Tashin Jacobite na 1745

Juyin Juyin Halitta na 1688 ya maye gurbin James II da VII tare da diyarsa Furotesta Maryamu da mijinta dan kasar Holland William, wanda ya yi mulki a matsayin sarakunan hadin gwiwa na Ingila , Ireland da Scotland.Babu Maryamu, wacce ta mutu a cikin 1694, ko 'yar uwarta Anne, ta sami 'ya'ya masu rai, wanda ya bar ɗan'uwansu na Katolika James Francis Edward a matsayin magajin mafi kusa.Dokar sulhu ta 1701 ta cire Katolika daga maye gurbin kuma lokacin da Anne ta zama sarauniya a 1702, magajinta shine dangi na nesa amma Furotesta Sophia na Hanover.Sophia ta mutu a watan Yuni 1714 kuma lokacin da Anne ya biyo bayan watanni biyu a watan Agusta, dan Sophia ya yi nasara a matsayin George I.Louis XIV na Faransa, tushen tushen goyon baya ga Stuarts da aka gudun hijira, ya mutu a shekara ta 1715 kuma magajinsa suna bukatar zaman lafiya da Birtaniya don sake gina tattalin arzikinsu.Ƙungiya ta 1716 Anglo- Faransa ta tilasta James barin Faransa;ya zauna a Roma a kan kuɗin fansho na Paparoma, wanda ya sa ya zama mai ban sha'awa ga Furotesta waɗanda suka kafa mafi yawan goyon bayan Birtaniya.Tawayen Yakubu a 1715 da 1719 duka sun kasa.Haihuwar 'ya'yansa maza Charles da Henry sun taimaka wajen ci gaba da sha'awar jama'a ga Stuarts, amma a shekara ta 1737, James yana "zauna cikin kwanciyar hankali a Roma, bayan ya watsar da duk wani bege na maidowa".A lokaci guda kuma, a ƙarshen 1730s ƴan ƙasar Faransa sun kalli faɗaɗa bayan 1713 a cikin kasuwancin Burtaniya a matsayin barazana ga ma'auni na Turai kuma Stuarts ya zama ɗaya daga cikin zaɓuɓɓukan da za a iya rage shi.Koyaya, tashin hankali mara nauyi ya fi tsada fiye da maidowa mai tsada, musamman tunda ba za su kasance masu goyon bayan Faransanci fiye da Hanoverians ba.Tsawon tsaunukan Scotland ya kasance wuri mai kyau, saboda yanayin yanayin al'ummar dangi, nesantarsu da yanayinsu;amma kamar yadda ƴan Scotland da yawa suka gane, tashin hankali zai kuma yi illa ga al'ummar yankin.Rikicin kasuwanci tsakaninSpain da Biritaniya ya haifar da Yaƙin Kunnen Jenkins na 1739, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin 1740-41 ta Yaƙin Nasarar Austrian.An tilasta wa Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Robert Walpole yin murabus a watan Fabrairun 1742 ta hanyar kawancen Tories da Anti-Walpole Patriot Whigs, wadanda suka cire abokan huldarsu daga gwamnati.Furous Tories kamar Duke na Beaufort ya nemi taimakon Faransa don maido da James kan karagar Burtaniya.

A farkon watan Yuli, Charles ya hau Du Teillay a Saint-Nazaire tare da rakiyar "Maza Bakwai na Moidart", wanda aka fi sani da John O'Sullivan, wani ɗan gudun hijira na Irish kuma tsohon jami'in Faransa wanda ya zama shugaban ma'aikata.Tasoshin guda biyu sun tashi zuwa Tsibirin Yamma a ranar 15 ga Yuli amma HMS Lion ya kama su kwana hudu, wanda ya shiga Elizabeth.Bayan an shafe sa'o'i hudu ana gwabzawa, an tilasta wa dukkansu komawa tashar jiragen ruwa;asarar masu sa kai da makamai a kan Elizabeth babban koma baya ne amma Du Teillay ya sauka Charles a Erikay a ranar 23 ga Yuli.

