙanƙara.

Kusan 4500 KZ, zamanin Neolithic ya fara a Ireland tare da gabatar da 'kunshin' wanda ya haɗa da nau'o'in hatsi, dabbobin gida kamar tumaki, awaki, da shanu, da tukwane, gidaje, da abubuwan tunawa na dutse.Wannan kunshin ya yi kama da wanda aka samu a Scotland da sauran sassan Turai, wanda ke nuni da zuwan noma da mazauna.Canjin Neolithic a Ireland ya sami alamun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a aikin noma da kiwo.Tumaki, awaki, da shanu, tare da amfanin gona irin su alkama da sha'ir, an shigo da su daga kudu maso yammacin nahiyar Turai.Wannan gabatarwar ya haifar da haɓakar yawan jama'a, kamar yadda bincike-bincike na archaeological ya nuna.Ɗaya daga cikin tabbatattun tabbatattun hujjoji na noma a Ireland ya fito ne daga Ferriter's Cove a kan Dingle Peninsula, inda aka gano wuka mai ƙarfi, ƙasusuwan shanu, da haƙorin tumaki da aka yi kwanan watan kusan 4350 KZ.Wannan yana nuna cewa an kafa ayyukan noma a tsibirin a wannan lokacin.Filayen Céide a cikin County Mayo suna ba da ƙarin shaidar noman Neolithic.Wannan tsarin fage mai faɗi, wanda ake ɗauka ɗaya daga cikin mafi dadewa da aka sani a duniya, ya ƙunshi ƙananan filayen da bango busasshen dutse ya rabu.Waɗannan filayen an yi noma sosai tsakanin 3500 zuwa 3000 KZ, tare da alkama da sha'ir a matsayin manyan amfanin gona.Neolithic tukwane kuma ya bayyana a wannan lokacin, tare da salo irin waɗanda aka samu a arewacin Burtaniya.A cikin Ulster da Limerick, faffadan baki, kwanoni masu zagaye-zagaye na wannan zamani an tono su, wanda ke nuni da tasirin al'adu dayawa a fadin yankin.Duk da waɗannan ci gaban, wasu yankuna na Ireland sun baje kolin salon kiwo, suna nuna rabe-raben guraben aiki inda wasu lokutan ayyukan makiyaya ke mamaye na noma.Ta wurin tsayin Neolithic, yawan mutanen Ireland yana iya tsakanin 100,000 zuwa 200,000.Koyaya, a kusan 2500 KZ, rugujewar tattalin arziki ya faru, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a na ɗan lokaci.

Zuwan ƙarfe na ƙarfe a Ireland yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da Bell Beaker People, mai suna bayan keɓaɓɓen tukwanensu mai siffa mai kama da karrarawa.Wannan alama ce ta tashi daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙera, mai zagaye-zagaye na Neolithic tukwane.Al'adun Beaker yana da alaƙa da fara haƙar ma'adinai na jan karfe, bayyananne a shafuka kamar Tsibirin Ross, wanda ya fara kusan 2400 KZ.Akwai muhawara tsakanin masana game da lokacin da masu magana da harshen Celtic suka fara isa Ireland.Wasu suna danganta wannan da Beaker People of the Bronze Age, yayin da wasu ke jayayya cewa Celts sun zo daga baya, a farkon zamanin Iron.Canji daga zamanin Copper (Chalcolithic) zuwa zamanin Bronze ya faru ne a kusan 2000 KZ lokacin da aka haɗa jan ƙarfe tare da tin don samar da tagulla na gaske.Wannan lokacin ya ga samar da gatari na "Ballybeg-type" da sauran kayan aikin karfe.An fi hako Copper a kudu maso yammacin Ireland, musamman a shafuka kamar Tsibirin Ross da Dutsen Gabriel a cikin County Cork.Tin, wanda ya zama dole don yin tagulla, an shigo da shi daga Cornwall.Zamanin Bronze ya ga yadda ake kera kayan aiki da makamai iri-iri, da suka hada da takuba, gatari, wukake, ƙyanƙyashe, ƙwanƙwasa, awl, kayan sha, da ƙaho masu kama da ƙaho.Masu sana'a na Irish sun shahara da ƙahonsu masu siffar ƙaho, waɗanda aka yi ta amfani da tsarin kakin zuma da ya ɓace.Bugu da ƙari, ɗimbin ma'adinan zinare na ƙasar Ireland ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kayan ado na zinariya da yawa, tare da abubuwan zinariya na Irish da aka samu har zuwa Jamus da Scandinavia.Wani muhimmin ci gaba a wannan lokacin shine gina da'irar dutse, musamman a Ulster da Munster.Crannogs, ko gidajen katako da aka gina a cikin tafkuna masu zurfi don tsaro, suma sun fito ne a zamanin Bronze Age.Wadannan gine-gine galibi suna da kunkuntar hanyoyin tafiya zuwa gaci kuma ana amfani da su na dogon lokaci, har ma a zamanin da.Dowris Hoard, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa sama da 200 galibi a cikin tagulla, yana haskaka ƙarshen Zaman Bronze a Ireland (kusan 900-600 KZ).Wannan tarin ya haɗa da gungun tagulla, ƙahoni, makamai, da tasoshin ruwa, wanda ke nuni da al'ada inda manyan liyafa da ayyukan biki ke da mahimmanci.Dunaverney nama-ƙugiya, daga ɗan baya (1050-900 KZ), yana nuna tasirin nahiyar Turai.A lokacin zamanin Bronze, yanayin Ireland ya tabarbare, wanda ya kai ga sare dazuzzuka.Yawan jama'a a ƙarshen wannan lokacin yana yiwuwa tsakanin 100,000 zuwa 200,000, kama da tsayin Neolithic.Zamanin Bronze na Irish ya ci gaba har zuwa kusan 500 KZ, daga baya a cikin nahiyar Turai da Biritaniya.

Zamanin baƙin ƙarfe a Ireland ya fara kusan shekara ta 600 KZ, wanda ke nuna alamar kutsawa a hankali na ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mutanen Celtic.An yi imanin ƙaura na Celtic zuwa Ireland ya faru ne a cikin raƙuman ruwa da yawa a cikin ƙarni da yawa, tare da asalinsu zuwa yankuna daban-daban na Turai.Taguwar HijiraWave Farko (Late Bronze Age zuwa Farkon Iron Age): Ƙaurawar farko na ƙaura Celtic zuwa Ireland wataƙila ya faru ne a lokacin ƙarshen shekarun Bronze zuwa farkon zamanin ƙarfe (kimanin 1000 KZ zuwa 500 KZ).Wataƙila waɗannan bakin haure na farko sun fito ne daga fannin al'adun Hallstatt, suna kawo sabbin fasahohin aikin ƙarfe da sauran halayen al'adu.Wave Na Biyu (Kusan 500 KZ zuwa 300 KZ): Babban ƙaura na biyu yana da alaƙa da al'adun La Tène.Waɗannan Celts sun zo da salo daban-daban na fasaha, gami da ƙaƙƙarfan aikin ƙarfe da ƙira.Wataƙila wannan igiyar ruwa ta yi tasiri mai zurfi a kan al'adun Irish da al'umma, kamar yadda bayanan kayan tarihi suka tabbatar.Kalaman Na Uku (Lokaci Daga baya): Wasu masana tarihi sun nuna cewa daga baya an sami raƙuman ƙaura, mai yiyuwa zuwa ƴan ƙarni na farko AZ, kodayake shaidar waɗannan ba ta da kyau.Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa na baya zasu iya haɗawa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ci gaba da kawo tasirin al'adun Celtic zuwa Ireland.Wannan lokacin ya ga haɗuwar al'adun Celtic da na asali, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar al'adun Gaelic a karni na biyar AZ.A wannan lokacin, manyan masarautun In Tuisceart, Airgialla, Ulaid, Midde, Laigin, Mumhain, da Cóiced Ol nEchmacht sun fara samun tsari, suna haɓaka kyakkyawan yanayin al'adu wanda manyan jarumai masu fada aji da masu ilimi suka mamaye, mai yiwuwa. ciki har da Druids.Daga karni na 17 zuwa gaba, masana harshe sun gano harsunan Goidelic da ake magana a Ireland a matsayin reshe na harsunan Celtic.Gabatarwar harshen Celtic da abubuwan al'adu galibi ana danganta su da mamayewar Celts na nahiyar.Duk da haka, wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa al'adun sun samo asali ne a hankali ta hanyar ci gaba da musayar al'adu tare da kungiyoyin Celtic daga kudu maso yammacin nahiyar Turai, farawa tun daga lokacin Neolithic kuma ya ci gaba ta hanyar Bronze Age.Wannan hasashe na sha al'adu a hankali ya sami tallafi daga binciken kwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan.A cikin 60 AZ, Romawa sun mamaye Anglesey a Wales, suna tayar da damuwa a fadin Tekun Irish.Ko da yake akwai wasu gardama game da ko Romawa sun taɓa kafa ƙafa a Ireland, ana nuna cewa Roma mafi kusa ta zo ta mamaye Ireland kusan shekara ta 80 CE.A cewar asusun, Túathal Techtmar, ɗan babban sarki, mai yiwuwa ya mamaye Ireland daga ketare don kwato mulkinsa a wannan lokacin.Romawa suna kiran Ireland a matsayin Hibernia kuma, a shekara ta 100 AZ, Ptolemy ya rubuta labarin labarinsa da kabilunsa.Ko da yake Ireland ba ta taɓa kasancewa cikin daular Roma ba, tasirin Romawa ya wuce iyakarta.Tacitus ya lura cewa wani yariman Irish da ke gudun hijira yana tare da Agricola a Biritaniya na Roman kuma ya yi niyyar kwace mulki a Ireland, yayin da Juvenal ya ambata cewa Roman "an kwashe makamai zuwa gabar tekun Ireland."Wasu masana sun yi hasashen cewa sojojin Gaelic da Romawa ke daukar nauyinsu ko na Romawa na iya kai hari a kusan 100 AZ, kodayake ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin Rome da daular Irish ta kasance ba a sani ba.A cikin 367 AZ, a lokacin Babban Maƙarƙashiya, ƙungiyoyin Irish da aka fi sani da Scoti sun kai hari kuma wasu sun zauna a Biritaniya, musamman Dál Riata, waɗanda suka kafa kansu a yammacin Scotland da tsibirin Yammacin Turai.Wannan motsi ya misalta hulɗar da ke gudana da ƙaura tsakanin Ireland da Biritaniya a wannan lokacin.

Kafin karni na 5, Kiristanci ya fara tafiya zuwa Ireland, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar hulɗa da Roman Birtaniya.A kusan shekara ta 400 AZ, bautar Kirista ta isa tsibirin arna.Sabanin sanannun imani, St. Patrick bai gabatar da Kiristanci ga Ireland ba;ya riga ya kafa gabansa kafin zuwansa.Gidajen zuhudu sun fara fitowa a matsayin wuraren da sufaye ke neman rayuwa ta dindindin tare da Allah, wanda gidan sufi na Skellig Michael ya misalta.Daga Ireland, Kiristanci ya bazu zuwa Picts da Northumbrians, wanda Bishop Aidan ya yi tasiri sosai.A shekara ta 431 AZ, Paparoma Celestine na I ya keɓe Palladius, wani deacon daga Gaul, a matsayin bishop kuma ya aike shi ya yi hidima ga Kiristocin Irish, musamman a gabashin tsakiyar ƙasa, Leinster, da kuma watakila gabas Munster.Duk da yake an san kadan game da manufarsa, ya bayyana cewa an yi nasara sosai, ko da yake daga baya ya rufe ta da labarun da ke kewaye da St. Patrick.Ba a san ainihin kwanakin St. Patrick ba, amma ya rayu a cikin ƙarni na 5 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na mishan, yana mai da hankali kan yankuna kamar Ulster da arewacin Connacht.Yawancin abin da aka yi imani da shi a al'ada ya fito ne daga baya, tushe mara tushe.A cikin karni na 6, an kafa fitattun gidajen zuhudu da dama: Clonard ta St. Finian, Clonfert na St. Brendan, Bangor na St. Comgall, Clonmacnoise na St. Kieran, da Killeaney ta St. Enda.Karni na 7 ya ga kafa Lismore ta St. Carthage da Glendalough na St. Kevin.

