Tarihin Scotland

Mutane sun zauna a Scotland aƙalla shekaru 8,500 kafin a fara rubuta tarihin Biritaniya.A lokacin tsaka-tsakin lokaci na ƙarshe (130,000-70,000 KZ), Turai ta sami yanayi mai zafi, wanda wataƙila ya ba da damar ɗan adam na farko su isa Scotland, wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar gano gatari kafin Ice Age a Orkney da babban yankin Scotland.Bayan glaciers ya koma kusan 9600 KZ, Scotland ta sake zama wurin zama.Sanannun ƙauyuka na farko a cikin Scotland sune sansanin mafarauta na Upper Paleolithic, tare da sanannen wurin kusa da Biggar wanda ke kusan 12000 KZ.Waɗannan mazaunan farko sun kasance masu motsi sosai, masu amfani da jirgin ruwa waɗanda ke kera kayan aiki daga kashi, dutse, da tururuwa.Tsohuwar shaidar wani gida a Biritaniya shine tsari na katako na katako da aka samo a Kudancin Queensferry kusa da Firth of Forth, tun daga zamanin Mesolithic, kusan 8240 KZ.Bugu da ƙari, farkon gine-ginen dutse a cikin Scotland na iya yiwuwa ƙwanƙwasa uku da aka gano a Jura, wanda aka yi kwanan watan kusan 6000 KZ.

Noman Neolithic ya kawo matsuguni na dindindin zuwa Scotland.A Balbridie a cikin Aberdeenshire, alamar amfanin gona ta kai ga gano wani katafaren ginin katako wanda ya kasance kusan 3600 KZ.An sami irin wannan tsari a Claish kusa da Stirling, mai ɗauke da shaidar tukwane.A kan Eilean Domhnuill a Loch Olabhat, North Uist, Unstan ware tukwane mai kwanan wata tsakanin 3200 zuwa 2800 KZ yana nuna kasancewar ɗayan farkon crannogs.Wuraren Neolithic, musamman waɗanda ke da kyau a cikin Tsibirin Arewa da Yammacin Turai saboda ƙarancin bishiyoyi, an gina su ne da dutsen gida.Tsayayyen Duwatsu na Stenness a Orkney, tun daga kusan 3100 KZ, wani yanki ne na shimfidar wuri mai faɗin Neolithic mai wadata da sifofin dutse masu kyau.Gidan dutse a Knap na Howar a kan Papa Westray, Orkney, wanda aka shagaltar da shi daga 3500 KZ zuwa 3100 KZ, yana da kayan daki na dutse da ganuwar da ke tsaye zuwa ƙananan tsayin eaves.Masu tsaka-tsakin sun nuna mazaunan sun yi noma, suna kiwon dabbobi, kuma suna kamun kifi da tara kifin.Unstan ware tukwane yana haɗa waɗannan mazaunan zuwa kaburbura da rukunai kamar Balbridie da Eilean Domhnuill.Gidajen da ke Skara Brae a Orkney's Mainland, waɗanda aka mamaye daga kusan 3000 KZ zuwa 2500 KZ, suna kama da Knap na Howar amma sun zama ƙauyen da ke haɗe ta hanyoyi.Tukwane da aka samu a nan kuma yana nan a Tsayayyen Duwatsu na Stenness, kusan mil shida, da kuma cikin Biritaniya.Kusa, Maeshowe, wani kabari na gaba wanda aka rubuta tun kafin 2700 KZ, da Ring of Brodgar, wani binciken binciken sararin samaniya da aka bincika, sun zama wani ɓangare na gungun manyan abubuwan tarihi na Neolithic.Barnhouse Settlement, wani ƙauyen Neolithic, yana ba da shawarar waɗannan al'ummomin noma da aka gina kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan gine-gine.Kamar sauran wuraren megalithic na Turai kamar Stonehenge da Carnac, duwatsun tsaye a Callanish akan Lewis da sauran wuraren Scotland suna nuna al'adun Neolithic mai yaduwa.Ana ganin ƙarin shaidar waɗannan haɗin gwiwa a Kilmartin Glen, tare da da'irar dutse, tsaitsaye, da fasahar dutse.Abubuwan da aka shigo da su daga Cumbria da Wales, waɗanda aka samu a Hill Cairnpapple, West Lothian, suna nuna alaƙar kasuwanci da al'adu da yawa tun daga 3500 KZ.

A zamanin Bronze Age, an ci gaba da gina katakai da abubuwan tarihi na megalithic a Scotland, kodayake girman sabbin gine-gine da jimillar yankin da ake nomawa ya ragu.Gilashin Clava da tsaitsaye a kusa da Inverness suna baje kolin rikitattun geometries da daidaitawar taurari, suna juyawa zuwa ƙanana, yuwuwar kaburbura ɗaya, sabanin kaburburan Neolithic na gamayya.Sanannen binciken shekarun Bronze sun haɗa da mummies tun daga 1600 zuwa 1300 KZ da aka samu a Cladh Hallan a Kudancin Uist.Garuruwan tuddai, irin su Eildon Hill kusa da Melrose a cikin Iyakokin Scotland, sun fito kusan 1000 KZ, suna ba da kagara ga mazauna ɗari da yawa.Binciken da aka yi a Edinburgh Castle ya bayyana abubuwa daga ƙarshen Bronze Age, kusan 850 KZ.A cikin karni na farko KZ, al'ummar Scotland ta samo asali zuwa abin koyi.Wannan lokacin ya ga ƙarfafa ƙauyuka, wanda ya haifar da tara dukiya da kafa tsarin ajiyar abinci a karkashin kasa.

Daga kusan 700 KZ wanda ya wuce zuwa zamanin Romawa, Zamanin Iron na Scotland ya ƙunshi garu da kare gonaki, yana ba da shawarar kabilu masu rikici da ƙananan masarautu.Clava cairns kusa da Inverness, tare da hadaddun geometries da jeri na astronomical, wakiltar ƙarami, yuwuwar kaburbura ɗaya maimakon kaburburan Neolithic na gamayya.Al'adu da harshe na Brythonic Celtic sun bazu zuwa kudancin Scotland bayan karni na 8 KZ, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar hulɗar al'adu maimakon mamayewa, wanda ke haifar da ci gaban masarautu.An faɗaɗa manyan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyuka, kamar ƙaƙƙarfan Votadini a Traprain Law, Gabashin Lothian.An gina ƙanana da yawa, garuruwan tudu, da garun zobe, kuma an gina ƙasidu masu ban sha'awa kamar Mousa Broch a Shetland.Hanyoyi na gefen kudu da tsibirin tsibirin sun zama ruwan dare, mai yiwuwa don dalilai na tsaro.Fiye da manyan tononi 100 na wuraren zamanin Iron, tun daga karni na 8 KZ zuwa karni na 1 AZ, sun samar da yawancin kwanakin radiocarbon.Zamanin Iron a Biritaniya, wanda salon nahiya ke tasiri kamar La Tène, ya kasu zuwa lokuta masu kama da al'adun nahiyar:Ƙarfe na Farko (800-600 KZ): Hallstatt CFarkon Zamanin ƙarfe (600-400 KZ): Hallstatt D da La Tène IZamanin ƙarfe na tsakiya (400-100 KZ): La Tène I, II, da IIILate Iron Age (100-50 KZ): La Tène IIIZamanin Qarfe na baya-bayan nan (50 KZ - 100 CE)Abubuwan da aka haɓaka sun haɗa da sabbin nau'ikan tukwane, haɓaka aikin noma, da zama a wuraren da ƙasa mai nauyi.Sauyi daga zamanin Bronze ya ga raguwar cinikin tagulla, mai yiwuwa saboda hawan ƙarfe.Matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a lokacin zamanin ƙarfe an bayyana shi ta hanyar shanu, wanda ya kasance babban jari da tushen arziki, duk da cewa an sami sauyi ga kiwon tumaki a lokacin Qarfe.Gishiri shine mabuɗin kayayyaki, tare da shaidar samar da gishiri a Gabashin Anglia.Ƙarfin Age tsabar kudi, gami da masu siyar zinariya da tsabar potin tagulla, suna nuna yanayin tattalin arziki da siyasa.Sanannen tarin tsabar kudi sun haɗa da Silsden Hoard da Halaton Treasure.Alakar kasuwanci da nahiyar, musamman daga ƙarshen karni na 2 KZ zuwa gaba, ta haɗa Biritaniya cikin hanyoyin kasuwancin Romawa, wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar shigo da giya, man zaitun, da tukwane.Strabo ya rubuta abubuwan da Biritaniya ke fitarwa a matsayin hatsi, shanu, zinariya, azurfa, ƙarfe, fatu, bayi, da karnukan farauta.Mamayewar Romawa ya nuna ƙarshen zamanin ƙarfe a kudancin Biritaniya, kodayake haɗakar al'adun Romawa a hankali.Imani da ayyuka na Zamanin Iron sun ci gaba a yankunan da ke da rauni ko babu mulkin Romawa, tare da wasu tasirin Romawa a bayyane a cikin sunaye da tsarin zama.

A lokacin daular Roma, yankin da a yanzu ake kira Scotland, wanda Caledonia da Maeatae ke zaune, ba a cika shigar da shi cikin Daular ba duk da yunƙuri iri-iri tsakanin ƙarni na farko da na huɗu AZ.Sojojin Romawa sun zo kusan shekara ta 71 AZ, suna nufin su mallaki yankin arewacin Kogin Forth, wanda aka sani da Caledonia, yayin da sauran Biritaniya ta zamani, da ake kira Britannia, ta riga ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Romawa.Gwamnoni irin su Quintus Petillius Cerialis da Gnaeus Julius Agricola ne suka fara yakin Roman a Scotland.Yaƙin na Agricola a cikin 70s da 80s CE ya ƙare a cikin nasarar da aka ce a yakin Mons Graupius, kodayake ainihin wurin ya kasance ba tabbas.An sake gano wata hanyar Roman da Agricola ta gina a cikin 2023 kusa da Stirling, wanda ke nuna yunƙurin da Romawa suka yi don ƙarfafa iko.Romawa sun kafa iyakokin wucin gadi da farko tare da Gask Ridge sannan daga baya tare da Stanegate, wanda aka gina shi azaman bangon Hadrian.Wani yunƙuri na sarrafa yankin arewacin katangar Hadrian ya kai ga gina katangar Antonine.Romawa sun yi nasarar rike mafi yawan yankunan Caledonia na kimanin shekaru 40, amma tasirinsu ya ragu bayan farkon karni na 2 AD.Ƙabilun zamanin Iron a Scotland a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da Cornovii, Caereni, Smertae, da sauransu.Wataƙila waɗannan ƙabilun sun yi magana da wani nau'i na Celtic da aka sani da Common Brittonic.Gina kasidu, katangar tudu, da rairayin bakin teku sun bayyana lokacin, tare da ƙasidu kamar Mousa Broch sun shahara musamman.Duk da kasancewar Romawa, an sami ƙaramin shaida na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƴan ƙabilu.Mu'amalar Romawa da Scotland ta ragu bayan farkon karni na 3 AD.Sarkin sarakuna Septimius Severus ya yi yakin neman zabe a Scotland a kusa da 209 AZ amma ya fuskanci babban kalubale da kalubale.Bayan mutuwar Severus a shekara ta 211 AZ, Romawa sun janye har abada zuwa bangon Hadrian.Kasancewar Romawa na tsaka-tsaki ya zo daidai da fitowar Hotuna, waɗanda ke zaune a arewacin Forth da Clyde kuma wataƙila zuriyar Caledoniyawa ne.Al'ummar Pictish, kamar ta farkon zamanin ƙarfe, ba ta da ikon sarrafawa kuma tana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyuka da ƙasidu.Yayin da ikon Romawa ya ragu, hare-haren Pictish a kan yankunan Romawa ya karu, musamman a cikin 342, 360, da 365 AZ.Sun shiga cikin Babban Maƙarƙashiya na 367, wanda ya mamaye Roman Britanniya.Roma ta yi ramuwar gayya tare da yaƙin neman zaɓe a ƙarƙashin Count Theodosius a cikin 369, ta sake kafa lardi mai suna Valentia, ko da yake ba a fayyace ainihin wurinsa ba.Yaƙin neman zaɓe na gaba a cikin 384 shima ɗan gajeren lokaci ne.Stilicho, babban janar na Roman, na iya yin yaƙi da Picts a kusa da 398, amma ta 410, Rome ta fice daga Biritaniya, ba ta sake dawowa ba.Tasirin Roman akan Scotland ya haɗa da yaduwar Kiristanci da karatu, galibi ta hanyar mishan na Irish.Kodayake kasancewar sojojin Romawa kaɗan ne, abin da suka gada ya haɗa da yin amfani da rubutun Latin da kafa Kiristanci, wanda ya daɗe bayan tafiyarsu.Rubuce-rubucen kayan tarihi na Roman Scotland ya haɗa da sansanonin soja, hanyoyi, da sansanonin wucin gadi, amma tasirin al'adun gida da tsarin matsugunni ya bayyana iyakance.Mafi jurewa gadon Romawa na iya kasancewa kafa bangon Hadrian, wanda ke kusan iyakar zamani tsakanin Scotland da Ingila.

Hotunan gungun mutane ne da ke zaune a yankin Scotland a yanzu, arewacin Firth of Forth, a lokacin Tsakiyar Farko.Sunansu, Picti, ya bayyana a cikin tarihin Romawa daga ƙarshen karni na 3 AD.Da farko, an tsara Hotunan zuwa manyan sarakuna da yawa, amma a karni na 7, Masarautar Fortriu ta zama mafari, wanda ya haifar da haɗe-haɗe na ainihi na Pictish.Pictland, kamar yadda masana tarihi ke magana game da yankinsu, sun ga gagarumin ci gaban al'adu da siyasa.An san Hotunan da duwatsu da alamomi na musamman, kuma al'ummarsu sun yi daidai da sauran ƙungiyoyin farko na tsakiyar Turai.Shaidar archaeological da kafofin na zamani, irin su rubuce-rubucen Bede, hagiographies, da tarihin Irish, suna ba da haske game da al'adunsu da tarihinsu.Yaren Pictish, harshen Celtic Insular mai alaƙa da Brittonic, a hankali an maye gurbinsa da Middle Gaelic saboda Gaelicization wanda ya fara a ƙarshen ƙarni na 9.Yankunan Picts, waɗanda masu binciken ƙasa na Roman suka bayyana a baya a matsayin gidan Caledonii, sun haɗa da kabilu daban-daban kamar Verturiones, Taexali, da Venicones.A karni na 7, Hotunan sun kasance masu raba gardama ga daular Northumbrian mai iko har sai da suka sami gagarumar nasara a yakin Dun Nechtain a 685 karkashin Sarki Bridei mac Beli, wanda ya dakatar da fadada Northumbrian.Dál Riata, masarautar Gaelic, ta faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Pictish a lokacin mulkin Óengus mac Fergusa (729-761).Ko da yake tana da nata sarakuna daga 760s, ta kasance ƙarƙashin siyasa ga Hotuna.Ƙoƙarin da Hotunan suka yi na mamaye Birtaniyya na Alt Clut (Strathclyde) bai yi nasara ba.Zamanin Viking ya kawo gagarumin tashin hankali.Vikings sun ci nasara kuma suka zauna a yankuna daban-daban, ciki har da Caithness, Sutherland, da Galloway.Sun kafa Masarautar Tsibirin kuma, a ƙarshen karni na 9, sun raunana Northumbria da Strathclyde kuma suka kafa Mulkin York.A cikin 839, babban yaƙin Viking ya haifar da mutuwar manyan sarakunan Pictish da Dál Riatan, ciki har da Eógan mac Óengusa da Áed mac Boanta.A cikin 840s, Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) ya zama sarkin Hotuna.A lokacin mulkin jikansa, Caustantín mac Áeda (900-943), an fara kiran yankin da Mulkin Alba, wanda ke nuna canji zuwa ga asalin Gaelic.A karni na 11, mazaunan arewacin Alba sun zama cikakkun 'yan Scots na Gaelicised, kuma asalin Pictish ya ɓace daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.Masana tarihi na ƙarni na 12 sun lura da wannan canji kamar Henry na Huntingdon, kuma daga baya Picts ya zama batun tatsuniya da almara.