Charles Edward Stuart, 'Young Pretender' ko 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' sun sauka a Scotland a tsibirin Erikay.Farkon tawayen Yakubu na ƙarshe ko kuma “’45”

Yarima Charles ya sauka daga kasar Faransa akan Eriskay da ke Yammacin Tsibirin Yamma, inda ya yi tattaki zuwa babban kasa a cikin wani karamin kwale-kwale na kwale-kwale, yana zuwa gabar tekun Loch nan Uamh da ke yammacin Glenfinnan.Lokacin da ya isa yankin Scotland, wasu ƙananan MacDonalds sun sadu da shi.Stuart ya jira a Glenfinnan yayin da ƙarin MacDonalds, Camerons, Macfies, da MacDonnells suka isa.A ranar 19 ga Agusta 1745, bayan Yarima Charles ya yanke hukuncin cewa yana da isasshen tallafin soja, ya hau tudu kusa da Glenfinnan yayin da MacMaster na Glenaladale ya ɗaga matsayinsa na sarauta.Matashin Pretender ya sanar da duk dangin da aka tattara cewa ya yi ikirarin sarautar Burtaniya da sunan mahaifinsa James Stuart ('Tsohon Pretender').MacPhee (Macfie) na ɗaya daga cikin bututu biyu tare da Bonnie Prince Charlie yayin da ya ɗaga tutarsa ​​sama da Glenfinnan.Bayan da'awar sarauta, an rarraba brandy ga mutanen da suka taru don bikin bikin.

A Perth, Charles Edward Stuart ya yi iƙirarin sarauta ga mahaifinsa.A ranar 17 ga Satumba, Charles ya shiga Edinburgh ba tare da hamayya ba, ko da yake Edinburgh Castle da kanta ya kasance a hannun gwamnati;An yi shelar James Sarkin Scotland washegari da kuma Charles Regent.

Yaƙin Prestonpans, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yaƙin Gladsmuir, an yi yaƙi ne a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1745, kusa da Prestonpans, a Gabashin Lothian;ita ce muhimmiyar haɗin kai na farko na tashin Yakubu na 1745.Dakarun 'yan kabilar Yakubu karkashin jagorancin dan gudun hijirar Stuart Charles Edward Stuart sun fatattaki sojojin gwamnati karkashin Sir John Cope, wadanda dakarun da ba su da kwarewa suka karya a gaban wani cajin da aka yi wa Highland.Yaƙin ya yi ƙasa da mintuna talatin, kuma ya kasance babban haɓaka ga ɗabi'ar Yakubu, wanda ya kafa tawaye a matsayin babbar barazana ga gwamnatin Burtaniya.

Murray ya raba sojojin zuwa ginshiƙai biyu don ɓoye inda suka nufa daga Janar Wade, kwamandan gwamnati a Newcastle, ya kuma shiga Ingila a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba ba tare da hamayya ba.A ranar 10 ga wata, sun isa Carlisle, wani muhimmin sansanin kan iyaka kafin ƙungiyar ta 1707 amma wanda tsaronsa ya kasance a halin yanzu cikin mummunan yanayi, wanda wani sansanin tsofaffin tsofaffi 80 ke riƙe.Duk da haka, idan ba tare da makami na kawanya ba dole ne Yakub su kashe shi don su mika wuya, aikin da ba su da kayan aiki ko lokaci.Gidan sarautar ya mamaye a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, bayan da ya koyi aikin agajin Wade ya jinkirta saboda dusar ƙanƙara;

A tarurrukan Majalisar da suka gabata a Preston da Manchester, 'yan Scotland da yawa sun ji sun riga sun yi nisa sosai, amma sun amince da ci gaba lokacin da Charles ya tabbatar musu da cewa Sir Watkin Williams Wynn zai gana da su a Derby, yayin da Duke na Beaufort ke shirin kwace tashar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci. Bristol.Lokacin da suka isa Derby a ranar 4 ga Disamba, babu alamar waɗannan ƙarfafawa, kuma Majalisar ta yi taro washegari don tattauna matakai na gaba.Majalisar ta yi matuƙar goyon bayan ja da baya, labarin da Faransawa ta samu sun yi jigilar kayayyaki, biyan kuɗi da Scots da na Irish na yau da kullun daga Royal Écossais (Royal Scots) da Brigade na Irish a Montrose.

Clifton Moor Skirmish ya faru ne a yammacin Laraba 18 ga Disamba a lokacin tashin Jacobite na 1745. Bayan yanke shawarar ja da baya daga Derby a ranar 6 ga Disamba, sojojin Yakubu masu sauri sun rabu zuwa ƙananan ginshiƙai uku;da safiyar ranar 18 ga wata, wani karamin runduna karkashin jagorancin Cumberland da Sir Philip Honywood sun tuntubi jami'an tsaron baya na Jacobite, a lokacin da Ubangiji George Murray ya umarta.