Ireland ta Kirista ta farko ta fara fitowa daga rugujewar rugujewar yawan jama'a da yanayin rayuwa wanda ya dade daga kusan 100 zuwa 300 AZ.A wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da zamanin Duhu na Irish, yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya ƙauye ne kuma sun warwatse, tare da ƴan ƙanana na zobe waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin manyan cibiyoyin aikin ɗan adam.Waɗannan sandunan ringi, waɗanda kusan 40,000 an san su kuma mai yuwuwa kusan 50,000 sun wanzu, sun kasance wuraren da aka fi sani da gonaki don abubuwan da ke da kyau kuma galibi sun haɗa da wuraren da ake amfani da su don ɓoyewa ko tserewa.Tattalin arzikin Irish ya kasance kusan noma gabaɗaya, kodayake mamaye Burtaniya don bayi da ganima shima ya taka rawa sosai.An yi amfani da Crannógs, ko wuraren da ke gefen tafkin, don yin sana'a kuma sun ba da muhimmiyar haɓakar tattalin arziki.Sabanin ra'ayoyin da suka gabata cewa noman Irish na zamanin da ya fi mayar da hankali ne akan dabbobi, binciken pollen ya nuna cewa noman hatsi, musamman na sha'ir da hatsi, ya zama mai mahimmanci tun daga shekara ta 200 AZ.Dabbobi, musamman shanu, sun kasance suna da kima sosai, tare da satar shanun wani muhimmin bangare na yaki.Manya-manyan garke, musamman na gidajen zuhudu, sun zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen wannan zamani.A lokacin farkon tsaka-tsakin, an sami saran gandun daji, wanda ya rage manyan gandun daji a karni na 9, kodayake wuraren da ba a shafa su ba.A shekara ta 800 AZ, ƙananan garuruwa sun fara girma a kusa da manyan gidajen ibada, kamar Trim da Lismore, tare da wasu sarakunan da ke cikin waɗannan garuruwan sufi.Sarakuna gabaɗaya suna rayuwa ne a cikin manyan ƙoƙon ringi, amma tare da ƙarin kayan alatu kamar ƙayyadaddun kayan kwalliyar Celtic.Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga kololuwar fasahar Insular na Irish, tare da hasken rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce kamar Littafin Kells, brooches, manyan giciyen dutse da aka sassaƙa, da aikin ƙarfe kamar Derrynaflan da Ardagh Hoards.A siyasance, tabbataccen tabbataccen gaskiya a tarihin Irish shine kasancewar pentarchy a ƙarshen prehistory, wanda ya ƙunshi coiceda ko "biyar" na Ulaid (Ulster), Connachta (Connacht), Laigin (Leinster), Mumu (Munster), da Mide (Nama).Duk da haka, wannan mulkin mallaka ya wargaje da wayewar tarihi.Haɓaka sabbin dauloli, musamman Uí Néill a arewa da tsakiyar ƙasa da Eóganachta a kudu maso yamma, sun canza yanayin siyasa.Uí Néill, tare da ƙungiyar iyayensu Connachta, sun rage yankin Ulaid zuwa yankunan da a yanzu suke yankunan Down da Antrim a ƙarni na 4 ko na 5, inda suka kafa daular Airgíalla da masarautar Uí Néill ta Ailech.Har ila yau, Uí Néill sun yi yaƙi akai-akai tare da Laigin a tsakiyar ƙasa, suna tura yankinsu zuwa kudu zuwa iyakar Kildare/Offaly kuma suna da'awar sarautar Tara, wanda aka fara gani a matsayin Babban Sarautar Ireland.Wannan ya haifar da sabon rarrabuwa na Ireland zuwa rabi biyu: Leth Cuinn ("Rabin Conn") a arewa, mai suna bayan Conn na Yaƙin ɗari, wanda ake zaton kakannin Uí Néill da Connachta;da Leth Moga ("Rabin Mug") a kudu, mai suna bayan Mug Nuadat, wanda ake zaton kakan Eoganachta.Ko da yake farfagandar dynastic ta yi iƙirarin cewa wannan rarrabuwa ta samo asali tun ƙarni na 2, wataƙila ta samo asali ne a ƙarni na 8, lokacin girman ikon Uí Néill.

A cikin ƙarni na 6 da na 7, aikin Hiberno-Scottish ya ga mishan na Gaelic daga Ireland sun yada Kiristanci na Celtic a fadin Scotland, Wales, Ingila, da Faransa Merovingian.Da farko, Kiristanci na Katolika ya bazu a cikin Ireland kanta.Kalmar “Kiristancin Celtic,” wanda ya bayyana a ƙarni na 8 da na 9, yana ɗan ruɗewa.Majiyoyi na Katolika sun yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan ayyuka suna gudanar da su a ƙarƙashin ikon Mai Tsarki, yayin da masana tarihi na Furotesta suka jaddada rikice-rikice tsakanin limaman Celtic da Romawa, tare da lura da rashin cikakken daidaituwa a cikin waɗannan ayyuka.Duk da bambance-bambancen yanki a cikin liturgy da tsari, yankunan masu magana da Celtic sun ci gaba da girmama Papacy.Dunod, almajirin Columba, ya kafa wata muhimmiyar makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki a Bangor-on-Dee a shekara ta 560. Wannan makaranta ta yi fice ga manyan ɗalibanta, waɗanda aka tsara a ƙarƙashin shugabanni bakwai, kowannensu yana kula da aƙalla ɗalibai 300.Manufar ta fuskanci rikici da Augustine, wanda Paparoma Gregory I ya aika zuwa Biritaniya a shekara ta 597 tare da iko akan bishop na Burtaniya.A wani taro, Deynoch, abbot na Bangor, ya bijire wa bukatar Augustine na mika wuya ga dokokin Cocin Roman, yana mai bayyana shirye-shiryen su na sauraren Cocin da Paparoma amma ya ki amincewa da wajabcin cikakken biyayya ga Roma.Wakilai daga Bangor sun amince da al’adunsu na dā kuma sun ƙi ikon Augustine.A cikin 563, St. Columba, tare da abokansa, sun yi tafiya daga Donegal zuwa Caledonia, suna kafa gidan sufi a kan Iona.A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Columba, gidan sufi ya bunƙasa kuma ya zama cibiyar bishara ga Dalridian Scots da Picts.Ta mutuwar Columba a shekara ta 597, Kiristanci ya yadu a cikin Caledonia da tsibirin yammacinta.A cikin karni na gaba, Iona ya ci gaba, kuma mahaifinsa, St. Adamnan, ya rubuta "Life of St. Columba" a cikin Latin.Daga Iona, masu mishan kamar Irish Aidan sun ci gaba da yaɗuwar Kiristanci zuwa Northumbria, Mercia, da Essex.A Ingila, Aidan, wanda ya yi karatu a Iona, Sarki Oswald ya gayyace shi a 634 don koyar da Kiristanci na Celtic a Northumbria.Oswald ya ba shi Lindisfarne ya kafa makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki.Magada Aidan, Finan da Colman, sun ci gaba da aikinsa, suna yada manufa a cikin masarautun Anglo-Saxon .An kiyasta cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar Anglo-Saxon sun koma Kiristanci na Celtic a wannan lokacin.Columbanus, an haife shi a shekara ta 543, ya yi karatu a Bangor Abbey har zuwa kusan 590 kafin ya tafi nahiyar tare da sahabbai goma sha biyu.Sarki Guntram na Burgundy ya maraba da shi, sun kafa makarantu a Anegray, Luxeuil, da Fontaines.Korar Theuderic II a 610, Columbanus ya koma Lombardy, ya kafa makaranta a Bobbio a 614. Almajiransa sun kafa gidajen ibada da yawa a fadin Faransa, Jamus , Belgium, da Switzerland, ciki har da St. Gall a Switzerland da Disibodenberg a cikin Rhine Palatinate.AItaliya , manyan alkaluma daga wannan manufa sun haɗa da Saint Donatus na Fiesole da Andrew the Scot.Wasu fitattun mishan sun haɗa da Fridolin na Säckingen, wanda ya kafa gidajen ibada a Baden da Konstanz, da kuma alkaluma kamar Wendelin na Trier, Saint Kilian, da Rupert na Salzburg, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar yaduwar Kiristanci na Celtic a faɗin Turai.

A cikin ƙarni na 6 zuwa 8, Ireland ta sami bunƙasa na al'adun zuhudu.Wannan lokacin, sau da yawa ana kiransa "Golden Age of Irish Monasticism," an kwatanta shi ta hanyar kafawa da fadada al'ummomin zuhudu waɗanda suka zama cibiyoyin koyo, fasaha, da ruhaniya.Wadannan matsugunan zuhudu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyayewa da watsa ilimi a lokacin da yawancin kasashen Turai ke fuskantar koma baya na al'adu da hankali.An kafa al'ummomin zuhudu a Ireland ta hanyar adadi irin su St. Patrick, St. Columba, da St. Brigid.Waɗannan gidajen zuhudu ba cibiyoyin addini kaɗai ba ne, har da wuraren koyarwa da rubuce-rubuce.Sufaye sun sadaukar da kansu don kwafi da haskaka matani na addini, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar wasu mafi kyawun rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na zamanin da.Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen da aka haska sun shahara saboda ƙaƙƙarfan zane-zane, launuka masu haske, da cikakkun ƙira, galibi suna haɗa abubuwa na fasahar Celtic.Kila Littafin Kells shine ya fi shahara a cikin wa annan rubuce-rubucen haske.An yi imani cewa an halicce shi a kusan karni na 8, wannan littafin Bishara babban zane ne na fasahar Insular, salon da ya haɗu da hoton Kiristanci tare da al'adun Irish na gargajiya.Littafin Kells ya ƙunshi kwatanci dalla-dalla na Linjila huɗu, tare da shafuna waɗanda aka ƙawata su ta hanyar rikitattun alamu, dabbobi masu ban sha'awa, da ƙawayen baƙaƙe.Sana'ar sa da fasaharta na nuna irin girman fasaha da sadaukarwar malaman zuhudu da malamai.Wasu sanannun rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Littafin Durrow da Linjila ta Lindisfarne.Littafin Durrow, wanda ya fito daga ƙarshen karni na 7, yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon misalan hasken Insular kuma yana nuna bambancin fasahar zuhudu na Irish.Linjilar Lindisfarne, ko da yake an samar da ita a Northumbria, zuhudu na Irish sun yi tasiri sosai kuma sun misalta musayar al'adu na fasaha da salo.Gidajen zuhudu na Irish suma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a faffadan farfaɗowar tunani da al'adu na Turai.Malaman zuhudu daga Ireland sun yi balaguro a cikin nahiyar, suna kafa gidajen ibada da cibiyoyin koyo a wurare irin su Iona a Scotland da Bobbio a Italiya.Waɗannan masu mishan sun kawo iliminsu na Latin, tiyoloji, da matani na gargajiya, suna ba da gudummawa ga Renaissance na Carolingian a ƙarni na 9.Haɓaka al'adun zuhudu a Ireland a cikin ƙarni na 6 zuwa 8th yana da babban tasiri akan adanawa da yada ilimi.Halayen rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da waɗannan al'ummomin zuhudu suka samar sun kasance wasu daga cikin mafi mahimmanci da kyawawan kayan tarihi na duniyar duniyar da, suna ba da haske game da rayuwar ruhaniya da fasaha ta Ireland ta farko.

Harin Viking na farko da aka yi rikodin a tarihin Irish ya faru ne a cikin 795 AZ lokacin da Vikings, mai yiwuwa daga Norway, suka wawure tsibirin Lambay.Wannan hari ya biyo bayan hare-haren da aka kai a gabar tekun Brega a shekara ta 798 da kuma gabar tekun Connacht a shekara ta 807. Waɗannan hare-haren Viking na farko, gabaɗaya ƙanana da sauri, sun katse zamanin zinare na al'adun Kiristanci na Irish kuma sun ba da sanarwar yaƙi na wucin gadi na ƙarni biyu.Vikings, da farko daga yammacin Norway, yawanci suna tafiya ta Shetland da Orkney kafin su isa Ireland.Daga cikin wadanda suka kai hari har da tsibiran Skellig dake gabar tekun County Kerry.Wadannan hare-haren na farko sun kasance da kasuwancin 'yanci na 'yan kasuwa, tare da shugabanni kamar Saxolb a 837, Turges a 845, da Agonn a 847 da aka lura a cikin tarihin Irish.A cikin 797, Áed Oirdnide na reshen Cenél nEógain na Arewacin Uí Néill ya zama Sarkin Tara bayan mutuwar surukinsa kuma abokin hamayyar siyasa Donnchad Midi.Mulkinsa ya ga yaƙin neman zaɓe a Mide, Leinster, da Ulaid don tabbatar da ikonsa.Ba kamar wanda ya gabace shi ba, Áed bai yi kamfen a Munster ba.An yaba masa da hana manyan hare-haren Viking akan Ireland a lokacin mulkinsa bayan 798, kodayake kididdigar ba ta fito fili ta ambaci shigarsa cikin rikici da Vikings ba.Rikicin Viking akan Ireland ya tsananta daga 821 zuwa gaba, tare da Vikings sun kafa sansani masu ƙarfi, ko tashar jiragen ruwa, kamar Linn Dúachaill da Duiblinn (Dublin).Manyan sojojin Viking sun fara kai hari kan manyan garuruwan zuhudu, yayin da kananan majami'u sukan kubuta daga hankalinsu.Wani sanannen shugaban Viking, Thorgest, wanda ke da alaƙa da hare-haren Connacht, Mide, da Clonmacnoise a cikin 844, Máel Sechnaill mac Mail Ruanaid ya kama shi kuma ya nutsar da shi.Duk da haka, tarihin Thorgest ba shi da tabbas, kuma za a iya yin tasiri ga hotonsa ta hanyar kyamar Viking.A cikin 848, shugabannin Irish Olchobar mac Cináeda na Munster da Lorcán mac Cellaig na Leinster sun ci nasara kan sojojin Norse a Sciath Nechtain.Máel Sechnaill, yanzu Babban Sarki, kuma ya ci nasara da wani sojojin Norse a Forrach a wannan shekarar.Wadannan nasarorin sun kai ga ofishin jakadanci ga Sarkin Faransa Charles the Bald.A cikin 853, Olaf, mai yiwuwa "ɗan Sarkin Lochlann," ya isa Ireland kuma ya ɗauki jagorancin Vikings, tare da danginsa Ivar.Zuriyarsu, Uí Ímair, za su kasance masu tasiri har tsawon ƙarni biyu masu zuwa.Daga tsakiyar karni na 9, kawancen Norse tare da sarakunan Irish iri-iri sun zama gama gari.Cerball mac Dúnlainge na Osraige da farko ya yi yaƙi da maharan Viking amma daga baya ya haɗu da Olaf da Ivar da Máel Sechnaill, kodayake waɗannan ƙawancen na ɗan lokaci ne.A ƙarshen karni na 9, manyan sarakunan Uí Néill sun fuskanci adawa daga danginsu da Norse na Dublin, suna nuna rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida a Ireland.Áed Findliath, wanda ya gaji Máel Sechnaill a matsayin babban sarki, ya ƙidaya wasu nasarori a kan Norse, musamman kona tashar jiragen ruwa na dogon lokaci a arewa a cikin 866. Ayyukansa, duk da haka, na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin arewa ta hanyar hana haɓakar garuruwan tashar jiragen ruwa.An ambaci Olaf na ƙarshe a cikin tarihin yana cikin 871 lokacin da shi da Ivar suka dawo Dublin daga Alba.Ivar ya mutu a shekara ta 873, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "sarkin Norsemen na dukan Ireland da Birtaniya."A cikin 902, sojojin Irish sun kori Vikings daga Dublin, kodayake Norse ya ci gaba da tasiri a siyasar Irish.Kungiyar Vikings karkashin jagorancin Hingamund sun zauna a Wirral, Ingila, bayan an tilasta musu ficewa daga Ireland, tare da shaidar kasancewar Irish a yankin.Vikings sun yi amfani da rabe-raben siyasar Ireland don mamayewa, amma yanayin mulkin Irish da aka raba ya sa ya yi musu wahala su ci gaba da iko.Duk da koma baya na farko, kasancewar Vikings a ƙarshe ya yi tasiri ga ayyukan al'adun Irish, wanda ya kai ga samuwar ƴan ƙasashen waje na malaman Irish a Turai.Malaman Irish kamar John Scottus Eriugena da Sedulius Scottus sun zama fitattu a nahiyar Turai, suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar al'adun Irish da malanta.

