![Italian historia](https://i.pinimg.com/1200x/b6/2b/68/b62b6890e5450b394910b5bff4695bc8.jpg)
![Italian historia](https://i.pinimg.com/1200x/b6/2b/68/b62b6890e5450b394910b5bff4695bc8.jpg)
![Nuraginen sivilisaatio](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/4e/41/0d/4e410da170d293e35957849cde373ac5.jpg)
Nuraginen sivilisaatio
Sardinia, Italy![Etruskien sivilisaatio](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/aa/b2/81/aab281d32a88749ddb09ff95b9bd659c.jpg)
Etruskien sivilisaatio
Italy![Rooman kuningaskunta](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/8f/dd/a3/8fdda353fa2f8c5e0eed3607beef68e8.jpg)
Rooman kuningaskunta
Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom![Rooman tasavalta](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/4d/2a/ad/4d2aad3f59b52b08e0ddee7ba8a105e1.jpg)
Rooman tasavalta
Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom![Rooman imperiumi](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/16/87/fd/1687fdbe940729b0797531859d2db9c7.jpg)
Rooman imperiumi
Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom![Länsi-Rooman valtakunnan kaatuminen](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/13/c4/fc/13c4fcee642fdb816de6d4794ed29fea.jpg)
Länsi-Rooman valtakunnan kaatuminen
Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom![Pohjanmaan kuningaskunta](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/eb/bc/50/ebbc50459d55ef7045bc3e8d99ef3470.jpg)
Pohjanmaan kuningaskunta
Ravenna, Province of Ravenna,![Lombardien kuningaskunta](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/25/77/fc/2577fc21d12ed5bf14c6c950f2884f41.jpg)
Lombardien kuningaskunta
Pavia, Province of Pavia, Ital![Frankit ja Pepinin lahjoitus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kaulbach_Die_Kaiserkr%C3%B6nung_Karls_des_Gro%C3%9Fen.jpg/600px-Kaulbach_Die_Kaiserkr%C3%B6nung_Karls_des_Gro%C3%9Fen.jpg)
Frankit ja Pepinin lahjoitus
Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom![Islam Etelä-Italiassa](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/5e/57/79/5e577971a4a9dc4c9e8602629ef56e67.jpg)
Islam Etelä-Italiassa
Bari, Metropolitan City of Bar![Normaanien valloitus Etelä-Italiassa](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Roger_I_de_Sicilia_en_la_batalla_de_Cerami%2C_por_Prosper_Lafaye.jpg/600px-Roger_I_de_Sicilia_en_la_batalla_de_Cerami%2C_por_Prosper_Lafaye.jpg)
Normaanien valloitus Etelä-Italiassa
Sicily, Italy![Guelfit ja gibelliinit](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/9e/6b/1a/9e6b1ad59daf7e3e3225f16e2298ec84.jpg)
Guelfit ja gibelliinit
Milano, Metropolitan City of M![Italian kaupunkivaltioiden nousu](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/0f/72/b9/0f72b9a7f2da690b0add93a0f0d3702f.jpg)
Italian kaupunkivaltioiden nousu
Venice, Metropolitan City of V![Italian renessanssi](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/7b/fd/e5/7bfde506417db235233ab1f223a2d1ab.jpg)
Italian renessanssi
Florence, Metropolitan City of![Italian sodat](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/bf/85/f5/bf85f5f6253616c559f889221a3bd2c2.jpg)
Italian sodat
Italy![Vasta reformaatio](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg/600px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_WGA20244.jpg)
Vasta reformaatio
Rome, Metropolitan City of Rom![Kolmikymmenvuotinen sota ja Italia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/a8/69/46/a869469358dd41f91ebb03902687e4a6.jpg)
Kolmikymmenvuotinen sota ja Italia
Mantua, Province of Mantua, It![Valistuksen aika Italiassa](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg/600px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_Sala_dei_pastelli_-_Ritratto_di_gentiluomo_in_rosso_c.1740_-_Rosalba_Carriera.jpg)
Valistuksen aika Italiassa
Italy![Espanjan peräkkäissota Italiassa](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/c3/9b/29/c39b29f9dbc164e27266e1b3e7bd88a9.jpg)
Espanjan peräkkäissota Italiassa
Mantua, Province of Mantua, It![Italian kampanjat Ranskan vallankumouksellisissa sodissa](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/La_Bataille_du_Pont_d%27Arcole.jpg/600px-La_Bataille_du_Pont_d%27Arcole.jpg)
Italian kampanjat Ranskan vallankumouksellisissa sodissa
Mantua, Province of Mantua, ItRanskan vallankumouksellisten sotien (1792–1802) Italian kampanjat olivat sarja konflikteja, joita käytiin pääasiassa Pohjois-Italiassa Ranskan vallankumousarmeijan ja Itävallan, Venäjän, Piemonten-Sardinian ja useiden muiden Italian valtioiden liittouman välillä.
