İran tarixi

Footnotes

1. Freeman, Leslie G., ed. (1978). Views of the Past: Essays in Old World Prehistory and Paleanthropology. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 15. ISBN 978-3111769974.
2. Trinkaus, E & Biglari, F. (2006). "Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave, Iran". Paléorient. 32 (2): 105–111. doi:10.3406/paleo.2006.5192.
3. "First Neanderthal Human Tooth Discovered in Iran". 21 October 2018.
4. Potts, D. T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56358-5.
5. Algaze, Guillermo. 2005. The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization.
6. Xinhua, "New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran", 10 Aug 2007 Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 1 October 2007.
7. Kushnareva, K. Kh. (1997). The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. ISBN 978-0-924171-50-5. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2016., p. 44.
8. Diakonoff, I., M., "Media", Cambridge History of Iran, II, Cambridge, 1985, p.43 [within the pp.36–148]. This paper is cited in the Journal of Eurasian Studies on page 51.
9. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691135892. Retrieved 29 May 2015, pp. 58–77.
10. Harmatta, János (1992). "The Emergence of the Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages" (PDF). In Dani, A. H.; Masson, V. M. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B. C. UNESCO. pp. 346–370. ISBN 978-92-3-102719-2. Retrieved 29 May 2015, p. 348.
11. Lackenbacher, Sylvie. "Elam". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
12. Bahman Firuzmandi "Mad, Hakhamanishi, Ashkani, Sasani" pp. 20.
13. "Iran, 1000 BC–1 AD". The Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2000. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
14. Medvedskaya, I.N. (January 2002). "The Rise and Fall of Media". International Journal of Kurdish Studies. BNET. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
15. Sicker, Martin (2000). The pre-Islamic Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 68/69. ISBN 978-0-275-96890-8.
16. Urartu – Lost Kingdom of Van Archived 2015-07-02 at the Wayback Machine.
17. Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
18. Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa (2005). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Infobase Publishing. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1.
19. Benevolent Persian Empire Archived 2005-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
20. Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-44-435163-7, p. 345.
21. Roisman & Worthington 2011, pp. 135–138, 342–345.
22. Schmitt, Rüdiger (21 July 2011). "Achaemenid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
23. Waters, Kenneth H. (1974), "The Reign of Trajan, part VII: Trajanic Wars and Frontiers. The Danube and the East", in Temporini, Hildegard (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Principat. II.2, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 415–427, p. 424.
24. Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-32089-4, p. 84
25. Bickerman, Elias J. (1983). "The Seleucid Period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–20. ISBN 0-521-20092-X., p. 6.
26. Ball, Warwick (2016), Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire, 2nd Edition, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-72078-6, p. 155.
27. Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 ISBN 0827611552.
28. Garthwaite, Gene R., The Persians, p. 2.
29. "ARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
30. The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Akram. Ch: 1 ISBN 978-0-19-597713-4.
31. Mohammad Mohammadi Malayeri, Tarikh-i Farhang-i Iran (Iran's Cultural History). 4 volumes. Tehran. 1982.
32. Hawting G., The First Dynasty of Islam. The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750, (London) 1986, pp. 63–64.
33. Cambridge History of Iran, by Richard Nelson Frye, Abdolhosein Zarrinkoub, et al. Section on The Arab Conquest of Iran and. Vol 4, 1975. London. p.46.
34. "History of Iran: Islamic Conquest". Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
35. Saïd Amir Arjomand, Abd Allah Ibn al-Muqaffa and the Abbasid Revolution. Iranian Studies, vol. 27, #1–4. London: Routledge, 1994. JSTOR i401381
36. "The Islamic World to 1600". Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
37. Bernard Lewis (1991), "The Political Language of Islam", University of Chicago Press, pp 482).
38. May, Timothy (2012). The Mongol Conquests in World History. Reaktion Books, p. 185.
39. J. A. Boyle, ed. (1968). "The Cambridge History of Iran". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Cambridge University Press. V: The Saljuq and Mongol periods (1): Xiii, 762, 16. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0012965X. S2CID 161828080.
40. Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online Archived 2009-01-09 at the Wayback Machine.
41. Chapin Metz, Helen (1989), "Invasions of the Mongols and Tamerlane", Iran: a country study, Library of Congress Country Studies, archived from the original on 17 September 2008.
42. Ladinsky, Daniel James (1999). The Gift: Poems by the Great Sufi Master. Arkana. ISBN 978-0-14-019581-1. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
43. Brookshaw, Dominic Parviz (28 February 2019). Hafiz and His Contemporaries:Poetry, Performance and Patronage in Fourteenth Century Iran. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78672-588-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
44. Mathee, Rudi (2008). "Safavid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
45. Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2012) [1998], "Esmāʿīl I Ṣafawī", Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. VIII/6, pp. 628–636, archived from the original on 25 July 2019.