Strathclyde, wanda kuma aka sani da Alt Clud a farkon zamaninsa, masarautar Biritaniya ce a arewacin Biritaniya a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya.Ya ƙunshi sassan abin da ke kudancin Scotland da arewa maso yammacin Ingila, waɗanda kabilun Welsh ke kira Yr Hen Ogledd ("Tsohon Arewa").A mafi girman girmansa a cikin karni na 10, Strathclyde ya miƙe daga Loch Lomond zuwa Kogin Eamont a Penrith.Masarautar Alba mai magana da Goidelic ta mamaye masarautar a ƙarni na 11, ta zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Scotland mai tasowa.Babban birnin farkon masarautar shine Dumbarton Rock, kuma ana kiranta da Masarautar Alt Clud.Wataƙila ya fito ne a lokacin mulkin Biritaniya bayan zamanin Romawa kuma mai yiwuwa mutanen Damnonii ne suka kafa shi.Bayan buhun Viking na Dumbarton a cikin 870, babban birnin ya koma Govan, kuma an san masarautar da Strathclyde.Ya faɗaɗa kudu zuwa tsoffin ƙasashen Rheged.Anglo-Saxon sun kira wannan babbar masarauta Cumbraland.Harshen Strathclyde, wanda aka sani da Cumbric, yana da alaƙa da tsohon Welsh.Mazaunanta, Cumbrians, sun fuskanci wasu ƙauyuka na Viking ko Norse-Gael, kodayake ƙasa da Galloway maƙwabta.Masarautar Alt Clud ta sami ƙarin ambaton a cikin tushe bayan 600 AZ.A farkon karni na 7, Áedán mac Gabráin na Dál Riata ya kasance sarki mafi rinjaye a arewacin Birtaniya, amma ikonsa ya ragu bayan shan kaye da Æthelfrith na Bernicia ya yi a yakin Degsastan a kusa da 604. A 642, Britons na Alt Clut. karkashin jagorancin Eugein ɗan Beli, ya ci Dál Riata a Strathcarron, ya kashe Domnall Brecc, jikan Áedán.Shiga Alt Clut a cikin rikice-rikicen yanki ya ci gaba, tare da fadace-fadace da Dál Riata a karni na 8.Sarkin Pictish Óengus I ya yi yaƙi da Alt Clut sau da yawa, tare da gauraye sakamako.A cikin 756, Óengus da Eadberht na Northumbria sun kewaye Dumbarton Rock, suna fitar da biyayya daga Dumnagual, mai yiwuwa sarki a lokacin.An san kadan game da Alt Clut tsakanin ƙarni na 8th da 9th."ƙonawa" na Alt Clut a cikin 780, yanayin da ba a san shi ba, alama ce ɗaya daga cikin 'yan ambaton masarautar.A cikin 849, maza daga Alt Clut sun kona Dunblane, watakila a lokacin mulkin Artgal. Daular Strathclyde ta 'yancin kai ya ƙare lokacin da Masarautar Alba ta mamaye ta a karni na 11, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa Masarautar Scotland.

An fara gabatar da addinin Kirista zuwa yankin da ke kudancin Scotland a lokacin da Romawa suka mamaye Biritaniya.Masu wa’azin bishara daga Ireland a ƙarni na biyar, irin su St. Ninian, St. Kentigern (St. Mungo), da St. Columba, galibi ana yaba su da yaɗa addinin Kiristanci a yankin.Duk da haka, waɗannan alkaluma sun bayyana a wuraren da aka riga aka kafa majami'u, wanda ke nuni da gabatarwar Kiristanci a baya.Daga karni na biyar zuwa na bakwai, ayyukan Irish-Scots, musamman masu alaƙa da St. Columba, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen mayar da Scotland zuwa Kiristanci.Waɗannan mishan galibi suna kafa cibiyoyin zuhudu da majami'u na koleji.Wannan lokacin ya ga ci gaban wani nau'i na musamman na Kiristanci na Celtic, inda abbots ke da iko fiye da bishop, rashin aure na limamai ba shi da tsauri, kuma akwai bambance-bambance a cikin ayyuka kamar nau'i na tonsure da lissafin Easter.A tsakiyar karni na bakwai, yawancin waɗannan bambance-bambance an warware su, kuma Kiristanci na Celtic ya yarda da ayyukan Romawa.Monasticism ya rinjayi kiristanci na farko a Scotland, tare da abbots sun fi shahara fiye da bishops, kodayake Kentigern da Ninian sun kasance bishops.Haƙiƙanin yanayi da tsarin Ikklisiya ta farko a cikin Scotland sun kasance da wahala a faɗi.Bayan tafiyar Romawa, ƙila Kiristanci ya ci gaba a tsakanin ƙawancen Brythonic kamar Strathclyde, kamar yadda arna Anglo-Saxon suka ci gaba zuwa Ƙasar ƙasa.A cikin ƙarni na shida, masu wa’azin mishan na Irish, waɗanda suka haɗa da St. Ninian, St. Kentigern, da St. Columba, sun yi aiki a babban yankin Biritaniya.St. Ninian, wanda aka saba gani a matsayin ɗan mishan, yanzu ana ɗaukarsa ginin cocin Northumbrian, tare da sunansa mai yiwuwa cin hanci da rashawa na Uinniau ko Finnian, wani waliyyi na asalin Biritaniya.St. Kentigern, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 614, mai yiwuwa ya yi aiki a yankin Strathclyde.St. Columba, almajirin Uinniau, ya kafa gidan sufi a Iona a cikin 563 kuma ya gudanar da ayyuka a tsakanin Scots na Dál Riata da Picts, waɗanda wataƙila sun riga sun fara komawa Kiristanci.

Dál Riata, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Dalriada, masarautar Gaelic ce wacce ta mamaye gabar tekun yammacin Scotland da arewa maso gabashin Ireland, wacce ke ratsa tashar Arewa.A tsayinsa a cikin ƙarni na 6 da 7, Dál Riata ya rufe abin da ke yanzu Argyll a Scotland da wani yanki na County Antrim a Arewacin Ireland.Masarautar daga ƙarshe ta zama alaƙa da Masarautar Gaelic na Alba.A cikin Argyll, Dál Riata ya ƙunshi manyan dangi ko kabilu huɗu, kowannensu yana da nasa shugaban:The Cenél nGabráin, tushen a Kintyre.The Cenél nÓengusa, bisa Islay.Cenél Loairn, wanda ya ba da sunansu ga gundumar Lorn.Cenél Comgaill, wanda ya ba da suna ga Cowal.An yi imanin tsaunin Dunadd shine babban birninsa, tare da sauran garu na sarauta da suka hada da Dunollie, Dunaverty, da Dunsverick.Masarautar ta ƙunshi muhimmin gidan sufi na Iona, cibiyar ilmantarwa kuma jigo a cikin yaduwar Kiristanci na Celtic a cikin arewacin Biritaniya.Dál Riata yana da ƙaƙƙarfan al'adar safarar ruwa da ƙwararrun rundunar sojojin ruwa.An ce babban sarki Fergus Mor (Fergus the Great) ne ya kafa masarautar a karni na 5.Ya kai kololuwarta a karkashin Áedán mac Gabráin (r. 574–608), wanda ya fadada tasirinsa ta hanyar balaguron jiragen ruwa zuwa Orkney da Isle of Man, da hare-haren soji a Strathclyde da Bernicia.Duk da haka, Sarkin Æthelfrith na Bernicia ya duba fadada Dál Riata a yakin Degsastan a 603.Mulkin Domnall Brecc (ya mutu a shekara ta 642) ya ga manyan shan kashi a cikin Ireland da Scotland, ya kawo ƙarshen "shekarun zinare" na Dál Riata tare da rage shi zuwa masarautar abokin ciniki na Northumbria.A cikin 730s, Sarkin Pictish Óengus I ya jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe akan Dál Riata, wanda ya kawo shi ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin Pictish ta 741. Masarautar ta sami raguwa kuma ta fuskanci hare-haren Viking na lokaci-lokaci daga 795 zuwa gaba.Ƙarshen ƙarni na 8 ya ga fassarori daban-daban game da makomar Dál Riata.Wasu suna jayayya cewa masarautar ba ta ga farfaɗo ba bayan dogon lokaci na mulki (c. 637 zuwa c. 750-760), yayin da wasu ke ganin sake farfadowa a ƙarƙashin Áed Find (736-778) kuma suna da'awar cewa Dál Riata na yiwuwa ya kwace sarautar. Fortriu.A tsakiyar karni na 9, mai yiwuwa an sami haɗuwa da rawanin Dál Riatan da Pictish, tare da wasu kafofin da ke nuna cewa Cináed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin) ya kasance sarkin Dál Riata kafin ya zama sarkin Hotuna a 843, yana bin manyan. Viking shan kashi na Hotuna.Majiyoyin Latin sau da yawa suna magana da mazaunan Dál Riata a matsayin Scots (Scoti), kalmar da marubutan Roman da Girka suka fara amfani da shi don Irish Gaels waɗanda suka kai hari tare da mamaye Roman Birtaniyya.Daga baya, ya koma Gaels daga Ireland da sauran wurare.A nan, ana kiran su Gaels ko Dál Riatans.'Yancin masarautar ya ƙare yayin da ta haɗu da Pictland don kafa Masarautar Alba, wanda ke nuna asalin abin da zai zama Scotland.

Bernicia Masarautar Anglo-Saxon ce wacce mazauna Anglian suka kafa a karni na 6.Ya kasance a cikin abin da ke kudu maso gabashin Scotland da Arewa maso Gabashin Ingila, ya ƙunshi Northumberland na zamani, Tyne da Wear, Durham, Berwickshire, da Gabashin Lothian, wanda ya tashi daga Kogin Forth zuwa Kogin Tees.Masarautar da farko wani yanki ne na yankin Brythonic da aka kafa daga kudancin ƙasar Votadini, mai yuwuwa a matsayin rarrabuwar 'babbar arewacin daular' Coel Hen a kusa da 420 AZ.Wannan yanki, wanda aka sani da Yr Hen Ogledd ("Tsohon Arewa"), mai yiwuwa ya sami cibiyar wutar lantarki ta farko a Din Guardi (Bamburgh ta zamani).Tsibirin Lindisfarne, wanda aka fi sani da Welsh a matsayin Ynys Medcaut, ya zama wurin zama na majami'u na bishops na Bernicia.Ida ne ya fara sarautar Bernicia, kuma kusan 604, jikansa Æthelfrith (Æðelfriþ) ya haɗa Bernicia tare da makwabciyar masarautar Deira don kafa Northumbria.Æthelfrith ya yi mulki har sai da Rædwald na Gabashin Anglia ya kashe shi a shekara ta 616, wanda ke tsare Edwin, ɗan Ælle, sarkin Deira.Daga nan Edwin ya zama sarkin Northumbria.A lokacin mulkinsa, Edwin ya koma Kiristanci a shekara ta 627, bayan rigingimun da ya yi da masarautun Brythonic, daga baya kuma, Welsh.A cikin 633, a yakin Hatfield Chase, Cadwallon ap Cadfan na Gwynedd da Penda na Mercia sun ci Edwin kuma sun kashe shi.Wannan shan kashi ya haifar da rabuwa na wucin gadi na Northumbria zuwa Bernicia da Deira.Eanfrith ɗan Æthelfrith ne ya mulki Bernicia a ɗan gajeren lokaci, wanda aka kashe bayan ya kai ƙarar neman zaman lafiya da Cadwallon.Ɗan’uwan Eanfrith, Oswald, sannan ya ɗaga runduna kuma ya ci Cadwallon a yakin Heavenfield a shekara ta 634. Nasarar Oswald ta kai shi ga karɓe shi a matsayin sarkin haɗin kai na Northumbria.Daga baya, sarakunan Bernicia sun mamaye daular haɗin kai, ko da yake Deira wani lokaci yana da nasa sarakuna a lokacin mulkin Oswiu da ɗansa Ecgfrith.

A cikin ƙarnuka da suka biyo bayan ficewar Romawa daga Biritaniya , ƙungiyoyi huɗu daban-daban sun mamaye ƙasar Scotland a yanzu.A gabas akwai Hotuna, waɗanda yankunansu suka miƙe daga Kogin Forth zuwa Shetland.Masarautar da ta fi rinjaye ita ce Fortriu, wacce ke kewaye da Strathearn da Menteith.Hotunan, mai yuwuwa an samo su daga ƙabilun Caledonii, an fara lura da su a cikin bayanan Romawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 3.Babban sarkinsu, Bridei mac Maelchon (r. 550–584), yana da tushe a Craig Phadrig kusa da Inverness na zamani.Hotunan sun tuba zuwa Kiristanci a kusa da 563, masu mishan daga Iona suka rinjaye su.Taswirar Sarki Bridei Beli (r. 671-693) ya samu gagarumar nasara a kan Anglo-Saxon a yakin Dunnichen a shekara ta 685, kuma a karkashin Óengus mac Fergusa (r. 729-761), Hotunan sun kai matsayinsu na iko.A yamma mutanen Dál Riata ne masu jin Gaelic, waɗanda ke da sansaninsu na sarauta a Dunadd a Argyll kuma suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Ireland .Masarautar wadda ta kai tsayin daka a karkashin Áedán mac Gabráin (r. 574–608), ta fuskanci koma baya bayan da ta sha kashi a hannun Northumbria a Yaƙin Degsastan a shekara ta 603. Duk da lokacin da aka yi wa sarauta da farfaɗowa, tasirin masarautar ya ragu kafin zuwan Vikings. .A kudu, Masarautar Strathclyde, wacce aka fi sani da Alt Clut, wata daula ce ta Brythonic wacce ke tsakiyar Dumbarton Rock.Ya fito ne daga tasirin Roman "Hen Ogledd" (Tsohon Arewa) kuma ya ga masu mulki kamar Coroticus (Ceredig) a cikin karni na 5.Masarautar ta jimre da hare-hare daga Picts da Northumbrians, kuma bayan kama ta da Vikings a cikin 870, cibiyarta ta koma Govan.A kudu maso gabas, daular Anglo-Saxon na Bernicia, wanda mahara Jamus suka kafa, Sarki Ida ya fara mulki a shekara ta 547. Jikansa, Æthelfrith, ya haɗa Bernicia tare da Deira don kafa Northumbria a kusa da 604. Tasirin Northumbria ya faɗaɗa ƙarƙashin Sarki Oswald (r. 634–642), wanda ya inganta addinin kirista ta hanyar mishaneri daga Iona.Duk da haka, Picts ya dakatar da fadada arewacin Northumbria a yakin Nechtansmere a 685.

Yaƙin Dun Nechtain, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Nechtansmere (Tsohon Welsh: Gueith Linn Garan), ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 685, tsakanin Hotunan da Sarki Bridei Mac Bili ya jagoranta da ’yan Arewa da Sarki Ecgfrith ya jagoranta.Rikicin ya nuna wani muhimmin lokaci a wargajewar ikon Arewacin Biritaniya, wanda magabata na Ecgfrith suka kafa.A cikin karni na 7, 'yan Northumbrians sun ba da tasirin su zuwa arewa, suna mamaye yankuna da yawa, ciki har da yankunan Pictish.Cin nasara da Sarki Oswald ya yi a Edinburgh a cikin 638 da kuma iko a kan Hotunan ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin magajinsa, Oswiu.Ecgfrith, wanda ya zama sarki a shekara ta 670, ya fuskanci tawaye masu ci gaba, ciki har da wani gagarumin boren da Picts ya yi a yakin koguna biyu.Wannan tawaye, wanda aka murkushe tare da taimakon Beornhæth, ya kai ga ƙaddamar da Sarkin Pictish na Arewa, Drest mac Donuel, da hawan Bridei Mac Bili.A shekara ta 679, rinjayen Northumbrian ya fara raguwa, tare da gagarumin koma baya kamar nasarar Mercian inda aka kashe ɗan'uwan Ecgfrith Ælfwine.Sojoji masu fafutuka da Bridei ke jagoranta sun yi amfani da damar, inda suka kai hari kan wasu maboyar Arewacin Northumbrian a Dunnottar da Dundurn.A cikin 681, Bridei kuma ya kai hari kan tsibirin Orkney, wanda ya kara lalata ikon Northumbrian.Yanayin addini ya kasance wani batu na jayayya.Ikilisiyar Northumbrian, bayan ta yi daidai da Ikilisiyar Roman bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Whitby a 664, ta kafa sabbin dioceses, gami da daya a Abercorn.Wataƙila Bridei, mai goyon bayan cocin Iona ta yi hamayya da wannan faɗaɗa.Shawarar Ecgfrith don jagorantar sojojinsa a kan Picts a 685, duk da gargadin, ya ƙare a yakin Dun Nechtain.Hotunan sun nuna ja da baya, inda suka jawo 'yan Northumbrian cikin wani kwanton bauna kusa da abin da a yanzu ake kyautata zaton shine Dunachton, kusa da Loch Insh.Hotunan sun sami nasara mai mahimmanci, sun kashe Ecgfrith tare da lalata sojojinsa.Wannan shan kashi ya wargaza mulkin Arewa a arewacin Biritaniya.Hotunan sun sake samun 'yancin kai, kuma an yi watsi da diocese na Northumbrian na Picts, tare da Bishop Trumwine ya gudu.Kodayake fadace-fadacen da suka biyo baya sun faru, yakin Dun Nechtain ya nuna ƙarshen mamayar Arewa ta Arewa akan Hotuna, ta hanyar samun yancin kai na Pictish har abada.

