1915 - 1916

Gangamin Gallipoli

Yaƙin na Gallipoli wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne na soja a yakin duniya na farko wanda ya gudana a yankin Gallipoli (Gelibolu a Turkiyya ta zamani), daga 19 ga Fabrairu 1915 zuwa 9 ga Janairu 1916. Ƙungiyoyin Entente, Ingila , Faransa da Daular Rasha , sun nemi su raunana. Daular Ottoman , daya daga cikin masu iko na tsakiya, ta hanyar kula da magudanar Ottoman.Wannan zai fallasa babban birnin Ottoman a Konstantinoful ga harin bama-bamai da jiragen yakin kawancen ke yi da kuma yanke shi daga yankin Asiya na daular.Da Turkiyya ta sha kashi, mashigar ruwa ta Suez za ta kasance lafiya kuma za a iya bude hanyar samar da kayayyaki ta Allied na tsawon shekara guda ta cikin Bahar Black zuwa tashoshin ruwan dumi a Rasha.Ƙoƙarin da jiragen ruwa na Allied suka yi don tilasta hanyar wucewa ta Dardanelles a watan Fabrairun 1915 ya ci tura kuma ya biyo bayan saukar amphibious a tsibirin Gallipoli a cikin Afrilu 1915. A cikin Janairu 1916, bayan watanni takwas na yakin, tare da kimanin 250,000 da aka kashe a kowane bangare. an yi watsi da kamfen ɗin ƙasar, an kuma janye sojojin mamaya.Yaƙin neman zaɓe ne mai tsada ga ikon Entente da Daular Ottoman da kuma masu ɗaukar nauyin balaguro, musamman Ubangijin Farko na Admiralty (1911–1915), Winston Churchill.An dauki yakin a matsayin babban nasara na Ottoman.A Turkiyya, ana daukarta a matsayin wani lokaci mai ma'ana a tarihin kasar, matakin karshe na kare kasar uwa yayin da Daular Usmaniyya ta ja da baya.Gwagwarmayar dai ta zama tushen yakin samun ‘yancin kai na Turkiyya da ayyana Jamhuriyar Turkiyya bayan shekaru takwas, inda Mustafa Kemal Ataturk wanda ya yi fice a matsayin kwamanda a Gallipoli a matsayin wanda ya assasa kuma shugaban kasa.Ana ɗaukar yakin sau da yawa a matsayin farkon sanin kasa na Ostiraliya da New Zealand;Ranar 25 ga Afrilu, ranar tunawa da saukar jiragen sama, ana kiranta da ranar Anzac, mafi mahimmancin tunawa da mutuwar sojoji da tsoffin sojoji a kasashen biyu, wanda ya zarce ranar tunawa (Rarmistice).

Ziyarci Shago

1914 Nov 5

Shigar Ottoman zuwa yakin duniya na daya

Black Sea

A ranar 3 ga Agustan 1914, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kwace jiragen yakin Ottoman guda biyu don amfani da sojojin ruwa na Royal, tare da wani abin tsoro da Ottoman da ake ginawa a Burtaniya.Wannan aikin ya haifar da bacin rai a cikin Daular Ottoman , yayin da biyan kuɗin jiragen ruwa biyu ya cika, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga shawarar da gwamnatin Ottoman ta yanke don shiga Ƙarfin Tsakiya.Shigar daular Usmaniyya a yakin duniya na daya ya fara ne a lokacin da wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyu suka sayi jiragen ruwa na ruwa kwanan nan, wadanda har yanzu ma’aikatan jirgin na Jamus ke amfani da su, da kuma jagoransu na Jamus, suka kai harin ba-zata kan tashar jiragen ruwa na Rasha, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1914. Rasha. Amsa ta hanyar shelanta yaki a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1914 da kawayen Rasha , Biritaniya da Faransa , sannan suka shelanta yaki da Daular Usmaniyya a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1914. Ba a fayyace dalilan da suka kai Ottoman ba.^[1] Gwamnatin Ottoman ta ba da sanarwar ba da izini a yakin da aka fara kwanan nan, kuma ana ci gaba da tattaunawa da bangarorin biyu.