Bayan fitar da su daga Dublin a cikin 902, zuriyar Ivar, wanda ake kira Uí Ímair, sun ci gaba da aiki a kusa da Tekun Irish, suna yin ayyuka a Pictland, Strathclyde, Northumbria, da Mann.A cikin 914, wani sabon jirgin ruwa na Viking ya bayyana a Waterford Harbour, sannan Uí Ímair ya biyo baya wanda ya sake tabbatar da ikon ayyukan Viking a Ireland.Ragnall ya isa tare da jiragen ruwa a Waterford, yayin da Sitric ya sauka a Cenn Fuait a Leinster.Niall Glúndub, wanda ya zama Uí Néill overking a cikin 916, yayi ƙoƙari ya fuskanci Ragnall a Munster amma ba tare da tsai da shawara ba.Mutanen Leinster, karkashin jagorancin Augaire mac Ailella, sun kai wa Sitric hari amma an ci su da yawa a yakin Confey (917), wanda ya ba Sitric damar sake kafa ikon Norse akan Dublin.Ragnall ya tafi York a 918, inda ya zama sarki.Daga 914 zuwa 922, an fara wani lokaci mai ƙarfi na mazaunin Viking a Ireland, tare da Norse ya kafa manyan garuruwan bakin teku ciki har da Waterford, Cork, Dublin, Wexford, da Limerick.Abubuwan da aka tono kayan tarihi a Dublin da Waterford sun gano muhimman abubuwan tarihi na Viking, gami da duwatsun binne da aka sani da Rathdown Slabs a Kudancin Dublin.Vikings sun kafa wasu garuruwan bakin teku da yawa, kuma a cikin tsararraki, gauraya kabilar Irish-Norse, Norse-Gaels, ta fito.Duk da ƴan ƙasar Scandinavia, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa yawancin mazaunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Ireland ne.A cikin 919, Niall Glúndub ya yi tafiya a Dublin amma Sitric ya ci nasara kuma ya kashe shi a yakin Islandbridge.Sitric ya bar York a 920, ɗan uwansa Gofraid ya gaje shi a Dublin.Hare-haren na Gofraid ya nuna danniya, yana ba da shawarar sauyi a dabarun Norse daga hari kawai zuwa tabbatar da wanzuwar dindindin.Wannan sauyi ya bayyana a yakin Gofraid a gabashin Ulster daga 921 zuwa 927, da nufin samar da daular Scandinavia.Muirchertach mac Néill, ɗan Niall Glúndub, ya fito a matsayin janar mai nasara, ya kayar da Norse kuma ya jagoranci yaƙin neman tilastawa sauran masarautun lardi yin biyayya.A cikin 941, ya kama Sarkin Munster kuma ya jagoranci rundunar jiragen ruwa zuwa Hebrides.Gofraid, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a York, ya koma Dublin, inda ya yi gwagwarmaya da Vikings na Limerick.Ɗan Gofraid, Amlaíb, ya yi nasara a kan Limerick a 937 kuma ya haɗu da Constantine II na Scotland da Owen I na Strathclyde.Kungiyar ta Athelstan ta ci nasara a Brunanburh a shekara ta 937.A cikin 980, Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill ya zama Uí Néill, ya ci Dublin a Yaƙin Tara kuma ya tilasta masa biyayya.A halin yanzu, a Munster, Dál gCais, karkashin jagorancin 'ya'yan Cennétig mac Lorcáin Mathgamain da Brian Boru, sun hau kan karagar mulki.Brian ya ci Norse na Limerick a 977 kuma ya sami iko akan Munster.A shekara ta 997, Brian Boru da Máel Sechnaill sun raba Ireland, tare da Brian yana iko da kudu.Bayan jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe, Brian ya yi iƙirarin sarauta a ƙasar Ireland a shekara ta 1002. Ya tilasta wa sarakunan lardi biyayya da kuma a cikin 1005, ya ayyana kansa "Sarkin Irish" a Armagh.Mulkinsa ya ga sarakunan yankin Ireland sun mika wuya, amma a cikin 1012, tawaye ya fara.Yaƙin Clontarf a 1014 ya ga sojojin Brian sun yi nasara amma ya yi sanadiyar mutuwarsa.Lokacin bayan mutuwar Brian an yi alama ta hanyar ƙawancen ƙawance da ci gaba da tasirin Norse a Ireland, tare da kasancewar Norse-Gaelic ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin Irish.

Yaƙin Clontarf, wanda aka yi yaƙi ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1014 AZ, wani lokaci ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin Irish.Wannan yaƙin ya faru ne kusa da Dublin kuma ya haɗa da dakarun da Babban Sarkin Ireland, Brian Boru, ya jagoranta, da haɗin gwiwar masarautun Irish da dakarun Viking.Rikicin ya samo asali ne a cikin gwagwarmayar ikon siyasa da rikice-rikicen al'adu tsakanin 'yan asalin Irish da mazauna Viking waɗanda suka kafa gagarumin tasiri a Ireland.Brian Boru, asalin Sarkin Munster, ya hau kan karagar mulki ta hanyar hada kan kabilu daban-daban na Irish tare da tabbatar da ikonsa a kan daukacin tsibirin.Yunƙurin nasa ya ƙalubalanci tsarin da aka kafa, musamman Masarautar Leinster da masarautar Hiberno-Norse ta Dublin, wadda ita ce babbar tungar Viking.Shugabannin wadannan yankuna, Máel Mórda mac Murchada na Leinster da Sigtrygg Silkbeard na Dublin, sun nemi yin adawa da ikon Brian.Sun haɗu da wasu sojojin Viking daga hayin teku, ciki har da na Orkney da Isle of Man.Yakin da kansa ya kasance mummunan al'amari ne mai cike da rudani, wanda ke da nasaba da fadace-fadacen da aka saba yi a lokacin.Sojojin Brian Boru sun kasance da farko sun hada da mayaka daga Munster, Connacht, da sauran abokan Irish.Bangaren hamayya ya haɗa da ba mutanen Leinster da Dublin kaɗai ba amma har da ɗimbin sojojin haya na Viking.Duk da matsananciyar tsayin daka, sojojin Brian sun sami nasara.Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka canza shine mutuwar wasu fitattun shugabanni a bangaren Viking da Leinster, wanda ya kai ga rugujewa a cikin halinsu da tsarinsu.Duk da haka, yakin bai ƙare ba tare da hasara mai yawa ga bangaren Brian kuma.Shi kansa Brian Boru, duk da kasancewarsa dattijo a lokacin, an kashe shi a cikin tantinsa ta hanyar tserewa mayakan Viking.Wannan aikin ya nuna alamar ƙarshen yaƙin.Nan da nan bayan yakin Clontarf ya ga raguwar ikon Viking a Ireland.Yayin da Vikings suka ci gaba da zama a Ireland, tasirinsu na siyasa da na soja ya ragu sosai.Mutuwar Brian Boru, duk da haka, ya haifar da rashin ƙarfi kuma ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya da rikice-rikice na cikin gida a tsakanin dangin Irish.Abin da ya gada a matsayin mai haɗa kai da gwarzo na ƙasa ya ci gaba, kuma ana tunawa da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutanen tarihi na Ireland.Ana kallon Clontarf a matsayin wani muhimmin lokaci wanda ke wakiltar ƙarshen mamayar Viking a Ireland, koda kuwa bai haɗa ƙasar nan da nan a ƙarƙashin doka ɗaya ba.Ana bikin yaƙin a cikin tarihin tarihin Irish don nuna juriya na Irish da nasara ta ƙarshe akan mahara na waje.

Bayan mutuwar Máel Sechnaill a shekara ta 1022, Donnchad mac Brian ya yi ƙoƙari ya ɗauki taken 'Sarkin Ireland'.Sai dai kokarinsa ya ci tura domin ya kasa samun karbuwa sosai.A cikin wannan lokaci mai cike da hargitsi, ra'ayin wani babban sarki na Ireland ya kasance da wuya, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar glossing na Baile In Scáil, wanda ya jera Flaitbertach Ua Néill a matsayin babban sarki, duk da rashin iya sarrafa hatta yankunan arewa.Daga 1022 zuwa 1072, babu wanda zai iya da'awar sarauta a kan dukkan Ireland, wanda ke nuna wannan zamanin a matsayin muhimmiyar tsaka-tsaki, wanda masu sa ido na zamani suka gane haka.Flann Mainistrech, a cikin waƙarsa na sarauta Ríg Themra tóebaige iar tain da aka rubuta tsakanin 1014 da 1022, ya lissafa sarakunan Kirista na Tara amma bai bayyana wani babban sarki ba a 1056. Maimakon haka, ya ambaci sarakunan yanki da yawa: Conchobar Ua Maíl Schechnaill na Midde, Áed Ua. Conchobair na Connacht, Garbíth Ua Cathassaig na Brega, Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó na Leinster, Donnchad mac Briain na Munster, Niall mac Máel Sechnaill na Ailech, da Niall mac Eochada na Ulaid.Rikicin cikin gida a cikin Cenél nEógain ya ba Niall mac Eochada na Ulaid damar fadada tasirinsa.Niall ya kulla kawance da Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, wanda ke iko da yawancin gabar gabashin Ireland.Wannan ƙawance ya baiwa Diarmait damar kwace ikon Dublin kai tsaye a cikin 1052, babban tashi daga shugabannin da suka gabata kamar Máel Sechnaill da Brian, waɗanda kawai suka wawashe garin.Diarmait ya ɗauki matsayin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba na sarauta na "baƙi" (ríge Gall), wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin ƙarfin ikon Irish.Bayan Diarmait mac Mail na mBó ikon Dublin, dansa, Murchad, ya ci gaba da tasiri a gabas.Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Murchad a cikin 1070, yanayin siyasa ya sake canzawa.Babban Sarauta ya kasance cikin gwagwarmaya, tare da masu mulki daban-daban suna riƙe da rasa iko cikin sauri.Wani fitaccen mutum a wannan lokacin shine Muirchertach Ua Briain, jikan Brian Boru.Muirchertach ya yi nufin ƙarfafa iko da kuma farfado da gadon kakansa.Mulkinsa (1086–1119) ya ƙunshi ƙoƙarin mamaye Babban Sarki, kodayake ikonsa yana fuskantar ƙalubale akai-akai.Ya kulla kawance, musamman tare da sarakunan Norse-Gaelic na Dublin, kuma ya shiga cikin rikici don ƙarfafa matsayinsa.A farkon karni na 12th ya ga gagarumin sauye-sauye na majami'u, tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ráth Breasail a 1111 da kuma Majalisar ta Kells a 1152 ta sake fasalin cocin Irish.Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun yi niyya ne don daidaita majami'ar Irish kusa da ayyukan Romawa, haɓaka ƙungiyar majami'u da tasirin siyasa.A tsakiyar karni na 12, Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair (Turlough O'Connor) na Connacht ya fito a matsayin babban mai fafutuka ga Babban Sarki.Ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe da dama don tabbatar da iko a kan wasu yankuna tare da saka hannun jari a cikin garu, yana ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikicen siyasa na wannan zamani.Babban jigon da ya kai ga mamayewar Anglo-Norman shine Diarmait Mac Murchada (Dermot MacMurrough), Sarkin Leinster.A cikin 1166, haɗin gwiwar sarakunan Irish sun kori Diarmait a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Connor), Babban Sarki mai mulki.Da yake neman kwato kursiyinsa, Diarmait ya gudu zuwa Ingila ya nemi taimako daga Sarki Henry II.

