Tarihin Baƙin Amurkawa

haruffa

bayanin kula

nassoshi


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1587 - 2023

Tarihin Baƙin Amurkawa



Tarihin ’yan Filipino Amirkawa ya fara a kaikaice, lokacin da bayi ’yan Filipins da ’yan bautar da ba a san su ba suka fara ziyartar abin da ke a yanzu Amurka a cikin jiragen ruwan Novohispanic da ke tafiya da kuma daga Mexico da Asiya na zamani, masu lodi da fursunoni.[1] [2] Jirgin ruwa na farko da ke ɗauke da waɗannan bayi ya tsaya a kusa da Morro Bay a cikin yankin Alta California a ƙarƙashin ikon Mexico City a cikin Viceroyalty na New Spain sannan Madrid.Har zuwa karni na 19 Philippines ta ci gaba da zama keɓantacce a cikin yanki amma ana kiyaye sadarwa ta yau da kullun a cikin Tekun Fasifik ta hanyar Manila galleon.Wasu ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Filipino da masu ba da izini sun sami nasarar tserewa Galleons na Mutanen Espanya a cikin 1700s kuma suka zauna a bakin teku ko a Louisiana, wani yanki.Wani dan kasar Philippines guda daya da ke zaune a Amurka ya yi yakin New Orleans .[3] A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na karni na 19, Amurka ta yi yaƙi daSpain , a ƙarshe ta mamaye tsibirin Philippine daga Spain.Saboda wannan, Tarihin Philippines yanzu ya haɗa da mamayewa daga Amurka, wanda ya fara da yakin Philippine-Amurka na tsawon shekaru uku (1899-1902), wanda ya haifar da shan kashi na farko na Jamhuriyar Philippines, da kuma yunkurin Amurkawa. na Philippines.A cikin karni na 20, ’yan Philippines da yawa sun shiga aikin jirgin ruwa na Sojojin ruwa na Amurka, fenshoado, da ma’aikata.A lokacin Babban Mawuyacin Hali, Baƙin Amurkawa na Philippines sun zama masu cin zarafi na tashin hankali na kabilanci, gami da tarzomar kabilanci irin ta Watsonville.An zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Kai ta Philippines a cikin 1934, ta sake fasalin Filipinos a matsayin baki don shige da fice;wannan ya ƙarfafa Filipinos su koma Philippines kuma suka kafa Commonwealth na Philippines.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an mamaye Philippines wanda ya haifar da juriya, da kafa tsarin mulkin Philippines da aka ware, da 'yantar da tsibiran.Bayan yakin duniya na biyu , Philippines ta sami 'yancin kai a cikin 1946. An soke fa'idodin da aka samu ga mafi yawan tsoffin sojojin Philippines tare da Dokar Rescission na 1946. 'Yan Filipins, manyan matan yaƙi, sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka;An saita ƙarin shige da fice zuwa mutane 100 a shekara saboda Dokar Luce-Celler ta 1946, wannan ko da yake bai iyakance adadin Filipinos da za su iya shiga cikin Sojojin ruwa na Amurka ba.A cikin 1965, ma'aikatan aikin gona na Filipino, ciki har da Larry Itling da Philip Vera Cruz, sun fara yajin aikin innabi na Delano.A wannan shekarar ne aka dage adadin mutane 100 na bakin haure na Philippines a kowace shekara, wanda ya fara hawan bakin haure a halin yanzu;yawancin wadannan bakin haure ma'aikatan jinya ne.Ba'amurken Filipino sun fara zama mafi kyawu a cikin jama'ar Amurka, suna samun nasarori da yawa.A shekara ta 1992, an kawo karshen shigar da ’yan Philippines a Philippines zuwa Amurka.A farkon karni na 21, an gane watan Tarihin Amurka na Filipino.
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Ziyarci Shago

'Yan Philippines na farko a Arewacin Amurka
Kasuwancin Manila Galleon ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1556 Jan 1 - 1813

'Yan Philippines na farko a Arewacin Amurka

Morro Bay, CA, USA
An gane tsarin ƙaura na Filipinos zuwa Amurka da cewa yana faruwa a cikin manyan raƙuman ruwa huɗu.Tashin farko ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin igiyar ruwa a lokacin lokacin da Philippines ke ƙarƙashin ikon Indiyawan Gabas ta Tsakiya, yankin da Mexico City ke mulki a New Spain ;Filipinos, ta hanyar galleons na Manila, wani lokaci suna zama a Arewacin Amurka a matsayin bayi ko ma'aikata.Tsakanin kusan 1556 da 1813, Spain ta tsunduma cikin cinikin Galleon tsakanin Manila da Acapulco.An gina galleons ɗin a cikin wuraren jiragen ruwa na Cavite, a wajen Manila, ta masu sana'ar Philippines.Kamfanin Crown na Spain ne ya dauki nauyin wannan cinikin, yawancin kayayyakin da aka samu daga ‘yan kasuwa na kasar Sin ne, yayin da jiragen ruwa na kasar Philippines ne da ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa da kuma bayi, yayin da jami’an birnin Mexico ke kula da su.A wannan lokacin, Spain ta ɗauki 'yan Mexico don su yi aiki a matsayin sojoji a Manila.Sun kuma ɗauki ’yan Philippines su yi hidima a matsayin bayi da ma’aikata a Meziko.Da zarar an aika zuwa Amurka, yawancin sojojin Philippines ba su dawo gida ba.[4]Filipinos na farko ("Luzonians") don kafa ƙafa a Arewacin Amirka sun isa Morro Bay (San Luis Obispo), California.Waɗannan mutanen bayi ne a cikin jirgin ruwa Nuestra Senora de Esperanza, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin ɗan Spain Pedro de Unamuno;Waɗannan ƴan ƙasar Philippines sune farkon sanannun Asiyawa da suka fara kafa ƙafa a California , bayan turawan mulkin mallaka.
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Zauren Farko
Matsala kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin Harper's Weekly, 1883. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1763 Jan 1