Matsalolin farko na Viking mai yiwuwa sun riga sun riga sun riga sun rubuta tarihin, tare da shaidar mazauna Scandinavia a Shetland a farkon tsakiyar karni na 7.Daga 793, hare-haren Viking a tsibirin Birtaniyya ya zama mafi yawan lokuta, tare da manyan hare-haren Iona a cikin 802 da 806. Shugabannin Viking daban-daban da aka ambata a cikin tarihin Irish, irin su Soxulfr, Turges, da Hákon, sun ba da shawarar kasancewar Norse.Rikicin Viking na sarakunan Fortriu da Dál Riata a shekara ta 839 da kuma ambaton sarkin "Viking Scotland" yana nuna karuwar tasirin mazauna Norse a wannan lokacin.Takaddun zamani na zamanin Viking Scotland yana da iyaka.Gidan sufi na Iona ya ba da wasu bayanai daga tsakiyar 6th zuwa tsakiyar karni na 9, amma hare-haren Viking a 849 ya haifar da kawar da kayan tarihi na Columba da raguwar rubuce-rubucen cikin gida na shekaru 300 masu zuwa.An zana bayanai daga wannan lokacin daga asalin Irish, Ingilishi, da Norse, tare da Orkneyinga saga shine mabuɗin rubutun Norse.Ilimin kayan tarihi na zamani ya kara fadada fahimtar rayuwa a hankali a wannan lokacin.Tsibirin Arewa na daga cikin yankuna na farko da Vikings suka mamaye kuma na ƙarshe da kambin Norwegian ya yi murabus.Mulkin Thorfinn Sigurdsson na karni na 11 ya nuna kololuwar tasirin Scandinavia, gami da iko mai yawa akan yankin arewacin Scotland.Haɗewar al'adun Norse da kafa ƙauyuka sun kafa ginshiƙan gagarumin nasarorin kasuwanci, siyasa, al'adu, da addini a lokacin mulkin Norse na baya a Scotland.

Tun daga karshen karni na 8 ne Vikings suka kai hari a Biritaniya, tare da manyan hare-hare kan Lindisfarne a cikin 793 da kuma kai hare-hare a Iona Abbey, inda aka kashe sufaye da yawa.Duk da wadannan hare-haren, babu wani bayanan rikici kai tsaye tsakanin Vikings da masarautun Pictland da Dál Riata har zuwa 839.Yaƙin 839, wanda kuma aka sani da Bala'i na 839 ko Matsayin Ƙarshe na Picts, wani rikici ne mai mahimmanci tsakanin Vikings da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Picts da Gaels.Cikakkun bayanai game da yaƙin sun yi karanci, tare da Annals of Ulster suna ba da lissafi ɗaya tilo na zamani.Ya ambaci cewa "babban kisa na Hotunan" ya faru, yana nuna babban yaƙin da ya haɗa da mayaƙa da yawa.Shiga Áed ya nuna cewa Mulkin Dál Riata yana ƙarƙashin ikon Pictish, yayin da yake yaƙi tare da mutanen Fortriu.Ana ɗaukar yaƙin ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci a tarihin Birtaniyya.Wannan yakin ya haifar da gagarumar nasara ta Viking, wanda ya kai ga mutuwar Uuen, sarkin Picts, da ɗan'uwansa Bran, da Áed mac Boanta, Sarkin Dál Riata.Mutuwarsu ta ba da hanya ga tashin Kenneth I da kuma kafa Masarautar Scotland, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen asalin Pictish.Uuen shine sarki na ƙarshe daga gidan Fergus, wanda ya mamaye Pictland aƙalla shekaru 50.Kashin da ya sha ya haifar da rashin zaman lafiya a arewacin Birtaniya.Rikicin da ya biyo baya ya baiwa Kenneth I damar fitowa a matsayin mutum mai daidaitawa.Kenneth I ya haɗu da masarautun Pictland da Dál Riata, yana ba da kwanciyar hankali da aza harsashin abin da zai zama Scotland.A karkashin mulkinsa da na House of Alpin, nassoshi game da Hotuna sun daina, kuma an fara aiwatar da Gaelicisation, tare da harshen Pictish da al'adun gargajiya a hankali.A karni na 12, masana tarihi irin su Henry na Huntingdon sun lura da bacewar Hotuna, suna kwatanta halakarsu da lalata harshensu.

Ma'auni tsakanin masarautu masu gaba da juna a arewacin Biritaniya ya canza sosai a cikin 793 lokacin da Viking ya fara kai hare-hare kan gidajen ibada kamar Iona da Lindisfarne, yana yada tsoro da rudani.Wadannan hare-haren sun kai ga mamaye Norse na Orkney, Shetland, da Tsibirin Yamma.A cikin 839, babban shan kashi na Viking ya haifar da mutuwar Eógan mac Óengusa, sarkin Fortriu, da Áed mac Boanta, sarkin Dál Riata.Cakuda na gaba na Viking da Gaelic Irish mazauna kudu maso yammacin Scotland sun samar da Gall-Gaidel, wanda ya haifar da yankin da aka sani da Galloway.A cikin karni na 9, masarautar Dál Riata ta rasa Hebrides ga Vikings, tare da Ketil Flatnose da ake zargin ya kafa Masarautar Tsibirin.Wataƙila waɗannan barazanar Viking sun ƙara haɓaka masarautun Pictish, wanda ya haifar da ɗaukar harshen Gaelic da al'adu.An yi muhawara game da haɗewar rawanin Gaelic da Pictish a tsakanin masana tarihi, tare da wasu suna jayayya game da ɗaukar Dál Riata na Pictish da sauransu.Wannan ya ƙare a cikin haɓakar Cínaed mac Ailpín (Kenneth MacAlpin) a cikin 840s, ya kafa Gidan Alpin, wanda ya jagoranci haɗin gwiwar Gaelic-Pictish.An tsara zuriyar Cínaed ko dai a matsayin Sarkin Hotuna ko Sarkin Fortriu.An kore su a shekara ta 878 lokacin da Giric mac Dúngail ya kashe Áed mac Cináeda amma ya dawo kan mutuwar Giric a shekara ta 889. Domnall mac Causantín, wanda ya mutu a Dunnottar a shekara ta 900, shi ne na farko da aka rubuta a matsayin "rí Alban" (Sarkin Alba). .Wannan lakabi yana nuna haihuwar abin da aka sani da Scotland.An san shi a cikin Gaelic a matsayin "Alba," a cikin Latin kamar "Scotia," kuma a cikin Ingilishi a matsayin "Scotland," wannan masarauta ta kafa tsakiya wanda masarautar Scotland ta fadada yayin da tasirin Viking ya ragu, daidai da fadada daular Wessex zuwa Masarautar. na Ingila.

Masarautar tsibiran masarautar Norse-Gaelic ce wacce ta haɗa da tsibirin Mutum, Hebrides, da tsibiran Clyde daga ƙarni na 9 zuwa na 13 AD.An san shi da Norse a matsayin Suðreyjar (tsibirin Kudu), bambanta da Norðreyjar (Arewacin Tsibirin Orkney da Shetland), ana kiran shi a cikin Gaelic na Scotland kamar Rìoghachd nan Eilean.Girman masarautar da ikonta sun bambanta, tare da masu mulki galibi suna ƙarƙashin masu mulki a Norway, Ireland , Ingila , Scotland, ko Orkney, kuma a wasu lokuta, yankin yana da da'awar gasa.Kafin kutsawar Viking, Kudancin Hebrides wani yanki ne na Masarautar Gaelic na Dál Riata, yayin da Hebrides na ciki da na waje ke ƙarƙashin ikon Pictish.Tasirin Viking ya fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 8 tare da maimaita hare-hare, kuma zuwa karni na 9, nassoshi na farko game da Gallgáedil (Gaels na ƙasashen waje na zuriyar Scandinavian-Celtic) sun bayyana.A cikin 872, Harald Fairhair ya zama sarkin Norway mai haɗin kai, ya kori yawancin abokan adawarsa don gudu zuwa tsibirin Scotland.Harald ya shigar da Tsibirin Arewa cikin mulkinsa ta 875 kuma, jim kadan bayan haka, Hebrides ma.Shugabannin Viking na gida sun yi tawaye, amma Harald ya aika Ketill Flatnose ya rinjaye su.Daga nan Ketill ya ayyana kansa Sarkin tsibiran, kodayake ba a yi wa magajinsa ba.A cikin 870, Amlaíb Conung da Ímar sun kewaye Dumbarton kuma da alama sun kafa ikon Scandinavia a gabar yammacin Scotland.Hegemony na Norse na gaba ya ga Isle of Man da aka ɗauka a shekara ta 877. Bayan korar Viking daga Dublin a cikin 902, rikice-rikice na tsaka-tsaki ya ci gaba, kamar yaƙe-yaƙe na ruwa na Ragnall ua Ímair a cikin Isle of Man.Karni na 10 ya ga bayanan da ba a ɓoye ba, tare da fitattun sarakuna kamar Amlaíb Cuarán da Maccus mac Arailt da ke sarrafa tsibiran.A tsakiyar karni na 11, Godred Crovan ya kafa iko a kan tsibirin Mutum bayan Yaƙin Stamford Bridge .Mulkinsa ya zama farkon mamayar zuriyarsa a cikin Mann da tsibiran, duk da rigingimu da ake ta fama da su.A ƙarshen karni na 11, Sarkin Yaren mutanen Norway Magnus Barefoot ya sake tabbatar da ikon Norwegian kai tsaye a kan tsibiran, yana ƙarfafa yankuna ta hanyar yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin Hebrides da cikin Ireland.Bayan mutuwar Magnus a shekara ta 1103, sarakunan da ya naɗa, kamar Lagmann Godredsson, sun fuskanci tawaye da mubaya'a.Somerled, Ubangijin Argyll, ya fito a tsakiyar karni na 12 a matsayin mutum mai karfi da ke adawa da mulkin Godred the Black.Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na ruwa da yarjejeniyoyin yanki, ikon Somerled ya faɗaɗa, yana maido da Dalriada yadda ya kamata a kudancin Hebrides.Bayan mutuwar Somerled a shekara ta 1164, zuriyarsa, waɗanda aka fi sani da Lords of the Islands, sun raba yankunansa tsakanin 'ya'yansa maza, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwa.Ƙasar Scotland Crown, neman iko a kan tsibirin, ya haifar da rikice-rikicen da suka ƙare a cikin yarjejeniyar Perth a 1266, inda Norway ta ba da Hebrides da Mann ga Scotland.Sarkin Norse na ƙarshe na Mann, Magnus Olafsson, ya yi mulki har zuwa 1265, bayan haka mulkin ya mamaye Scotland.

Causantín mac Áeda, ko Constantine II, an haife shi ba a baya fiye da 879 kuma ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Alba (Arewacin Scotland na yau) daga 900 zuwa 943. Ƙasar masarautar masarautar tana kewaye da Kogin Tay, wanda ya tashi daga Kogin Forth a kudu zuwa kudu. Moray Firth da yuwuwar Caithness a arewa.Kakan Constantine, Kenneth I na Scotland, shi ne na farko a cikin iyali da aka rubuta a matsayin sarki, da farko yana mulki a kan Picts.A lokacin mulkin Constantine, lakabin ya canza daga "sarkin Hotuna" zuwa "sarkin Alba," yana nuna canjin Pictland zuwa Masarautar Alba.mamayewa da barazanar sarakunan Viking ne suka mamaye mulkin Constantine, musamman daular Uí Ímair.A farkon karni na 10, sojojin Viking sun wawashe Dunkeld da yawancin Albaniya.Constantine ya yi nasarar dakile wadannan hare-hare, inda ya tabbatar da mulkinsa daga ci gaba da mamayewar Norse.Duk da haka, mulkinsa kuma ya ga rikici da sarakunan Anglo-Saxon na kudancin.A shekara ta 934, Sarkin Æthelstan na Ingila ya mamaye Scotland da wata babbar runduna, inda ya lalata sassan kudancin Alba, ko da yake ba a sami wani babban fada ba.A cikin 937, Constantine ya haɗu da Olaf Guthfrithson, Sarkin Dublin, da Owain ap Dyfnwal, Sarkin Strathclyde, don ƙalubalantar Æthelstan a Yaƙin Brunanburh.An yi galaba akan wannan haɗin gwiwar, wanda ke nuna gagarumar nasara amma ba cikakkiyar nasara ga Ingilishi ba.Bayan wannan shan kashi, ikon Constantine na siyasa da na soja ya ragu.A shekara ta 943, Constantine ya sauka daga karagar mulki kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa gidan sufi na Céli Dé na St Andrews, inda ya rayu har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 952. Mulkinsa, wanda ya shahara saboda tsayinsa da tasirinsa, ya ga Gaelicisation na Pictland da ƙarfafa Alba a matsayin wani bambanci. mulki.An fara amfani da "Scots" da "Scotland" a lokacinsa, kuma an kafa tsarin majami'u na farko da na gudanarwa na abin da zai zama Scotland na da.

Tsakanin hawan Malcolm I da Malcolm na biyu, Masarautar Scotland ta ɗanɗana wani lokaci mai sarƙaƙƙiya da ya haɗa da ƙawancen dabarun yaƙi, sabani na cikin gida, da faɗaɗa yanki.Malcolm I (ya yi sarauta a shekara ta 943-954) ya ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da sarakunan Wessex na Ingila.A cikin 945, Sarki Edmund na Ingila ya mamaye Strathclyde (ko Cumbria) kuma daga baya ya mika shi ga Malcolm bisa yanayin kawancen dindindin.Wannan ya nuna gagarumin yunkuri na siyasa, wanda ya tabbatar da tasirin masarautar Scotland a yankin.Mulkin Malcolm ya kuma ga tashin hankali tare da Moray, yanki mai hade da tsohuwar masarautar Scoto-Pictish na Fortriu.Tarihi na Sarakunan Alba ya rubuta kamfen na Malcolm a Moray, inda ya kashe wani shugaban yankin mai suna Ceallach, amma daga baya Morabiyawa suka kashe shi.Sarki Indulf (954-962), magajin Malcolm na I, ya faɗaɗa yankin Scotland ta hanyar kame Edinburgh, wanda ya ba Scotland matattarar farko a Lothian.Duk da ikon da suke da shi a Strathclyde, 'yan Scots sukan yi gwagwarmaya don tilasta iko, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice.Cuilén (966-971), ɗaya daga cikin magajin Indulf, mutanen Strathclyde ne suka kashe shi, wanda ke nuni da tsayin daka.Kenneth II (971-995) ya ci gaba da manufofin fadadawa.Ya mamaye Biritaniya, mai yiwuwa yana nufin Strathclyde, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin ƙaddamar da Gaelic na gargajiya wanda aka sani da crechríghe, wanda ya haɗa da harin biki don tabbatar da sarautarsa.Malcolm II (ya yi sarauta 1005-1034) ya sami gagarumin haɗin kai na yanki.A cikin 1018, ya ci Northumbrians a Yaƙin Carham, yana tabbatar da iko akan Lothian da sassan Iyakokin Scotland.A wannan shekarar ta ga mutuwar Sarki Owain Foel na Strathclyde, wanda ya bar mulkinsa ga Malcolm.Ganawa da Sarki Canute na Denmark da Ingila a kusa da 1031 ya kara ƙarfafa waɗannan nasarori.Duk da sarkakiya na mulkin Scotland a kan Lothian da Borders, waɗannan yankuna sun kasance cikakke a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yancin kai.