Yunkurin Anglo-Norman na Ireland, wanda ya fara a ƙarshen karni na 12, ya zama muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Irish, wanda ya fara sama da shekaru 800 na Ingilishi kai tsaye sannan daga baya Burtaniya ta shiga cikin Ireland.Wannan mamayewar ya samo asali ne daga isowar sojojin haya na Anglo-Norman, wadanda sannu a hankali suka mamaye kuma suka mallaki manyan yankuna, suka kafa ikon Ingilishi a kan Ireland, wanda ake zargin Paparoma Laudabiliter ya amince da shi.A cikin watan Mayun 1169, 'yan amshin shatan Anglo-Norman sun sauka a Ireland bisa bukatar Dirmait mac Murchada, Sarkin Leinster da aka tube.Da yake neman maido da sarautarsa, Diarmait ya nemi taimakon Normans, wadanda suka taimaka masa cikin gaggawa wajen cimma burinsa, suka fara kai farmaki kan masarautun da ke makwabtaka da su.Sarki Henry na biyu na Ingila ne ya ba da izini ga wannan tsoma bakin soja, wanda Diarmait ya rantse da aminci kuma ya yi alkawarin ƙasa don neman taimako.A cikin 1170, ƙarin sojojin Norman karkashin jagorancin Richard "Strongbow" de Clare, Earl na Pembroke, sun isa suka kwace manyan garuruwan Norse-Irish, ciki har da Dublin da Waterford.Auren Strongbow da 'yar Diarmait Aoífe ya ƙarfafa da'awarsa ga Leinster.Bayan mutuwar Diarmait a watan Mayu 1171, Strongbow ya yi iƙirarin Leinster, amma masarautun Irish sun yi hamayya da ikonsa.Duk da kawancen da Babban Sarki Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair ya jagoranta da ke kewaye da Dublin, Normans sun yi nasarar rike mafi yawan yankunansu.A cikin Oktoba 1171, Sarki Henry II ya sauka a Ireland tare da manyan sojoji don tabbatar da iko a kan Normans da Irish.Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika ne ke goyan bayansa, wanda ke ganin sa baki a matsayin wata hanya ta tilasta yin gyare-gyare na addini da tattara haraji, Henry ya ba Strongbow Leinster a matsayin fiefdom kuma ya ayyana kambin garuruwan Norse-Irish.Ya kuma kira Majalisar Dattijai ta Cashel don gyara cocin Irish.Yawancin sarakunan Irish sun yi biyayya ga Henry, suna fatan zai hana fadada Norman.Duk da haka, kyautar da Henry ya ba Meath ga Hugh de Lacy da sauran ayyuka makamantansu sun tabbatar da ci gaba da rikice-rikicen Norman-Irish.Duk da yarjejeniyar Windsor ta 1175, wadda ta yarda da Henry a matsayin mai mulkin yankunan da aka ci nasara da Ruaidrí a matsayin mai mulkin sauran Ireland, fada ya ci gaba.Sarakunan Norman sun ci gaba da cin nasara, kuma sojojin Irish sun yi tsayayya.A cikin 1177, Henry ya ayyana ɗansa Yahaya a matsayin "Ubangijin Ireland" kuma ya ba da izini ƙarin fadada Norman.Normans sun kafa Mulkin Ireland, wani yanki na Daular Angevin.Zuwan Normans ya canza yanayin al'adu da tattalin arzikin Ireland sosai.Sun bullo da sabbin hanyoyin noma, wadanda suka hada da sana’ar ciyawa mai girma, da noman itatuwa masu ‘ya’ya, da sabbin nau’in dabbobi.Yawan amfani da tsabar kudin, wanda Vikings ya gabatar, ya kasance ta Normans ya kara kafa shi, tare da mints yana aiki a manyan garuruwa.Normans kuma sun gina ƙauyuka da yawa, suna canza tsarin feudal da kafa sabbin matsuguni.Haɓaka tsakanin Norman da ƙawance tare da sarakunan Irish sun nuna lokacin da ya biyo bayan cin nasara na farko.Normans sukan goyi bayan sarakunan Gaelic waɗanda ke fafatawa da waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abokan hamayyarsu, suna yin amfani da tsarin siyasar Gaelic.Dabarun Henry II na inganta kishiyoyin Norman sun taimaka masa ya ci gaba da tafiyar da harkokinsa yayin da ya shagaltu da harkokin Turai.Bayar da Meath ga Hugh de Lacy don daidaita ƙarfin Strongbow a Leinster ya misalta wannan hanya.De Lacy da sauran shugabannin Norman sun fuskanci ci gaba da juriya daga sarakunan Irish da rikice-rikicen yanki, wanda ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya.Bayan tafiyar Henry II a 1172, fada ya ci gaba tsakanin Normans da Irish.Hugh de Lacy ya mamaye Meath kuma ya fuskanci adawa daga sarakunan gida.Rikici tsakanin Norman da ƙawance tare da sarakunan Irish ya ci gaba, yana ƙara dagula yanayin siyasa.Normans sun kafa ikonsu a yankuna daban-daban, amma tsayin daka ya ci gaba.A farkon karni na 13, zuwan karin mazauna Norman da ci gaba da yakin soja ya karfafa ikonsu.Ƙarfin Normans na daidaitawa da haɗin kai tare da al'ummar Gaelic, tare da bajintar soja, ya tabbatar da rinjaye su a Ireland tsawon shekaru masu zuwa.Duk da haka, kasancewarsu ya kuma kafa ginshiƙi na jure rikice-rikice da kuma sarƙaƙiyar tarihin alakar Anglo-Irish.

Ubangijin Ireland, wanda aka kafa bayan mamayewar Anglo-Norman na Ireland a cikin 1169-1171, ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Irish inda Sarkin Ingila, wanda aka yi masa lakabi da "Ubangijin Ireland," ya tsawaita mulkinsa a kan sassan tsibirin.An ƙirƙiri wannan ubangijintaka ne a matsayin fitaccen Paparoma da aka baiwa sarakunan Plantagenet na Ingila ta wurin bijimin Laudabiliter.An fara kafa Ubangiji da Yarjejeniyar Windsor a shekara ta 1175, inda Henry II na Ingila da Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, Babban Sarkin Ireland, suka amince da sharuɗɗan da suka amince da ikon Henry yayin da suke barin Ruaidrí ya mallaki yankunan da ba Anglo-Normans suka ci nasara ba. .Duk da wannan yerjejeniyar, ainihin iko na kambi na Ingilishi ya ƙaru kuma ya ragu, tare da yawancin Ireland da ke ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Gaelic na asali.A cikin 1177, Henry II ya yi ƙoƙarin warware rikicin iyali ta hanyar ba da Mulkin Ireland ga ƙaramin ɗansa, John, wanda daga baya aka sani da Sarki John na Ingila.Ko da yake Henry ya so John ya zama Sarkin Ireland, Paparoma Lucius III ya ƙi nadin sarauta.Rashin gazawar gwamnatin John a lokacin ziyararsa ta farko a Ireland a 1185 ta sa Henry ya soke nadin sarauta da aka shirya.Lokacin da John ya hau gadon sarautar Ingila a cikin 1199, Ubangijin Ireland ya faɗi ƙarƙashin mulkin kai tsaye na kambin Ingilishi.A cikin karni na 13, Ubangijin Ireland ya ci gaba a lokacin Dumi na Tsakiyar Tsakiya, wanda ya kawo ingantaccen girbi da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki.An gabatar da tsarin feudal, kuma manyan ci gaba sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar gundumomi, gina ƙauyuka da katanga, da kafa majalisar dokokin Ireland a shekara ta 1297. Duk da haka, waɗannan canje-canjen sun amfana da farko mazauna Anglo-Norman da Norman elite. sau da yawa yana barin ƴan asalin ƙasar Irish saniyar ware.Sarakunan Norman da limaman coci a Ireland suna magana da Norman Faransanci da Latin, yayin da yawancin matalauta mazauna suna magana da Ingilishi, Welsh, da Flemish.Gaelic Irish sun kiyaye harshensu na asali, suna haifar da rarrabuwar harshe da al'adu.Duk da bullo da tsarin doka da na siyasa na Ingilishi, lalata muhalli da sare itatuwa sun ci gaba da tsananta, sakamakon karuwar yawan jama'a.

Babban matsayi na sarautar Norman a Ireland ya kasance alama ce ta kafa majalisar dokokin Ireland a shekara ta 1297, wanda ya biyo bayan nasarar tattara harajin Lay Subsidy na 1292. Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga an tattara rajista na farko na Papal Taxation tsakanin 1302 da 1307. yin aiki a matsayin farkon ƙidayar jama'a da jerin kadarori daidai da Littafin Domesday.Duk da haka, wadatar Hiberno-Normans ya fara raguwa a cikin karni na 14 saboda jerin abubuwan da suka faru.Sarakunan Gaelic, bayan sun yi rashin jituwa kai tsaye da maƙiyan Norman, sun ɗauki dabarun yaƙi kamar hare-hare da hare-haren ban mamaki, shimfiɗa albarkatun Norman da kuma baiwa sarakunan Gaelic damar kwato manyan yankuna.A lokaci guda, 'yan mulkin mallaka na Norman sun sha fama da rashin goyon baya daga masarautar Ingila, saboda duka Henry III da Edward I sun shagaltu da al'amura a Burtaniya da yankunansu na nahiyar.Rarraba cikin gida ya kara raunana matsayin Norman.Rikici tsakanin sarakunan Hiberno-Norman masu ƙarfi irin su de Burghs, FitzGeralds, Butlers, da de Berminghams sun haifar da yaƙi tsakanin juna.Rarraba kadarori a tsakanin magada ya raba manyan sarakunan sarauta zuwa ƙanana, raka'o'in da ba za a iya karewa ba, tare da rabon Marshalls na Leinster yana da illa musamman.Yunkurin mamaye Ireland da Edward Bruce na Scotland ya yi a shekara ta 1315 ya ta'azzara lamarin.Yaƙin na Bruce ya haɗu da sarakunan Irish da yawa a kan Ingilishi, kuma ko da yake an ci shi a ƙarshe a Yaƙin Faughart a 1318, mamayewa ya haifar da babbar halaka kuma ya ba wa shugabannin Irish na gida damar dawo da ƙasa.Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƴan bangaranci na Ingilishi, waɗanda suka ɓata wa tsarin sarauta, sun goyi bayan Bruce.Yunwar Turai ta 1315-1317 ta kara rudani, saboda tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Irish ba za su iya shigo da kayan abinci masu mahimmanci ba saboda gazawar amfanin gona.Lamarin dai ya kara ta’azzara sakamakon kone-konen amfanin gona da aka yi a lokacin da Bruce ya kai hari, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci.Kisan William Donn de Burgh, Earl na Ulster na 3, a shekara ta 1333 ya kai ga raba filayensa tsakanin danginsa, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasar Burke.Wannan rikici ya haifar da asarar ikon Ingilishi a yammacin Kogin Shannon da haɓaka sabbin dangin Irish kamar McWilliam Burkes.A cikin Ulster, daular O'Neill ta kwace iko, inda ta canza sunan ƙasar Earldom Clandeboye kuma ta ɗauki taken Sarkin Ulster a 1364.Zuwan Mutuwar Baƙar fata a cikin 1348 ya lalata ƙauyukan Hiberno-Norman, waɗanda galibi birane ne, yayin da tarwatsa tsarin rayuwa na ɗan ƙasar Irish ya kare su da yawa.Annobar ta lalata yawan mutanen Ingilishi da na Norman, wanda ya haifar da farfadowar yare da al'adun Irish.Bayan Mutuwar Baƙar fata, yankin da Ingilishi ke sarrafa ya yi kwangila ga Pale, yanki mai kagara a kusa da Dublin.Babban tarihin Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari tsakanin Ingila da Faransa (1337-1453) ya ƙara karkatar da albarkatun sojan Ingilishi, yana raunana ikon Ubangiji na kare kai hare-hare daga sarakunan Gaelic da Norman masu cin gashin kansu.A ƙarshen karni na 14, waɗannan al'amuran tarawa sun ragu sosai da isa da ikon mulkin Norman a Ireland, wanda ya haifar da raguwa da rarrabuwa.

Rushewar ikon Norman a Ireland da kuma sake farfado da tasirin Gaelic, wanda aka sani da Faruwar Gaelic, sun kasance ne ta hanyar haɗakar koke-koken siyasa da mummunan tasirin yunwar da ta biyo baya.Turawan Norman sun tilasta musu shiga cikin ɓangarorin ƙasa, ɗan Irish sun tsunduma cikin aikin noma, wanda ya bar su cikin rauni a lokacin rashin girbi da yunwa, musamman a lokacin 1311-1319.Yayin da ikon Norman ya ragu a wajen Pale, sarakunan Hiberno-Norman sun fara amfani da harshen Irish da al'adu, daga bisani aka san su da Tsohon Turanci.Wannan haɗin kai na al'ada ya haifar da kalmar "mafi Irish fiye da na Irish kansu" a cikin tarihin tarihi na baya.Tsohon Ingilishi sau da yawa yana yin jituwa tare da ƴan asalin Irish a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da na soja akan mulkin Ingilishi kuma galibi sun kasance Katolika bayan gyare-gyare.Hukumomi a Pale, sun damu game da Gaelicisation na Ireland, sun zartar da Dokokin Kilkenny a cikin 1367. Waɗannan dokokin sun yi ƙoƙarin hana waɗanda suka fito daga Ingilishi yin al'ada, harshe, da auratayya da Irish.Koyaya, gwamnatin Dublin tana da iyakacin ikon aiwatarwa, wanda ke sa dokokin ba su da tasiri sosai.Sarakunan Ingila a Ireland sun fuskanci barazanar mamaye masarautun Gaelic Irish, wanda hakan ya sa sarakunan Anglo-Irish suka bukaci Sarki ya shiga tsakani cikin gaggawa.A cikin kaka na 1394, Richard II ya tashi zuwa Ireland, ya zauna har zuwa Mayu 1395. Sojojinsa, da suka wuce 8,000, su ne mafi girma da aka tura tsibirin a ƙarshen zamanai na tsakiya.Mamaya ya yi nasara, tare da wasu sarakunan Irish da suka mika wuya ga mulkin Ingilishi.Wannan shi ne ɗayan manyan nasarorin da aka samu na mulkin Richard kodayake matsayin Ingilishi a Ireland an ƙarfafa shi na ɗan lokaci.A cikin karni na 15, ikon tsakiyar Ingila ya ci gaba da lalacewa.Masarautar Ingila ta fuskanci rikice-rikicen nata, ciki har da matakan karshen yakin shekaru dari da yakin Roses (1460-1485).Sakamakon haka, shiga cikin Ingilishi kai tsaye a cikin lamuran Irish ya ragu.Fitzgerald earls na Kildare, yana da ikon soja mai mahimmanci da kuma riƙe ƙawancen ƙawance tare da iyayengiji da dangi daban-daban, suna sarrafa ikon sarauta yadda ya kamata, yana ƙara nisantar kambin Ingilishi daga ainihin siyasar Irish.A halin yanzu, sarakunan Gaelic na gida da na Gaelicised sun faɗaɗa yankunansu da kuɗin Pale.Wannan zamanin na 'yancin kai na dangi da farfado da al'adu ga Irish an yi masa alama da bambance-bambance daga mulkin Ingilishi da al'adu, yanayin da ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da Tudor ya sake mamaye Ireland a ƙarshen karni na 16.