Zauren Farko

Saint Malo, Louisiana, USA
Matsala ta farko ta dindindin na matsugunan Filipinos a cikin Amurka yana a yankin mai zaman kansa na Saint Malo, Louisiana.[5] [6]
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Manilamen
Yaƙin New Orleans ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1815 Jan 8

Manilamen

Louisiana, USA
A lokacin Yaƙin 1812 , Filipinos mazaunan Louisiana, da ake magana da su a matsayin "Manilamen" mazauna kusa da birnin New Orleans, ciki har da Manila Village, suna cikin "Baratarians", wani rukuni na maza da suka yi yaƙi da Jean Lafitte da Andrew Jackson a yakin New Orleans a lokacin yakin 1812. An yi yakin ne bayan da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Ghent.[7]
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Yan Philippines a yakin basasar Amurka
Yakin basasar Amurka. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1861 Jan 1 - 1863

Yan Philippines a yakin basasar Amurka

United States
Kimanin 'yan Filipins da Sinawa 100 ne suka shiga cikin yakin basasar Amurka a cikin Sojoji da Sojoji da Navy, da kuma yin hidima, a cikin adadi kadan, a cikin rundunar sojojin Tarayyar Amurka.[8]
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Dokar Fansho
Na farko 100 pensionados a 1904 St. Louis Exposition ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1903 Aug 26

Dokar Fansho

United States
Dokar Pensionado ita ce doka mai lamba 854 na Hukumar Philippine, wacce ta wuce ranar 26 ga Agusta 1903. Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta amince da ita, ta kafa shirin bayar da tallafin karatu ga Filipinos don halartar makaranta a Amurka .Shirin ya samo asali ne a kokarin sulhu bayan yakin Philippine -American.Ta yi fatan shirya Philippines don cin gashin kai da kuma gabatar da kyakkyawan hoto na Filipinos ga sauran Amurkawa.Daliban wannan shirin tallafin karatu an san su da pensionados.Daga ɗalibai 100 na farko, shirin ya ba da ilimi a Amurka zuwa kusan ɗalibai 500.Za su ci gaba da kasancewa masu tasiri a cikin al'ummar Philippine, tare da yawancin tsofaffin daliban shirin suna ci gaba da aiki ga gwamnati a tsibirin Philippine.Sakamakon nasarar da suka samu, wasu bakin haure daga Philippines sun bi su karatu a Amurka, sama da 14,000.Yawancin waɗannan ɗaliban da ba su da fansho sun ƙare zama dindindin a Amurka.A 1943, shirin ya ƙare.Ya kasance mafi girman shirin tallafin karatu na Amurka har sai an kafa Shirin Fulbright a cikin 1948.A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ,Japan ta kaddamar da irin wannan shirin a lokacin da ta mamaye Philippines, mai suna nampo tokubetsu ryugakusei.Bayan Yaƙin, da 'yancin kai na Philippine, ɗaliban Philippines sun ci gaba da zuwa Amurka suna amfani da tallafin karatu na gwamnati.
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1906 Jan 1 - 1946

Wave Na Biyu na Shige da Fice

United States
Guguwar ta biyu ita ce lokacin da Philippines ta kasance yanki na Amurka;a matsayinsu na ƴan ƙasar Amurka, ƴan ƙasar Filipins ba su da ƙuntatawa daga ƙaura zuwa Amurka ta Dokar Shige da Fice ta 1917 wadda ta taƙaita wasu Asiyawa.[41] An kira wannan guguwar hijira a matsayin tsarar manong.[42] Filipinos na wannan igiyar ruwa sun zo don dalilai daban-daban, amma yawancin ma'aikata ne, galibi Ilocano da Visayans.[21] Wannan guguwar shige da fice ta bambanta da sauran Asiyawan Amurkawa, saboda tasirin Amurkawa, da ilimi, a cikin Philippines;don haka ba sa ganin kansu a matsayin baki lokacin da suka yi hijira zuwa Amurka.[43] A shekara ta 1920, yawan mutanen Philippines a cikin babban yankin Amurka sun tashi daga kusan 400 zuwa sama da 5,600.Sannan a cikin 1930, al'ummar Filipino-Amurka sun zarce 45,000, gami da sama da 30,000 a California da 3,400 a Washington.[40]
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Rikicin Anti-Filipino
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1930 Jan 19 - Jan 23