Tsakanin hawan Sarki Duncan I a 1034 da mutuwar Alexander I a 1124 ya nuna gagarumin sauyi ga Scotland, kafin zuwan Normans.Mulkin Duncan I ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, wanda ya nuna gazawarsa ta soja a Durham a cikin 1040 da kuma hambarar da shi da Macbeth, Mormaer na Moray ya yi.Zuriyar Duncan ta ci gaba da yin mulki, yayin da Macbeth da magajinsa Lulach suka ci nasara daga zuriyar Duncan.Malcolm III, ɗan Duncan, ya tsara daular Scotland ta gaba.Wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Canmore" (Babban Shugaba), mulkin Malcolm III ya ga ƙarfafa iko da fadada ta hanyar hare-hare.Aurensa guda biyu-da Ingibiorg Finnsdottir da kuma Margaret na Wessex—ya haifi ƴaƴa da yawa, tare da tabbatar da makomar daularsa.Mulkin Malcolm, duk da haka, ya kasance alama ce ta mummunan hare-hare zuwa Ingila, wanda ya kara tsananta wahalhalun da aka yi a lokacin yakin Norman.Mutuwar Malcolm a cikin 1093 yayin daya daga cikin wadannan hare-haren ya haifar da tsangwama ga Norman a Scotland.'Ya'yansa, ta hanyar Margaret, an ba su sunayen Anglo-Saxon, yana jaddada burinsa na ikirarin sarautar Ingila.Bayan mutuwar Malcolm, ɗan'uwansa Donalbane ya fara hau gadon sarauta, amma Duncan II, ɗan Malcolm, mai goyon bayan Norman, ya kama mulki a taƙaice kafin a kashe shi a 1094, wanda ya ba Donalbane damar maido da sarauta.Tasirin Norman ya ci gaba, kuma ɗan Malcolm Edgar, wanda Normans suka goyi bayan, ya ɗauki kursiyin.Wannan lokacin ya ga aiwatar da tsarin maye da ya yi kama da na Norman, wanda ke nuna sauyi daga al'adun Gaelic na gargajiya.Sarautar Edgar ba ta da wata matsala, musamman saboda kyautar diflomasiya ta rakumi ko giwa ga Babban Sarkin Ireland .Lokacin da Edgar ya mutu, ɗan'uwansa Alexander I ya zama sarki, yayin da autansu David aka ba da mulki a kan "Cumbria" da Lothian.Wannan zamanin ya kafa tushen tsarin mulkin Scotland na gaba, tare da haɗa al'adun gargajiya tare da sababbin tasiri daga Normans, ya kafa matakai don sauye-sauyen da za su biyo baya a karkashin masu mulki kamar David I.

Tsakanin hawan David I a shekara ta 1124 da mutuwar Alexander III a 1286 ya sami gagarumin canje-canje da ci gaba a Scotland.A wannan lokacin, Scotland ta sami kwanciyar hankali da kyakkyawar dangantaka da masarautar Ingila, duk da cewa sarakunan Scotland sun kasance masu yi wa sarakunan Ingila hidima.David I ya ƙaddamar da gyare-gyare masu yawa waɗanda suka canza Scotland.Ya kafa burghs da yawa, waɗanda suka zama cibiyoyin birni na farko a Scotland, kuma ya haɓaka feudalism, wanda aka yi daidai da ayyukan Faransanci da Ingilishi.Wannan zamanin ya ga "Europeanization" na Scotland, tare da sanya ikon sarauta akan yawancin ƙasar zamani da raguwar al'adun Gaelic na gargajiya.Sarakunan Scotland sun ƙara kallon kansu a matsayin Faransanci a ɗabi'a da al'adu, yanayin da ke nunawa a cikin gidajensu da waɗanda suka yi ritaya, waɗanda galibi masu magana da Faransanci ne.Sau da yawa an fuskanci tirjiya daga dorawa sarautar.Muhimman tawayen sun haɗa da waɗanda Óengus na Moray ya jagoranta, da Somhairle Mac Gille Brighdhe, da Fergus na Galloway, da MacWilliams, waɗanda suka nemi neman sarautar.Wadannan tawaye sun gamu da mugun danniya, gami da kashe magajin MacWilliam na karshe, wata jaririya, a shekara ta 1230.Duk da wadannan rikice-rikice, sarakunan Scotland sun yi nasarar fadada yankinsu.Manyan mutane kamar Uilleam, Mormaer na Ross, da Alan, Ubangijin Galloway, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa tasirin Scotland zuwa cikin Hebrides da tekun yamma.Ta Yarjejeniyar Perth a cikin 1266, Scotland ta mamaye Hebrides daga Norway, wanda ke nuna babbar riba ta yanki.Haɗuwar sarakunan Gaelic cikin rukunin Scotland ya ci gaba, tare da ƙawance da auratayya da ke ƙarfafa masarautar Scotland.Mormaers na Lennox da Campbells misalai ne na sarakunan Gaelic da aka haɗa cikin daular Scotland.Wannan lokaci na fadadawa da ƙarfafawa ya kafa matakan da za a yi don yakin 'yancin kai na gaba.Ƙarfafa ƙarfi da tasirin sarakunan Gaelic a yamma, irin su Robert the Bruce, ɗan Gaelicised Scoto-Norman daga Carrick, zai zama ginshiƙai a gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai na Scotland bayan mutuwar Alexander III.

Mutuwar Sarki Alexander III a shekara ta 1286 da kuma rasuwar jikarsa kuma magajinsa, Margaret, Maid of Norway, a shekara ta 1290, ya bar Scotland ba tare da wani wanda zai gaje shi ba, wanda ya sa abokan hamayya 14 suka fafata a kan karagar mulki.Don hana yakin basasa, ’yan sandan Scotland sun bukaci Edward I na Ingila ya sasanta.A sakamakon hukuncinsa, Edward ya fitar da amincewar doka cewa an gudanar da Scotland a matsayin abin dogaro na Ingila.Ya zaɓi John Balliol, wanda ya fi ƙarfin da'awar, a matsayin sarki a 1292. Robert Bruce, Ubangiji na 5 na Annandale kuma na gaba mafi ƙarfi da'awar, ya yarda da wannan sakamakon.Edward I a tsanake ya gurgunta ikon Sarki John da 'yancin kai na Scotland.A cikin 1295, Sarki John ya shiga cikin Auld Alliance tare da Faransa, wanda ya tunzura Edward ya mamaye Scotland a 1296 kuma ya kore shi.Juriya ta fito a cikin 1297 lokacin da William Wallace da Andrew de Moray suka ci sojojin Ingila a yakin Stirling Bridge .Wallace ya mulki Scotland a takaice a matsayin Guardian da sunan John Balliol har sai da Edward ya ci shi a yakin Falkirk a 1298. An kama Wallace kuma aka kashe shi a 1305.Abokan hamayya John Comyn da Robert the Bruce an nada masu kula da hadin gwiwa.Ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1306, Bruce ya kashe Comyn a Greyfriars Kirk a Dumfries kuma an nada shi sarki makonni bakwai bayan haka.Duk da haka, sojojin Edward sun ci Bruce a yakin Methven, wanda ya kai ga korar Bruce daga Paparoma Clement V. A hankali, goyon bayan Bruce ya karu, kuma a shekara ta 1314, ƙauyukan Bothwell da Stirling ne kawai suka kasance a ƙarƙashin ikon Ingilishi.Sojojin Bruce sun ci Edward II a yakin Bannockburn a 1314, suna tabbatar da 'yancin kai ga Scotland.A cikin 1320, Sanarwar Arbroath ta taimaka wajen shawo kan Paparoma John XXII don gane ikon mallakar Scotland.Cikakken majalisar farko na Scotland, wanda ya ƙunshi Gidajen Uku (masu daraja, limaman coci, da kwamishinonin burgh), sun hadu a 1326. A cikin 1328, Yarjejeniyar Edinburgh-Northampton ta sanya hannu ta Edward III, tare da amincewa da 'yancin kai na Scotland karkashin Robert Bruce.Koyaya, bayan mutuwar Robert a 1329, Ingila ta sake mamayewa, tana ƙoƙarin sanya Edward Balliol, ɗan John Balliol, a kan karagar Scotland.Duk da nasarorin da aka samu na farko, kokarin Ingilishi ya gaza saboda kakkarfar adawar Scotland karkashin jagorancin Sir Andrew Murray.Edward III ya rasa sha'awar dalilin Balliol saboda barkewar yakin shekaru dari .David II, ɗan Robert, ya dawo daga gudun hijira a 1341, kuma Balliol daga ƙarshe ya yi murabus a 1356, ya mutu a 1364. A ƙarshen yaƙe-yaƙe biyu, Scotland ta ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.

David II na Scotland ya mutu bai haihu ba a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1371 kuma Robert II ya gaje shi.Stewarts sun fadada tasirin su sosai a lokacin mulkin Robert II.An bai wa 'ya'yansa muhimman yankuna: Robert, ɗa na biyu da ya tsira, ya karɓi ƙwan kunne na Fife da Menteith;Alexander, ɗa na huɗu, ya sami Buchan da Ross;kuma David, ɗan fari daga auren Robert na biyu, ya sami Strathearn da Caithness.'Ya'yan Robert su ma sun kulla kawance ta hanyar aure tare da iyayengiji masu iko, suna ƙarfafa ikon Stewart.Wannan ginawa na ikon Stewart bai haifar da babban fushi a tsakanin manyan masu fada aji ba, kamar yadda sarki gaba daya bai yi barazana ga yankunansu ba.Dabarunsa na ba da iko ga ’ya’yansa maza da ’yan kunne sun sha bamban da tsarin da David II ya bi, wanda ya nuna tasiri a cikin shekaru goma na farko na mulkinsa.An maye gurbin Robert II a cikin 1390 da ɗansa John mai rashin lafiya, wanda ya ɗauki sunan sarauta Robert III.A lokacin mulkin Robert III daga 1390 zuwa 1406, ainihin iko ya kasance tare da ɗan'uwansa, Robert Stewart, Duke na Albany.A cikin 1402, mutuwar ɗan'uwa mai suna Robert III, David, Duke na Rothesay, mai yiwuwa Duke na Albany ya shirya, ya bar Robert III tsoro don kare lafiyar ɗansa James.A shekara ta 1406, Robert III ya aika James zuwa Faransa don kare lafiyarsa, amma Ingilishi ya kama shi a hanya kuma ya shafe shekaru 18 na gaba a matsayin fursuna da aka tsare don fansa.Bayan mutuwar Robert III a 1406, masu mulki sun yi mulkin Scotland.Da farko, wannan shi ne Duke na Albany, kuma bayan mutuwarsa, dansa Murdoch ya karbi mulki.Sa’ad da Scotland ta biya fansa a shekara ta 1424, James, ɗan shekara 32, ya dawo tare da amaryarsa Bature, ya ƙudura ya ba da ikonsa.Bayan dawowarsa, James I ya kashe wasu membobin gidan Albany don daidaita iko a hannun kambi.Duk da haka, ƙoƙarinsa na ƙarfafa ikon ya haifar da karuwar rashin amincewa, wanda ya ƙare a kashe shi a 1437.

Farkon karni na 15 wani lokaci ne mai sauyi a tarihin Scotland, wanda zamanin James I da James II ke yiwa alama.Waɗannan sarakunan sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayin siyasa, ta hanyar gyare-gyaren cikin gida da yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja.Ayyukan nasu sun nuna manyan jigogi na ikon sarauta, rikice-rikice na feudal, da ƙarfafa ikon tsakiya, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a ci gaban ƙasar Scotland.An yi garkuwa da James I a Ingila daga 1406 zuwa 1424 a lokacin wani gagarumin rashin zaman lafiya a Scotland.A lokacin da yake tsare a gidan yari, kasar ta kasance karkashin masu mulki, kuma kungiyoyi masu daraja sun yi ta neman mulki, lamarin da ya kara ta’azzara kalubalen mulki.Bayan dawowarsa, za a iya ganin ƙudirin James I na tabbatar da ikon sarauta a matsayin wani babban yunƙuri na daidaitawa da ƙarfafa masarautar Scotland.Daurin da aka yi masa ya ba shi haske game da tsarin mulkin Ingilishi na tsakiya, wanda ya nemi yin koyi da shi a Scotland.James I ya aiwatar da gyare-gyare da yawa don haɓaka ikon sarauta da kuma rage tasirin masu iko.Wannan lokacin ya kasance da jujjuyawar zuwa ga gwamnati mai matsakaicin ƙarfi, tare da ƙoƙarin daidaita gudanarwa, inganta adalci, da haɓaka manufofin kasafin kuɗi.Waɗannan gyare-gyaren sun kasance masu mahimmanci don kafa daula mai ƙarfi, mafi inganci mai ikon tafiyar da daula mai rarrafe kuma galibi mai cike da tashin hankali.Mulkin James II (1437-1460) ya ci gaba da ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ikon sarauta, amma kuma ya nuna ƙalubale na iyalai masu daraja, irin su Douglases.Gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin James II da dangin Douglas wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci a cikin tarihin Scotland, yana kwatanta rikice-rikicen da ke gudana tsakanin kambi da masu sarauta.Douglases, tare da ɗimbin filayensu da albarkatun soja, suna wakiltar babbar barazana ga ikon sarki.Yakin soja na James II a kan Douglases, ciki har da gagarumin rikici da ya ƙare a yakin Arkinholm a 1455, ba kawai na sirri ba ne kawai amma mahimman fadace-fadace don daidaita iko.Ta hanyar kayar da Douglases da sake rarraba ƙasashensu ga magoya bayansa masu aminci, James II ya raunana tsarin feudal wanda ya dade yana mamaye siyasar Scotland.Wannan nasara ta taimaka wajen karkatar da ma'auni na iko da karfi don goyon bayan sarauta.A cikin mafi girman mahallin tarihin Scotland, ayyukan James I da James II sun kasance wani ɓangare na ci gaba da tsarin tsakiya da gina ƙasa.Ƙoƙarin da suka yi na tauye ikon manyan mutane da ƙarfafa ikon gudanarwa na kambi sune muhimman matakai a cikin juyin halittar Scotland daga al'ummar feudal zuwa wata ƙasa ta zamani.Waɗannan gyare-gyare sun kafa tushen tushen masarautu na gaba don ci gaba da aiwatar da tsarin tsakiya kuma sun taimaka wajen tsara yanayin tarihin Scotland.Haka kuma, lokacin daga 1406 zuwa 1460 yana nuna sarkakiyar rayuwar siyasar Scotland, inda iyalai masu daraja suka ci gaba da kalubalantar ikon sarki.Nasarar da James I da James II suka samu wajen tabbatar da ikon sarauta da rage tasirin manyan mutane na da matukar muhimmanci wajen sauya yanayin siyasar Scotland, wanda zai ba da hanyar samun dunkulewar masarautu.

Golf yana da tarihin tarihi a Scotland, wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa azaman wurin haifuwar wasan zamani.Asalin wasan golf a Scotland ana iya gano shi tun farkon karni na 15.Rubutun farko na wasan golf ya bayyana a shekara ta 1457, lokacin da Sarki James II ya hana wasan saboda yana jan hankalin Scots daga yin harbin kiba, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga tsaron ƙasa.Duk da irin wannan haramcin, shaharar golf ta ci gaba da girma.