A lokacin Yaƙin Roses (1455-1487), Ireland yanki ne mai dabarun siyasa da soja don kambin Ingilishi.Rikicin da ke tsakanin gidajen Lancaster da York don kula da gadon sarautar Ingila ya yi tasiri sosai ga Ireland, musamman saboda shigar sarakunan Anglo-Irish da kuma canza sheka a tsakaninsu.Sarakunan Anglo-Irish, waɗanda zuriyar mahara Norman ne kuma suna da iko sosai a Ireland, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan lokacin.Sau da yawa an kama su tsakanin amincin su ga rawanin Ingilishi da bukatunsu na gida.Mahimman ƙididdiga sun haɗa da Earls na Kildare, Ormond, da Desmond, waɗanda suka yi fice a siyasar Irish.Iyalan Fitzgerald, musamman Earls na Kildare, sun kasance masu tasiri musamman kuma sun shahara saboda yawan mallakar filaye da ikon siyasa.A cikin 1460, Richard, Duke na York, wanda ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Ireland, ya nemi mafaka a can bayan koma bayansa na farko a Ingila.An nada shi a matsayin Lord Lieutenant na Ireland a cikin 1447, matsayin da ya yi amfani da shi don gina tushen tallafi tsakanin sarakunan Anglo-Irish.Lokacin Richard a Ireland ya ƙarfafa matsayinsa a cikin rikice-rikicen da ke gudana a Ingila, kuma ya yi amfani da albarkatun Irish da sojojinsa a yakinsa.Ɗansa, Edward IV, ya ci gaba da ba da tallafin Irish lokacin da ya yi iƙirarin sarauta a 1461.Yaƙin Piltown a 1462, wanda aka yi yaƙi a County Kilkenny, ya kasance babban rikici a Ireland a lokacin Yaƙin Wardi.Yaƙin ya ga sojojin da ke biyayya ga hanyar Yorkist, karkashin jagorancin Earl na Desmond, sun yi karo da waɗanda ke goyon bayan Lancastrians, wanda Earl na Ormond ya umarta.'Yan York sun yi nasara, tare da karfafa tasirinsu a yankin.A cikin Yaƙin Roses, yanayin siyasar Ireland yana da alamar rashin kwanciyar hankali da ƙawancen ƙawance.Sarakunan Anglo-Irish sun yi amfani da wannan rikici don amfanin su, inda suka yi ta yin yunƙurin ƙarfafa nasu matsayi yayin da suka yi alƙawarin yin biyayya ga ɓangarorin da ke rikici kamar yadda ya dace da bukatunsu.Har ila yau, wannan lokacin ya ga raguwar ikon Ingilishi a Ireland, yayin da mayar da hankali ga kambi ya kasance da tabbaci a kan gwagwarmayar neman iko a Ingila.Ƙarshen Yaƙin Wardi da haɓaka daular Tudor a ƙarƙashin Henry VII ya kawo gagarumin canje-canje ga Ireland.Henry VII ya nemi ƙarfafa ikonsa a kan Ireland, wanda ya haifar da ƙara ƙoƙari don shawo kan sarakunan Anglo-Irish da kuma daidaita iko.Wannan lokacin ya nuna farkon shiga tsakani na Ingilishi kai tsaye a cikin lamuran Irish, wanda ya kafa matakin rikice-rikice na gaba da kuma shigar da mulkin Ingilishi a kan Ireland.

Yunkurin Tudor na Ireland wani yunƙuri ne na ƙarni na 16 da Turawan Ingila suka yi don maidowa da tsawaita ikonsa akan Ireland, wanda ya ragu sosai tun ƙarni na 14.Bayan mamayewar Anglo-Norman na farko a ƙarshen karni na 12, mulkin Ingilishi ya koma baya a hankali, tare da yawancin Ireland ta fada ƙarƙashin ikon sarakunan Gaelic na asali.FitzGeralds na Kildare, daular Hiberno-Norman mai ƙarfi, ta gudanar da al'amuran Irish a madadin masarautar Ingila don rage farashi da kuma kare Pale - yanki mai kagara a bakin tekun gabas.A shekara ta 1500, FitzGeralds sun kasance mafi rinjaye na siyasa a Ireland, suna rike da matsayi na Mataimakin Ubangiji har zuwa 1534.Mai Taimakawa Canji: Tawaye da GyarawaRashin dogaron FitzGeralds ya zama babban batu ga Crown Ingila.Ƙawancensu da masu yin riya da ƴan ƙasashen waje, daga ƙarshe kuma tawayen da Thomas “Silken Thomas” Fitzgerald ya jagoranta, ya sa Henry na VIII ya ɗauki kwakkwaran mataki.Tawayen Silken Thomas, wanda ya ba da ikon Irland ga Paparoma da Sarkin sarakuna Charles V, Henry na VIII ya yi watsi da shi, wanda ya kashe Thomas da da yawa daga cikin kawunsa kuma ya daure Gearóid Óg, shugaban iyali.Wannan tawaye ya nuna bukatar sabuwar dabara a Ireland, wanda ya kai ga aiwatar da manufar "mika kai da bakin ciki" tare da taimakon Thomas Cromwell.Wannan manufar ta bukaci sarakunan Irish su mika filayensu ga Crown kuma su karbe su a matsayin tallafi a karkashin dokar Ingilishi, tare da hade su cikin tsarin mulki na Ingilishi yadda ya kamata.Dokar Crown of Ireland 1542 ta ayyana Henry na VIII Sarkin Ireland, yana mai da ikon sarauta zuwa masarauta da nufin haɗa manyan azuzuwan Gaelic da Gaelicised ta hanyar ba su taken Ingilishi da shigar da su a Majalisar Irish.Kalubale da Tawaye: Tawayen Desmond da BayanDuk da waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, nasarar Tudor ta fuskanci ƙalubale masu mahimmanci.Shigar da dokar Ingilishi da ikon gwamnatin tsakiya ya fuskanci turjiya.Tawayen da suka ci gaba, kamar waɗanda ke cikin Leinster a cikin shekarun 1550, da rikice-rikice a cikin sarakunan Irish sun ci gaba.Tawayen Desmond (1569-1573, 1579-1583) a Munster sun kasance masu tsanani musamman, tare da Fitzgeralds na Desmond tawaye da tsangwama na Ingilishi.Mummunan murkushe waɗannan tawaye, gami da yunwar tilastawa da kuma halakar da yaɗuwa, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar Munster.Yaƙin Shekara Tara da Faɗuwar Tsarin GaelicBabban rikici a lokacin yakin Tudor shine yakin shekaru tara (1594-1603), wanda Hugh O'Neill, Earl na Tyrone, da Hugh O'Donnell suka jagoranta.Wannan yaƙin tawaye ne da aka yi a duk faɗin ƙasar don adawa da mulkin Ingilishi, wanda taimakon Mutanen Espanya ya goyi bayan.Rikicin ya ƙare a yakin Kinsale a shekara ta 1601, inda sojojin Ingila suka fatattaki sojojin Spain.Yaƙin ya ƙare da yarjejeniyar Mellifont a shekara ta 1603, kuma Jirgin Earls na gaba a cikin 1607 ya nuna tafiyar manyan sarakunan Gaelic da yawa, suna barin ƙasashensu a buɗe don mulkin mallaka na Ingila.Shuke-shuke da Kafa Sarrafa TuranciBayan Jirgin Earls, Sarkin Ingila ya aiwatar da Shuka na Ulster, inda ya kafa adadi mai yawa na Ingilishi da Furotesta na Scotland a arewacin Ireland.Wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na mulkin mallaka da nufin tabbatar da ikon Ingilishi da yada al'adun Ingilishi da Furotesta.An kuma kafa shuke-shuke a wasu sassan Ireland, gami da Laois, Offaly, da Munster, ko da yake suna da digiri daban-daban na nasara.Yunkurin Tudor ya haifar da kwance damarar sarakunan Irish na asali da kuma kafa ikon gwamnatin tsakiya a karon farko a kan dukkan tsibirin.An maye gurbin al'adun Irish, doka, da harshe bisa tsari da makamancin Ingilishi.Gabatar da mazauna Ingilishi da aiwatar da dokokin gama gari na Ingilishi sun nuna gagarumin sauyi a cikin al'ummar Irish.Rikicin Addini da SiyasaHaka nan cin nasarar ya kara dagula lamura na addini da na siyasa.Rashin nasarar sauye-sauyen Furotesta a Ireland, hade da munanan hanyoyin da Turawan Ingila suka yi amfani da su, ya haifar da fushi a tsakanin al'ummar Irish.Ƙungiyoyin Katolika a Turai sun goyi bayan 'yan tawayen Irish, wanda ya kara dagula ƙoƙarin Ingilishi na iko da tsibirin.A ƙarshen karni na 16, Ireland ta ƙara rarrabuwa tsakanin ƴan asalin Katolika (duka Gaelic da Tsohon Turanci) da Furotesta mazauna (New English).A karkashin James I, an ci gaba da danne Katolika, kuma Plantation na Ulster ya kara dagula ikon Furotesta.Gaelic Irish and Old English masu mallakar filaye sun kasance masu rinjaye har zuwa Tawayen Irish na 1641 da cin nasara na Cromwellian na gaba a cikin 1650s, wanda ya kafa matsayin Furotesta wanda ya mamaye Ireland tsawon ƙarni.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na Irish Confederate, wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Shekaru Goma sha ɗaya (1641-1653), sun kasance muhimmin ɓangare na faɗaɗa yaƙe-yaƙe na masarautun Uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da Ingila, Scotland, da Ireland a ƙarƙashin Charles I. Yaƙe-yaƙe suna da siyasa mai rikitarwa. addini, da kabilanci,yana tafe kan batutuwan mulki , mallakar filaye, da yancin addini.Tsakanin rikicin shine gwagwarmaya tsakanin Katolika na Irish da Furotesta na Burtaniya akan ikon siyasa da ikon mallakar ƙasa, da kuma ko Ireland za ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta ko kuma ta kasance ƙarƙashin Majalisar Ingila.Rikicin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi ɓarna a tarihin Irish, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka masu yawa daga yaƙi, yunwa, da cututtuka.Rikicin ya fara ne a watan Oktoba 1641 tare da tawaye a Ulster karkashin jagorancin Katolika na Irish.Manufarsu ita ce kawo ƙarshen nuna kyama ga Katolika, haɓaka mulkin kai na Irish, da kuma mayar da Plantations na Ireland.Ƙari ga haka, sun yi ƙoƙari su hana ’yan Majalisar Ingila masu adawa da Katolika da kuma Ƙwararru na Scotland, da suka yi hamayya da Sarki Charles I. Ko da yake shugaban ’yan tawayen Felim O’Neill ya yi iƙirarin yin aiki bisa umurnin sarki, Charles I ya la’anci tawayen da zarar ya fara.Tashe-tashen hankulan da sauri ya zama tashin hankali na kabilanci tsakanin 'yan Katolika na Irish da Ingilishi da kuma mazauna Scotland na Furotesta, musamman a Ulster, inda aka yi kisan kiyashi.Dangane da hargitsin, shugabannin Katolika na Irish sun kafa Ƙungiyar Katolika ta Irish a watan Mayu 1642, wadda ke iko da yawancin Ireland.Wannan Ƙungiyar, wanda ta ƙunshi duka Gaelic da Old English Catholics, ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnati mai zaman kanta.A cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun yi yaƙi da sojojin Royalist masu biyayya ga Charles I, 'yan majalisar dokokin Ingila, da sojojin Scottish Covenanter.Waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe an yi musu alama da munanan dabarun duniya da barna.Ƙungiyoyin Confederates da farko sun sami nasara, suna sarrafa manyan sassa na Ireland a tsakiyar 1643, sai dai manyan wuraren da Furotesta suka yi a Ulster, Dublin, da Cork.Duk da haka, rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida ya addabi Confederates.Yayin da wasu suka goyi bayan cikakkiyar daidaituwa tare da Sarauta, wasu sun fi mai da hankali kan yancin kai na Katolika da batutuwan ƙasa.Yakin soja na Confederates ya haɗa da manyan nasarori, kamar yakin Benburb a 1646,amma sun kasa cin gajiyar wadannan nasarori saboda fadace-fadacen da aka samu da kuma bata gari.A cikin 1646, Confederates sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da Royalists, wanda Duke na Ormonde ya wakilta.Wannan yarjejeniya ta kasance mai rikitarwa kuma ba a yarda da ita ga yawancin shugabannin Confederate, ciki har da Papal Nuncio Giovanni Battista Rinuccini.Yarjejeniyar ta kara haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin kungiyar, wanda ya kai ga wargajewar kokarinsu na soji.Rashin iya kama wurare masu mahimmanci kamar Dublin ya raunana matsayinsu sosai.A shekara ta 1647, sojojin majalisar sun yi mummunar cin nasara a kan Confederates a fadace-fadace kamar Dungan's Hill, Cashel, da Knocknanauss.Wadannan cin nasara sun tilasta Confederates don yin shawarwari da kuma daidaitawa tare da Royalists.Koyaya, rikice-rikice na cikin gida da faffadan yanayin yakin basasar Ingila sun rikitar da kokarinsu.Duk da hadin gwiwar da suke yi na wucin gadi, Confederates ba za su iya jure wa hadakar matsi na rarrabuwar kawuna na cikin gida da kalubalen soja na waje ba.Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ƙungiya na Irish sun kasance masu bala'i ga Ireland, tare da asarar rayuka masu yawa da kuma barna mai yawa.Yaƙe-yaƙe sun ƙare tare da shan kashi na Ƙungiyoyin Confederates da abokansu na Sarauta, wanda ya haifar da murkushe Katolika da kuma kwace filaye na Katolika.Wannan lokacin ya nuna ƙarshen tasiri na tsohuwar ajin Katolika kuma ya kafa mataki don rikice-rikice na gaba da canje-canjen siyasa a Ireland.Rikicin ya sake fasalin al'ummar Irish, mulki, da alƙaluman jama'a, tare da sakamako mai dorewa wanda ya shafi yanayin siyasa da addini na Ireland tsawon ƙarni.