Rikicin Anti-Filipino

Watsonville, California, USA
Juriyar ma'aikatan Filipino a cikin matsanancin yanayi na aiki ya sa sun fi so a ɗauka a tsakanin masu aikin gona.A cikin Santa Clara na California da San Joaquin Valleys, ana ba da Filipinos sau da yawa zuwa aikin baya na noma da girbi bishiyar asparagus, seleri, da latas.Sakamakon nuna banbancin jinsi a manufofin shige da fice da ayyukan daukar ma'aikata, daga cikin ma'aikatan Philippines 30,000 da ke bin zagayowar aikin gona na yanayi, 1 cikin 14 ne kawai mata.[15] Ba za su iya saduwa da matan Filipinawa ba, ma'aikatan gona na Filipin sun nemi abokantakar mata a wajen al'ummarsu, wanda ya kara dagula rikicin kabilanci.[16]A cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, farar fata mazan da suka yi fatali da karɓo ayyukan yi da kuma farar fata mata da Filipinas suka yi, sun koma cikin faɗakarwa don tunkarar "mamayar Asiya ta uku."Ma’aikatan ’yan kasar Philippines da ke yawan zuwa wuraren waha ko kuma halartar bikin baje kolin tituna a Stockton, Dinuba, Exeter, da Fresno sun yi kasadar kai hari daga masu ra’ayin kishin kasa da ke fuskantar barazanar kumburin wurin aiki da kuma yanayin jima’i na dan kasar Philippines.[17]Rikicin Watsonville wani lokaci ne na rikicin kabilanci da ya faru a Watsonville, California, daga ranar 19 zuwa 23 ga Janairu, 1930. Ciki da tashin hankali a kan ma'aikatan gona na Amurka na Philippines da mazauna wurin suka yi adawa da shige da fice, tarzomar ta nuna tashin hankali na launin fata da zamantakewar tattalin arziki a California's al'ummomin noma.[14] Tashin hankali ya bazu zuwa Stockton, San Francisco, San Jose, da sauran garuruwa.Kwanaki biyar na tarzomar Watsonville sun yi tasiri sosai kan halin California game da ƙwaƙƙwaran Asiya da aka shigo da su.Majalissar California ta fito fili ta haramta auren jinsin Filipino-fararen fata bayan yanke shawarar 1933 na Roldan da Los Angeles County.A shekara ta 1934, Dokar Tydings-McDuffie ta tarayya ta ƙuntata ƙaura na Filipino zuwa mutane hamsin a kowace shekara.A sakamakon haka, shige da fice na Filipino ya ragu, kuma yayin da suka kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na aiki a cikin filayen, 'yan Mexico sun fara maye gurbinsu.[18]
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Haramcin auren jinsi
Ana ganin Caliva tare da matarsa, Lucy, a wani mahimmin hoto.Kallon wani Bafilatani da wata farar fata kawai ya isa ya tabbatar da fushi da fushi a tsakanin turawa a lokacin. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1933 Jan 1

Haramcin auren jinsi

United States
Bayan Kotun Koli ta California ta samu a gundumar Roldan v. Los Angeles cewa dokokin da ake da su na adawa da aure tsakanin fararen fata da "Mongoloid" ba su hana wani dan Philippines auren farar mace ba, [19] Dokar hana lalata ta California, Sashe na Civil Code. An gyara 60 don hana aure tsakanin fararen fata da membobin "kabilar Malay" (misali Filipinos).[20] Dokokin hana auren jinsi tare da Filipinos sun ci gaba har zuwa 1948 a California ;wannan ya fadada a cikin ƙasa a cikin 1967 lokacin da Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta soke dokokin hana ɓarna da Loving v. Virginia .
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Dokar Independence ta Philippine
Wakilai daga Ofishin Jakadancin Independence na Philippine a 1924 (hagu zuwa dama): Isauro Gabaldon, Sergio Osmena, Manuel L. Quezon, Claro M. Recto, Pedro Guevara, da Dean Jorge Bocobo ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1934 Mar 24

Dokar Independence ta Philippine

United States
Dokar Tydings-McDuffie, bisa hukuma Dokar Independence ta Philippine (Pub. L. 73-127, 48 Stat. 456, wanda aka kafa Maris 24, 1934), Dokar Majalisa ce wacce ta kafa tsari ga Philippines, sannan yankin Amurka. ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta bayan wa'adin mika mulki na shekaru goma.A karkashin dokar, an rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1935 na Philippines kuma an kafa Commonwealth na Philippines, tare da shugaban Philippines na farko kai tsaye.Hakanan ya kafa iyakance akan ƙaura na Filipino zuwa Amurka .Dokar ta sake sanya dukkan ƴan ƙasar Filifin, gami da waɗanda ke zaune a Amurka, a matsayin baki don dalilan ƙaura zuwa Amurka.An kafa adadin bakin haure 50 a kowace shekara.Kafin wannan aikin, an rarraba ƴan ƙasar Filifin a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Amurka, amma ba ƴan ƙasar Amurka ba, kuma yayin da aka basu damar yin ƙaura cikin 'yanci, an hana su haƙƙoƙin zama ɗan ƙasa a cikin Amurka, sai dai idan sun kasance ƴan ƙasa ta haihuwa a ƙasar Amurka.[21]
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Mallakar filaye na Filipinas
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1941 Jan 1

Mallakar filaye na Filipinas

Supreme Court of the United St
Kotun Koli ta Washington ta yanke hukuncin rashin bin tsarin mulki na Anti-Alien Land Law na 1937 wanda ya haramtawa Amurkawa Philippines mallakar filaye.[22 [23]]
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Rundunar Sojojin Kasar Philippines ta 1st
Samar da Regiment yayin ziyarar Mataimakin Shugaban Commonwealth Osmeña ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1942 Mar 4 - 1946 Apr 10