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1915

Tsare-tsare da Saukowa na Farko ornament

1915 Feb 19 - Mar 18

Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance suna ƙoƙarin tilasta mashigin ruwa

Dardanelles Strait, Türkiye

A ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1915, wani jirgin ruwa na Biritaniya daga HMS Ark Royal ya yi jigilar leken asiri a kan mashigin ruwa.^[2] Bayan kwana biyu, harin farko da aka kai kan Dardanelles ya fara ne lokacin da wani jirgin ruwa na Anglo-Faransa, ciki har da HMS Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Biritaniya, ta fara wani dogon zango na bama-bamai na batura na makami na bakin tekun Ottoman.Birtaniya sun yi niyyar amfani da jiragen sama takwas daga Ark Royal don gano bam din amma duk sai daya daga cikin wadannan, Short Type 136, ba su da amfani.^[3] Wani lokaci na mummunan yanayi ya jinkirta matakin farko amma a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu an rage katangar waje kuma an share ma'adinan.^[4] Sojojin ruwa na Royal Marines sun sauka don lalata bindigogi a Kum Kale da Seddülbahir, yayin da bama-bamai na sojojin ruwa suka koma batura tsakanin Kum Kale da Kephez.^[4]Cikin takaicin motsin batirin Ottoman, wanda ya kaucewa harin bama-bamai na Allied da kuma barazana ga ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai da aka aika don share mashigin tekun, Churchill ya fara matsa lamba ga kwamandan sojojin ruwa, Admiral Sackville Carden, don kara kokarin rundunar.^[5] Carden ya tsara sabbin tsare-tsare kuma a ranar 4 ga Maris ya aika da kebul zuwa Churchill, yana mai bayyana cewa rundunar na iya tsammanin isa Istanbul cikin kwanaki 14.^[6] An ƙara fahimtar nasara mai zuwa ta hanyar kutse na saƙon mara waya ta Jamus wanda ya nuna garuwar Dardanelles na Ottoman sun ƙare da harsashi.^[6] Lokacin da aka isar da saƙon zuwa Carden, an yarda cewa za a ƙaddamar da babban harin a ranar 17 ga Maris.Carden, wanda ke fama da damuwa, an sanya shi a cikin jerin marasa lafiya ta hanyar likitancin kuma Admiral John de Robeck ya karbi umarni.^[7]18 Maris 1915A safiyar ranar 18 ga Maris, 1915, jiragen ruwa na Allied, wanda ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa 18 tare da ɗimbin jiragen ruwa da masu halakarwa, sun fara babban hari a kan mafi ƙanƙantar wurin Dardanelles, inda matsi ke da nisan mil 1 (kilomita 1.6).Duk da wata barnar da aka yi wa jiragen ruwan kawancen da Ottoman ya yi, an ba da umarnin masu aikin hakar ma'adinai a mashigin.A cikin asusun na Ottoman, da karfe 2:00 na rana "An yanke duk wayoyin tarho, an katse duk wata hanyar sadarwa da sansanonin, an harba wasu bindigogi ... a sakamakon harbin manyan bindigogi na tsaron sun yi sanyi sosai".^[8] Jirgin ruwan Faransa Bouvet ya buge wata mahakar ma'adinai, lamarin da ya sa ta kife cikin mintuna biyu, inda mutane 75 suka tsira daga cikin mutane 718.^[9] Ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai, fararen hula ne, suka ja da baya a karkashin wutar da sojojin Ottoman suka yi, inda suka bar nakiyoyin da yawa.HMS Irresistible da HMS Inflexible sun buge nakiyoyin da ba a iya jurewa ba, tare da ceto yawancin ma'aikatanta da suka tsira;Mai sassauƙa ya lalace sosai kuma an janye shi.An samu rudani a lokacin yakin game da musabbabin barnar;wasu mahalarta suna zargin topedoes.An aika da HMS Ocean don ceto Iresissible amma harsashi ya kashe shi, ya bugi mahakar ma'adinai kuma aka kwashe, daga bisani ya nutse.^[10]Jiragen yakin Faransa Suffren da Gaulois sun bi ta wani sabon layi na ma'adinan da Ottoman Nusret ya ajiye a asirce kwanaki goma kafin su kuma sun lalace.^[11] Asarar da aka yi sun tilasta de Robeck ya yi sautin "tunawa gabaɗaya" don kare abin da ya rage na ƙarfinsa.^[12] A lokacin shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe, an yi hasarar asarar sojojin ruwa kuma an aika da manyan jiragen yaƙi da ba a daɗe ba, waɗanda ba su dace da fuskantar rundunar sojojin Jamus ba.Wasu daga cikin manyan hafsoshin sojan ruwa kamar kwamandan Sarauniya Elizabeth, Commodore Roger Keyes, sun ji cewa sun kusa kaiwa ga nasara, suna ganin cewa bindigogin Ottoman sun kusa karewa harsashi amma ra'ayin de Robeck, the First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher. da sauransu suka yi galaba.Yunkurin da kawancen kasashen ke yi na tilasta mashigin ta hanyar amfani da karfin ruwa ya kawo karshe, saboda asara da rashin kyawun yanayi.^{[12 <]} > An fara shirin kame kariyar Turkiyya ta ƙasa, don buɗe hanyar jiragen ruwa.Jiragen ruwa biyu na Allied sun yi ƙoƙari su ratsa cikin Dardanelles amma sun ɓace ga ma'adinai da igiyoyi masu ƙarfi.^[13]