Marigayi na 15th da farkon 16th sun kasance mahimmanci a tarihin Scotland, wanda aka yiwa alama ta mulkin James III da James IV.Waɗannan lokuttan sun ga ci gaba da rikice-rikice na cikin gida da ƙoƙarin daidaitawa, da kuma ci gaban al'adu da burin soja waɗanda ke da tasiri mai dorewa a masarautar Scotland.James III ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1460 yana yaro, kuma mulkinsa na farko ya mamaye shi saboda kuruciyarsa.Yayin da yake girma kuma ya fara yin amfani da ikonsa, James III ya fuskanci kalubale masu mahimmanci daga manyan mutane.Mulkinsa yana da rikice-rikice na cikin gida, wanda galibi ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarinsa na tabbatar da ikon sarauta akan iyalai masu daraja.Ba kamar magabatansa ba, James III ya yi ƙoƙari don kula da ikonsa, wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa da tashin hankali.Rashin ikon James III na gudanar da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu daraja yadda ya kamata ya haifar da tashin hankali da yawa.Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine tawayen da ɗansa mai jiran gado James IV ya jagoranta a cikin 1488. Tawayen ya ƙare a yakin Sauchieburn, inda James III ya ci nasara kuma aka kashe shi.Ana iya ganin faduwar tasa a matsayin sakamakon gazawarsa wajen tabbatar da mulki da gudanar da muradun masu fada a ji, wanda ya kasance batu mai daure kai a siyasar Scotland.Sabanin haka, James IV, wanda ya hau gadon sarauta bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ya kawo lokacin kwanciyar hankali da ci gaban al'adu ga Scotland.James IV sarki ne na Renaissance, wanda aka sani da taimakon fasaha da kimiyya.Mulkinsa ya ga bunƙasa al'adun Scotland, tare da ci gaba a cikin adabi, gine-gine, da ilimi.Ya kafa Royal College of Surgeons kuma ya goyi bayan kafa Jami'ar Aberdeen, yana nuna jajircewarsa na koyo da raya al'adu.Mulkin James IV kuma ya kasance alama ce ta manyan ayyukan soji, a ciki da wajen Scotland.A cikin gida, ya nemi tabbatar da ikonsa a kan tsaunuka da tsibirai, tare da ci gaba da kokarin magabata na ganin an tsaurara matakan tsaro a wadannan yankuna.Burin sojansa ya wuce iyakar Scotland ma.Ya nemi faɗaɗa tasirin Scotland a Turai, musamman ta hanyar ƙawancensa da Faransa da Ingila , wani ɓangare na babbar ƙungiyar Auld Alliance.Wannan ƙawance da jajircewar James IV na tallafa wa Faransa sun kai ga bala’in yaƙin Flodden da aka yi a shekara ta 1513. A martanin da turancin Ingilishi ya yi wa Faransa, James IV ya mamaye arewacin Ingila, sai dai ya fuskanci wani shiri mai kyau na sojojin Ingila.Yaƙin Flodden ya kasance mummunan shan kashi ga Scotland, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar James IV da yawancin sarakunan Scotland.Wannan rashi ba wai kawai ya ruguza shugabancin Scotland ba har ma ya bar kasar cikin mawuyacin hali da bakin ciki.

Tsakanin 1513 zuwa 1567 wani lokaci ne mai mahimmanci a tarihin Scotland, wanda mulkin James V da Maryamu, Sarauniyar Scots suka mamaye.Waɗannan shekarun an yi su ne da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce don ƙarfafa ikon sarauta, ƙawancen aure, rikice-rikice na addini, da kuma rikice-rikice na siyasa.Ayyuka da kalubalen da waɗannan sarakuna suka fuskanta sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yanayin siyasa da addini na Scotland.James V, ya hau kan karagar mulki tun yana jariri bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, James IV, a yakin Flodden a shekara ta 1513, ya fuskanci babban aiki na karfafa ikon sarauta a masarautar da ke cike da bangarori masu daraja da kuma barazana daga waje.A lokacin 'yan tsiraru, Scotland ta kasance karkashin jagorancin masu mulki, wanda ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da gwagwarmayar iko a tsakanin manyan mutane.Lokacin da ya karɓi cikakken iko a cikin 1528, James V ya fara ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙin neman zaɓe don ƙarfafa ikon sarauta da rage tasirin manyan mutane.Ƙoƙarin da James V ya yi na ƙarfafa iko ya haɗa da jerin matakan da nufin daidaita harkokin mulki da kuma hana cin gashin kansa na iyalai masu daraja.Ya kara kudin shiga na sarauta ta hanyar sanya haraji da kwace filaye daga hannun manyan masu tawaye.James V ya kuma nemi inganta tsarin shari'a, yana mai da shi mafi inganci da rashin son kai, don haka ya kara tasirin sarauta a cikin kananan hukumomi.Aurensa da Maryamu na Guise a 1538 ya ƙara ƙarfafa matsayinsa, ya daidaita Scotland da Faransa da kuma ƙarfafa matsayinsa na siyasa.Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarin, mulkin James V yana cike da ƙalubale.Sarkin ya ci gaba da fuskantar turjiya daga manyan manya wadanda ba su son barin gata na gargajiya.Bugu da ƙari, manufofinsa na haraji mai tsanani da kuma ƙoƙarin tabbatar da adalci na sarauta yakan haifar da tashin hankali.Mutuwar James V a 1542, bayan cin nasarar Scotland a yakin Solway Moss, ya jefa mulkin cikin wani lokaci na rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.Mutuwar tasa ta bar ’yar jaririyarsa, Maryamu, Sarauniyar Scots, a matsayin magajinsa, ta haifar da wani yanayi na iko wanda ya tsananta rikice-rikice na bangaranci.Maryamu, Sarauniyar Scots, ta gaji sarauta mai cike da tashin hankali kuma mulkinta ya yi alama da jerin abubuwa masu ban mamaki waɗanda suka shafi Scotland sosai.An taso a Faransa kuma ta auri Dauphin, wanda ya zama Francis II na Faransa, Maryamu ta koma Scotland sa’ad da take matashiya gwauruwa a shekara ta 1561. Sarautar ta yana da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na kewaya yanayin siyasa da addini na lokacin.Ɗaukakawar Furotesta ta kama a Scotland, wanda ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Katolika da Furotesta.Auren Maryamu da Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a shekara ta 1565 an fara nufin ƙarfafa da'awarta ga kursiyin Ingilishi.Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta yi sauri da sauri, wanda ya haifar da jerin tarzoma da rikice-rikice na siyasa, ciki har da kisan Darnley a 1567. Maryamu ta biyo baya da James Hepburn, Earl na Bothwell, wanda ake zargi da hannu a mutuwar Darnley, ya kara lalata siyasarta. goyon baya.Rikicin addini ya kasance ƙalubale mai tsayi a lokacin sarautar Maryamu.A matsayinta na sarkin Katolika a ƙasar Furotesta da ke da rinjaye, ta fuskanci babban hamayya daga manyan Furotesta da masu kawo gyara, ciki har da John Knox, wanda ya yi adawa da manufofinta da bangaskiyarta.Tashin hankali tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Katolika da na Furotesta ya haifar da ci gaba da tashin hankali da gwagwarmayar iko.Mulkin Maryamu mai cike da tashin hankali ya ƙare a cikin tilastawa ta tilastawa a 1567 don goyon bayan ɗanta, James VI, da ɗaurin kurkuku.Ta gudu zuwa Ingila don neman kariya daga dan uwanta, Elizabeth I, amma a maimakon haka an daure ta tsawon shekaru 19 saboda tsoron tasirinta na Katolika da kuma ikirarin sarautar Ingila.Saukar da Maryamu ta yi ya kawo ƙarshen babi mai cike da hargitsi a tarihin Scotland, wanda ke tattare da tsananin rikicin siyasa da na addini.

A cikin karni na 16, Scotland ta sami sauye-sauye na Furotesta, yana mai da cocin ƙasa zuwa Kirk na Calvin mai rinjaye tare da hangen Presbyterian, yana rage ikon bishop sosai.A farkon karni, koyarwar Martin Luther da John Calvin sun fara tasiri a Scotland, musamman ta hanyar malaman Scotland da suka yi karatu a jami'o'in Nahiyar.An kashe wani mai wa'azin Lutheran Patrick Hamilton da laifin bidi'a a St. Andrews a shekara ta 1528. Kisan George Wishart, wanda Zwingli ya rinjaye shi, a 1546 bisa umarnin Cardinal Beaton, ya kara fusata Furotesta.Magoya bayan Wishart sun kashe Beaton ba da jimawa ba kuma suka kwace Castle St. Andrews.An gudanar da ginin na tsawon shekara guda kafin a ci nasara da shi tare da taimakon Faransa.Wadanda suka tsira, ciki har da limamin cocin John Knox, an yanke musu hukuncin zama bayin galey a Faransa, wanda ya haifar da fushi ga Faransawa da ƙirƙirar shahidan Furotesta.Iyakancin haƙuri da kuma tasirin ƴan gudun hijirar Scots da Furotesta a ƙasashen waje sun sauƙaƙe yaduwar Furotesta a Scotland.A cikin 1557, ƙungiyar lards, da aka sani da Lords of the Congregation, sun fara wakiltar bukatun Furotesta a siyasance.Rushewar kawancen Faransa da shiga tsakani na Ingilishi a shekara ta 1560 ya ba wa ’yan kananan gungun Furotesta damar aiwatar da gyare-gyare a cocin Scotland.A waccan shekarar, Majalisar ta amince da ikirari na bangaskiya wanda ya ƙi ikon Paparoma da taro, yayin da matashiyar Maryamu, Sarauniyar Scots, ta kasance a Faransa.John Knox, wanda ya tsere daga guraren jirgin kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Calvin a Geneva, ya fito a matsayin babban jigo na gyarawa.A ƙarƙashin rinjayar Knox, Kirk da aka gyara ya ɗauki tsarin Presbyterian kuma ya watsar da yawancin hadisai na coci na tsakiyar zamani.Sabuwar Kirk ta ba da ikon lards na gida, waɗanda galibi ke sarrafa alƙawuran malamai.Kodayake iconoclam ya faru a ko'ina, gabaɗaya yana cikin tsari.Duk da yawan mabiya darikar Katolika, musamman a tsaunuka da tsibirai, Kirk ya fara aiwatar da juzu'i da ƙarfafawa a hankali tare da ɗan ƙaramin tsanantawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran sauye-sauye na Turai.Mata sun taka rawar gani sosai a cikin sha'awar addini na wannan zamani.Ƙaunar daidaito da roƙon tunanin Calvinism ya ja hankalin maza da mata.Masanin tarihi Alasdair Raffe ya lura cewa maza da mata an yi la'akari daidai da yiwuwar kasancewa cikin zaɓaɓɓu, da haɓaka dangantaka ta kud da kud tsakanin jinsi da tsakanin ma'aurata.Matan mata sun sami sabbin ayyuka na addini, musamman a cikin al'ummomin addu'o'i, wanda ke nuna gagarumin sauyi a harkokinsu na addini da tasirin al'umma.

Ƙungiyar Crowns ita ce hawan James VI na Scotland zuwa gadon sarautar Ingila a matsayin James I, tare da haɗin kan dauloli biyu a ƙarƙashin sarki ɗaya a ranar 24 ga Maris 1603. Wannan ya biyo bayan mutuwar Elizabeth I ta Ingila, sarkin Tudor na ƙarshe.Ƙungiyar ta kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi, tare da Ingila da Scotland sun kasance sassa daban-daban duk da ƙoƙarin James na ƙirƙirar sabon kursiyin sarauta.Masarautun biyu sun yi tarayya da wani sarki wanda ya jagoranci manufofinsu na cikin gida da na waje har zuwa Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta 1707, sai dai a lokacin mulkin jamhuriya a cikin 1650s lokacin da Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth ya haɗa su na ɗan lokaci.A farkon karni na 16 na auren James IV na Scotland zuwa Margaret Tudor, Henry VII na 'yar Ingila, an yi niyya don kawo karshen tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummomi kuma ya kawo Stuarts a cikin layin Ingila.Duk da haka, wannan zaman lafiya bai daɗe ba, tare da sabbin tashe-tashen hankula irin su Yaƙin Flodden a 1513. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, da layin Tudor ya kusa ƙarewa, James VI na Scotland ya zama magaji mafi karɓuwa ga Elizabeth I.Daga 1601, 'yan siyasar Ingila, musamman Sir Robert Cecil, sun yi rubutu da James a asirce don tabbatar da samun nasara.Bayan mutuwar Elizabeth a ranar 24 ga Maris 1603, an yi shelar James sarki a Landan ba tare da nuna rashin amincewa ba.Ya yi tafiya zuwa Landan, inda aka karbe shi cikin farin ciki, ko da yake ya koma Scotland sau ɗaya kawai, a cikin 1617.Burin James na a nada shi Sarkin Biritaniya ya fuskanci turjiya daga majalisar dokokin Ingila, wadda ta ki amincewa da hadewar masarautun biyu gaba daya.Duk da haka, James ba tare da izini ba ya ɗauki lakabin Sarkin Burtaniya a 1604, kodayake wannan bai gamu da ɗan sha'awar duka majalisun Ingilishi da na Scotland ba.A cikin 1604, majalisun biyu sun nada kwamishinoni don gano wata cikakkiyar ƙungiya.Hukumar Tarayyar ta sami ɗan ci gaba kan batutuwa kamar dokokin kan iyaka, kasuwanci, da zama ɗan ƙasa.Duk da haka, ciniki cikin 'yanci da daidaiton haƙƙin sun kasance cikin gardama, tare da fargabar barazanar aiki daga Scots ɗin ƙaura zuwa Ingila.Matsayin shari'a na waɗanda aka haifa bayan Ƙungiyar, wanda aka sani da post nati, an yanke shawara a cikin Case Calvin (1608), yana ba da haƙƙin mallaka ga duk batutuwan sarki a ƙarƙashin dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi.Masu fada a ji na Scotland sun nemi mukamai masu girma a cikin gwamnatin Ingila, galibi suna fuskantar zagi da izgili daga sarakunan Ingila.Har ila yau, tunanin Anti-Ingilishi ya girma a Scotland, tare da ayyukan adabi da ke sukar Ingilishi.A shekara ta 1605, ya bayyana a fili cewa samun cikakkiyar haɗin gwiwa ba zai yiwu ba saboda taurin kai, kuma James ya watsar da ra'ayin a lokacin, yana fatan cewa lokaci zai warware matsalolin.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na masarautu uku, waɗanda aka fi sani da Yaƙin Basasa na Biritaniya, sun fara da tashin hankali a farkon mulkin Charles I. Rigingimu na siyasa da na addini sun kunno kai a Ingila , Scotland, da Ireland , duk ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a ƙarƙashin mulkin Charles.Charles ya yi imani da ikon allahntaka na sarakuna, wanda ya ci karo da yunƙurin da 'yan majalisar suka yi na samun sarautar tsarin mulki.Rigingimun addini su ma sun yi kaca-kaca, tare da Turawan Ingilishi da Masu Wa'adi na Scotland suna adawa da sauye-sauyen Anglican na Charles, yayin da Katolika Katolika na Ireland suka nemi kawo karshen nuna wariya da kuma babban mulkin kai.Hatsarin ya kunno kai a Scotland tare da Yakin Bishof na 1639-1640, inda masu alkawari suka yi adawa da yunƙurin Charles na tilasta ayyukan Anglican.Da samun iko da Scotland, sai suka yi tattaki zuwa arewacin Ingila, inda suka kafa misali na ci gaba da rikici.A lokaci guda, a cikin 1641, Katolika na Irish sun kaddamar da tawaye ga mazauna Furotesta, wanda ya shiga cikin rikici na kabilanci da yakin basasa.A Ingila, gwagwarmaya ta zo kan gaba a watan Agusta 1642, tare da barkewar yakin basasa na farko na Ingila .Masu sarauta, masu biyayya ga sarki, sun yi arangama da 'yan majalisa da abokansu na Scotland.A shekara ta 1646, Charles ya mika wuya ga Scots, amma rashin amincewarsa ya haifar da sabon fada a yakin basasa na Ingila na biyu na 1648. 'Yan majalisa, karkashin jagorancin New Model Army, sun ci nasara da 'yan sarakuna da kuma wani bangare na magoya bayan Scotland da aka sani da suna . Masu shiga'Yan majalisar, sun yanke shawarar kawo karshen mulkin Charles, sun wanke majalisar daga magoya bayansa kuma suka kashe sarki a cikin Janairu 1649, alamar kafa Commonwealth na Ingila.Oliver Cromwell ya fito a matsayin jigon tsakiya, wanda ya jagoranci yakin neman cin galaba a Ireland da Scotland.Sojojin Commonwealth sun kasance marasa tausayi, suna kwace filayen Katolika a Ireland tare da murkushe juriya.Mulkin Cromwell ya kafa jamhuriya a fadin Tsibirin Biritaniya, tare da gwamnonin soja da ke mulkin Scotland da Ireland.Duk da haka, wannan lokaci na haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin Commonwealth yana cike da tashin hankali da tayar da hankali.Mutuwar Cromwell a 1658 ta jefa Commonwealth cikin rashin zaman lafiya, kuma Janar George Monck ya yi tattaki daga Scotland zuwa Landan, inda ya share hanyar Maido da sarauta.A cikin 1660, an gayyaci Charles II ya dawo a matsayin sarki, wanda ke nuna ƙarshen Commonwealth da Wars of the Three Kingdom.An maido da sarauta, amma rikice-rikicen sun yi tasiri mai dorewa.An soke haƙƙin allahntaka na sarakuna yadda ya kamata, kuma rashin amincewa da mulkin soja ya yi zurfi cikin wayewar Birtaniyya.An canza yanayin siyasa har abada, wanda ya kafa tsarin mulkin mulkin tsarin mulki da ka'idodin dimokiradiyya da za su fito a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa.