46. Mitchell, Colin P. (2009), "Ṭahmāsp I", Encyclopædia Iranica, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 12 May 2015.
47. Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.204.
48. Lang, David Marshall (1957). The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832. Columbia University Press. p. 142. ISBN
49. 978-0-231-93710-8.
50. Hitchins, Keith (2012) [1998], "Erekle II", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Encyclopædia Iranica, vol. VIII/5, pp. 541–542, ISBN 978-0-7100-9090-4
51. Axworthy,p.168.
52. Amīn, ʻAbd al-Amīr Muḥammad (1 January 1967). British Interests in the Persian Gulf. Brill Archive. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
53. "Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services". Al islam. 13 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2007.
54. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-336-1, p. 409.
55. Axworthy, Michael (6 November 2008). Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-190341-5.
56. Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. pp. 69, 133. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
57. "Caucasus Survey". Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
58. Mansoori, Firooz (2008). "17". Studies in History, Language and Culture of Azerbaijan (in Persian). Tehran: Hazar-e Kerman. p. 245. ISBN 978-600-90271-1-8.
59. Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20095-4, p. 336.
60. "The Iranian Armed Forces in Politics, Revolution and War: Part One". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
61. Fisher, William Bayne;Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles. The Cambridge History of Iran Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 339.
62. Bournoutian, George A. (1980). The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832. Nationalism and social change in Transcaucasia. Kennan Institute Occasional Paper Series. Art. 91. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, pp. 11, 13–14.
63. Bournoutian 1980, p. 13.
64. Azizi, Mohammad-Hossein. "The historical backgrounds of the Ministry of Health foundation in Iran." Arch Iran Med 10.1 (2007): 119-23.
65. Okazaki, Shoko (1 January 1986). "The Great Persian Famine of 1870–71". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 49 (1): 183–192. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00042609. JSTOR 617680. S2CID 155516933.
66. Shambayati, Niloofar (2015) [1993]. "Coup D'Etat of 1299/1921". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VI/4. pp. 351–354.
67. Michael P. Zirinsky; "Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926", International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (1992), 639–663, Cambridge University Press.
68. "Reza Shah Pahlevi". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). 2007 [2001]. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009.
69. Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.91.
70. The Origins of the Iranian Revolution by Roger Homan. International Affairs, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Autumn, 1980), pp. 673–677.JSTOR 2618173.
71. Richard W. Cottam, Nationalism in Iran, University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN o-8229-3396-7.
72. Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p.22.
73. Iran Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine: Recent History, The Education System.
74. Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, 1982, p. 146.
75. Ervand Abrahamian. Iran Between Two Revolutions. p. 51.
76. Mackey, The Iranians, (1996) p. 179.
77. Mackey, Sandra The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, New York: Dutton, c1996. p.180.
78. "A Brief History of Iranian Jews". Iran Online. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
79. Mohammad Gholi Majd, Great Britain and Reza Shah, University Press of Florida, 2001, p. 169.
80. "Historical Setting". Parstimes. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
81. Reza Shah Pahlavi: Policies as Shah, Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
82. Richard Stewart, Sunrise at Abadan: the British and Soviet invasion of Iran, 1941 (1988).
83. Louise Fawcett, "Revisiting the Iranian Crisis of 1946: How Much More Do We Know?." Iranian Studies 47#3 (2014): 379–399.
84. Olmo Gölz (2019). "The Dangerous Classes and the 1953 Coup in Iran: On the Decline of lutigari Masculinities". In Stephanie Cronin (ed.). Crime, Poverty and Survival in the Middle East and North Africa: The 'Dangerous Classes' since 1800. I.B. Tauris. pp. 177–190. doi:10.5040/9781838605902.ch-011. ISBN 978-1-78831-371-1. S2CID 213229339.
85. Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01965-6, p. 164.
86. Wilber, Donald Newton (March 1954). Clandestine Service history: overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952-August 1953 (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. p. iii. OCLC 48164863. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
87. Axworthy, Michael. (2013). Revolutionary Iran: a history of the Islamic republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-932227-5. OCLC 854910512.
88. Boroujerdi, Mehrzad, ed. (2004). Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran. Syracuse University Press. JSTOR j.ctt1j5d815.
89. "New U.S. Documents Confirm British Approached U.S. in Late 1952 About Ousting Mosaddeq". National Security Archive. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
90. Gholam Reza Afkhami (12 January 2009). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-520-94216-5.
91. Sylvan, David; Majeski, Stephen (2009). U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire. London. p. 121. doi:10.4324/9780203799451. ISBN 978-0-415-70134-1. OCLC 259970287.
