היסטוריה של האימפריה העות'מאנית

Footnotes

1. Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). "Osman I". In goston, Gbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p.444.
2. Imber, Colin (2009).The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power(2ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.262-4.
3. Kafadar, Cemal (1995).Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.16.
4. Kafadar, Cemal,Between Two Worlds, University of California Press, 1996, p xix. ISBN 0-520-20600-2
5. Mesut Uyar and Edward J. Erickson,A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatrk, (ABC-CLIO, 2009), 29.
6. Egger, Vernon O. (2008).A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community.Prentice Hall. p.82. ISBN 978-0-13-226969-8.
7. The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day,Vol.2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p.460
8. goston, Gbor (2009). "Selim I". In goston, Gbor; Bruce Masters (eds.).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. pp.511-3. ISBN 9780816062591.
9. Darling, Linda (1996).Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660. E.J. Brill. pp.283-299, 305-6. ISBN 90-04-10289-2.
10. Şahin, Kaya (2013).Empire and Power in the reign of Sleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press. p.10. ISBN 978-1-107-03442-6.
11. Jelālī Revolts | Turkish history.Encyclopedia Britannica. 2012-10-25.
12. Inalcik, Halil.An Economic and Social history of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p.115; 117; 434; 467.
13. Lewis, Bernard. Ottoman Land Tenure and Taxation in Syria.Studia Islamica. (1979), pp.109-124.
14. Peirce, Leslie (1993).The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press.
15. Peirce, Leslie (1988).The Imperial Harem: Gender and Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1520-1656. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Information Service. p.106.
16. Evstatiev, Simeon (1 Jan 2016). "8. The Qāḍīzādeli Movement and the Revival of takfīr in the Ottoman Age".Accusations of Unbelief in Islam. Brill. pp.213-14. ISBN 9789004307834. Retrieved29 August2021.
17. Cook, Michael (2003).Forbidding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p.91.
18. Sheikh, Mustapha (2016).Ottoman Puritanism and its Discontents: Ahmad al-Rumi al-Aqhisari and the .Oxford University Press. p.173. ISBN 978-0-19-250809-6. Retrieved29 August2021.
19. Rhoads Murphey, "Continuity and Discontinuity in Ottoman Administrative Theory and Practice during the Late Seventeenth Century,"Poetics Today14 (1993): 419-443.
20. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).Historical Dictionary of Georgia(2ed.). Rowman Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442241466.
21. Lord Kinross:Ottoman centuries(translated by Meral Gasıpıralı) Altın Kitaplar, İstanbul,2008, ISBN 978-975-21-0955-1, p.237.
22. History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkeyby Ezel Kural Shaw p. 107.
23. Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson,A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatrk, ABC CLIO, 2009, p. 76, "In the end both Ottomans and Portuguese had the recognize the other side's sphere of influence and tried to consolidate their bases and network of alliances."
24. Dumper, Michael R.T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007).Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. ISBN 9781576079195.
25. Shillington, Kevin (2013).Encyclopedia of African History.Routledge. ISBN 9781135456702.
26. Tony Jaques (2006).Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p.xxxiv. ISBN 9780313335365.
27. Saraiya Faroqhi (2009).The Ottoman Empire: A Short History. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp.60ff. ISBN 9781558764491.
28. Palmira Johnson Brummett (1994).Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery. SUNY Press. pp.52ff. ISBN 9780791417027.
29. Sevim Tekeli, "Taqi al-Din", in Helaine Selin (1997),Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures,Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0792340663.
30. Zaken, Avner Ben (2004). "The heavens of the sky and the heavens of the heart: the Ottoman cultural context for the introduction of post-Copernican astronomy".The British Journal for the History of Science.Cambridge University Press.37: 1-28.
31. Sonbol, Amira El Azhary (1996).Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815603832.
32. Hughes, Lindsey (1990).Sophia, Regent of Russia: 1657 - 1704. Yale University Press,p.206.
33. Davies, Brian (2007).Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700. Routledge,p.185.
34. Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2011). "The Crimean Tatars and the Austro-Ottoman Wars". In Ingrao, Charles W.; Samardžić, Nikola; Pesalj, Jovan (eds.).The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. Purdue University Press,p.135.
35. Stanford J. Shaw, "The Nizam-1 Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III 1789-1807."Oriens18.1 (1966): 168-184.
36. David Nicolle,Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775-1820(Osprey, 1998).
37. George F. Nafziger (2001).Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era. Scarecrow Press. pp.153-54. ISBN 9780810866171.
38. Finkel, Caroline (2005).Osman's Dream. John Murray. p.435. ISBN 0-465-02396-7.
39. Hopkins, Kate (24 March 2006)."Food Stories: The Sultan's Coffee Prohibition". Archived fromthe originalon 20 November 2012. Retrieved12 September2006.
40. Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period".The Cambridge History of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Vol.VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.189-350. ISBN 0521200946,p. 285.
41. Mansel, Philip(1995).Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453-1924. New York:St. Martin's Press. p.200. ISBN 0719550769.
42. Gökbilgin, M. Tayyib (2012).Ibrāhīm.Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online. Retrieved10 July2012.
43. Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne (2006).Ottoman Women Builders: The Architectural Patronage of Hadice Turhan Sultan. Ashgate. p.89. ISBN 978-0-754-63310-5, p.26 .
44. Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008).Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748. Retrieved25 March2014.
45. Eraly, Abraham(2007),Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls, Penguin Books Limited, pp.27-29, ISBN 978-93-5118-093-7
46. Stone, David R.(2006).A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood Publishing Group, p.64.
47. Roderic, H. Davison (1990).Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923 - The Impact of the West.University of Texas Press. pp.115-116.