Juyin juya halin daukaka a Scotland wani bangare ne na juyin juya halin 1688 wanda ya maye gurbin James VII da II tare da 'yarsa Mary II da mijinta William III a matsayin sarakunan hadin gwiwa na Scotland da Ingila.Duk da raba sarauta, Scotland da Ingila sun kasance ƙungiyoyin shari'a daban-daban, kuma yanke shawara a ɗayan bai ɗaure ɗayan ba.Juyin juya halin ya tabbatar da ikon majalisa akan Crown kuma ya kafa Cocin Scotland a matsayin Presbyterian.James ya zama sarki a shekara ta 1685 tare da goyon baya mai yawa, amma Katolika yana da rikici.Lokacin da Majalisun Ingila da Scotland suka ƙi cire takunkumin da aka yi wa Katolika, James ya yi hukunci da doka.Haihuwar magajin Katolika a 1688 ya haifar da rikice-rikice na jama'a.Ƙungiyoyin 'yan siyasar Ingila sun gayyaci William na Orange don shiga tsakani, kuma a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1688, William ya sauka a Ingila.James ya tsere zuwa Faransa a ranar 23 ga Disamba.Duk da ƙarancin shigar Scotland cikin gayyatar farko ga William, Scots sun yi fice a bangarorin biyu.Majalisar masu zaman kansu ta Scotland ta nemi William da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki har zuwa lokacin da wani taron Estates, wanda ya hadu a cikin Maris 1689 don sasanta lamarin.An ayyana William da Maryamu sarakunan haɗin gwiwa na Ingila a watan Fabrairu 1689, kuma an yi irin wannan tsari ga Scotland a watan Maris.Yayin da juyin juya halin ya kasance cikin sauri kuma ba shi da jini a Ingila, Scotland ta fuskanci tashin hankali.Yunƙurin goyon bayan Yaƙub ya haifar da asarar rayuka, kuma Yaƙub ya ci gaba a matsayin ƙarfin siyasa.Yarjejeniyar Scotland ta bayyana cewa James ya rasa kursiyin a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1689, kuma Dokar Dama ta kafa ikon majalisa akan masarauta.Manyan mutane a sabuwar gwamnatin Scotland sun hada da Lord Melville da Earl of Stair.Majalisar ta fuskanci takun saka kan batutuwan addini da siyasa amma daga karshe ta soke Episcopacy a cikin Cocin Scotland kuma ta sami iko kan tsarinta na majalisa.Matsakaicin addini ya kasance mai rikici, tare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Presbyterians sun mamaye Babban Taro tare da cire fiye da 200 masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ministocin Episcopal.William yayi ƙoƙari ya daidaita haƙuri tare da larurar siyasa, yana maido da wasu ministocin da suka karɓe shi a matsayin sarki.Juriya na Yakubu ya ci gaba, karkashin jagorancin Viscount Dundee, amma an kashe shi sosai bayan yakin Killiecrankie da yakin Cromdale.Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta a Scotland ya tabbatar da mulkin Presbyterian da ikon majalisa, amma ya raba Episcopalians da yawa kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga tashin hankalin Yakubu.A cikin dogon lokaci, waɗannan rikice-rikice sun ba da hanya ga Ayyukan Ƙungiyar a cikin 1707, samar da Birtaniya da kuma warware batutuwan maye gurbin da haɗin kai na siyasa.

Tashin Yakubu na 1689 ya kasance babban rikici a tarihin Scotland, da farko ya yi yaƙi a tsaunuka, da nufin maido da James VII kan karagar mulki bayan juyin juya halin daukaka na 1688. Wannan boren shine farkon ƙoƙarin da Yakubuiyawa da yawa na sake dawo da mulkin mallaka. Gidan Stuart, wanda ya mamaye ƙarshen karni na 18.James VII, ɗan Katolika, ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1685 tare da goyon baya da yawa, duk da addininsa.Mulkinsa ya yi ta cece-kuce, musamman a Ingila da Scotland.Manufofinsa da haihuwar magajin Katolika a 1688 sun sa mutane da yawa suka ƙi shi, wanda ya kai ga gayyatar William na Orange don shiga tsakani.William ya sauka a Ingila a watan Nuwamba 1688, kuma James ya gudu zuwa Faransa a watan Disamba.A watan Fabrairun 1689, an ayyana William da Maryamu sarakunan haɗin gwiwa na Ingila.A Scotland, lamarin ya kasance mai sarkakiya.An kira taron na Scotland a watan Maris na 1689, wanda Presbyterians da aka kora suka rinjayi rinjaye da suka yi hamayya da James.Sa’ad da Yaƙub ya aika wasiƙa yana bukatar a yi biyayya, hakan ya ƙarfafa hamayya ne kawai.Yarjejeniyar ta kawo karshen mulkin James kuma ya tabbatar da ikon Majalisar Dokokin Scotland.Tashin ya fara a ƙarƙashin John Graham, Viscount Dundee, wanda ya haɗu da dangin Highland.Duk da gagarumar nasara a Killiecrankie a watan Yuli 1689, an kashe Dundee, yana raunana Yakubu.Magajinsa, Alexander Cannon, ya yi gwagwarmaya saboda rashin wadata da rarrabuwa na cikin gida.Manyan rikice-rikice sun haɗa da kewaye Blair Castle da yakin Dunkeld, dukansu sun tabbatar da rashin dacewa ga Yakubu.Sojojin gwamnati, karkashin jagorancin Hugh Mackay da kuma Thomas Livingstone, sun tarwatsa sansanonin 'yan kabilar Yakubu bisa tsari.Mummunan shan kashi na sojojin Yakubu a Cromdale a watan Mayu 1690 ya nuna ƙarshen tawayen.Rikicin ya ƙare a ƙa'ida tare da Kisan Glencoe a watan Fabrairun 1692, bayan tattaunawar da ba ta yi nasara ba da ƙoƙarin tabbatar da amincin Highland.Wannan taron ya jaddada mummunan gaskiyar abubuwan da suka faru bayan tawaye.Bayan haka, dogara ga William ga goyon bayan Presbyterian ya haifar da kawar da bishop a cikin Cocin Scotland.Yawancin ministocin da aka kora daga baya an bar su baya, yayin da wani muhimmin bangare ya kafa Cocin Episcopal na Scotland, yana ci gaba da tallafawa abubuwan Jacobite a cikin tashin hankali na gaba.

Ayyukan Tarayyar na 1706 da 1707 sune manyan dokoki guda biyu da Majalisar Ingila da Scotland suka zartar, bi da bi.An tsara su don kawo masarautu guda biyu zuwa cikin tsarin siyasa guda ɗaya, wanda ya haifar da Masarautar Burtaniya.Hakan ya biyo bayan yerjejeniya ta tarayya, wadda kwamishinonin da ke wakiltar majalisun biyu suka amince da shi a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1706. Waɗannan Dokokin, waɗanda suka fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1707, sun haɗa Majalisar Dokokin Ingila da Scotland ta zama Majalisar Biritaniya, wadda ke a Fada. Westminster a London.An yi la'akari da ra'ayin haɗin kai tsakanin Ingila da Scotland tun daga Ƙungiyar Sarakuna a 1603, lokacin da James VI na Scotland ya gaji kursiyin Ingila a matsayin James I, wanda ya haɗa rawanin biyu a cikin mutum.Duk da burinsa na hade dauloli biyu zuwa masarautu daya, bambance-bambancen siyasa da na addini ya hana haduwa ta gari.Ƙoƙarin farko a 1606, 1667, da 1689 don ƙirƙirar ƙasa ɗaya ta hanyar ayyukan majalisa ya ci tura.Sai a farkon karni na 18, yanayin siyasa na kasashen biyu ya zama mai kyau ga hadin kai, kowannensu yana da dalilai daban-daban.Bayanan baya ga Ayyukan Ƙungiyar ya kasance mai sarkakiya.Kafin 1603, Scotland da Ingila suna da sarakuna daban-daban kuma galibi suna da sabani.Shigar James VI zuwa kursiyin Ingilishi ya kawo ƙungiyar sirri amma ya kiyaye tsarin doka da na siyasa daban.Burin James na samun dunkulewar masarautu ya gamu da turjiya daga majalisun biyu, musamman daga turawan Ingila wadanda ke tsoron mulkin kama karya.Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar coci guda ɗaya kuma ya ci tura, saboda bambance-bambancen addini tsakanin Cocin Calvin na Scotland da Cocin Episcopal na Ingila ya yi yawa.Yaƙe-yaƙe na masarautu uku (1639-1651) sun ƙara dagula dangantaka, tare da Scotland ta fito tare da gwamnatin Presbyterian bayan Yaƙin Bishof.Yaƙe-yaƙen basasa da suka biyo baya sun ga ƙungiyoyin ƙawance suna canjawa kuma sun ƙare a cikin Commonwealth na Oliver Cromwell, wanda ya haɗa ƙasashen na ɗan lokaci amma an narkar da shi tare da Maido da Charles II a 1660.Tashin hankali na tattalin arziki da siyasa ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 17.Tattalin arzikin Scotland ya shiga tsaka mai wuya ta Ayyukan Ayyukan Kewayawa na Ingilishi da yaƙe-yaƙe da Yaren mutanen Holland, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin yin shawarwarin sasantawa da bai yi nasara ba.Juyin Juyin Halitta na 1688, wanda ya ga William na Orange ya maye gurbin James VII, ya kara dagula dangantaka.Rushewar majalisar dokokin Scotland na Episcopacy a shekara ta 1690 ya nisantar da mutane da yawa, suna shuka iri na rarrabuwa wanda daga baya zai shafi muhawarar ƙungiyoyi.Marigayin 1690s ya kasance alama da matsananciyar wahalar tattalin arziki a Scotland, wanda makircin Darien ya fi muni, yunƙurin da aka yi na kafa mulkin mallaka na Scotland a Panama.Wannan gazawar ta gurgunta tattalin arzikin Scotland, inda ta haifar da rashin jin dadi wanda ya sa ra'ayin kungiyar ya fi jan hankali ga wasu.Yanayin siyasa ya cika don samun canji yayin da farfaɗowar tattalin arziƙin ya zama kamar yana da alaƙa da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da samun damar shiga kasuwannin Ingilishi.Farkon ƙarni na 18 ya ga sabon yunƙuri na ƙungiyar, wanda buƙatun tattalin arziƙi da dabarun siyasa ke motsawa.Dokar Alien ta 1705 ta Majalisar Ingila ta yi barazanar sanya takunkumi mai tsanani a kan Scotland sai dai idan ta shiga tattaunawar haɗin gwiwa.Wannan aikin, tare da ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙi da matsin lamba na siyasa, ya tura Majalisar Scotland zuwa yarjejeniya.Duk da babbar hamayya a Scotland, inda mutane da yawa suka ɗauki ƙungiyar a matsayin cin amana da manyansu suka yi, an zartar da Ayyukan Manzanni.'Yan kungiyar sun yi iƙirarin cewa haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki da Ingila na da mahimmanci ga ci gaban Scotland, yayin da masu adawa da haɗin gwiwar ke fargabar hasarar 'yancin kai da kuma durƙusar tattalin arziki.Daga karshe dai an kafa kungiyar, inda aka samar da kasa daya ta Biritaniya tare da majalisar dokokin kasa daya, wanda ke zama farkon sabon salon siyasa da tattalin arziki ga kasashen biyu.

Farfaɗowar Jacobitism, wanda rashin amincewar ƙungiyar ta 1707 ke jagoranta, ya ga yunƙurinsa na farko a 1708 lokacin da James Francis Edward Stuart, wanda aka fi sani da Tsohon Pretender, ya yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Biritaniya tare da jirgin Faransa na ɗauke da mutane 6,000.Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Masarautar ta dakile wannan hari, inda ta hana duk wani dakaru sauka.Ƙoƙari mafi girma ya biyo baya a cikin 1715 bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Anne da hawan George I, Sarkin Hanoverian na farko.Wannan boren, mai suna 'Goma sha biyar, ya shirya tawaye a lokaci guda a Wales, Devon, da Scotland.Sai dai kamen da gwamnati ta yi ya dakatar da shirin kudancin kasar.A Scotland, John Erskine, Earl na Mar, wanda aka fi sani da Bobbin' John, ya tara dangin Yakubu amma ya tabbatar da shugaba mara inganci.Mar ya kama Perth amma ya kasa wargaza kananan sojojin gwamnati karkashin Duke na Argyll a filin Stirling.Wasu daga cikin sojojin Mar sun hada karfi da karfe a arewacin Ingila da kudancin Scotland, inda suka fafata da kasar Ingila.Duk da haka, an ci su a yakin Preston, sun mika wuya a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1715. Ranar da ta gabata, Mar ya kasa cin nasara akan Argyll a yakin Sheriffmuir.James ya sauka a Scotland a makare kuma, ganin rashin bege na manufarsu, ya koma Faransa.Yunkurin Yakubu na gaba tare da tallafin Mutanen Espanya a cikin 1719 kuma ya ƙare cikin rashin nasara a Yaƙin Glen Shiel.A cikin 1745, wani tawaye na Yakubu, wanda aka sani da ' Arba'in da Biyar , ya fara lokacin da Charles Edward Stuart, matashin Pretender ko Bonnie Prince Charlie, ya sauka a tsibirin Erikay a cikin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru.Duk da rashin yarda da farko, dangi da yawa sun shiga tare da shi, kuma nasarorin da ya samu a farko sun hada da kama Edinburgh da cin nasarar sojojin gwamnati a yakin Prestonpans.Sojojin Yakubu sun ci gaba zuwa Ingila, sun kama Carlisle kuma suka isa Derby.Koyaya, ba tare da ingantaccen tallafin Ingilishi da fuskantar rundunonin Ingilishi guda biyu ba, shugabancin Jacobite ya koma Scotland.Arzikin Charles ya ragu yayin da magoya bayan Whig suka sake samun ikon Edinburgh.Bayan ya kasa daukar Stirling, ya koma arewa zuwa Inverness, wanda Duke na Cumberland ke binsa.Sojojin Yakubu, sun gaji, sun fuskanci Cumberland a Culloden ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1746, inda aka ci su da gaske.Charles ya ɓoye a Scotland har zuwa Satumba 1746, lokacin da ya tsere zuwa Faransa.Bayan wannan shan kaye, an yi wa magoya bayansa muguwar ramuwar gayya, kuma dalilin Yakubu ya rasa goyon bayan kasashen waje.An tilasta wa kotun da aka kora daga Faransa, kuma Tsohon Pretender ya mutu a shekara ta 1766. Matashin Pretender ya mutu ba tare da wata hujja ba a 1788, kuma ɗan'uwansa, Henry, Cardinal na York, ya mutu a 1807, yana nuna ƙarshen dalilin Yakubu.