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Da alama gungun sojojin Australiya ne da aka jibge a Masar kafin a tura su Gallipolli. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Mar 19 - Apr 19

Shirye-shiryen Saukowa Allied

Alexandria, Egypt

Bayan gazawar hare-haren da sojojin ruwa suka kai, an hada dakaru domin kawar da makaman daular Ottoman ta wayar tafi da gidanka, wanda ke hana masu hakar ma'adinan Allied hanya share manyan jiragen ruwa.Kitchener ya nada Janar Sir Ian Hamilton don ya ba da umarni ga mutane 78,000 na Sojojin Bahar Rum (MEF).Sojoji daga Rundunar Imperial Force ta Australiya (AIF) da New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) sun yi sansani aMasar , suna samun horo kafin a tura su Faransa.^[14] An kafa sojojin Australiya da New Zealand zuwa cikin Ostiraliya da New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), wanda Laftanar Janar Sir William Birdwood ya ba da umarni, wanda ya ƙunshi Sashen 1st Australiya Division da New Zealand da Ostiraliya Division.A cikin wata mai zuwa, Hamilton ya shirya shirinsa kuma sassan Birtaniya da Faransanci sun shiga Australia a Misira.Hamilton ya zaɓi ya mai da hankali ne a kudancin yankin Gallipoli a Cape Helles da Seddülbahir, inda ake sa ran sauka ba tare da hamayya ba.^[15] Da farko dai kawancen sun rage karfin fada da sojojin daular Usmaniyya.^[16]Dakarun da suka kai harin an lodin su ne a cikin motocin da za su sauka, lamarin da ya haifar da tsaiko mai tsawo wanda hakan ya sa aka tilastawa dakaru da yawa ciki har da na Faransa da ke Mudros karkata zuwa Iskandariyya domin shiga jiragen da za su kai su yaki. .An shafe makonni biyar ana jinkiri har zuwa karshen watan Afrilu, inda daular Usmaniyya suka karfafa tsaro a yankin;ko da yake mummunan yanayi a watan Maris da Afrilu na iya jinkirta saukowa ta wata hanya, ta hana samarwa da ƙarfafawa.Bayan shirye-shirye a Masar, Hamilton da ma'aikatan hedkwatarsa sun isa Mudros a ranar 10 ga Afrilu.Rundunar ta ANZAC ta bar Masar a farkon Afrilu kuma ta taru a tsibirin Lemnos na kasar Girka a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, inda aka kafa wani karamin sansanin sojoji a farkon Maris kuma aka fara aikin saukar jirgi.Runduna ta 29 ta Biritaniya ta tashi zuwa Mudros a ranar 7 ga Afrilu kuma Rundunar Sojojin ruwa ta Royal Naval Division ta yi atisaye a tsibirin Skyros, bayan isa can a ranar 17 ga Afrilu.Rundunar sojojin kawance da sojojin Burtaniya da na Faransa sun taru a Mudros, a shirye suke domin sauka amma rashin kyawun yanayi daga ranar 19 ga Maris sun dakatar da jirgin na Allied na tsawon kwanaki tara kuma a cikin kwanaki 24 kawai wani bangare na shirye-shiryen jirage na leken asiri ya yiwu.^[17]