A farkon watan Janairu, sojojin Yakubu sun kewaye Stirling Castle amma ba su sami ci gaba ba kuma a ranar 13 ga Janairu, sojojin gwamnati karkashin Henry Hawley sun ci gaba da arewa daga Edinburgh don rage shi.Ya isa Falkirk ne a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu kuma ‘yan Yakubu sun kai hari da yammacin ranar 17 ga watan Janairu, inda suka ba Hawley mamaki.Yaƙi a cikin rashin haske da dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi, an fatattaki reshen hagu na Hawley amma damansa ya tsaya tsayin daka kuma bangarorin biyu sun yi imanin an ci su.A sakamakon wannan rudani, 'yan Jacobites sun kasa bin diddigin lamarin, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce game da alhakin gazawar da kuma barin sojojin gwamnati su sake haduwa a Edinburgh, inda Cumberland ya karbi ragamar jagorancin daga Hawley.

A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, an yi watsi da kewayen Stirling, kuma mutanen Yakubu sun janye zuwa Inverness.Sojojin Cumberland sun ci gaba da gabar tekun, suna ba da damar a kawo su ta teku, suka shiga Aberdeen a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu;bangarorin biyu sun dakatar da ayyukan har sai yanayi ya inganta.An karɓi jigilar kayayyaki da yawa na Faransa a lokacin hunturu amma katange sojojin ruwa na Royal ya haifar da ƙarancin kuɗi da abinci.Lokacin da Cumberland ya bar Aberdeen a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, Charles da jami'ansa sun yarda ba da yaƙi shine mafi kyawun zaɓi.

A yakin Culloden a cikin Afrilu 1746, Yakubuites, karkashin jagorancin Charles Edward Stuart, sun fuskanci sojojin gwamnatin Birtaniya da Duke na Cumberland ya umarta.Yakubuiyawa sun tsaya a filin kiwo na kowa kusa da Ruwan Nairn, tare da reshensu na hagu a karkashin James Drummond, Duke na Perth, da kuma reshen dama karkashin jagorancin Murray.Ƙasashen Ƙasashe sun kafa layi na biyu.Tsananin yanayi da farko ya shafi fagen fama, inda ya juya zuwa yanayi mai kyau yayin da aka fara yaƙin.Dakarun na Cumberland sun fara tattakinsu da wuri, inda suka kafa layin yaki mai nisan kilomita 3 daga Yakub.Duk da yunƙurin da ‘yan Yakubu suka yi na tsorata sojojin Birtaniya, na baya-bayan nan sun ci gaba da da’a, suka ci gaba da ci gaba, suna ɗaga makamansu sama a lokacin da suke gabatowa.Cumberland ya karfafa gefensa na dama, yayin da Jacobites suka daidaita tsarinsu, wanda ya haifar da karkatacciyar layi tare da gibi.An fara yakin ne da misalin karfe 1:00 na rana tare da musayar bindigogi.‘Yan kabilar Yakubu, karkashin jagorancin Charles, sun shiga cikin wuta mai tsanani, ciki har da harbin gwangwani daga sojojin gwamnati.Dama na Yakubu, karkashin jagorancin runduna irin su Atholl Brigade da Lochiel's, an caje su zuwa hannun hagu na Burtaniya amma sun fuskanci rudani da asara.Yakubu ya bar ci gaba a hankali saboda ƙalubale.A gumurzun da aka gwabza, 'yan kabilar ta Yakob sun samu munanan raunuka amma duk da haka sun yi nasarar yin artabu da dakarun gwamnati.Kafa na 4 na Barrell da Ƙafa na 37 na Dejean sun ɗauki nauyin harin.Manjo-Janar Huske da sauri ya shirya wani hari, inda ya samar da siffar takalmi mai siffar doki wanda ya kama reshen dama na Yakubu.A halin yanzu, Jacobite ya tafi, ya kasa ci gaba da kyau, Cobham's Dragoons na 10 ya tuhume shi.Al’amarin Yakubu ya tsananta sa’ad da reshensu na hagu ya ruguje.Daga karshe sojojin na Yakubu sun ja da baya, tare da wasu runduna, irin su Royal Écossais da Kilmarnock's Footguards, suna kokarin yin ficewa cikin tsari amma suna fuskantar hare-haren kwantan bauna da na doki.Picquets na Irish sun ba da murfin ga Highlanders masu ja da baya.Duk da kokarin da aka yi na yin gangami, an tilastawa Charles da jami'ansa tserewa daga fagen fama.An kiyasta mutuwar mutanen Jacob a 1,500 zuwa 2,000, tare da mutuwar mutane da yawa a yayin da ake bi.Dakarun gwamnati sun sami raguwar asarar rayuka, inda mutane 50 suka mutu sannan 259 suka jikkata.An kashe ko kama shugabannin Yakob da dama, kuma sojojin gwamnati sun kama sojojin Yakub da na Faransa da dama.