![Napoleonin kuningaskunta Italiassa](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg/600px-Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani.jpg)
Napoleonin kuningaskunta Italiassa
Milano, Metropolitan City of M![Italian yhdistyminen](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/600px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg)
Italian yhdistyminen
Italy![Italian kuningaskunta](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg/600px-With_Victor_Emmanuel.jpg)
Italian kuningaskunta
Turin, Metropolitan City of Tu![Italia ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikana](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg/600px-232_2_arriv%C3%A9e_de_r%C3%A9giments_italien_en_France.jpg)
Italia ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikana
Italy![italialainen fasismi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Has_seven_1_a.jpg/600px-Has_seven_1_a.jpg)
italialainen fasismi
Italy![Italia toisen maailmansodan aikana](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg)
Italia toisen maailmansodan aikana
Italy![Italian sisällissota](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/600px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg)
Italian sisällissota
Italy![Italian tasavalta](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg/600px-Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg)
Italian tasavalta
Italy![Italia liittyy Marshall-suunnitelmaan ja Natoon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80.jpg/600px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80.jpg)
Italia liittyy Marshall-suunnitelmaan ja Natoon
Italy![Italian talouden ihme](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg/600px-Milano%2C_Centro_Direzionale_01.jpg)
Italian talouden ihme
ItalyHistoryMaps Shop
![](https://shop.history-maps.com/cdn/shop/files/continentalarmy600px.jpg?v=1715410562)
Heroes of the American Revolution Painting
Explore the rich history of the American Revolution through this captivating painting of the Continental Army. Perfect for history enthusiasts and art collectors, this piece brings to life the bravery and struggles of early American soldiers.
Appendices
APPENDIX 1
Italy's Geographic Challenge
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
APPENDIX 2
Why Was Italy so Fragmented in the Middle Ages?
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
Characters
![Petrarch](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Altichiero%2C_ritratto_di_Francesco_Petrarca.jpg/400px-Altichiero%2C_ritratto_di_Francesco_Petrarca.jpg)
Petrarch
Humanist
![Alcide De Gasperi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg/400px-Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg)
Alcide De Gasperi
Prime Minister of Italy
![Julius Caesar](https://i.pinimg.com/400x/05/34/15/053415990b54b619544ac69837d1c210.jpg)
Julius Caesar
Roman General
![Giacomo Puccini](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/GiacomoPuccini.jpg/400px-GiacomoPuccini.jpg)
Giacomo Puccini
Composer
![Antonio Vivaldi](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vivaldi_La_Cave.jpg/400px-Vivaldi_La_Cave.jpg)
Antonio Vivaldi
Venetian Composer
![Pompey](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pompey_the_Great%2C_Augustean_copy_of_a_70-60_BC_original%2C_Venice_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_%2822205132751%29.jpg/400px-Pompey_the_Great%2C_Augustean_copy_of_a_70-60_BC_original%2C_Venice_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_%2822205132751%29.jpg)
Pompey
Roman General
![Giuseppe Garibaldi](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg/400px-Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg)
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Unifier
![Livy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Titus-Livius-Austrian-Parliament-Building.jpg/400px-Titus-Livius-Austrian-Parliament-Building.jpg)
Livy
Historian
![Marcus Licinius Crassus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Late_Roman_Republic_bust_in_the_Glyptothek%2C_Copenhagen.jpg/400px-Late_Roman_Republic_bust_in_the_Glyptothek%2C_Copenhagen.jpg)
Marcus Licinius Crassus
Roman General
![Leonardo da Vinci](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg/400px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_WGA12798.jpg)
Leonardo da Vinci
Polymath
![Giuseppe Mazzini](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/400px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg)
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian Politician
![Marco Polo](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/400px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg)
Marco Polo
Explorer
![Dante Alighieri](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_de_Dante.jpg/400px-Portrait_de_Dante.jpg)
Dante Alighieri
Poet
![Giuseppe Verdi](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Primo_ritratto_boldiniano_di_Verdi.jpg/400px-Primo_ritratto_boldiniano_di_Verdi.jpg)
Giuseppe Verdi
Composer
![Cosimo I de' Medici](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Agnolo_Bronzino_-_Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici_in_armour_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Cosimo I de' Medici
Grand Duke of Tuscany
![Umberto II of Italy](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg/400px-Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg)
Umberto II of Italy
Last King of Italy
![Galileo Galilei](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Galileo-sustermans4.jpg/400px-Galileo-sustermans4.jpg)
Galileo Galilei
Polymath
![Niccolò Machiavelli](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/400px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg)
Niccolò Machiavelli
Philosopher
![Victor Emmanuel II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/400px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg)
Victor Emmanuel II
King of Sardinia
![Marcus Aurelius](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg/400px-Imperator_Antoninus_Pius.jpg)
Marcus Aurelius
Roman Emperor
![Christopher Columbus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg/400px-Portrait_of_a_Man%2C_Said_to_be_Christopher_Columbus.jpg)
Christopher Columbus
Explorer
![Benito Mussolini](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Duce_Benito_Mussolini.jpg/400px-Duce_Benito_Mussolini.jpg)
Benito Mussolini
Duce of Italian Fascism
![Michelangelo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg/400px-Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg)
Michelangelo
Polymath
- Abulafia, David. Italy in the Central Middle Ages: 1000–1300 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2004) excerpt and text search
- Alexander, J. The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922 (Greenwood, 2001).