Haskaka na Scotland, lokaci na ban mamaki na ilimi da na kimiyya a cikin 18th da farkon karni na 19 Scotland, an haɓaka shi ta hanyar ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa na ilimi da al'adar tattaunawa da muhawara.Zuwa karni na 18, Scotland ta yi alfahari da makarantun Ikklesiya a cikin Lowlands da jami'o'i biyar, suna haɓaka yanayi mai dacewa ga haɓaka hankali.Taro na hankali a wurare kamar The Select Society da The Poker Club a Edinburgh, da tattaunawa tsakanin tsoffin jami'o'in Scotland, sune tsakiyar wannan al'ada.Ƙaddamar da dalilin ɗan adam da shaida na ƙwaƙƙwara, masu tunani na Wayewar Scotland sun daraja haɓaka, nagarta, da fa'idodi masu amfani ga daidaikun mutane da al'umma.Wannan dabarar da ta dace ta haifar da ci gaba a fagage daban-daban, gami da falsafa, tattalin arzikin siyasa, injiniyanci, likitanci, ilimin ƙasa, da ƙari.Fitattun lambobi na wannan lokacin sun haɗa da David Hume, Adam Smith, James Hutton, da Joseph Black.Tasirin Haskawa ya wuce Scotland saboda yawan girmamawa ga nasarorin Scotland da yada ra'ayoyinsa ta hanyar mazaunan Scotland da daliban kasashen waje.Ƙungiyar 1707 tare da Ingila, wadda ta rushe Majalisar Dokokin Scotland amma ta bar shari'a, addini, da cibiyoyin ilimi, sun taimaka wajen samar da sabon ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ba da haske ga ci gaba.Tattalin arziki, Scotland ta fara rufe gibin arziki tare da Ingila bayan 1707.Haɓaka aikin gona da cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa, musamman tare da Amurka, sun haɓaka wadata, tare da fitowar Glasgow a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin taba.Bankin kuma ya fadada, tare da cibiyoyi kamar Bankin Scotland da Royal Bank of Scotland suna tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki.Tsarin ilimin Scotland ya taka muhimmiyar rawa.Cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantun Ikklesiya da jami'o'i biyar sun ba da tushe don haɓaka hankali.A ƙarshen karni na 17, yawancin yankunan Lowlands suna da makarantun Ikklesiya, kodayake Highlands sun ragu.Wannan hanyar sadarwar ilimi ta haɓaka imani ga motsin jama'a da karatu, tana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar hankali na Scotland.Haskakawa a Scotland ya ta'allaka ne akan littattafai da al'ummomin hankali.Kungiyoyi kamar The Select Society da The Poker Club a Edinburgh, da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa a Glasgow, sun haɓaka musayar hankali.Wannan hanyar sadarwa ta goyi bayan mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Calvinist, Newtonian, da 'tsara' al'adun da suka dace, mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban Haskakawa.Tunanin wayewar Scotland ya yi tasiri sosai ga yankuna daban-daban.Francis Hutcheson da George Turnbull sun kafa ginshiƙan falsafa, yayin da David Hume na empiricism da shakku suka tsara falsafar zamani.Haƙiƙanin Hankali na Thomas Reid ya nemi daidaita ci gaban kimiyya da imani na addini.Adabi sun bunƙasa tare da adadi kamar James Boswell, Allan Ramsay, da Robert Burns.Adam Smith na "The Wealth of Nations" ya aza harsashi ga tattalin arzikin zamani.Ci gaban ilimin zamantakewa da ilimin halin ɗan adam, wanda masu tunani irin su James Burnett suka jagoranta, sun bincika halayen ɗan adam da ci gaban al'umma.Ilimin kimiya da likitanci shima ya bunkasa.Mutane da yawa kamar Colin Maclaurin, William Cullen, da Joseph Black sun ba da gudummawa sosai.Ayyukan James Hutton a fannin ilmin ƙasa sun ƙalubalanci ra'ayoyi masu yawa game da shekarun duniya, kuma Edinburgh ya zama cibiyar ilimin likita.The Encyclopædia Britannica, wanda aka fara bugawa a Edinburgh, ya nuna alamar tasirin Haskakawa, ya zama muhimmin aikin bincike a duniya.Tasirin al'adu ya kai ga gine-gine, fasaha, da kiɗa, tare da masu gine-gine kamar Robert Adam da masu fasaha kamar Allan Ramsay suna ba da gudummawa sosai.Tasirin Hasken Scottish ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 19, yana tasiri kimiyya, adabi, da ƙari na Biritaniya.Ra'ayoyin siyasarta sun yi tasiri ga Ubannin Kafa na Amurka, kuma falsafar Common Sense Realism ta tsara tunanin Amurkawa na karni na 19.

A Scotland, juyin juya halin masana'antu ya nuna gagarumin canji zuwa sabbin hanyoyin masana'antu da fadada tattalin arziki daga tsakiyar 18th zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.Ƙungiyar siyasa tsakanin Scotland da Ingila a 1707 ta kasance ta hanyar alƙawarin manyan kasuwanni da daular Biritaniya mai girma.Wannan kungiya ta karfafa gwiwar masu rike da mukamai don inganta aikin noma, tare da bullo da sabbin kayan amfanin gona da shinge, sannu a hankali tare da maye gurbin tsarin rungu na gargajiya.Ribar tattalin arzikin da kungiyar ta samu ya yi tafiyar hawainiya.Duk da haka, an sami ci gaba a fannoni kamar cinikin lilin da shanu da Ingila, samun kuɗin shiga daga aikin soja, da kuma bunƙasa kasuwancin taba da Glasgow ya mamaye bayan 1740. Riba daga cinikin Amurka ya sa 'yan kasuwar Glasgow su saka hannun jari a masana'antu daban-daban kamar su masaku, ƙarfe, ƙarfe, Kwal, sukari, da ƙari, wanda ya kafa tushen ci gaban masana'antu na birni bayan 1815.A cikin karni na 18, masana'antar lilin ita ce kan gaba a yankin Scotland, wanda ya kafa fagen sana'ar auduga, jute, da ulun nan gaba.Tare da goyon baya daga Kwamitin Amintattu, lankunan Scotland sun zama masu gasa a kasuwannin Amurka, waɗanda ƴan kasuwa ƴan kasuwa ke tafiyar da su waɗanda ke sarrafa duk matakan samarwa.Tsarin banki na Scotland, wanda aka sani da sassauci da kuzarinsa, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin saurin ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙarni na 19.Da farko, masana'antar auduga, wacce ke tsakiya a yamma, ta mamaye yanayin masana'antar Scotland.Duk da haka, rushewar yakin basasar Amurka na albarkatun auduga a cikin 1861 ya haifar da bambance-bambance.Ƙirƙirar fashewa mai zafi don narkewar ƙarfe na 1828 ya kawo sauyi ga masana'antar ƙarfe ta Scotland, ta tura Scotland ta zama muhimmiyar rawa a aikin injiniya, ginin jirgi, da samar da locomotive.A karshen karni na 19, samar da karfe ya maye gurbin samar da karfe.'Yan kasuwa na Scotland da injiniyoyi sun juya zuwa ga albarkatu masu yawa na kwal, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba a aikin injiniya, gine-gine, da kuma gine-gine, tare da karfe ya maye gurbin baƙin ƙarfe bayan 1870. Wannan bambancin ya kafa Scotland a matsayin cibiyar injiniya da masana'antu masu nauyi.Haƙar ma'adinan kwal ya ƙara zama mai mahimmanci, yana mai da gidaje, masana'antu, da injunan tururi, gami da mashinan tudun ruwa da jiragen ruwa.A shekara ta 1914, akwai masu hakar kwal 1,000,000 a Scotland.Ra'ayoyin farko sun zana abokan hamayyar Scotland a matsayin wawaye da keɓantacce a cikin jama'a, amma salon rayuwarsu, wanda ke da alaƙa da maza, daidaito, haɗin kai na rukuni, da goyon bayan ƙwazo, ya kasance irin na masu hakar ma'adinai a ko'ina.A shekara ta 1800, Scotland na daga cikin mafi yawan al'ummomin Turai.Glasgow, wanda aka fi sani da "Birni na Biyu na Daular" bayan London, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya.Dundee ya sabunta tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya zama babbar cibiyar masana'antu da kasuwanci.Ci gaban masana'antu cikin sauri ya kawo wadata da kalubale.Cunkoson jama'a, yawan mace-macen jarirai, da hauhawar cutar tarin fuka sun nuna rashin kyawun yanayin rayuwa saboda rashin isassun gidaje da kayayyakin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.Masu masana'antu da shirye-shiryen gwamnati sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta gidaje da tallafawa ayyukan taimakon kai a tsakanin ma'aikata.

Tsarin dangin Highland ya daɗe yana zama ƙalubale ga sarakunan Scotland, kafin ƙarni na 17.Ƙoƙarin James VI na tabbatar da iko ya haɗa da Dokokin Iona, wanda ke nufin haɗa shugabannin dangi cikin al'ummar Scotland.Wannan ya fara sauyi a hankali inda, a ƙarshen karni na 18, sarakunan dangi sun ɗauki kansu a matsayin masu gidaje na kasuwanci maimakon kakanni.Da farko, masu haya sun biya haya na kuɗi maimakon na-gida, kuma ƙarin haya ya zama mai yawa.A cikin 1710s, Dukes na Argyll sun fara yin gwanjon filaye, suna aiwatar da wannan gabaɗaya ta 1737, tare da maye gurbin ka'idar gargajiya ta dùthchas, wanda ke buƙatar sarakunan dangi su ba da ƙasa ga membobinsu.Wannan hangen nesa na kasuwanci ya bazu tsakanin manyan mutanen Highland amma masu haya ba su raba su.Haɗin kan sarakunan dangi cikin al'ummar Scotland da Biritaniya ya sa mutane da yawa tara basussuka masu yawa.Tun daga shekarun 1770s, rance a kan kadarori na Highland ya zama mai sauƙi, kuma masu ba da bashi, sau da yawa daga wajen tsaunukan tsaunuka, sun yi saurin ƙetare abubuwan da ba su dace ba.Wannan ɓarna na kuɗi ya haifar da siyar da gidaje da yawa na Highland tsakanin 1770 zuwa 1850, tare da kololuwar tallace-tallacen da ke faruwa a ƙarshen wannan lokacin.Tawayen Yakubu na 1745 ya nuna ɗan taƙaitaccen sake dawowa cikin mahimmancin soja na dangin Highland.Koyaya, bayan shan kashin da suka yi a Culloden, shugabannin dangi sun sake komawa cikin gaggawa zuwa masu mallakar gidaje.Wannan sauye-sauyen ya sami ci gaba ta hanyar ladabtarwa na bayan tawaye, kamar Dokar Hukunce-hukuncen gado na 1746, wanda ya canza ikon shari'a daga sarakunan dangi zuwa kotunan Scotland.Masanin tarihi TM Devine, duk da haka, ya yi gargaɗi game da danganta rugujewar dangi ga waɗannan matakan kawai, yana mai lura da cewa manyan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa a tsaunukan tsaunuka sun fara ne a cikin 1760s da 1770s, sakamakon matsin kasuwa daga ƙasashen Lowlands masu masana'antu.Sakamakon tawaye na 1745 ya ga kadarorin 41 na 'yan tawayen Yakubu da aka kwace ga Crown, yawancinsu an yi gwanjon su don biyan masu lamuni.Goma sha uku ne gwamnati ta tsare tare da sarrafa su tsakanin 1752 zuwa 1784. Canje-canjen 1730 na Dukes na Argyll ya raba matsuguni da yawa, yanayin da ya zama siyasa a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka daga shekarun 1770.A farkon karni na 19, 'yan ta'adda sun bace sosai, da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka tare da masu haya, suna ɗaukar babban birninsu da ruhin kasuwanci tare da su.Haɓaka aikin noma ya mamaye tsaunukan tsaunuka tsakanin 1760 zuwa 1850, wanda ya haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin Highland Clearances.Waɗannan korar sun bambanta a yanki: a gabas da kudancin tsaunuka, an maye gurbin garuruwan noma na gama gari da manyan gonaki da aka rufe.A arewa da yamma, ciki har da 'yan Hibridu, an kafa al'ummomin masu sana'a yayin da aka mayar da filaye don manyan gonakin tumaki na makiyaya.Mazaunan da aka kora sun ƙaura zuwa sana'ar bakin teku ko ƙasa mara kyau.Ribar noman tumaki ya ƙaru, yana tallafawa haya mai yawa.Wasu al'ummomin masu sana'a sun yi aiki a cikin masana'antar kelp ko kamun kifi, tare da ƙananan ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda ke tabbatar da neman ƙarin aikin yi.Yunwar dankalin turawa ta Highland na 1846 ta afkawa al'ummomin da ke da wuya.A shekara ta 1850, ayyukan agaji sun daina, kuma masu gidaje, masu ba da agaji, da gwamnati sun inganta ƙaura.Kusan mutane 11,000 sun sami taimako tsakanin 1846 zuwa 1856, tare da wasu da yawa sun yi hijira da kansu ko tare da taimako.Yunwa ta shafi mutane kusan 200,000, kuma da yawa waɗanda suka tsaya a baya sun ƙara tsunduma cikin ƙaura na wucin gadi don aiki.A lokacin da yunwar ta ƙare, ƙaura na dogon lokaci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari, tare da dubun-dubatar da ke shiga cikin masana'antu na lokaci-lokaci kamar kifin kifi.Amincewa ya haifar da ƙaura mafi girma daga tsaunuka, yanayin da ya ci gaba, sai dai lokacin yakin duniya na ɗaya, har zuwa babban mawuyacin hali.Wannan lokacin ya ga gagarumin fitowar al'ummar Highland, yana sake fasalin yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yankin.

A cikin karni na 19, al'ummar Scotland sun ga ci gaba akai-akai, wanda ya karu daga 1,608,000 a 1801 zuwa 2,889,000 a 1851 kuma ya kai 4,472,000 ta 1901. Duk da ci gaban masana'antu, samar da ayyuka masu inganci ba zai iya tafiya tare da karuwar yawan jama'a ba.Saboda haka, daga 1841 zuwa 1931, Scots kusan miliyan 2 sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya, yayin da wasu 750,000 suka ƙaura zuwa Ingila.Wannan ƙaura mai mahimmanci ya haifar da Scotland ta yi asarar kaso mafi girma na yawan jama'arta idan aka kwatanta da Ingila da Wales, tare da kusan kashi 30.2 na haɓakar dabi'arta daga 1850s gaba da ƙaura.Kusan kowane iyali na Scotland ya fuskanci asarar membobi saboda ƙaura, wanda galibi ya shafi samari maza, wanda hakan ya shafi jinsi da shekarun ƙasar.'Yan gudun hijirar Scotland sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tushe da ci gaban ƙasashe da yawa.A cikin Amurka, fitattun ƴan ƙasar Scotland da aka haifa sun haɗa da limami kuma ɗan juyin juya hali John Witherspoon, jirgin ruwa John Paul Jones, ɗan masana'antu kuma ɗan agaji Andrew Carnegie, da masanin kimiyya kuma mai ƙirƙira Alexander Graham Bell.A Kanada, 'yan Scots masu tasiri sun haɗa da soja da gwamnan Quebec James Murray, Firayim Minista John A. Macdonald, da ɗan siyasa da mai gyara zamantakewa Tommy Douglas.Fitattun 'yan Scots na Australia sun hada da soja da gwamna Lachlan Macquarie, gwamna kuma masanin kimiyya Thomas Brisbane, da Firayim Minista Andrew Fisher.A cikin New Zealand, manyan 'yan Scotland sun kasance ɗan siyasa Peter Fraser da kuma James McKenzie.Ya zuwa karni na 21, adadin ’yan asalin Kanada da Scotland na Amurka ya kai kusan mutane miliyan biyar da suka rage a Scotland.

