Ирактын тарыхы

Footnotes

1. Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000–5,000 BC (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7.
2. Moore, A.M.T.; Hillman, G.C.; Legge, A.J. (2000). Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510807-8.
3. Schmidt, Klaus (2003). "The 2003 Campaign at Göbekli Tepe (Southeastern Turkey)" (PDF). Neo-Lithics. 2/03: 3–8. ISSN 1434-6990. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
4. Gates, Charles (2003). "Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities", Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-415-01895-1.
5. Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice : a global human history, 20,000–5,000 BC (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7.
6. "Jericho", Encyclopædia Britannica
7. Liran, Roy; Barkai, Ran (March 2011). "Casting a shadow on Neolithic Jericho". Antiquitey Journal, Volume 85, Issue 327.
8. Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography. Wayne State University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8143-2121-8.
9. Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), "Mesopotamia, the Invention of the City" (Penguin).
10. Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. Elizabeth Williams-Forte. New York: Harper & Row. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-06-014713-6.
11. "The origin of the Sumerians is unknown; they described themselves as the 'black-headed people'" Haywood, John (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations. Penguin. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-14-101448-7.
12. Elizabeth F. Henrickson; Ingolf Thuesen; I. Thuesen (1989). Upon this Foundation: The N̜baid Reconsidered : Proceedings from the U̜baid Symposium, Elsinore, May 30th-June 1st 1988. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 353. ISBN 978-87-7289-070-8.
13. Algaze, Guillermo (2005). The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, Second Edition, University of Chicago Press.
14. Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). Climate, History, and the Modern World. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12735-1
15. Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once...; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion".
16. Roux, Georges (1993). Ancient Iraq. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-012523-8.
17. Encyclopedia Iranica: Elam - Simashki dynasty, F. Vallat.
18. Lafont, Bertrand. "The Army of the Kings of Ur: The Textual Evidence". Cuneiform Digital Library Journal.
19. Eidem, Jesper (2001). The Shemshāra Archives 1: The Letters. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 24. ISBN 9788778762450.
20. Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
21. Katz, Dina, "Ups and Downs in the Career of Enmerkar, King of Uruk", Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Warsaw, 21–25 July 2014, edited by Olga Drewnowska and Malgorzata Sandowicz, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 201-210, 2017.
22. Lieberman, Stephen J., "An Ur III Text from Drēhem Recording ‘Booty from the Land of Mardu.’", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 22, no. 3/4, pp. 53–62, 1968.
23. Clemens Reichel, "Political Change and Cultural Continuity in Eshnunna from the Ur III to the Old Babylonian Period", Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago, 1996.
24. Lawson Younger, K., "The Late Bronze Age / Iron Age Transition and the Origins of the Arameans", Ugarit at Seventy-Five, edited by K. Lawson Younger Jr., University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 131-174, 2007.
25. Schneider, Thomas (2003). "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartäisch. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu möglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372–381.
26. Sayce, Archibald Henry (1878). "Babylon–Babylonia" . In Baynes, T. S. (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 182–194, p. 104.
27. H. W. F. Saggs (2000). Babylonians. British Museum Press. p. 117.
28. Arnold, Bill (2004). Who were the Babylonians?. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 61–73. ISBN 9781589831063.
29. Merrill, Eugene; Rooker, Mark F.; Grisanti, Michael A (2011). The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8054-4031-7, p. 30.
30. Aberbach, David (2003). Major Turning Points in Jewish Intellectual History. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1766-9, p. 4.
31. Radner, Karen (2012). "The King's Road – the imperial communication network". Assyrian empire builders. University College London.
32. Frahm, Eckart (2017). "The Neo-Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE)". In E. Frahm (ed.). A Companion to Assyria. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-32524-7, pp. 177–178.
33. Bagg, Ariel (2016). "Where is the Public? A New Look at the Brutality Scenes in Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions and Art". In Battini, Laura (ed.). Making Pictures of War: Realia et Imaginaria in the Iconology of the Ancient Near East. Archaeopress Ancient Near Eastern Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress. doi:10.2307/j.ctvxrq18w.12. ISBN 978-1-78491-403-5, pp. 58, 71.