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1915

Yakin Matsala da Trench Warfare ornament

1915 Apr 25 - Apr 26

Saukowa a Cape Helles

Cape Helles, Seddülbahir/Eceab

Sashen 29th (Manjo Janar Aylmer Hunter-Weston) ne suka yi saukar Helles.Sashen ya sauka a kan rairayin bakin teku guda biyar a cikin wani baka game da bakin tekun, mai suna 'S', 'V', 'W', 'X' da 'Y' Tekun teku daga gabas zuwa yamma.A ranar 1 ga Mayu, Brigade na Indiya na 29 (ciki har da 1/6th Gurkha Rifles) suka sauka, suka ɗauki Sari Bair sama da rairayin bakin teku kuma sun haɗa da 1/5th Gurkha Rifles da 2/10th Gurkha Rifles;Rundunar Sion Mule Corps ta sauka a Helles a ranar 27 ga Afrilu.^[18] A bakin Tekun 'Y', a lokacin farkon alkawari, Yaƙin Krithia na Farko, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun sauka ba tare da hamayya ba kuma sun ci gaba a cikin ƙasa.Akwai 'yan tsirarun masu tsaron gida a ƙauyen amma ba su da umarnin yin amfani da matsayin, kwamandan 'Y' Beach ya janye sojojinsa zuwa bakin teku.Ya yi kusa kamar yadda Allies suka taɓa zuwa su kame ƙauyen kamar yadda Ottoman suka kawo bataliyar runduna ta 25, suna duba duk wani motsi.An yi babban saukowa a bakin tekun 'V', a ƙarƙashin tsohon kagaran Seddülbahir da kuma a bakin Tekun 'W', ɗan tazara zuwa yamma a ɗayan gefen Helles headland.Sojojin da ke rufawa Royal Munster Fusiliers da Hampshires sun sauka daga wani maharan da aka canza, SS River Clyde, wanda aka gudu a karkashin katangar domin sojojin su iya sauka tare da tudu.Dubban Fusiliers na Royal Dublin sun sauka a bakin tekun 'V' da Lancashire Fusiliers a bakin tekun 'W' a cikin kwale-kwale a budaddiyar ruwa, a gabar tekun da dunes ba a kula da su kuma an toshe su da waya.A dukkan rairayin bakin teku biyu masu tsaron Ottoman sun mamaye wurare masu kyau na tsaro kuma sun yi sanadin asarar rayuka da yawa a kan sojojin Biritaniya yayin da suke sauka.Sojojin da ke fitowa daya bayan daya daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Sally da ke Kogin Clyde an harbe su da bindigogi a sansanin Seddülbahir kuma daga cikin sojoji 200 na farko da suka sauka, maza 21 sun isa bakin tekun.^[19]Masu tsaron Ottoman ba su da yawa don cin nasara a kan saukar jirgin amma sun yi hasarar rayuka da dama kuma sun sami nasarar kai harin a kusa da gabar teku.Da safiyar ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, ba tare da harsashi ba, ba tare da komai ba, sai dai bayonets don saduwa da maharan a kan tudu da ke kan tudu daga bakin teku zuwa tudu na Chunuk Bair, Rundunar Sojin ta 57 ta samu umarni daga Kemal "Ban umarce ku da ku yi yaƙi ba. , Ina umarce ku da ku mutu, a lokacin da ya wuce har sai mun mutu, sauran runduna da kwamandoji za su zo su kama mu.An kashe ko dai kowane mutum na rundunar sojojin.^[20]A bakin tekun 'W', wanda aka fi sani da Lancashire Landing, Lancashires sun iya mamaye masu tsaron baya duk da asarar rayuka 600 daga maza 1,000.An yi kyaututtuka shida na Victoria Cross a tsakanin Lancashires a bakin Tekun 'W'.An ba da ƙarin kyautar Victoria Crosses guda shida a cikin mayaƙa da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a tashar 'V' Beach kuma an ba da wasu uku a washegari yayin da suke fafatawa a cikin ƙasa.Tawaga biyar na sojojin daular Usmaniyya karkashin jagorancin Sajan Yahya sun banbanta kansu ta hanyar dakile hare-hare da dama a kan tudunsu, daga karshe masu tsaron sun fice cikin duhu.Bayan saukowa, mutane kaɗan sun rage daga Dublin da Munster Fusiliers cewa an haɗa su cikin Dubsters.Jami’in dan Dublin guda daya ne ya tsira daga saukar jirgin, yayin da daga cikin mutanen Dublin 1,012 da suka sauka, 11 ne kawai suka tsira daga yakin Gallipoli ba tare da wata matsala ba.^[21] Bayan saukar jiragen, ƙawancen ƙawancen sun yi kaɗan don cin gajiyar lamarin, baya ga ƴan ƙayyadaddun ci gaba a cikin ƙasa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin maza suke.Harin kawancen ya yi hasarar nasara kuma Ottoman sun sami lokaci don samar da ƙarfafawa da kuma tattara ƙananan sojojin da suke karewa.