48. Ishtiaq, Hussain."The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire"(PDF). Faith Matters.
49. "PTT Chronology"(in Turkish). PTT Genel Mdrlğ. 13 September 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 13 September 2008. Retrieved11 February2013.
50. Tilmann J. Röder, The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Grote/Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2011).
51. Cleveland, William (2013).A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p.79. ISBN 978-0813340487.
52. Uyar, Mesut;Erickson, Edward J.(23 September 2009).A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Ataturk: From Osman to Ataturk. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO (published 2009). p.210.
53. Cleveland, William L. (2004).A history of the modern Middle East. Michigan University Press. p.65. ISBN 0-8133-4048-9.
54. ^De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017).The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason- 1798 to Modern Times. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p.227. ISBN 978-0-87140-373-5.
55. Stone, Norman (2005)."Turkey in the Russian Mirror". In Mark Erickson, Ljubica Erickson (ed.).Russia War, Peace And Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson. Weidenfeld Nicolson. p.97. ISBN 978-0-297-84913-1.
56. "The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State".staff.lib.msu.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved7 May2018.
57. Plamen Mitev (2010).Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe Between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699-1829. LIT Verlag Mnster. pp.147-. ISBN 978-3-643-10611-7.
58. L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), pp. 248-250.
59. Trevor N. Dupuy. (1993). "The First Turko-Egyptian War."The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 978-0062700568, p. 851
60. P. Kahle and P.M. Holt. (2012) Ibrahim Pasha.Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition. ISBN 978-9004128040
61. Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993).The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-270056-1,p.851.
62. Williams, Bryan Glynn (2000)."Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire".Cahiers du Monde Russe.41(1): 79-108.
63. Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W.The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. 2008.
64. Richmond, Walter (2008).The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future. Taylor Francis US. p.79. ISBN 978-0-415-77615-8.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved20 June2015.the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [ochistit'] the mountain zone of its indigenous population
65. Amjad M. Jaimoukha (2001).The Circassians: A Handbook. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23994-7.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved20 June2015.
66. Stone, Norman "Turkey in the Russian Mirror" pp. 86-100 fromRussia War, Peace and Diplomacyedited by Mark Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld Nicolson: London, 2004 p. 95.
67. Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911)."Russo-Turkish Wars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.23 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.931-936, see page 931 para five.
68. Akmeșe, Handan NezirThe Birth of Modern Turkey The Ottoman Military and the March to World I, London: I.B. Tauris page 24.
69. Armenian:Համիդյան ջարդեր,Turkish:Hamidiye Katliamı,French:Massacres hamidiens)
70. Dictionary of Genocide, By Paul R. Bartrop, Samuel Totten, 2007, p. 23
71. Akçam, Taner(2006)A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibilityp. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York ISBN 978-0-8050-7932-6
72. "Fifty Thousand Orphans made So by the Turkish Massacres of Armenians",The New York Times, December 18, 1896,The number of Armenian children under twelve years of age made orphans by the massacres of 1895 is estimated by the missionaries at 50.000.
73. Akçam 2006, p.44.
74. Angold, Michael (2006), O'Mahony, Anthony (ed.),Cambridge History of Christianity, vol.5. Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p.512, ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2.
75. Cleveland, William L. (2000).A History of the Modern Middle East(2nded.). Boulder, CO: Westview. p.119. ISBN 0-8133-3489-6.
76. Balkan Savaşları ve Balkan Savaşları'nda Bulgaristan, Sleyman Uslu
77. Aksakal, Mustafa(2011)."'Holy War Made in Germany'? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad".War in History.18(2): 184-199.
78. Ldke, Tilman (17 December 2018)."Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)".International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Retrieved19 June2021.
79. Sakai, Keiko (1994)."Political parties and social networks in Iraq, 1908-1920"(PDF).etheses.dur.ac.uk. p.57.
80. Lewis, Bernard(19 November 2001)."The Revolt of Islam".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved28 August2014.
81. A. Noor, Farish(2011). "Racial Profiling' Revisited: The 1915 Indian Sepoy Mutiny in Singapore and the Impact of Profiling on Religious and Ethnic Minorities".Politics, Religion Ideology.1(12): 89-100.
82. Dangoor, Jonathan (2017)."" No need to exaggerate " - the 1914 Ottoman Jihad declaration in genocide historiography, M.A Thesis in Holocaust and Genocide Studies".
83. Finkel, C., 2005, Osman's Dream, Cambridge: Basic Books, ISBN 0465023975, p. 273.
84. Tucker, S.C., editor, 2010, A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. Two, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC, ISBN 9781851096671, p. 646.
85. Halil İbrahim İnal:Osmanlı Tarihi, Nokta Kitap, İstanbul, 2008 ISBN 978-9944-1-7437-4p 378-381.
86. Prof.Yaşar Ycel-Prof Ali Sevim:Trkiye tarihi IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, 1991, pp 165-166
87. Thomas Mayer,The Changing Past: Egyptian Historiography of the Urabi Revolt, 1882-1982(University Presses of Florida, 1988).
88. Taylor, A.J.P.(1955).The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822101-2, p.228-254.
89. Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 pp.67-69
90. Partridge, Loren (14 March 2015).Art of Renaissance Venice, 1400 1600. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520281790.
91. Paul C. Helmreich,From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920(Ohio University Press, 1974) ISBN 0-8142-0170-9
92. Fromkin,A Peace to End All Peace(1989), pp. 49-50.
93. Roderic H. Davison; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920" by Paul C. Helmreich inSlavic Review, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar. 1975), pp. 186-187