Rundunar Sojojin Kasar Philippines ta 1st

San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
Rajistar Infantry ta 1st Filifin wata runduna ce ta sojojin Amurka ta keɓance da ta ƙunshi Amurkawa Babilatani daga nahiyar Amurka da wasu ƴan tsagaita yaƙin Philippines waɗanda suka ga yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu .An kafa shi kuma an kunna shi a Camp San Luis Obispo, California , ƙarƙashin kulawar National Guard na California.Asali an ƙirƙira ta a matsayin bataliyar, an ayyana ta a matsayin runduna a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1942. An tura ta zuwa New Guinea a 1944, ta zama tushen ma'aikata ga sojoji na musamman da sassan da za su yi aiki a yankunan da aka mamaye.A cikin 1945, an tura shi zuwa Philippines , inda aka fara ganin yaƙi a matsayin ƙungiya.Bayan manyan ayyukan yaƙi, ya kasance a cikin Philippines har sai ya koma California kuma an kashe shi a cikin 1946 a Camp Stoneman.
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Hukuncin Kotun Koli da ya baiwa Filipinas damar mallakar kadarori
Ba'amurken Filipino a cikin rayuwar dare na Hollywood a cikin 1940s. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1945 Jan 1

Hukuncin Kotun Koli da ya baiwa Filipinas damar mallakar kadarori

Supreme Court of the United St
An yi bikin Celestino Alfafara a cikin tarihin tarihin Amurka na Philippines a matsayin mutumin da ya ci "hukuncin Kotun Koli na California da ke ba da izinin mallaka na gaske."A cikin kwanan nan taron na Filipino American National Historical Society a Albuquerque, New Mexico a watan Yuni 2012, "The Legacy of Celestino T. Alfafara" shi ne mayar da hankali na plenary kan "Fighting Anti-Alien Property Laws".Kafin Alfafara, hanya daya tilo da ’yan Philippines za su iya mallakar kadarori a California ita ce idan suka hada baki suka saya da sunan kungiyoyin ‘yan uwansu kamar Caballeros de Dimasalang na Gran Oriente Filipino da Legionarios del Trabajadores.
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An soke fa'idodin tsoffin sojojin na Philippines
Jose Calugas ya yi aiki a ƙwararrun 'yan sandan Amurka na Philippine Scouts a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.Ya samu lambar yabo ta karramawa saboda ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin tsananin yakin Bataan. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1946 Jan 1

An soke fa'idodin tsoffin sojojin na Philippines

Washington D.C., DC, USA
Dokar Rescission na 1946 wata doka ce ta Amurka ta rage (sakewa) adadin wasu kudade da aka riga aka tsara don shirye-shiryen gwamnati, yawancin su ga sojojin Amurka, bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya ƙare kuma yayin da sojojin Amurka da ayyukan jama'a suka ragu. .Tasirin shi ne sake soke fa'idodin ga sojojin Philippines don aikin soja a ƙarƙashin inuwar Amurka yayin da Philippines yanki ne na Amurka mara haɗin gwiwa kuma Filipinas 'yan asalin Amurka ne.
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Kashi na uku na Shige da Fice na Filipino
"Ƙarshen Gada" na Filipina Amurkawa. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1946 Jan 1 - 1965

Kashi na uku na Shige da Fice na Filipino

United States
Guguwar hijira ta uku ta biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru a yakin duniya na biyu .[37] ’Yan Philippines da suka yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ba su zaɓi na zama ’yan ƙasar Amurka, kuma da yawa sun yi amfani da damar, [38] sama da 10,000 a cewar Barkan.[39] An ƙyale matan yaƙi na Filipina su yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka saboda Dokar Brides na War da Dokar Aure, tare da kusan 16,000 Filipinas shiga Amurka a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan yakin.[37] Wannan ƙaura ba ta iyakance ga Filipinas da yara ba;tsakanin 1946 da 1950, an ba wa angon Filipin ɗaya izinin hijira a ƙarƙashin Dokar Brides na Yaƙi.An buɗe tushen ƙaura tare da Dokar Luce-Celler ta 1946, wacce ta baiwa Philippines adadin mutane 100 a shekara;amma duk da haka bayanai sun nuna cewa 32,201 Filipinas sun yi hijira tsakanin 1953 zuwa 1965. Wannan guguwar ta ƙare a 1965.
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Dokar Halitta ta Filipino
Shugaban Amurka Harry Truman ya sanya hannu kan dokar Luce-Celler a 1946. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1946 Jul 2

Dokar Halitta ta Filipino

Washington D.C., DC, USA
Dokar Luce-Celler ta 1946 doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Amurka wacce ta ba da adadin 100 Filipinos [24] da Indiyawa 100 daga Asiya don yin ƙaura zuwa Amurka a kowace shekara, [25] wanda a karon farko ya ba da izinin waɗannan mutanen. don zama ɗan ƙasa a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Amurka.[26] [27] Bayan zama 'yan ƙasa, waɗannan sababbin Amirkawa za su iya mallakar dukiya a ƙarƙashin sunayensu har ma da koke ga danginsu na kusa daga ketare.[28]Dan Republican Clare Boothe Luce da Democrat Emanuel Celler ne suka gabatar da wannan doka a shekara ta 1943 kuma shugaban Amurka Harry S. Truman ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1946, kwanaki biyu kafin Philippines ta sami 'yancin kai tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Manila a ranar 4 ga Yuli. , 1946. Saboda ’yancin kai na kusa da Filifin, da an hana Filipin yin hijira ba tare da Dokar ba.[29]
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1965 May 3