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1915 Apr 25

Saukowa a Anzac Cove

Anzac Cove, Turkey

Saukowar da aka yi a Anzac Cove a ranar Lahadi, 25 ga Afrilu, 1915, wanda aka fi sani da saukowa a Gaba Tepe kuma, ga Turkawa, a matsayin yakin Arıburnu, wani bangare ne na mamayar da sojojin daular Birtaniyya suka yi a yankin Gallipoli. ya fara kamfen na Gallipoli na yakin duniya na farko .Sojojin da suka kai farmakin, galibi daga Ostireliya da New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), sun sauka da daddare a gefen yammacin (Tekun Aegean) na gabar tekun.An ajiye su a bakin tekun mil daya (kilomita 1.6) arewa da gabar tekun da suka nufa.A cikin duhu, tsarin kai hare-hare ya cakude, amma sannu a hankali sojojin sun bi hanyarsu ta cikin kasa, sakamakon karuwar adawa da masu kare Daular Usmaniyya.Ba da dadewa ba sai aka yi watsi da tsare-tsaren ANZAC, aka jefa kamfanoni da bataliyoyin cikin yaƙi, aka ba su umarni iri-iri.Wasu sun ci gaba da manufofin da aka tsara, yayin da wasu kuma aka karkatar da su zuwa wasu wurare kuma an umurce su da su tono tare da layin kariya.Ko da yake sun kasa cimma manufofinsu, da dare ANZAC sun kafa bakin teku, duk da cewa ya yi ƙasa da yadda ake so.A wasu wuraren, sun kasance suna manne a kan dutse ba tare da tsarin tsaro na tsari ba.Mummunan matsayinsu ya shawo kan kwamandojin sassan biyu da su nemi a kwashe su, amma bayan da suka samu shawara daga Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Sarauta game da yadda hakan zai kasance, kwamandan sojojin ya yanke shawarar cewa za su zauna.Ba a san ainihin adadin mutanen da suka mutu a ranar ba.ANZACs sun kai kashi biyu, amma sama da dubu biyu daga cikin mutanensu an kashe ko kuma suka jikkata, tare da aƙalla adadin da suka jikkata na Turkiyya.

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Anzac, saukowa 1915 ta George Lambert, 1922 yana nuna saukowa a Anzac Cove, 25 Afrilu 1915. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Apr 27 - Apr 30

Yakin Farko

Cape Helles, Seddülbahir/Eceab

A yammacin ranar 27 ga Afrilu, Runduna ta 19, da bataliyoyin runduna shida daga Runduna ta 5 suka karfafa, suka kai hari ga ’yan tawayen Allied shida a Anzac.^[22] Tare da goyon bayan harbe-harbe na ruwa, Allies sun rike Ottoman a cikin dare.Kashegari sojojin Faransa sun haɗa da Burtaniya daga Kum Kale a gabar tekun Asiya zuwa dama na layin kusa da Tekun 'S' a Morto Bay.A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun yi yaƙin farko na Krithia don kama ƙauyen.^[23] Hunter-Weston ya yi wani tsari wanda ya kasance mai rikitarwa kuma ba a sanar da shi ga kwamandojin filin ba.Dakarun runduna ta 29 har yanzu sun gaji kuma ba su damu da fadace-fadacen bakin teku da na kauyen Seddülbahir, wanda aka kama bayan fada da yawa a ranar 26 ga Afrilu.Masu tsaron Ottoman sun dakatar da ci gaba tsakanin kasashen Helles da Krithia da misalin karfe 6:00 na yamma, inda suka yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 3,000.^[24]Yayin da ƙarfafawar Ottoman ya isa, yuwuwar samun nasara mai sauri a kan tsibirin ya ɓace kuma fada a Helles da Anzac ya zama yakin rikici.A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal (Manjo Janar Archibald Paris) ta sauka.A wannan ranar ne Kemal ya yi imanin cewa kawancen na gab da shan kaye, sai ya fara tura sojoji gaba ta hanyar Wire Gulley, kusa da Plateau 400 da Lone Pine.An aike da bataliyoyin sojoji guda takwas daga Istanbul bayan kwana guda kuma da yammacin ranar, sojojin Ottoman sun kai farmaki a Helles da Anzac.Daular Ottoman ta kutsa kai cikin wani bangare na Faransa amma an dakile hare-haren da dimbin bindigogin bindigu na Allied, wanda ya yi sanadin asarar rayuka da dama kan maharan.^[25] Dare mai zuwa, Birdwood ya umarci New Zealand da Ostiraliya Division da su kai farmaki daga Russell's Top da Quinn's Post zuwa Baby 700. Austiraliya 4th Infantry Brigade (Kanar John Monash), New Zealand Infantry Brigade da Royal Marines daga Chatham Battalion ya shiga cikin harin.Sojojin da jiragen ruwa da na bindigu suka lulluɓe, sojojin sun yi ɗan ɗan gajeren tafiya cikin dare amma suka rabu cikin duhu.Maharan sun ci karo da manyan bindigogi daga bangaren hagun da suka fallasa, inda aka fatattake su, inda suka jikkata kusan 1,000.^[26]