Cin Cromwellian na Ireland (1649-1653) wani babi ne mai mahimmanci a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na masarautu uku, wanda ya haɗa da sake mamaye ƙasar Ireland da sojojin Majalisar Ingila, karkashin jagorancin Oliver Cromwell.Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi niyya don ƙarfafa ikon Ingilishi akan Ireland bayan Tawayen Irish na 1641 da Wars Confederate na Irish na gaba.An yi nasarar cin nasarar da gagarumin ayyukan soja, munanan manufofi, da barna mai yaduwa, kuma yana da tasiri mai dorewa ga al'ummar Irish.Bayan tawayen 1641, Ƙungiyar Katolika ta Irish ta mallaki yawancin Ireland.A cikin 1649, sun haɗa kai da masu mulkin Ingila, suna fatan maido da sarauta a ƙarƙashin Charles II.Wannan ƙawancen ya haifar da barazana kai tsaye ga sabuwar ƙungiyar Commonwealth da aka kafa ta Ingila, wadda ta yi nasara a yakin basasar Ingila kuma ta kashe Charles I. Majalisar Rump na Ingila, karkashin jagorancin Puritan Oliver Cromwell, da nufin kawar da wannan barazana, hukunta Katolika na Irish. don tawayen 1641, da amintaccen iko akan Ireland.Majalisa kuma tana da abubuwan ƙarfafawa na kuɗi don mamaye Ireland, saboda tana buƙatar ƙwace filaye don biyan masu lamuni.Cromwell ya sauka a Dublin a watan Agustan 1649 tare da Sabon Sojan Samfura, bayan nasarar 'yan majalisa a yakin Rathmines, wanda ya sami tushe mai mahimmanci.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kasance cikin gaggawa da rashin tausayi, wanda ya fara da Siege na Drogheda a watan Satumba na 1649, inda sojojinsa suka kashe sansanin soja da fararen hula da dama bayan sun kama garin.Wannan mummunan tashin hankali an yi niyya ne don ta'addanci da kuma ɓata wa Sojojin Sarauta da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafa gwiwa.Bayan Drogheda, sojojin Cromwell sun koma kudu don kame Wexford, wani birni mai tashar jiragen ruwa, inda irin wannan ta'asa ta faru a lokacin Sack na Wexford a watan Oktoba 1649. Wadannan kisan kiyashi yana da tasiri mai zurfi na tunani, wanda ya sa wasu garuruwa suka mika wuya ba tare da juriya ba, yayin da wasu suka yi hakowa na tsawon lokaci. kewaye.'Yan majalisar sun fuskanci juriya sosai a garuruwa masu kagara kamar Waterford, Duncannon, Clonmel, da Kilkenny.Clonmel ya yi fice musamman saboda tsananin kariyar sa, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar sojojin Cromwell.Duk da waɗannan ƙalubalen, Cromwell ya sami nasarar tabbatar da yawancin kudu maso gabashin Ireland a ƙarshen 1650.A cikin Ulster, Robert Venables da Charles Coote sun jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Ma'aikatan Scottish Covenanters da sauran sojojin Sarauta, suna tabbatar da arewa.Yakin Scarrifholis a watan Yunin 1650 ya haifar da gagarumar nasarar majalisar dokoki, ta yadda ya lalata manyan runduna na karshe na kungiyar Confederates na Irish.Sauran juriya sun ta'allaka ne a kewayen garuruwan Limerick da Galway.Limerick ya fada hannun Henry Ireton a watan Oktoban 1651 bayan wani dogon lokaci da ya yi fama da shi, duk da barkewar annoba da yunwa a cikin birnin.Galway ya kasance har zuwa Mayu 1652, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen juriya na Confederate.Ko bayan faduwar wadannan sansanonin, an ci gaba da yakin neman zabe na tsawon shekara guda.Sojojin majalisar sun yi amfani da munanan dabarun lalata kayan abinci tare da korar fararen hula da karfi don kawo cikas ga goyon bayan ’yan daba.Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ta'azzara yunwa da yaɗuwar annoba ta bubonic, wanda ya haifar da hasarar fararen hula masu yawa.Cin nasara ya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga al'ummar Irish.Kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai kashi 15% zuwa 50% na al'ummar kasar, inda yunwa da annoba ke taimakawa.Baya ga asarar rayuka, an kai kusan mutanen Irish 50,000 a matsayin bayin da aka ba su aiki zuwa yankunan Ingilishi a yankin Caribbean da Arewacin Amirka.Mazaunan Cromwellian sun sake fasalin ikon mallakar ƙasa sosai a Ireland.Dokar sasantawa ta 1652 ta kwace filaye na Katolika na Irish da Royalists, ta sake rarraba su ga sojojin Ingila da masu bashi.An kori Katolika da yawa zuwa lardin Connacht na yamma, kuma an aiwatar da tsauraran Dokokin Hukunci, tare da hana Katolika shiga ofisoshin gwamnati, garuruwa, da auratayya da Furotesta.Wannan sake rarraba ƙasar ya rage ikon mallakar Katolika zuwa ƙasa da 8% a lokacin Commonwealth, yana canza yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin Ireland.Nasara ta Cromwellian ya bar gado mai ɗorewa na ɗaci da rarrabuwa.Cromwell ya kasance mutum ne da aka zagi sosai a tarihin Irish, wanda ke nuna mummunar murkushe mutanen Irish da kuma shigar da mulkin Ingilishi.Tsananin matakai da manufofin da aka aiwatar a lokacin da kuma bayan cin nasara sun sami rarrabuwar kawuna na bangaranci, wanda ya kafa fagen samun rikice-rikice na gaba da kuma nisantar da jama'ar Katolika na Irish na dogon lokaci.

Yaƙin Williamite a Ireland, wanda ya gudana daga Maris 1689 zuwa Oktoba 1691, wani gagarumin rikici ne tsakanin magoya bayan Sarkin Katolika James II da na Furotesta King William III.Wannan yakin yana da alaƙa da babban Yaƙin Shekara Tara (1688-1697), wanda ya haɗa da rikici mai girma tsakanin Faransa, wanda Louis XIV ya jagoranta, da Grand Alliance, wanda ya haɗa da Ingila, Jamhuriyar Holland , da sauran ikon Turai.Tushen yakin ya kasance a cikin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Nuwamba 1688, wanda ya ga James II ya yi watsi da goyon bayan 'yarsa Furotesta Maryamu II da mijinta, William III.James ya riƙe gagarumin goyon baya a Ireland, musamman saboda rinjayen Katolika na ƙasar.'Yan Katolika na Irish sun yi fatan James zai magance korafe-korafensu da suka shafi mallakar filaye, addini, da 'yancin ɗan adam.Akasin haka, jama'ar Furotesta, waɗanda suka fi mayar da hankali a Ulster, sun goyi bayan William.Rikicin ya fara ne a cikin Maris 1689 lokacin da James ya sauka a Kinsale tare da goyon bayan Faransanci kuma ya nemi sake samun kursiyinsa ta hanyar yin amfani da tushe na Irish.Nan da nan yakin ya rikide zuwa jerin gwabzawa da kawanya, ciki har da wani sanannen kewayen Derry, inda masu kare Furotesta suka yi nasarar kalubalantar sojojin Yakubu.Wannan ya ba William damar saukar da sojojin balaguro, wanda ya ci nasara da manyan sojojin James a yakin Boyne a watan Yulin 1690, wani juyi wanda ya tilasta James ya gudu zuwa Faransa.Bayan Boyne, sojojin Yakubu sun sake haduwa amma sun sha kashi a yakin Aughrim a watan Yulin 1691. Wannan yakin ya kasance mai ban tsoro musamman, wanda ya haifar da mummunan rauni na Yakubu kuma ya kawo karshen gwagwarmayar da aka tsara.Yaƙin ya ƙare da Yarjejeniyar Limerick a watan Oktoba 1691, wanda ya ba da sharuɗɗa masu sassaucin ra'ayi ga Yakubu da aka ci nasara, ko da yake waɗannan sharuɗɗan daga baya sun rushe ta hanyar dokokin hukunci na gaba akan Katolika.Yaƙin Williamite ya tsara yanayin siyasa da zamantakewar Ireland sosai.Ya ƙarfafa ikon Furotesta da ikon Birtaniyya akan Ireland, wanda ya haifar da sama da ƙarni biyu na hawan Furotesta.Dokokin hukunta laifukan da aka kafa a bayan yakin sun tauye haƙƙin mabiya darikar Katolika na Ireland sosai, wanda ya tsananta rarrabuwar kawuna.Yarjejeniyar Limerick da farko ta yi alƙawarin ba da kariya ga Katolika, amma an yi watsi da su sosai yayin da dokokin hukunci suka faɗaɗa, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya.Nasarar Williamite ta tabbatar da cewa James II ba zai dawo da karagansa ta hanyar soja ba da kuma karfafa mulkin Furotesta a Ireland.Rikicin ya kuma haifar da dawwamammen ra'ayin Yakubu a tsakanin Katolika na Irish, waɗanda suka ci gaba da kallon Stuarts a matsayin sarakunan da suka dace.Har yanzu ana tunawa da tarihin Yaƙin Williamite a Arewacin Ireland, musamman ta hanyar Odar Furotesta ta Furotesta a lokacin bukukuwan sha biyu ga Yuli, wanda ke nuna nasarar William a Yaƙin Boyne.Wadannan bukukuwan sun kasance wani batu mai cike da cece-kuce, wanda ke nuni da rarrabuwar kawuna na tarihi da na addini da suka samo asali daga wannan zamani.