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- Cannistraro, Philip V. ed. Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy (1982)
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- Cary, M. and H. H. Scullard. A History of Rome: Down to the Reign of Constantine (3rd ed. 1996), 690pp
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- Cochrane, Eric. Italy, 1530–1630 (1988) online edition
- Collier, Martin, Italian Unification, 1820–71 (Heinemann, 2003); textbook, 156 pages
- Davis, John A., ed. (2000). Italy in the nineteenth century: 1796–1900. London: Oxford University Press.
- De Grand, Alexander. Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882–1922 (2001)
- De Grand, Alexander. Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development (1989)
- Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events 1911–1922 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. Included also in 13th edition (1926) partly online
- Farmer, Alan. "How was Italy Unified?", History Review 54, March 2006
- Forsythe, Gary. A Critical History of Early Rome (2005) 400pp
- full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free
- Gilmour, David.The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples (2011). excerpt
- Ginsborg, Paul. A History of Contemporary Italy, 1943–1988 (2003). excerpt and text search
- Grant, Michael. History of Rome (1997)
- Hale, John Rigby (1981). A concise encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 636355191..
- Hearder, Harry. Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870 (1983) excerpt
- Heather, Peter. The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (2006) 572pp
- Herlihy, David, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds., Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy (1969)
- Holt, Edgar. The Making of Italy 1815–1870, (1971).
- Hyde, J. K. Society and Politics in Medieval Italy (1973)
- Kohl, Benjamin G. and Allison Andrews Smith, eds. Major Problems in the History of the Italian Renaissance (1995).
- La Rocca, Cristina. Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–1000 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
- Laven, David. Restoration and Risorgimento: Italy 1796–1870 (2012)
- Lyttelton, Adrian. Liberal and Fascist Italy: 1900–1945 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
- Marino, John A. Early Modern Italy: 1550–1796 (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) excerpt and text search
- McCarthy, Patrick ed. Italy since 1945 (2000).
- Najemy, John M. Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550 (The Short Oxford History of Italy) (2005) excerpt and text search
- Overy, Richard. The road to war (4th ed. 1999, ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7), covers 1930s; pp 191–244.
- Pearce, Robert, and Andrina Stiles. Access to History: The Unification of Italy 1789–1896 (4th rf., Hodder Education, 2015), textbook. excerpt
- Riall, Lucy (1998). "Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi". Modern Italy. 3 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1080/13532949808454803. S2CID 143746713.
- Riall, Lucy. Garibaldi: Invention of a hero (Yale UP, 2008).
- Riall, Lucy. Risorgimento: The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation State (2009)
- Riall, Lucy. The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification (Routledge, 1994) online
- Ridley, Jasper. Garibaldi (1974), a standard biography.
- Roberts, J.M. "Italy, 1793–1830" in C.W. Crawley, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793-1830 (Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp 439–461. online
- Scullard, H. H. A History of the Roman World 753–146 BC (5th ed. 2002), 596pp
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- Smith, Denis Mack. Cavour (1985)
- Smith, Denis Mack. Medieval Sicily, 800–1713 (1968)
- Smith, Denis Mack. Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento (Oxford UP, 1971)
- Stiles, A. The Unification of Italy 1815–70 (2nd edition, 2001)
- Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1. old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859; volume 2 online covers 1859–62
- Tobacco, Giovanni. The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Power (1989)
- Toniolo, Gianni, ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy since Unification (Oxford University Press, 2013) 785 pp. online review; another online review
- Toniolo, Gianni. An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850–1918 (1990)
- Venturi, Franco. Italy and the Enlightenment (1972)
- White, John. Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250–1400 (1993)
- Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000 (1981)
- Williams, Isobel. Allies and Italians under Occupation: Sicily and Southern Italy, 1943–45 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). xiv + 308 pp. online review
- Woolf, Stuart. A History of Italy, 1700–1860 (1988)
- Zamagni, Vera. The Economic History of Italy, 1860–1990 (1993) 413 pp. ISBN 0-19-828773-9.