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1915 Apr 28

Yaƙin farko na Krithia

Sedd el Bahr Fortress, Seddülb

Yaƙin farko na Krithia shi ne yunƙurin ci gaba na farko a yakin Gallipoli.Tun daga ranar 28 ga Afrilu, kwanaki uku bayan saukarwa a Cape Helles, karfin kariya na sojojin Ottoman ya mamaye harin da sauri, wanda ya sha fama da rashin jagoranci da tsare-tsare, rashin sadarwa, da gajiyawa da ruguza sojojin.An fara yakin ne da misalin karfe 8:00 na safe a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu tare da wani harin bam na sojojin ruwa.Shirin na gaba shine Faransawa su rike matsayi a dama yayin da layin Birtaniyya zai tashi, kama Krithia kuma ya kai hari Achi Baba daga kudu da yamma.An yi rashin isar da wannan tsari mai sarkakiya ga sojojin birgediya da kwamandojin runduna ta 29 da za su kai harin.Hunter-Weston ya kasance mai nisa daga gaba;saboda haka, bai iya yin wani iko ba yayin da harin ya ci gaba.Ci gaban farko ya kasance mai sauƙi amma yayin da aka ci karo da aljihunan juriyar Ottoman, wasu shimfidar layin sun kasance sama yayin da wasu suka ci gaba da motsawa, ta haka suka zama waje.Yayin da sojojin suka ci gaba da haura zuwa gabar tekun, filin ya kara dagulewa yayin da suka ci karo da manyan kwazazzabai guda hudu da suka taso daga tudu da ke kewayen Achi Baba zuwa bakin kogin.^[27]A gefen hagu, Birtaniya sun shiga cikin Gully Ravine wanda ya kasance mai ban tsoro da rudani kamar ƙasa a Anzac Cove.Bataliyoyin biyu na Brigade na 87 (Regiment na kan iyaka da na 1st Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers) sun shiga cikin kwazazzabo amma wani makamin bindiga ya dakatar da su a kusa da bakin tekun 'Y'.Ba za a sake samun ci gaba ba har sai 1/6th Gurkha Rifles sun kama mukamin a daren 12/13 ga Mayu.Wannan ya haɗa da hawan wani gangare mai tsayin ƙafa 300 (91m) a tsaye, wanda aka ci nasara akan Sojojin Ruwa na Royal Marine Light Infantry da Royal Dublin Fusiliers.Shafin ya zama sananne da 'Gurkha Bluff'.Sojoji na Biritaniya da suka gaji, masu ruguzawa da kuma rashin jagoranci ba za su iya yin gaba ba a yayin da suke fuskantar matsananciyar tsayin daka na Ottoman.A wasu wuraren, hare-haren Ottoman sun kori Birtaniyya zuwa wuraren da suka fara.Da karfe 6:00 na yamma aka kawo karshen harin.^[28]