A cikin karni na goma sha takwas, yawancin mutanen Ireland sun kasance matalautan Katolika, ba su da aiki a siyasance saboda mummunan hukunci na tattalin arziki da siyasa wanda ya sa yawancin shugabanninsu suka koma Furotesta.Duk da haka, farkawa ta al'adu tsakanin Katolika ta fara tashi.An raba yawan jama'ar Furotesta a Ireland zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Presbyterians a Ulster, waɗanda, duk da mafi kyawun yanayin tattalin arziki, ba su da ikon siyasa kaɗan, da Anglo-Irish, waɗanda suke membobin Cocin Anglican na Ireland kuma suna da iko mai mahimmanci, sarrafawa. yawancin filayen noma da manoma Katolika ke yi.Yawancin Anglo-Irish ba su da masu mallakar gida masu aminci ga Ingila, amma waɗanda ke zaune a Ireland sun ƙara bayyana a matsayin ƴan kishin ƙasar Irish kuma suna jin haushin ikon Ingilishi, tare da alkaluma kamar Jonathan Swift da Edmund Burke suna ba da shawarar samun yancin kai na gida.Juriyar Yakubu a Ireland ta ƙare tare da Yaƙin Aughrim a cikin Yuli 1691. Bayan haka, Anglo-Irish Ascendancy ya tilasta Dokokin Penal da ƙarfi don hana tashin Katolika na gaba.Wannan tsirarun Furotesta, kusan kashi 5% na yawan jama'a, suna sarrafa manyan sassa na tattalin arzikin Irish, tsarin shari'a, karamar hukuma, kuma suna da babban rinjaye a Majalisar Irish.Rashin amincewa da Presbyterians da Katolika, sun dogara ga gwamnatin Burtaniya don ci gaba da mulkinsu.Tattalin arzikin Ireland ya sha wahala a ƙarƙashin masu mallakar gida waɗanda ba su kula da gidaje marasa kyau, suna mai da hankali kan fitarwa maimakon amfani da gida.Tsananin lokacin sanyi a lokacin Ƙananan Ice Age ya haifar da yunwa na 1740-1741, ya kashe kusan mutane 400,000 kuma ya sa 150,000 yin hijira.Ayyukan Kewayawa sun sanya haraji kan kayayyakin Irish, wanda ya kara yin tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, duk da cewa karnin yana da kwanciyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da na baya, kuma yawan jama'a ya ninka zuwa sama da miliyan hudu.A karni na goma sha takwas, masu mulkin Anglo-Irish suna ganin Ireland a matsayin ƙasarsu ta asali.Henry Grattan ya jagoranta, sun nemi ingantacciyar sharuɗɗan kasuwanci tare da Biritaniya da kuma samun 'yancin kai na majalisa ga Majalisar Irish.Yayin da aka sami wasu gyare-gyare, ƙarin shawarwari masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na ikon mallakar ikon Katolika sun tsaya cik.Katolika sun sami 'yancin yin zabe a shekara ta 1793 amma har yanzu ba su iya zama a majalisa ko rike mukaman gwamnati ba.Juyin juya halin Faransa ya rinjayi, wasu Katolika Katolika na Irish sun nemi ƙarin mafita na tsageru.Ireland wata masarauta ce ta daban wacce sarkin Birtaniyya ya mulki ta hannun Ubangiji Lieutenant na Ireland.Daga 1767, mai karfi Viceroy, George Townshend, tsakiya iko, tare da manyan yanke shawara a London.Ƙauyen Irish ya sami dokoki a cikin 1780s yana sa Majalisar Irish ta fi tasiri da zaman kanta, kodayake har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin kulawar sarki.Presbyterians da sauran ’yan adawa su ma sun fuskanci tsanantawa, wanda ya kai ga kafa Society of the United Irishmen a shekara ta 1791. Da farko sun nemi gyara majalisar dokoki da ’yantar da Katolika, daga baya suka bi jamhuriyar da ba ta da alaka da addini ta hanyar karfi.Wannan ya ƙare a cikin Tawayen Irish na 1798, wanda aka murkushe shi da zalunci kuma ya haifar da Ayyukan Ƙungiyar 1800, ta soke Majalisar Irish da haɗa Ireland cikin Ƙasar Ingila daga Janairu 1801.Lokacin daga 1691 zuwa 1801, wanda aka fi sani da "dogon zaman lafiya," ya kasance ba tare da tashin hankali na siyasa ba idan aka kwatanta da ƙarni biyu da suka gabata.Duk da haka, zamanin ya fara kuma ya ƙare da rikici.A ƙarshensa, yawan mabiya darikar Katolika ya ƙalubalanci rinjayen Protestant Ascendancy.Ayyukan Tarayyar 1800 sun nuna ƙarshen mulkin kai na Irish, ƙirƙirar Ƙasar Ingila.Tashin hankali na shekarun 1790 ya wargaza bege na shawo kan rarrabuwar kawuna, tare da Presbyterians sun nisanta kansu daga kawancen Katolika da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.A karkashin Daniel O'Connell, kishin kasa na Irish ya zama Katolika na musamman, yayin da yawancin Furotesta, ganin matsayinsu da haɗin gwiwa tare da Biritaniya, sun zama masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Babban Yunwa, ko Babban Yunwa (Irish: an Gorta Mor), wani bala'i ne na yunwa da cuta a Ireland wanda ya dawwama daga 1845 zuwa 1852, wanda ya yi tasiri mai zurfi akan al'ummar Irish da tarihi.Yunwar ta kasance mafi muni a yankunan yammaci da kudanci inda harshen Irish ya mamaye, kuma a halin yanzu ana kiranta a cikin Irish a matsayin Drochshaol, ma'ana "mummunan rayuwa."Kololuwar yunwa ta faru ne a cikin 1847, wanda aka fi sani da "Black '47."A cikin wannan lokacin, kusan mutane miliyan 1 sun mutu kuma sama da miliyan 1 sun yi hijira, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a na 20-25%.Abin da ya haifar da yunwa a nan take shi ne kamuwa da amfanin gonakin dankalin turawa ta hanyar cutar phytophthora infestans, wacce ta bazu ko'ina cikin Turai a cikin 1840s.Wannan bala'in ya haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane 100,000 a wajen Ireland kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga tashe-tashen hankula na juyin juya halin Turai na 1848.A Ireland, tasirin ya ta'azzara ta hanyar al'amurra masu fa'ida kamar tsarin rashin mallakar gidaje da dogaro mai yawa akan amfanin gona guda - dankalin turawa.Da farko, akwai wasu yunƙurin da gwamnati ke yi na rage ɓacin rai, amma sabuwar gwamnatin Whig a Landan ta katse waɗannan abubuwan da suka fifita manufofin tattalin arziki na laissez-faire kuma imani da tanadin Allah da ra'ayi na ƙiyayya na halin Irish.Rashin isassun martanin gwamnatin Birtaniyya ya hada da gazawa wajen dakatar da fitar da abinci da yawa daga kasar Ireland, manufar da aka aiwatar a lokacin yunwar da ta gabata.Wannan shawarar wani muhimmin batu ne na gardama kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kyamar Birtaniyya da yunƙurin samun 'yancin kai na Irish.Yunwar ta kuma haifar da korar jama'a, wanda ya ta'azzara saboda manufofin da suka hana wadanda ke da fili fiye da kadada kwata karbar agajin gidajen aiki.Yunwa ta yi matukar canza yanayin al'umma na Ireland, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a na dindindin da kuma samar da ɗimbin ƴan ƙasar Ireland.Har ila yau, ya tsananta rikicin kabilanci da na bangaranci da kuma haifar da kishin kasa da jamhuriya a Ireland da kuma tsakanin 'yan gudun hijira na Irish.Ana tunawa da yunwa a matsayin muhimmin batu a tarihin Irish, wanda ke nuna cin amana da cin zarafi daga gwamnatin Birtaniya.Wannan gadon ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karuwar bukatar 'yancin Irish.Cutar dankalin turawa ta koma Turai a cikin 1879, amma yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa a Ireland ya canza sosai saboda yakin Landan, motsin noma wanda kungiyar Landan ta jagoranta wanda ya fara mayar da martani ga yunwar farko.Yakin wasan na league na kare hakkin dan wasa, gami da haya na adalci, gyaran siyarwa, da siyarwa na kyauta, mitigated tasirin fadar da ya dawo.Ayyuka irin su kauracewa masu gidaje da hana korar mutane sun rage rashin matsuguni da mace-mace idan aka kwatanta da yunwar farko.Yunwa ta bar tasiri mai ɗorewa akan ƙwaƙwalwar al'adun Irish, tana siffanta ainihin waɗanda suka rage a Ireland da kuma ƴan ƙasashen waje.Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wannan lokacin, inda wasu ke jayayya cewa “Babban Yunwa” na nuna daidai gwargwado na abubuwan da suka faru.Yunwa ta kasance wata alama ce mai raɗaɗi ta wahala da kuma mai haifar da kishin ƙasar Irish, wanda ke nuna dagula dangantakar da ke tsakanin Ireland da Biritaniya da ta dore a ƙarni na ashirin.

Hijira na Irish bayan Babban Yunwa (1845-1852) wani muhimmin al'amari ne na al'umma wanda ya sake fasalin Ireland da ƙasashen da Irish ɗin suka yi hijira zuwa.Yunwar da kanta, sakamakon bullar dankalin turawa, ta yi sanadin mutuwar mutane kusan miliyan daya tare da tilasta wa wasu miliyan yin hijira a wani yunkuri na neman tsira daga yunwa da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki.Wannan ƙaura mai yawa tana da tasiri mai zurfi na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da al'adu duka a Ireland da ƙasashen waje.Tsakanin 1845 zuwa 1855, fiye da mutanen Irish miliyan 1.5 sun bar ƙasarsu.Wannan ya nuna farkon tsawan lokacin ƙaura, tare da yawan mutanen Irish na ci gaba da raguwa shekaru da yawa.Yawancin waɗannan ƙaura sun yi balaguro zuwa Amurka, amma adadi mai yawa kuma sun tafi Kanada , Ostiraliya, da Biritaniya.A {asar Amirka , birane irin su New York, Boston, Philadelphia, da Chicago sun sami ƙaruwa mai ban mamaki a cikin baƙi na Irish, waɗanda sau da yawa suka zauna a yankunan birane masu talauci.Waɗannan baƙin sun fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da son zuciya, rashin rayuwa, da mawuyacin yanayi na aiki.Duk da waɗannan wahalhalu, ɗan Irish da sauri ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na ma'aikatan Amurka, suna ɗaukar ayyuka a cikin gine-gine, masana'antu, da sabis na gida.Tafiya zuwa tekun Atlantika na cike da hadari.Yawancin bakin haure sun yi balaguro a kan “jiragen akwatin gawa,” wanda aka ambata sunansa saboda yawan mace-mace saboda cututtuka, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da cunkoso.Waɗanda suka tsira daga balaguron sau da yawa suna zuwa da ɗan abin da ba a saka a bayansu ba, suna buƙatar su dogara ga dangi, abokai, ko ƙungiyoyin agaji don samun tallafi na farko.Bayan lokaci, al'ummomin Irish sun kafa kansu kuma sun fara gina cibiyoyi, kamar majami'u, makarantu, da kulake na zamantakewa, waɗanda ke ba da fahimtar al'umma da tallafi ga sabbin masu shigowa.A Kanada, baƙi 'yan Ireland sun fuskanci irin wannan ƙalubale.Mutane da yawa sun isa tashar jiragen ruwa kamar Quebec City da Saint John kuma galibi sun jure keɓe kan Grosse Isle, tashar keɓewa a cikin Kogin St. Lawrence.Yanayi a tsibirin Grosse yana da tsanani, kuma mutane da yawa sun mutu a wurin saboda typhus da wasu cututtuka.Wadanda suka tsira daga tsarin keɓe sun koma ƙauye da birane, suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban ababen more rayuwa da al'umma na Kanada.Ostiraliya kuma ta zama makoma ga 'yan gudun hijirar Irish, musamman bayan gano zinare a cikin 1850s.Alkawarin damar tattalin arziki ya ja hankalin Irish da yawa zuwa yankunan Australiya.Kamar takwarorinsu na Arewacin Amurka, 'yan Australiya na Irish sun fuskanci wahalhalu na farko amma a hankali suka kafa kansu, suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban aikin gona da masana'antu na yankin.Tasirin ƙaura na Irish ya kasance mai zurfi kuma mai dorewa.A Ireland, yawan tashi ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi na alƙaluma, tare da yawancin yankunan karkara sun zama marasa jama'a.Wannan ya haifar da tasirin tattalin arziki, yayin da ma'aikata ke raguwa da noma ya ragu.A cikin zamantakewa, asarar irin wannan babban kaso na yawan jama'a ya canza tsarin al'umma da yanayin iyali, tare da iyalai da yawa sun rabu ta dindindin ta hanyar nisan da abin ya shafa.A al'adance, ƴan ƙasashen waje na Irish sun taimaka wajen yada al'adun Irish, kiɗa, adabi, da ayyukan addini a duniya.Baƙi na Irish da zuriyarsu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar al'adu da siyasa na sababbin ƙasashensu.Alal misali, a Amirka, Amirkawa 'yan Ireland sun yi tasiri a harkokin siyasa, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, da kuma Cocin Katolika.Fitattun mutane na zuriyar Irish, irin su John F. Kennedy, sun tashi zuwa manyan mukamai a cikin al'ummar Amurka, wanda ke nuna nasarar shigar Irish cikin ƙasarsu ta haihuwa.Gadon ƙaura na Irish bayan Babban Yunwa har yanzu yana bayyane a yau.A ƙasar Ireland, ana tunawa da bala'in yunwa da guguwar ƙaura ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da gidajen tarihi, abubuwan tarihi, da abubuwan tunawa na shekara-shekara.A duniya baki ɗaya, ƴan ƙasar Ireland sun kasance suna da alaƙa da al'adunsu, suna kiyaye ayyukan al'adu da haɓaka fahimtar haɗin kai da ainihi a tsakanin al'ummomin Irish a duk duniya.

Har zuwa 1870s, yawancin mutanen Irish sun zaɓi 'yan majalisa daga manyan jam'iyyun siyasar Birtaniya, ciki har da Liberals da Conservatives.A cikin babban zaɓe na 1859, alal misali, Conservatives sun sami rinjaye a Ireland.Bugu da ƙari, ƴan tsirarun ƴan tsiraru sun goyi bayan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiya waɗanda suka yi kaurin suna wajen adawa da duk wani rushewar Dokar Ƙungiyar.A cikin 1870s, Isaac Butt, tsohon barista na Conservative ya zama ɗan kishin ƙasa, ya kafa Ƙungiyar Rule ta Gida, yana haɓaka ajandar matsakaicin kishin ƙasa.Bayan mutuwar Butt, jagoranci ya wuce zuwa ga William Shaw sannan kuma zuwa ga Charles Stewart Parnell, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Furotesta.Parnell ya canza motsi na Dokokin Gida, wanda aka sake masa suna a matsayin Jam'iyyar 'Yan Majalisun Irish (IPP), zuwa ga mafi rinjaye na siyasa a Ireland, yana mai da hankali ga jam'iyyun Liberal, Conservative, da Unionist.Wannan sauyi ya bayyana a babban zaɓe na 1880 lokacin da IPP ta lashe kujeru 63, da ma fiye da haka a babban zaɓe na 1885 lokacin da ta sami kujeru 86, ciki har da ɗaya a Liverpool.Yunkurin Parnell ya ba da shawarar haƙƙin Ireland na yin mulkin kai a matsayin yanki a cikin Burtaniya, wanda ya bambanta da ɗan kishin ƙasa na farko Daniel O'Connell na soke cikakken dokar Tarayyar.Firayim Ministan Liberal William Gladstone ya gabatar da Dokokin Dokokin Gida guda biyu a cikin 1886 da 1893, amma duka sun kasa zama doka.Gladstone ya fuskanci adawa daga yankunan karkara na magoya bayan Ingila da kuma wata kungiyar hadin kai a cikin jam'iyyar Liberal Party karkashin jagorancin Joseph Chamberlain, wadda ke kawance da Conservatives.Yunkurin yin Dokokin Gida ya lalata Ireland, musamman a Ulster, inda Ƙungiyoyin Tarayyar Turai, waɗanda ke samun goyan bayan odar Orange ta farfaɗo, suna tsoron nuna wariya da lahani na tattalin arziki daga majalisar da ke Dublin.Tarzoma ta barke a Belfast a cikin 1886 yayin muhawara kan Dokar Dokokin Gida ta farko.A cikin 1889, jagorancin Parnell ya sha wahala saboda wani abin kunya da ya shafi dangantakarsa na dogon lokaci da Katharine O'Shea, matar da ta rabu da dan majalisa.Wannan abin kunya dai ya nisanta Parnell daga jam'iyyar Pro-Home Rule Liberal Party da kuma Cocin Katolika, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin jam'iyyar Irish.Parnell ya rasa gwagwarmayar neman mulki kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1891, wanda ya bar jam'iyyar da kasar ta rabu tsakanin masu goyon bayan Parnellite da masu adawa da Parnellites.United Irish League, wanda aka kafa a 1898, daga ƙarshe ya sake haɗa jam'iyyar a ƙarƙashin John Redmond ta babban zaɓe na 1900.Bayan yunƙurin da Ƙungiyar Gyaran Ƙasa ta Irish ta yi na gabatar da juyin mulki a 1904, Jam'iyyar Irish ta gudanar da ma'auni na iko a cikin House of Commons bayan babban zaben 1910.An cire babban shinge na ƙarshe ga Dokar Gida tare da Dokar Majalisar 1911, wadda ta rage ikon House of Lords.A shekara ta 1912, Firayim Minista HH Asquith ya gabatar da Dokar Dokar Gida ta Uku, wadda ta yi karatun farko a cikin House of Commons amma aka sake cin nasara a cikin House of Lords.Jinkiri na shekaru biyu da ya biyo baya ya ga karuwar tsagerun, tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da masu kishin ƙasa suna ɗaukar makamai da hakowa a fili, wanda ya ƙare a cikin rikicin Rule Gida ta 1914.