34. Veenhof, Klaas R.; Eidem, Jesper (2008). Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian Period. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg. ISBN 978-3-7278-1623-9, p. 19.
35. Liverani, Mario (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Translated by Tabatabai, Soraia. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-67905-3, p. 208.
36. Lewy, Hildegard (1971). "Assyria c. 2600–1816 BC". In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume I Part 2: Early History of the Middle East (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0, p. 731.
37. Zara, Tom (2008). "A Brief Study of Some Aspects of Babylonian Mathematics". Liberty University: Senior Honors Theses. 23, p. 4.
38. Dougherty, Raymond Philip (2008). Nabonidus and Belshazzar: A Study of the Closing Events of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55635-956-9, p. 1.
39. Hanish, Shak (2008). "The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem". Digest of Middle East Studies. 17 (1): 32–47. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x, p. 32.
40. "The Culture And Social Institutions Of Ancient Iran" by Muhammad A. Dandamaev, Vladimir G. Lukonin. Page 104.
41. Cameron, George (1973). "The Persian satrapies and related matters". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 32: 47–56. doi:10.1086/372220. S2CID 161447675.
42. Curtis, John (November 2003). "The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq" (PDF). L'Archéologie de l'Empire Achéménide. Paris, France: 3–4.
43. Farrokh, Kaveh; Frye, Richard N. (2009). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Bloomsbury USA. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-84603-473-2.
44. Steven C. Hause, William S. Maltby (2004). Western civilization: a history of European society. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-534-62164-3.
45. Roux, Georges. Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books (1992). ISBN 0-14-012523-X.
46. Buck, Christopher (1999). Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Baháí̕ Faith. SUNY Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780791497944.
47. Rosenberg, Matt T. (2007). "Largest Cities Through History". New York: About.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
48. "ĀSŌRISTĀN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 15 July 2013. ĀSŌRISTĀN, name of the Sasanian province of Babylonia.
49. Saliba, George (1994). A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam. New York University Press. pp. 245, 250, 256–257. ISBN 0-8147-8023-7.
50. Gutas, Dimitri (1998). Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early 'Abbāsid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries). London: Routledge.
51. Thomas T. Allsen Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia, p.84.
52. Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire. New York, NY: Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9.
53. Bayne Fisher, William "The Cambridge History of Iran", p.3.
54. "Mesopotamian Front | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
55. Christopher Catherwood (22 May 2014). The Battles of World War I. Allison & Busby. pp. 51–2. ISBN 978-0-7490-1502-2.
56. Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion: Britain, Jordan and the End of Empire in the Middle East, p7.
57. Atiyyah, Ghassan R. Iraq: 1908–1921, A Socio-Political Study. The Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 1973, 307.
58. Tyler, Patrick E. "Officers Say U.S. Aided Iraq in War Despite Use of Gas" Archived 2017-06-30 at the Wayback Machine New York Times August 18, 2002.
59. Molavi, Afshin (2005). "The Soul of Iran". Norton: 152.
60. Abrahamian, Ervand, A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge, 2008, p.171.
61. "U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 29 November 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
62. Gordon, Michael; Trainor, Bernard (1 March 1995). The Generals' War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf. New York: Little Brown & Co.
63. "President Discusses Beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom". Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
64. "President Bush Meets with Prime Minister Blair". Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 31 January 2003. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
65. Hoar, Jennifer (23 June 2006). "Weapons Found In Iraq Old, Unusable". CBS News. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
66. MacAskill, Ewen; Borger, Julian (15 September 2004). "Iraq war was illegal and breached UN charter, says Annan". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
67. "Guinness World Records, Largest Anti-War Rally". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 4 September 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2007.
68. "Suicide bomber kills 32 at Baghdad funeral march". Fox News. Associated Press. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
69. Salem, Paul (29 November 2012). "INSIGHT: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict". Middle East Voices (Voice of America). Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
70. Fouad al-Ibrahim (22 August 2014). "Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise". Al Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014.