Bayan doguwar gwagwarmaya, Ikklesiyoyin bishara sun sami iko da Babban Taro a 1834 kuma suka zartar da Dokar Veto, suna barin ikilisiyoyin su ki amincewa da gabatarwar majiɓinci.Wannan ya haifar da rikicin "Shekaru Goma" na fadace-fadacen shari'a da na siyasa, wanda ya kai ga kotunan farar hula ta yanke hukunci kan wadanda ba su yi kutse ba.Wannan cin kashin da aka yi ya haifar da babbar rugujewa a shekara ta 1843, inda kusan kashi uku na limaman coci, musamman daga Arewa da Highland, suka balle daga Cocin Scotland suka kafa Cocin Free Church of Scotland, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Thomas Chalmers.Chalmers ya jaddada hangen nesa na zamantakewa wanda ya nemi farfado da kiyaye al'adun jama'ar Scotland a cikin halin zamantakewa.Hasashensa na ƙanana, daidaitawa, al'ummomin Kirk waɗanda ke mutunta ɗaiɗai da haɗin kai sosai ya yi tasiri sosai ga ƙungiyoyin da suka balle da kuma majami'u na Presbyterian na yau da kullun.A cikin 1870s, Ikilisiyar Scotland da aka kafa ta haɗa waɗannan ra'ayoyin, wanda ke nuna damuwar Ikilisiya game da al'amuran zamantakewa da suka taso daga haɓaka masana'antu da haɓaka birane.A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, masu tsaurin ra'ayi na Calvin da masu sassaucin ra'ayi na tauhidi, waɗanda suka ƙi fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na zahiri, sun yi muhawara sosai.Wannan ya haifar da wani rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Cocin 'Yanci, tare da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Calvin suka kafa Cocin Presbyterian 'Yanci a 1893. Akasin haka, an yi yunƙuri zuwa haɗuwa, wanda ya fara da haɗewar majami'u masu ra'ayin ballewa zuwa Ikklisiya ta United Secession a 1820, wanda daga baya ya haɗu da Relief. Church a 1847 don kafa United Presbyterian Church.A cikin 1900, wannan cocin ya shiga tare da Cocin 'Yanci don kafa Ikilisiyar Free Church of Scotland.Cire dokar da aka yi a kan masu ba da izini ya ba da damar yawancin Cocin 'Yanci su koma Cocin Scotland a shekara ta 1929. Duk da haka, wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, ciki har da Free Presbyterians da ragowar Cocin 'Yanci da ba su haɗu a 1900 ba, sun ci gaba.Emancipation na Katolika a cikin 1829 da zuwan yawancin baƙi na Irish, musamman bayan ƙarshen yunwar 1840, sun canza Katolika a Scotland, musamman a cikin birane kamar Glasgow.A cikin 1878, duk da adawa, an maido da tsarin majami'ar Roman Katolika, wanda ya sa Katolika ya zama babbar ƙungiya.Episcopalianism kuma ya farfado a karni na 19, ya zama an kafa shi azaman Cocin Episcopal a Scotland a cikin 1804, ƙungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Cocin Ingila.Ikklisiyoyi Baptist, Congregationalist, da Methodist, waɗanda suka bayyana a Scotland a cikin karni na 18, sun ga babban ci gaba a cikin karni na 19, wani bangare saboda al'adun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da na bishara a cikin Cocin Scotland da majami'u masu 'yanci.Sojojin Ceto sun haɗu da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a cikin 1879, suna da niyyar yin babbar hanya a cikin cibiyoyi masu girma na birane.

Scotland ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ƙoƙarin Birtaniyya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko , tana ba da gudummawa sosai ta fuskar ma'aikata, masana'antu, da albarkatu.An tattara masana'antun ƙasar don yaƙin, tare da masana'antar ɗinki ta Singer Clydebank, alal misali, samar da kwangilar gwamnati sama da 5,000 tare da samar da ɗimbin kayan yaƙi, gami da harsashi da harsasai miliyan 303, sassan jirgin sama, gurneti, sassan bindigu. , da takalmi 361,000.A karshen yakin, ma'aikata 14,000 na masana'antar kusan kashi 70 cikin dari ne mata.Daga mutane miliyan 4.8 a shekara ta 1911, Scotland ta tura mutane 690,000 zuwa yakin, inda 74,000 suka rasa rayukansu, 150,000 kuma suka sami munanan raunuka.Cibiyoyin birane a Scotland, masu fama da talauci da rashin aikin yi, sun kasance wuraren daukar ma'aikata ga sojojin Burtaniya.Dundee, tare da masana'antar jute mafi rinjayen mata, yana da kaso mai tsoka na masu tanadi da sojoji.Da farko dai damuwa da jin dadin iyalan sojoji ne ya kawo cikas ga shiga shiga, amma kudin sa kai ya karu bayan da gwamnati ta ba da tabbacin bayar da alawus na mako-mako ga wadanda suka tsira daga wadanda aka kashe ko nakasassu.Gabatar da shiga aikin soja a watan Janairun 1916 ya tsawaita tasirin yakin a duk fadin Scotland.Sojoji na Scotland galibi suna ƙunshe da ɓangarorin mayaƙa masu ƙwazo, kamar yadda aka gani a Yaƙin Loos, inda ƙungiyoyin Scots da ɓangarorin na Scots ke da hannu sosai kuma suka sami raunuka masu yawa.Ko da yake Scots suna wakiltar kashi 10 cikin 100 na al'ummar Biritaniya, sun ƙunshi kashi 15 cikin ɗari na sojojin da ke da alhakin kashe kashi 20 cikin ɗari na yaƙin.Tsibirin Lewis da Harris sun fuskanci wasu asara mafi girma a Biritaniya.Wuraren jiragen ruwa na Scotland da shagunan injiniya, musamman a Clydeside, sune tsakiyar masana'antar yaƙi.Duk da haka, Glasgow ya kuma ga tashin hankalin da ya haifar da rikice-rikice na masana'antu da siyasa, wanda ya ci gaba bayan yakin.Bayan yakin, a cikin Yuni 1919, sojojin Jamus sun shiga cikin Scapa Flow da ma'aikatansa suka yi wa jiragen ruwa don hana jiragen ruwa daga Allies.A farkon yakin, RAF Montrose shi ne filin jirgin saman soja na farko na Scotland, wanda Royal Flying Corps ya kafa a shekara daya da ta gabata.Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Naval ta kafa tashoshin jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa a Shetland, Gabashin Fortune, da Inchinnan, tare da na biyun kuma suna aiki a matsayin sansanonin jiragen ruwa da ke kare Edinburgh da Glasgow.Masu jigilar jirage na farko a duniya sun kasance a Rosyth Dockyard a Fife, wanda ya zama muhimmin wurin gwajin saukar jiragen sama.William Beardmore na Glasgow da Kamfanin sun samar da Beardmore WBIII, jirgin farko na Royal Navy wanda aka kera don ayyukan jigilar jirage.Saboda mahimmancin dabarun sa, Rosyth dockyard ya kasance babbar manufa ga Jamus a farkon yakin.

Kamar yadda yake a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya , Scapa Flow a Orkney ya yi aiki a matsayin mahimmin sansanin Sojojin ruwa na Sarauta a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .Hare-hare a kan Scapa Flow da Rosyth ya haifar da mayakan RAF sun cimma nasarar farko, sun lalata bama-bamai a cikin Firth of Forth da East Lothian.Wuraren jiragen ruwa na Glasgow da Clydeside da masana'antun injiniya masu nauyi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙin, kodayake sun sha fama da manyan hare-haren Luftwaffe, wanda ya haifar da barna mai yawa da asarar rayuka.Idan aka yi la’akari da matsayin Scotland na dabarun yaki, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Arewacin Atlantika, kuma kusancin Shetland da mamaye Norway ya sauƙaƙa aikin Shetland Bus, inda kwale-kwalen kamun kifi ya taimaka wa Norwegians tserewa daga Nazis tare da tallafawa ƙoƙarin juriya.Scots sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ƙoƙarin yaƙi, musamman ƙirar radar Robert Watson-Watt, wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin Yaƙin Biritaniya, da Jagorancin Hafsan Hafsan Sojan Sama Hugh Dowding a RAF Fighter Command.Filayen jiragen sama na Scotland sun kafa hanyar sadarwa mai sarkakiya don horarwa da bukatun aiki, kowanne yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.Runduna da dama a gabar tekun Ayrshire da Fife sun gudanar da sintiri na hana jigilar kayayyaki, yayin da mayakan da ke gabar tekun gabashin Scotland suka kare tare da kare rundunar a Rosyth Dockyard da Scapa Flow.Gabashin Fortune ya kasance filin jirgin sama na karkatar da bama-bamai da suka dawo daga aiki kan Nazi Jamus.A karshen yakin duniya na biyu, filayen jiragen sama na soja 94 sun yi aiki a fadin Scotland.Firayim Minista Winston Churchill ya nada dan siyasar jam'iyyar Labour Tom Johnston a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Scotland a watan Fabrairun 1941. Johnston yana kula da harkokin Scotland har zuwa karshen yakin, ya kaddamar da tsare-tsare masu yawa don bunkasa Scotland, janyo hankalin kasuwanci, da samar da ayyukan yi.Ya kafa kwamitoci 32 don magance matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da tsara hayar haya, da kuma samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya na ƙasa da ke amfani da sabbin asibitocin da aka gina don sa ran samun asarar rayuka daga harin bam na Jamus.Babban nasarar da Johnston ya samu shine haɓaka wutar lantarki a cikin tsaunuka.Wani mai goyon bayan Dokar Gida, Johnston ya shawo kan Churchill game da bukatar magance barazanar kishin kasa kuma ya kirkiro Majalisar Dokokin Scotland da Majalisar Masana'antu don ba da iko daga Whitehall.Duk da yawan tashin bama-bamai, masana'antar Scotland ta fito daga cikin tabarbarewar tabarbarewar ayyukan masana'antu, tana ɗaukar maza da mata da yawa marasa aikin yi.Gidajen jiragen ruwa sun kasance masu aiki musamman, amma ƙananan masana'antu da yawa kuma sun ba da gudummawa ta hanyar samar da injuna don masu bama-bamai na Burtaniya, tankuna, da jiragen ruwa na yaƙi.Noma ya samu ci gaba, duk da cewa hakar kwal ta fuskanci kalubale saboda ma'adinan da ba su cika ba.Ma'aikata na gaske sun tashi da kashi 25 cikin dari, kuma rashin aikin yi ya ɓace na ɗan lokaci.Ƙara yawan kudin shiga da rarraba abinci daidaitaccen tsarin rarraba abinci ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin rabo ya inganta lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki, tare da matsakaicin tsayin yara masu shekaru 13 a Glasgow yana ƙaruwa da inci 2.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kimanin 'yan Scotland 57,000 suka rasa rayukansu, ciki har da jami'an soji da fararen hula.Wannan adadi yana nuna gagarumar gudunmawa da sadaukarwar da 'yan Scotland suka bayar a lokacin rikicin.An sami rahoton mutuwar mutane kusan 34,000, tare da ƙarin fararen hula 6,000 da aka kashe, musamman saboda hare-haren jiragen sama a garuruwa kamar Glasgow da Clydebank.Rundunar Royal Scots kadai ta ba da gudummawa sosai, tare da bataliyoyin da ke aiki a manyan ayyuka daban-daban a cikin Turai da Asiya.Sojojin Scots kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa, suna shiga manyan kamfen a Arewacin Afirka, Italiya, da Normandy.

Bayan yakin duniya na daya, yanayin tattalin arzikin Scotland ya tabarbare saboda gasa a kasashen ketare, masana'antu marasa inganci, da takaddamar masana'antu.Wannan ya fara canzawa a cikin 1970s, sakamakon ganowa da haɓaka mai da iskar gas na Tekun Arewa da kuma ƙaura zuwa tattalin arzikin tushen sabis.Gano manyan rijiyoyin mai, irin su Forties oil a 1970 da Brent oil a 1971, ya kafa Scotland a matsayin babbar ƙasa mai haƙon mai.An fara samar da mai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, wanda ya taimaka wajen farfado da tattalin arziki.Saurin kawar da masana'antu a cikin 1970s da 1980s ya ga masana'antu na gargajiya sun ragu ko kusa, maye gurbinsu da tattalin arzikin da ya dace da sabis, gami da sabis na kuɗi da masana'antar lantarki a Silicon Glen.Wannan lokacin kuma ya ga haɓakar Jam'iyyar Scottish National Party (SNP) da ƙungiyoyi masu neman 'yancin kai na Scotland.Ko da yake kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1979 ta kasa cimma matsaya da ake bukata, kuri'ar raba gardama ta 1997 ta yi nasara, wanda ya kai ga kafa majalisar dokokin Scotland a 1999. Wannan majalisar ta nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Scotland, inda ta samar da 'yancin cin gashin kai.A cikin 2014, kuri'ar raba gardama kan 'yancin kai na Scotland ya haifar da kashi 55% zuwa 45% na ci gaba da zama a Burtaniya.Tasirin SNP ya karu, musamman a zaben Westminster na 2015, inda ta lashe kujeru 56 cikin 59 na Scotland, inda ta zama jam'iyya ta uku mafi girma a Westminster.Jam'iyyar Labour ta mamaye kujerun Scotland a majalisar dokokin Westminster tsawon karni na 20, kodayake ta yi rashin nasara a takaice ga 'yan kungiyar a shekarun 1950.Goyon bayan Scotland na da mahimmanci don nasarar zaɓen Labour.'Yan siyasa da ke da alakar Scotland, ciki har da Firayim Minista Harold Macmillan da Alec Douglas-Home, sun taka rawar gani a rayuwar siyasar Burtaniya.SNP ta sami shahara a cikin 1970s amma ta sami raguwa a cikin 1980s.Gabatar da cajin Al'umma (Harajin Zabe) da gwamnatin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya karkashin jagorancin Thatcher ya kara rura wutar bukatu na kula da harkokin cikin gida na Scotland, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin kwadago.Kuri'ar raba gardama a shekarar 1997 ta kai ga kafa majalisar dokokin Scotland a shekarar 1999, tare da gwamnatin hadin gwiwa tsakanin jam'iyyar Labour da Liberal Democrats, da kuma Donald Dewar a matsayin minista na farko.An bude sabon ginin majalisar dokokin Scotland a shekara ta 2004. Jam'iyyar SNP ta zama 'yan adawa a hukumance a shekarar 1999, ta kafa gwamnatin 'yan tsiraru a shekara ta 2007, kuma ta samu rinjaye a shekarar 2011. Kuri'ar raba gardama ta 'yancin kai na 2014 ta haifar da kuri'ar adawa da 'yancin kai.Bayan yakin Scotland sun sami raguwar halartar coci da karuwa a rufe coci.Sabbin ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun fito, amma gaba ɗaya, riƙon addini ya ragu.Kidayar 2011 ta nuna raguwar yawan mabiya addinin kirista da karuwar wadanda ba su da alaka da addini.Cocin Scotland ya kasance babbar ƙungiyar addini, sai Cocin Roman Katolika.Sauran addinai, ciki har da Islama, Hindu, Buddha, da Sikhism, sun kafa kasancewar ta hanyar ƙaura.

An gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama kan 'yancin Scotland daga Birtaniya a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2014. Kuri'ar raba gardama ta sanya tambayar "Shin Scotland ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta?", inda masu jefa kuri'a suka amsa da "Ee" ko "A'a."Sakamakon ya nuna cewa kashi 55.3% (kuri'u 2,001,926) sun nuna adawa da 'yancin kai, yayin da kashi 44.7% (1,617,989) suka kada kuri'ar amincewa, tare da yawan jama'a da suka fito a tarihi da kashi 84.6%, wanda shi ne mafi girma a Birtaniya tun bayan zaben watan Janairun 1910.An shirya kuri'ar raba gardamar a karkashin dokar raba gardama ta 'yancin kai ta Scotland ta 2013, wadda majalisar dokokin Scotland ta amince da ita a watan Nuwamban 2013 bayan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatin Scotland da aka mika mata da gwamnatin Burtaniya.Ana buƙatar rinjaye mai sauƙi don neman yancin kai ya wuce.Masu zaɓen sun haɗa da kusan mutane miliyan 4.3, tare da tsawaita ikon jefa ƙuri'a ga matasa masu shekaru 16 da 17 a karon farko a Scotland.Masu jefa ƙuri'a sun kasance 'yan ƙasa na EU ko Commonwealth da ke zaune a Scotland masu shekaru 16 ko sama da haka, tare da wasu keɓancewa.Babbar kungiyar fafutukar neman 'yancin kai ita ce Yes Scotland, yayin da Better Together ke fafutukar tabbatar da kungiyar.Kuri'ar raba gardama ta ga hannu daga kungiyoyin yakin neman zabe daban-daban, jam'iyyun siyasa, kasuwanci, jaridu, da fitattun mutane.Muhimman batutuwan da aka tattauna sun hada da kudin da Scotland mai cin gashin kanta za ta yi amfani da shi, da kudaden jama'a, da zama memba na EU, da kuma muhimmancin man fetur na Tekun Arewa.Wani kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna cewa rike fam din fam din ne ya yanke hukunci ga yawancin masu kada kuri'a, yayin da rashin amincewa da siyasar Westminster ya sa masu jefa kuri'a da yawa na Yes.