Bayan Babban Yunwa, dubunnan manoma da ma'aikata 'yan Irish da yawa sun mutu ko kuma sun yi hijira.Waɗanda suka rage sun fara gwagwarmaya mai tsawo don samun ingantacciyar haƙƙin haƙƙin hayar da sake rarraba ƙasa.Wannan lokacin, wanda aka fi sani da "Yaƙin Ƙasa," ya haɗu da abubuwan kishin ƙasa da zamantakewa.Tun daga karni na 17, ajin mallakar ƙasa a Ireland ya ƙunshi galibin mazauna Furotesta daga Ingila, waɗanda suka riƙe asalin Birtaniyya.Al’ummar Katolika na Irish sun yi imanin cewa an karɓe ƙasar bisa zalunci a hannun kakanninsu a lokacin da turawan suka mamaye ƙasar kuma aka ba su ga wannan Ƙarfafawar Furotesta.An kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasar Irish don kare manoma masu haya, da farko suna buƙatar "Fu Uku" - Hayar Hayar, Siyar da Kyauta, da Daidaitawar lokaci.Membobin ’yan uwa na Republican na Irish, ciki har da Michael Davitt, ne suka jagoranci wannan yunkuri.Sanin yuwuwar sa na tattara jama'a, shugabannin kishin ƙasa irin su Charles Stewart Parnell sun shiga harkar.Daya daga cikin dabarun da kungiyar Land League ta yi amfani da ita ita ce kauracewa zaben, wanda ya samo asali a wannan lokacin.Al’ummar yankin sun yi wa masu gidajen da ba a so su kaurace musu, sannan kuma ‘yan kasa sukan yi ta cin zarafin masu gidaje da dukiyoyinsu.Ƙoƙarin korar da aka yi akai-akai ya rikiɗe zuwa faɗa da makamai.A martanin da ya mayar, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Benjamin Disraeli ya gabatar da dokar tilastawa Irish, wani nau'i na doka, don ɗaukar tashin hankali.An daure shugabanni irin su Parnell, Davitt, da William O'Brien na wani dan lokaci, da alhakin tashin hankalin.A hankali an warware batun ƙasar ta hanyar jerin Ayyukan Landan Irish ta Burtaniya.Dokar mai gida da mai haya (Ireland) ta 1870 da dokar ƙasa (Ireland) Dokar 1881, wanda William Ewart Gladstone ya qaddamar, ya ba da haƙƙi ga manoma masu haya.Dokar Wyndham Land Purchase (Ireland) Dokar 1903, wanda William O'Brien ya jagoranta bayan taron Landan na 1902, ya ba manoman haya damar siyan filaye daga masu gidaje.Ƙarin gyare-gyare, kamar Dokar Bryce Laborers (Ireland) Dokar 1906, ta magance matsalolin gidaje na yankunan karkara, yayin da JJ Clancy Town Housing Act 1908 ya inganta haɓaka gidaje na majalisar birni.Waɗannan matakan majalisu sun haifar da ɗimbin nau'ikan ƙananan masu mallakar kadarori a cikin karkarar Ireland kuma sun raunana ikon ajin Anglo-Irish.Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar aikin gona ta Horace Plunkett da Dokar Ƙaramar Hukumar (Ireland) ta 1898, waɗanda suka mayar da kula da al'amuran karkara zuwa hannun gida, ya kawo ci gaba mai mahimmanci.Duk da haka, waɗannan sauye-sauyen ba su hana goyon bayan kishin ƙasar Irish ba kamar yadda gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi fata.Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Irish ta kammala sasantawar ƙasa ta ƙarshe tare da Ayyukan Filayen Jiha Kyauta, ta ƙara rarraba ƙasa ta Hukumar Landan Irish.

Tashin Ista (Éirí Amach na Cásca) a cikin Afrilu 1916 wani muhimmin al'amari ne a tarihin Irish, da nufin kawo ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniyya da kafa jamhuriyar Irish mai cin gashin kanta yayin da Burtaniya ke cikin yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. Tawayen 1798, ya kwashe kwanaki shida kuma Majalisar Soja ta Jam'iyyar 'Yan Uwa ta Irish ta shirya.Tashin hankalin ya shafi 'yan kungiyar sa kai na Irish, karkashin jagorancin Patrick Pearse, Sojojin Irish Citizen karkashin James Connolly, da Cumann na mBan.Sun kwace muhimman wurare a Dublin, suna ayyana Jamhuriyar Ireland.Amsar da Birtaniyya ta yi ya yi gaggawar wuce gona da iri, inda ta tura dubban sojoji da manyan bindigogi.Duk da matsananciyar turjiya, an tilastawa 'yan tawayen da suka fi yawa da makami su mika wuya.An kashe manyan shugabanni, kuma an kafa dokar soja.Wannan danniya mai muni, duk da haka, ya canza ra'ayin jama'a, yana ƙara goyon bayan 'yancin kai na Irish.FageAyyukan Tarayyar 1800 sun haɗu da Burtaniya da Ireland, ta soke Majalisar Irish da ba da wakilci a Majalisar Biritaniya.Bayan lokaci, da yawa daga cikin 'yan kishin Irish sun yi adawa da wannan ƙungiya, musamman bayan Babban Yunwar da kuma manufofin Birtaniya na gaba.Tawaye da ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun gaza, irin su Repeal Association da Home Rule League, sun ba da ƙarin sha'awar mulkin kai na Irish.Ƙungiyar Mulkin Gida na da nufin yin mulkin kai a cikin Burtaniya, amma ta fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga Irish Unionists.Kudirin Dokar Gida ta Uku na 1912, jinkirin yakin duniya na daya , ya kara dagula ra'ayoyi.Masu sa kai na Irish sun kafa don kare Dokar Gida, amma wani bangare a cikin, karkashin jagorancin 'yan uwan ​​​​Republican Irish, ya shirya wani bore a asirce.A cikin 1914, Majalisar Soja ta IRB, gami da Pearse, Plunkett, da Ceannt, sun fara shirya tawayen.Sun nemi goyon bayan Jamus, suna samun makamai da alburusai.Hankali ya tashi ne a daidai lokacin da ake ta yada jita-jitar tashin tashin hankalin da ke tafe, wanda ya kai ga shirya shirye-shirye a tsakanin 'yan sa kai da kuma sojojin kasa.TashiA ranar Ista Litinin, 24 ga Afrilu, 1916, kimanin 'yan tawaye 1,200 sun kwace wurare masu mahimmanci a Dublin.Patrick Pearse ya yi shelar kafa Jamhuriyar Irish a wajen Babban Ofishin Wasikun (GPO), wanda ya zama hedkwatar 'yan tawaye.Duk da kokarin da suka yi, 'yan tawayen sun kasa kwace muhimman wurare kamar kwalejin Trinity da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na birnin.Turawan Ingila, da farko ba su shirya ba, da sauri suka karfafa sojojinsu.An gwabza kazamin fada, musammam a gadar Dutsen Street, inda sojojin Birtaniyya suka yi mummunar barna.An yi ruwan bama-bamai da GPO da sauran wuraren 'yan tawaye.Bayan kwanaki na tsananin fada, Pearse ya amince da mika wuya ba tare da sharadi ba a ranar 29 ga Afrilu.Bayan da GadoTashin hankalin ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 485, ciki har da fararen hula 260, ma'aikatan Burtaniya 143, da 'yan tawaye 82.Birtaniya ta kashe shugabanni 16, wanda hakan ya haifar da bacin rai da kuma kara goyon bayan 'yancin kai na Irish.Kimanin mutane 3,500 aka kama, yayin da 1,800 aka kwantar da su.Zaluntar martanin Birtaniyya ya canza ra'ayin jama'a, wanda ya haifar da sake farfadowa a cikin jamhuriya.Tasirin Tashin ya kasance mai zurfi, yana mai da hankali ga yunkurin 'yancin kai na Irish.Sinn Féin, da farko ba shi da hannu kai tsaye, ya yi amfani da ra'ayin sauyin yanayi, inda ya yi nasara da gagarumin rinjaye a zaben 1918.Wannan nasara ta haifar da kafa Dail na Farko da kuma ayyana 'yancin kai, wanda ya kafa matakin Yaƙin 'Yanci na Irish.Tashin Ista, duk da gazawarsa nan da nan, ya kasance mai kawo sauyi, wanda ke nuna sha’awar al’ummar Ireland ta yunƙurin yunƙurin yunƙurin yunƙurin yunƙurin yunƙurin ƙetare, da kuma kai ga kafa Ƙasar ‘Yanci ta Irish.Abubuwan da aka gada na Rising yana ci gaba da siffata ainihin Irish da tarihin tarihin gwagwarmaya da juriya ga mulkin mallaka.

Yakin Independence na Irish (1919-1921) ya kasance yakin sa-in-sa ne da Sojojin Jamhuriyar Ireland (IRA) suka yi da sojojin Burtaniya, wadanda suka hada da Sojojin Burtaniya, da Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), da kungiyoyin sa kai kamar Black da Tans da Auxiliaries. .Wannan rikici ya biyo bayan tashin Ista na 1916, wanda, ko da yake da farko bai yi nasara ba, ya ba da goyon baya ga 'yancin kai na Irish kuma ya kai ga nasarar zaben 1918 na Sinn Féin, jam'iyyar jamhuriyar da ta kafa gwamnatin ballewa kuma ta ayyana 'yancin kai na Irish a 1919.Yaƙin ya fara ne a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1919, tare da harin Soloheadbeg, inda masu sa kai na IRA suka kashe jami’an RIC biyu.Da farko, ayyukan IRA sun mayar da hankali ne kan kama makamai da 'yantar da fursunoni, yayin da sabuwar kafa Dáil Éireann ta yi aiki don kafa ƙasa mai aiki.Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta haramta Dail a watan Satumba na 1919, wanda ke nuna karuwar rikici.Daga nan ne IRA ta fara kai wa RIC da sojojin sintiri kwanton bauna, inda suka kai hari bariki, tare da yin watsi da sansanonin da aka kebe.Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta goyi bayan RIC tare da Black and Tans da Auxiliaries, wadanda suka shahara da mugunyar ramuwar gayya ga fararen hula, wadanda galibi gwamnati ta sanya musu takunkumi.Wannan lokaci na tashin hankali da ramuwar gayya ya zama sananne da "Baƙar fata da Tan War."Har ila yau rashin biyayyar jama'a ya taka rawa, tare da ma'aikatan layin dogo na Irish sun ƙi jigilar sojojin Burtaniya ko kayayyaki.A tsakiyar 1920, 'yan jamhuriya sun sami iko da yawancin gundumomi, kuma ikon Birtaniyya ya ragu a kudanci da yammacin Ireland.Tashin hankali ya yi kamari a ƙarshen 1920. A ranar Lahadi mai jini (21 ga Nuwamba, 1920), IRA ta kashe jami’an leƙen asirin Biritaniya goma sha huɗu a Dublin, kuma RIC ta mayar da martani ta hanyar harbi cikin jama’a a wani wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Gaelic, inda suka kashe fararen hula goma sha huɗu.A mako mai zuwa, IRA ta kashe mataimaka goma sha bakwai a cikin Kilmichael Ambush.An ayyana dokar ta-baci a yawancin kudancin Ireland, kuma sojojin Birtaniyya sun kona birnin Cork a matsayin ramuwar gayya saboda harin kwanton bauna.Rikicin ya tsananta, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan mutane 1,000 da kuma shiga tsakanin 'yan jamhuriya 4,500.A Ulster, musamman a Belfast, rikicin yana da ma'anar mazhaba.Yawancin Furotesta, galibi ƴan haɗin kai da masu biyayya, sun yi karo da ƴan tsirarun Katolika waɗanda galibi ke goyon bayan 'yancin kai.’Yan sanda masu aminci da sabuwar kafa ta Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) sun kai hari ga mabiya darikar Katolika a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga ayyukan IRA, wanda ya kai ga rikicin bangaranci da ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar kusan 500, yawancinsu Katolika ne.Dokar Gwamnatin Ireland ta Mayu 1921 ta raba Ireland, ta haifar da Arewacin Ireland.Tsagaita wuta a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1921, ta kai ga yin shawarwari da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da aka rattaba hannu a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1921. Yarjejeniyar ta kawo karshen mulkin Birtaniya a yawancin Ireland, wanda ya kafa Jihar 'Yanci ta Irish a matsayin mulkin kai a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1922. , yayin da Ireland ta Arewa ta ci gaba da zama wani yanki na Burtaniya.Duk da tsagaita wutar, ana ci gaba da tashe tashen hankula a Belfast da yankunan kan iyaka.IRA ta kaddamar da wani mummunan hari na Arewa wanda bai yi nasara ba a watan Mayu 1922. Rashin jituwa kan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish tsakanin 'yan jamhuriya ya haifar da yakin basasa na Irish daga Yuni 1922 zuwa Mayu 1923. Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Irish ta ba da lambar yabo 62,000 don hidima a lokacin Yaƙin Independence, tare da fiye da 15,000 da aka ba wa mayakan IRA na ginshiƙan tashi.Yakin 'yancin kai na Irish ya kasance muhimmin lokaci a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Ireland, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin sauye-sauye na siyasa da zamantakewa tare da aza harsashin yakin basasa na gaba da kuma kafa kasar Ireland mai cin gashin kanta.