Kimanin ’yan Yakubu 5,000 zuwa 6,000 ne suka rage a hannunsu kuma a cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa, an kiyasce masu tsira 1,500 suka taru a Barikin Ruthven;amma a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, Charles ya umurce su da su watse, yana mai cewa ana bukatar taimakon Faransa don ci gaba da yakin kuma su koma gida har sai ya dawo tare da karin tallafi.

Bayan Culloden, sojojin gwamnati sun shafe makwanni da dama suna neman 'yan tawaye, suna kwace shanu tare da kona gidajen taron Episcopalian da Katolika wadanda ba su ji rauni ba.Mummunar wadannan matakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon fahimtar da bangarorin biyu suka yi na cewa wani saukar jirgin na nan kusa.Ana ɗaukar sojoji na yau da kullun a cikin Faransanci a matsayin fursunoni na yaƙi kuma daga baya an yi musayarsu, ba tare da la’akari da ƙasarsu ba, amma an tuhumi ’yan Yakubu 3,500 da aka kama da laifin cin amanar ƙasa.Daga cikin wadannan, an kashe 120, musamman wadanda suka tsere da kuma mambobin Regiment na Manchester.Wasu 650 sun mutu suna jiran shari'a;An yi wa 900 afuwa, sauran kuma an kai su.

Bayan da ya tsere daga kama shi a Yammacin tsaunukan Yamma, wani jirgin Faransa ya dauke Charles a ranar 20 ga Satumba;bai sake komawa Scotland ba amma rugujewar dangantakarsa da Scots ya sa hakan ba zai yiwu ba.Tun kafin Derby, ya zargi Murray da wasu da ha'inci;wadannan fashe-fashen sun zama ruwan dare saboda rashin jin dadi da shaye-shaye, yayin da Scots suka daina amincewa da alkawurran da ya dauka na goyon bayansa.

Masanin tarihi Winifred Duke ya yi iƙirarin "... yarda da ra'ayin Arba'in da Biyar a cikin zukatan mafi yawan mutane shine haɗuwa mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa na wasan motsa jiki da crusade ... a cikin gaskiyar sanyi, Charles ba a so kuma ba a maraba."Masu sharhi na zamani suna jayayya cewa mayar da hankali kan "Bonnie Prince Charlie" ya ɓoye gaskiyar cewa da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka shiga Tashin Rising sun yi haka ne saboda suna adawa da Ƙungiyar, ba Hanoverians ba;wannan al'amari na kishin kasa ya sa ya zama wani bangare na ra'ayin siyasa mai ci gaba, ba aikin karshe na wata manufa da al'ada ba.Bayan 1745, sanannen ra'ayi na Highlanders ya canza daga na "wyld, wykkd Helandmen," launin fata da al'adu daban-daban daga sauran Scots, zuwa mambobin tseren jarumi masu daraja.Shekaru ɗari kafin 1745, talaucin ƙauye ya haifar da karuwar adadin don shiga cikin sojojin kasashen waje, irin su Brigade na Dutch Scots.Duk da haka, yayin da kwarewar soja kanta ta zama gama gari, bangarorin soja na dangi sun kasance suna raguwa shekaru da yawa, yaƙin tsakanin dangi na ƙarshe shine Maol Ruadh a watan Agustan 1688. An dakatar da sabis na harkokin waje a 1745 kuma an ƙara daukar ma'aikata a cikin Sojan Burtaniya kamar yadda ya dace. siyasa da gangan.Masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka na Victoria sun ɗauki manufar mayar da hankali kan daukar ma'aikata a kan abin da ake kira "jinsunan soja," an haɗa Highlanders tare da Sikhs, Dogras da Gurkhas a matsayin waɗanda aka gano ba tare da izini ba a matsayin raba halayen soja.Tashe-tashen hankula da abubuwan da suka biyo baya ya kasance abin shahara ga marubuta da dama;mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine Sir Walter Scott, wanda a farkon karni na 19 ya gabatar da Tawaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin haɗin kai.Jarumin littafinsa Waverley Bature ne wanda ya yi gwagwarmaya don Stuarts, ya ceci Kanar Hanoverian kuma a ƙarshe ya ƙi kyakkyawan kyakkyawa Highland ga 'yar aristocrat Lowland.Sulhun Scott na Unionism da '45 sun ba wa ɗan'uwan Cumberland George IV fentin ƙasa da shekaru 70 daga baya sanye da rigar Highland da tartans, a baya alamun tawayen Jacobite.