Yajin inabi Delano

Delano, California, USA
Gabanin yajin inabi na Delano wani yajin aikin innabi ne da ma’aikatan gona ’yan Philippines suka shirya wanda ya faru a kwarin Coachella, California a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1965. Domin yawancin masu yajin sun haura shekaru 50 kuma ba su da iyalai na kansu saboda nuna kyama. dokokin, sun kasance a shirye su yi kasada dan abin da suke da shi don yaki don ƙarin albashi.Yajin aikin ya yi nasarar baiwa ma’aikatan gona karin karin kashi 40 cikin 100 a kowace sa’a, wanda hakan ya haifar da biyan ma’aikata kwatankwacin albashin dala 1.40 a duk sa’a da ake biyan ‘yan sandan da aka haramtawa hannu a kwanan baya Bayan yajin aikin a Coachella, ma’aikatan gona sun bi aikin inabin. lokacin zaɓe kuma ya ƙaura zuwa arewa zuwa Delano Ma'aikatan gona na Filipino waɗanda suka taso daga Coachella sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Larry Itling, Philip Vera Cruz, Benjamin Gines, da Elasco a ƙarƙashin AWOC.Da suka isa garin Delano, manoman sun shaida wa ma’aikatan gona cewa maimakon a biya su albashin dala $1.40 a kowace awa a Coachella, za a biya su dala 1.20 a sa’a guda, wanda ya gaza mafi karancin albashin gwamnatin tarayya Duk da yunkurin sasantawa. , Masu noma ba su yarda su kara albashi ba tun lokacin da ma'aikata suka sami sauƙin maye gurbin wannan ya tura Itling, wanda shi ne shugaban AWOC, don tsara ma'aikatan gonaki na Filipino da kuma matsa lamba don ba su ƙarin albashi da mafi kyawun yanayin aiki A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1965, Itling da Ma’aikatan gona ‘yan Philippines ne suka taru a cikin dakin taron jama’a na Filipino, kuma AWOC baki daya ta kada kuri’ar fara yajin aikin da safe.Yajin aikin na Delano yajin aikin ne da kwamitin shirya ma'aikatan aikin gona (AWOC), wata kungiyar ƙwadago ta Philippines da AFL-CIO ke ɗaukar nauyi, ta shirya yajin aikin da masu noman inabi a Delano, California, don yaƙi da cin zarafi da ma'aikatan gona ke yi. Satumba 8, 1965, kuma bayan mako guda, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasar Mexica (NFWA) ta shiga cikin lamarin.A watan Agustan 1966, AWOC da NFWA sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Kwamitin Shirya Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta United Farm Workers (UFW).Yajin aikin dai ya dauki tsawon shekaru biyar ana yinsa da kokarinsa na asali—kauracewa masu amfani da su, da zanga-zanga, da hada kan al'umma da kuma tsayin daka - wanda ya jawo hankalin al'ummar kasa.A watan Yuli na shekarar 1970, yajin aikin ya haifar da nasara ga ma'aikatan gona, saboda kaurace wa 'yan inabi da ba na kungiyar kwadago ba, lokacin da aka cimma yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tare da manyan masu noman inabi, wanda ya shafi ma'aikatan gona sama da 10,000.Yajin aikin innabi na Delano ya yi fice sosai don aiwatarwa da daidaitawa na kauracewa, kawancen da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba tsakanin Filipino da ma'aikatan gona na Mexico don hada kan ma'aikatan gona, da kuma haifar da kungiyar kwadago ta UFW, wadanda dukkansu suka kawo sauyi ga harkar noma a kasar. Amurka .
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1965 Dec 1

Wave na Hudu na Shige da Fice

United States
Gudun hijira na huɗu da na yanzu na Filipino ya fara ne a cikin 1965 tare da zartar da Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa ta 1965. Ya ƙare ƙididdiga na ƙasa, kuma ya ba da adadin biza mara iyaka don haɗuwa da iyali.A shekarun 1970s da 1980 shige da fice na matan Filipina na membobin hidima ya kai adadin shekara-shekara na dubu biyar zuwa takwas.[33] Philippines ta zama mafi girma tushen ƙaura na doka zuwa Amurka daga Asiya.Yawancin Filipinas na wannan sabuwar ƙaura sun yi ƙaura a nan a matsayin ƙwararru saboda ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya;[34] daga 1966 har zuwa 1991, aƙalla ma'aikatan jinya 35,000 na Philippines sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka.[36] Tun daga 2005, 55% na ma'aikatan jinya da aka horar da kasashen waje suna yin jarrabawar cancantar da Hukumar Kula da Masu Karatun Makarantun Ma'aikatan Jinya (CGFNS) ke gudanarwa a Philippines.[35] Ko da yake Filipinos sun kasance kashi 24 cikin 100 na likitocin kasashen waje da suka shiga Amurka a cikin 1970, likitocin Filipina sun fuskanci rashin aikin yi a cikin 1970s saboda buƙatar cin nasarar jarrabawar ECFMG don yin aiki a Amurka.
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1992 Oct 1