92. Wilford 2013, p. 166.
93. "CIA admits 1953 Iranian coup it backed was undemocratic". The Guardian. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
94. "Islamic Revolution | History of Iran." Iran Chamber Society. Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
95. Gölz, Olmo (2017). "Khomeini's Face is in the Moon: Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty", p. 229.
96. Milani, Abbas (22 May 2012). The Shah. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34038-1. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
97. Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran between two revolutions. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00790-X, p. 479.
98. Mottahedeh, Roy. 2004. The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran. p. 375.
99. "1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran." BBC: On This Day. 2007. Archived 24 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
100. Graham, Robert (1980). Iran, the Illusion of Power. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-43588-6, p. 228.
101. "Islamic Republic | Iran." Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 16 March 2006.
102. Sadjadpour, Karim (3 October 2019). "October 14th, 2019 | Vol. 194, No. 15 | International". TIME.com. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
103. Kurzman, Charles (2004). The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01328-X, p. 121.
104. Özbudun, Ergun (2011). "Authoritarian Regimes". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4522-6649-7.
105. R. Newell, Walter (2019). Tyrants: Power, Injustice and Terror. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–221. ISBN 978-1-108-71391-7.
106. Shawcross, William, The Shah's Last Ride (1988), p. 110.
107. Fundamentalist Power, Martin Kramer.
108. History Of US Sanctions Against Iran Archived 2017-10-10 at the Wayback Machine Middle East Economic Survey, 26-August-2002
109. Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, p. 73.
110. Schirazi, Asghar, The Constitution of Iran: politics and the state in the Islamic Republic, London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 1997, p.293-4.
111. "Iranian Government Constitution, English Text". Archived from the original on 23 November 2010.
112. Riedel, Bruce (2012). "Foreword". Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. ix. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8.
113. Gölz, "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran. The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War." Archived 17 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35.
114. Brumberg, Daniel, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.153
115. John Pike. "Hojjatoleslam Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
116. "Is Khameini's Ominous Sermon a Turning Point for Iran?". Time. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009.
117. Slackman, Michael (21 June 2009). "Former President at Center of Fight Within Political Elite". The New York Times.
118. "The Legacy Of Iran's Powerful Cleric Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani| Countercurrents". countercurrents.org. 19 January 2017.
119. Rafsanjani to Ahmadinejad: We Will Not Back Down, ROOZ Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
120. Sciolino, Elaine (19 July 2009). "Iranian Critic Quotes Khomeini Principles". The New York Times.
121. John Pike. "Rafsanjani reassures West Iran not after A-bomb". globalsecurity.org.
122. Ebadi, Shirin, Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, p.180
123. "1997 Presidential Election". PBS. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
124. Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.191.
125. Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.192.
126. Abrahamian, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.193
127. "June 04, 2008. Iran President Ahmadinejad condemns Israel, U.S." Los Angeles Times. 4 June 2008. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
128. "Economic headache for Ahmadinejad". BBC News. 17 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
129. Ramin Mostaghim (25 Jun 2009). "Iran's top leader digs in heels on election". Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
130. Iran: Rafsanjani Poised to Outflank Supreme Leader Khamenei Archived 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, eurasianet.org, June 21, 2009.
131. "Timeline: 2009 Iran presidential elections". CNN. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
132. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (2011-05-05). "Ahmadinejad allies charged with sorcery". London: Guardian. Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
133. "Iran’s Nuclear Program: Tehran’s Compliance with International Obligations" Archived 2017-05-07 at the Wayback Machine. Congressional Research Service, 4 April 2017.
134. Greenwald, Glenn (2012-01-11). "More murder of Iranian scientists: still Terrorism?". Salon. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
135. Iran: Tehran Officials Begin Crackdown On Pet Dogs Archived 2011-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, RFE/RL, September 14, 2007.
136. Tait, Robert (October 23, 2006). "Ahmadinejad urges Iranian baby boom to challenge west". The Guardian. London.
137. Kull, Steven (23 November 2009). "Is Iran pre-revolutionary?". WorldPublicOpinion.org. opendemocracy.net.
138. Solana, Javier (20 June 2013). "The Iranian Message". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
139. "Improvement of people's livelihood". Rouhani[Persian Language]. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
140. "Supporting Internet Freedom: The Case of Iran" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
141. "Breaking Through the Iron Ceiling: Iran's New Government and the Hopes of the Iranian Women's Movements". AWID. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
142. Rana Rahimpour (18 September 2013). "Iran: Nasrin Sotoudeh 'among freed political prisoners'". BBC. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
143. Malashenko, Alexey (27 June 2013). "How Much Can Iran's Foreign Policy Change After Rowhani's Victory?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
144. "Leaders of UK and Iran meet for first time since 1979 Islamic revolution". The Guardian. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
145. "Iran's new president: Will he make a difference?". The Economist. 22 June 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.