Watan Tarihin Amurka na Filipino

United States
Ana bikin watan Tarihin Amurka na Filipino (FAHM) a Amurka a cikin watan Oktoba.A cikin 1991, kwamitin amintattu na Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) ya ba da shawarar farkon watan Tarihin Amurka na Filipino don farawa a cikin Oktoba 1992. [30]An zaɓi Oktoba don tunawa da ziyarar ƴan ƙasar Filifins na farko waɗanda suka sauka a matsayin bayi, fursunoni, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan Novohispanic a yanzu Morro Bay, California a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, [1587.] shugaba Larry Itling.[32]A California da Hawaii, inda yawancin Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ke zama, ana bikin watan Tarihin Amurka na Filipino kowace shekara.Yawancin ƙungiyoyin Amurkawa na Filipino a cikin waɗannan jahohin sukan ƙaddamar da nasu bukukuwa masu zaman kansu.A cikin 2009, Sanatan Jihar California Leland Yee ya gabatar da wani kuduri, wanda aka zartar, wanda ya amince da Oktoba a matsayin watan Tarihin Amurka na Filipino.Ya wuce Majalisar Jihar California kuma an mika shi ga Sakataren Jihar California.
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2002 Jul 31

Tarihi na Filipinotown, Los Angeles

Historic Filipinotown, Los Ang
A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2002, Birnin Los Angeles ya ba da tarihin Filipinotown tare da iyakoki masu zuwa: a gabas ta Glendale Boulevard, a arewa ta hanyar 101 Freeway, a yamma ta Hoover Street, kuma a kudu ta Beverly Boulevard.Yankin, wanda ke cikin gundumar Council 13, an saba kiransa da "Haikali-Beverly Corridor".Dukansu Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Ma'aikatar Sufuri an umurce su da shigar da sigina don gano "Tarihin Filipinotown".An shigar da alamar maƙwabta a mahadar titin Temple da titin Hoover da Beverly Boulevard da Belmont Avenue.A cikin 2006, an shigar da alamar tarihi ta Filipinotown tare da 101 Freeway a titin Alvarado Street.
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2016 Jan 1

Epilogue

United States
A cikin 2016, 'yan Philippines 50,609 sun sami izinin zama na dindindin a halal, a cewar Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Amurka.Daga cikin waɗancan ƴan ƙasar Filipins da suka karɓi matsayinsu na dindindin na dindindin a cikin 2016, 66% sababbi ne, yayin da 34% baƙin haure ne da suka daidaita matsayinsu a cikin Amurka A cikin 2016, bayanan da aka tattara daga Ma'aikatar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Amurka ta gano cewa nau'ikan shigar da Filipino ne. Baƙi sun ƙunshi galibin dangi na kusa, wato kashi 57% na shiga.Wannan ya sa shigar da dangi na kusa ga Filipinos sama da matsakaicin matsakaita na dindindin na bakin haure, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 47.9% kawai.Bayan shigar da dangi kai tsaye, dangin tallafi da shigar da aikin aiki shine mafi girman hanyoyin shiga na shige da fice na Philippines, tare da 28% da 14% bi da bi.Kamar shigar da dangi nan da nan, duka waɗannan nau'ikan sun fi na gaba ɗaya halaltaccen mazaunin baƙi na Amurka.Bambance-bambance, 'yan gudun hijira da mafaka, da sauran nau'ikan shigar da suke da kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na bakin haure na Philippines da aka ba su matsayin zama na dindindin a cikin 2016.
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Characters



Bobby Balcena

Bobby Balcena

First Asian American to play Major League baseball

Alfred Laureta

Alfred Laureta

First Filipino American Federal Judge

Larry Itliong

Larry Itliong

Filipino American labor organizer

Vicki Draves

Vicki Draves

Filipino American Olympic Gold winner

Gene Viernes

Gene Viernes

Filipino American labor activist

Silme Domingo

Silme Domingo

Filipino American labor activist

Ben Cayetano

Ben Cayetano

First Filipino American State Governor

Philip Vera Cruz

Philip Vera Cruz

Filipino American labor leader

Eduardo Malapit

Eduardo Malapit

First Filipino American mayor in the United States

Footnotes



  1. "The End of Chino Slavery".Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico. Cambridge Latin American Studies. Cambridge University Press. 2014. pp.212-246.
  2. Bonus, Rick (2000).Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space. Temple University Press. p.191.ISBN978-1-56639-779-7. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 19,2017.
  3. "The Unsung Story of Asian American Veterans in the U.S."November 12, 2021.
  4. Peterson, Andrew (Spring 2011)."What Really Made the World go Around?: Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade"(PDF).Explorations.11(1): 3-18.Archived(PDF) from the original on April 24, 2018.
  5. Welch, Michael Patrick (October 27, 2014)."NOLA Filipino History Stretches for Centuries". New Orleans Me. The Arts Council of New Orleans. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18,2018.
  6. Loni Ding (2001)."Part 1. COOLIES, SAILORS AND SETTLERS".NAATA. PBS. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 19,2011.Some of the Filipinos who left their ships in Mexico ultimately found their way to the bayous of Louisiana, where they settled in the 1760s. The film shows the remains of Filipino shrimping villages in Louisiana, where, eight to ten generations later, their descendants still reside, making them the oldest continuous settlement of Asians in America.Loni Ding (2001)."1763 FILIPINOS IN LOUISIANA".NAATA.PBS. These are the "Louisiana Manila men" with presence recorded as early as 1763.Mercene, Floro L. (2007).Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. UP Press. p.106.ISBN978-971-542-529-2.
  7. Nancy Dingler (June 23, 2007)."Filipinos made immense contributions in Vallejo".Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 27,2007.Railton, Ben (July 31, 2019).We the People: The 500-Year Battle Over Who Is American. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. p.94.ISBN978-1-5381-2855-8.Mercene, Floro L. (2007).Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. UP Press. p.116.ISBN978-971-542-529-2
  8. Floro L. Mercene (2007)."Filipinos in the US Civil War".Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. Diliman, Quezon City: UP Press. pp.43-50. ISBN978-971-542-529-2.Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward (March 2015)."Asian and Pacific Islanders in the Civil War"(PDF).The Civil War. National Park Service.Archived(PDF)from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved April 23,2018.
  9. Joaquin Jay Gonzalez (February 1, 2009).Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement. NYU Press. p.21.ISBN978-0-8147-3297-7.
  10. Boyd, Monica (1971). "Oriental Immigration: The Experience of the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Populations in the United States".The International Migration Review.5(1): 48-61. doi: 10.2307/3002046.JSTOR 3002046.
  11. Orosa, Mario E."The Philippine Pensionado Story"(PDF).Orosa Family.Archived(PDF)from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 23,2018.Roces, Mina (December 9, 2014). "Filipina/o Migration to the United States and the Remaking of Gender Narratives, 1906-2010".Gender History.27(1): 190-206. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12097. S2CID146568599.2005Congressional Record,Vol.151, p.S13594(14 December 2005)
  12. Maria P. P. Root (May 20, 1997).Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. SAGE. pp.12-13. ISBN978-0-7619-0579-0.Fresco, Crystal (2004)."Cannery Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union 1933-39: Their Strength in Unity".Seattle Civil Rights Labor History Project. University of Washington.Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved April 23,2018.Huping Ling; Allan W. Austin (March 17, 2015).Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p.259. ISBN978-1-317-47645-0.Sugar Y Azcar. Mona Palmer. 1920. p.166.
  13. A. F. Hinriehs (1945).Labor Unionism in American Agriculture(Report). United States Department of Labor. p.129.Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 13,2018- via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  14. De Witt, Howard A. (1979). "The Watsonville Anti-Filipino Riot of 1930: A Case Study of the Great Depression and Ethnic Conflict in California",Southern California Quarterly, 61(3),p. 290.
  15. San Juan, Jr., Epifanio (2000).After Postcolonialism: Remapping Philippines-United States Confrontations.New York: Rowman Littlefield,p. 125.
  16. Joel S. Franks (2000).Crossing Sidelines, Crossing Cultures: Sport and Asian Pacific American Cultural Citizenship.University Press of America. p.35. ISBN978-0-7618-1592-1."Depression Era: 1930s: Watsonville Riots".Picture This. Oakland Museum of California. Retrieved May 25,2019.
  17. Lee, Erika and Judy Yung (2010).Angel Island: Immigrant Gateway to America.New York:Oxford University Press.
  18. Melendy, H. Brett (November 1974). "Filipinos in the United States".Pacific Historical Review.43(4): 520-574. doi: 10.2307/3638431. JSTOR3638431.
  19. Min, Pyong-Gap (2006),Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues, Pine Forge Press, p. 189,ISBN978-1-4129-0556-5
  20. Irving G. Tragen (September 1944)."Statutory Prohibitions against Interracial Marriage".California Law Review.32(3): 269-280. doi:10.2307/3476961. JSTOR3476961., citing Cal. Stats. 1933, p. 561.
  21. Yo, Jackson (2006).Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology. SAGE. p.216. ISBN978-1-4129-0948-8.Retrieved September 27,2009.
  22. "Filipino Americans". Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs.
  23. Mark L. Lazarus III."An Historical Analysis of Alien Land Law: Washington Territory State 1853-1889".Seattle University School of Law.Seattle University.
  24. Bayor, Ronald (2011).Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans.ABC-CLIO. p.714.ISBN978-0-313-35786-2. Retrieved 7 February2011.
  25. Bayor, Ronald (2011).Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans.ABC-CLIO. p.969.ISBN978-0-313-35786-2. Retrieved 7 February2011.
  26. "The US has come a long way since its first, highly restrictive naturalization law".Public Radio International. July 4, 2016. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  27. Okihiro, Gary Y. (2005).The Columbia Guide to Asian American History. New York:Columbia University Press. p.24. ISBN978-0-231-11511-7. Retrieved 7 February2011.
  28. Mabalon, Dawn B.; Rico Reyes (2008).Filipinos in Stockton. Arcadia Publishing. Filipino American National Historical Society, Little Manila Foundation. p.8.ISBN978-0-7385-5624-6. Retrieved 7 February2012.
  29. Trinh V, Linda (2004).Mobilizing an Asian American community. Philadelphia:Temple University Press. pp.20-21.ISBN978-1-59213-262-1.
  30. "A Resolution: October is Filipino American History Month"(PDF). Filipino American Historical National Society. Retrieved 16 October2018.
  31. "Filipino American History, 425 Years and Counting".kcet.org. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April2018.
  32. Federis, Marnette."California To Recognize Larry Itliong Day On Oct. 25".capradio.org. Retrieved 20 April2018.
  33. Min, Pyong Gap (2006).Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. p.14.ISBN978-1-4129-0556-5. Retrieved February 14,2011.
  34. Daniels, Roger (2002).Coming to America: a history of immigration and ethnicity in American life. HarperCollins. p.359.ISBN978-0-06-050577-6. Retrieved April 27,2011.Espiritu, Yen Le (2005). "Gender, Migration, and Work: Filipina Health Care Professionals to the United States".Revue Europenne des Migrations Internationales.21(1): 55-75. doi:10.4000/remi.2343.
  35. "Philippine Nurses in the U.S.Yesterday and Today".Minority Nurse. Springer. March 30, 2013.
  36. David K. Yoo; Eiichiro Azuma (January 4, 2016).The Oxford Handbook of Asian American History. Oxford University Press. p.402.ISBN978-0-19-986047-0.
  37. Arnold, Fred; Cario, Benjamin V.; Fawcett, James T.; Park, Insook Han (1989). "Estimating the Immigration Multiplier: An Analysis of Recent Korean and Filipino Immigration to the United States".The International Migration Review.23(4): 813-838. doi:10.2307/2546463. JSTOR2546463. PMID12282604.
  38. "California's Filipino Infantry". The California State Military Museum.
  39. Posadas, Barbara Mercedes (1999).The Filipino Americans. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p.26.ISBN978-0-313-29742-7.
  40. Takaki, Ronald (1998).Strangers from a different shore: a history of Asian Americans.Little, Brown. p. 315. ISBN978-0-316-83130-7. Retrieved October 12,2021.
  41. Boyd, Monica (1971). "Oriental Immigration: The Experience of the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Populations in the United States".The International Migration Review.5(1): 48-61. doi:10.2307/3002046. JSTOR3002046.
  42. "Filipino American History".Northern California Pilipino American Student Organization. California State University, Chico. January 29, 1998.
  43. Starr, Kevin (2009).Golden dreams: California in an age of abundance, 1950-1963. New York: Oxford University Press US. p.450.ISBN978-0-19-515377-4.

References



  • Fred Cordova (1983). Filipinos, Forgotten Asian Americans: A Pictorial Essay, 1763-circa 1963. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8403-2897-7.
  • Filipino Oral History Project (1984). Voices, a Filipino American oral history. Filipino Oral History Project.
  • Takaki, Ronald (1994). In the Heart of Filipino America: Immigrants from the Pacific Isles. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-2187-3.
  • Takaki, Ronald (1998) [1989]. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (Updated and revised ed.). New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-83130-1.
  • John Wenham (1994). Filipino Americans: Discovering Their Past for the Future (VHS). Filipino American National Historical Society.
  • Joseph Galura; Emily P. Lawsin (2002). 1945-1955 : Filipino women in Detroit. OCSL Press, University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-9638136-4-0.
  • Choy, Catherine Ceniza (2003). Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History. Duke University Press. pp. 2003. ISBN 9780822330899. Filipinos Texas.
  • Bautista, Veltisezar B. (2008). The Filipino Americans: (1763–present) : their history, culture, and traditions. Bookhaus. p. 254. ISBN 9780931613173.
  • Filipino American National Historical Society books published by Arcadia Publishing
  • Estrella Ravelo Alamar; Willi Red Buhay (2001). Filipinos in Chicago. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-1880-0.
  • Mel Orpilla (2005). Filipinos in Vallejo. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-2969-1.
  • Mae Respicio Koerner (2007). Filipinos in Los Angeles. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-4729-9.
  • Carina Monica Montoya (2008). Filipinos in Hollywood. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5598-0.
  • Evelyn Luluguisen; Lillian Galedo (2008). Filipinos in the East Bay. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5832-5.
  • Dawn B. Mabalon, Ph.D.; Rico Reyes; Filipino American National Historical So (2008). Filipinos in Stockton. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5624-6.
  • Carina Monica Montoya (2009). Los Angeles's Historic Filipinotown. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-6954-3.
  • Florante Peter Ibanez; Roselyn Estepa Ibanez (2009). Filipinos in Carson and the South Bay. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7036-5.
  • Rita M. Cacas; Juanita Tamayo Lott (2009). Filipinos in Washington. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-6620-7.
  • Dorothy Laigo Cordova (2009). Filipinos in Puget Sound. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7134-8.
  • Judy Patacsil; Rudy Guevarra, Jr.; Felix Tuyay (2010). Filipinos in San Diego. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-8001-2.
  • Tyrone Lim; Dolly Pangan-Specht; Filipino American National Historical Society (2010). Filipinos in the Willamette Valley. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-8110-1.
  • Theodore S. Gonzalves; Roderick N. Labrador (2011). Filipinos in Hawai'i. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-7608-4.
  • Filipino American National Historical Society; Manilatown Heritage Foundation; Pin@y Educational Partnerships (February 14, 2011). Filipinos in San Francisco. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-2524-8.
  • Elnora Kelly Tayag (May 2, 2011). Filipinos in Ventura County. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-2429-6.
  • Eliseo Art Arambulo Silva (2012). Filipinos of Greater Philadelphia. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-9269-5.
  • Kevin L. Nadal; Filipino-American National Historical Society (March 30, 2015). Filipinos in New York City. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4396-5056-1.