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1915 May 6 - May 8

Yaƙin Krithia na biyu

Krithia, Alçıtepe/Eceabat/Çana

A ranar 5 ga Mayu, an aika rukunin 42nd (Gabashin Lancashire) dagaMasar .Gaskanta cewa Anzac ya kasance amintacce, Hamilton ya motsa Brigade na 2nd Infantry na Australiya da New Zealand Infantry Brigade, tare da bindigogi 20 na Australiya, zuwa gaban Helles a matsayin tanadi na Yakin Krithia na biyu.Ya haɗa da rundunar mutane 20,000, shi ne harin gama-gari na farko a Helles kuma an shirya shi don hasken rana.Sojojin Faransa za su kama Kereves Dere kuma an ba da Burtaniya, Australians da New Zealanders Krithia da Achi Baba.Bayan mintuna 30 na shirye-shiryen bindigu, harin ya fara ne da tsakar safiya ranar 6 ga Mayu.Birtaniya da Faransanci sun ci gaba tare da Gully, fir Tree, Krithia da Kereves spurs waɗanda aka raba su da zurfin ruɗani, waɗanda Ottoman suka ƙarfafa.Yayin da maharan suka ci gaba, sai suka rabu lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin ƙetare manyan wuraren Ottoman kuma suka sami kansu a cikin wani wuri da ba a sani ba.Karkashin makaman atilare sannan daga bisani kuma aka harba bindiga daga sansanonin Ottoman wadanda binciken sararin samaniyar Birtaniya ba su gani ba, an dakatar da harin;Kashegari, ƙarfafawa sun sake komawa gaba.An ci gaba da kai harin a ranar 7 ga Mayu kuma bataliyoyin 'yan New Zealand hudu sun kai hari a Krithia Spur a ranar 8 ga Mayu;tare da runduna ta 29 maharan sun yi nasarar isa wani wuri da ke kudancin kauyen.Da yammacin ranar, Brigade ta 2 ta Australiya ta yi sauri ta wuce budaddiyar kasa zuwa layin gaba na Burtaniya.Tsakanin kananan makamai da manyan bindigogi, birgediya ta caje zuwa Krithia kuma ta sami 600 m (660 yd), kusan 400 m (440 yd) gajeriyar manufar, tare da jikkata 1,000.Kusa da Fir Tree Spur, 'yan New Zealand sun sami nasarar ci gaba tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Australiya, kodayake an riƙe Birtaniyya kuma Faransawa sun gaji, duk da cewa sun mamaye wani batu suna watsi da manufarsu.An dakatar da harin, kuma Allies sun tona, bayan sun kasa daukar Krithia ko Achi Baba.Kimanin kashi daya bisa uku na sojojin kawancen da suka fafata a yakin sun samu raunuka.Janar Hamilton ba zai iya samun irin wannan asarar ba yayin da suka sa ya zama da wahala ya iya riƙe ɗan ƙaramin abin da yake da shi, balle ya ci gaba da kamawa.Mummunan shirin yaƙin ya kai ga tanadin magunguna ga waɗanda suka samu raunuka.Ɗaliban masu ɗaukar shimfiɗar da ke akwai galibi suna ɗaukar nauyinsu har zuwa bakin teku saboda babu tsaka-tsakin tashar tattara kaya tare da jigilar keken keke.Shirye-shiryen jirgin na asibiti ma bai wadatar ba ta yadda da zarar an dauke wadanda suka jikkata daga gabar teku za su samu matsala wajen samun jirgin da zai dauke su.Tare da gazawar yakin na biyu, Hamilton ya bukaci Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya, Lord Kitchener, don ƙarin sassa hudu.An yi masa alƙawarin sashin Biritaniya na 52 (Lowland) amma ba zai ƙara samun wani abu ba har sai Agusta.

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E11 ya kori Stamboul daga Constantinople, 25 ga Mayu 1915. ©Hermanus Willem Koekkoek

1915 May 13 - May 23

Ayyukan Sojojin Ruwa

Kemankeş Karamustafa Paşa, Gal

Rikicin Birtaniyya a cikin makaman yaki na ruwa ya ragu bayan da jirgin yakin HMS Goliath ya rutsa da shi a ranar 13 ga Mayu da mai rugujewar Ottoman Muâvenet-i Milliye, inda ya kashe mutane 570 daga cikin ma'aikatan 750, ciki har da kwamandan jirgin, Kyaftin Thomas Shelford.^[29] Wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus, U-21, ya nutsar da HMS Triumph a ranar 25 ga Mayu da HMS Majestic a ranar 27 ga Mayu.^[30] An zagaya da ƙarin sintiri na leƙen asiri na Birtaniyya a kusa da Gallipoli kuma U-21 an tilasta musu barin yankin amma jahilci da haka, Allies sun janye yawancin jiragen ruwansu zuwa Imbros, inda aka "kare su" a tsakanin nau'o'in, wanda ya rage yawan Allied. wutar lantarki na ruwa, musamman a bangaren Helles.^[31] Jirgin ruwa HMS E11 ya ratsa ta Dardanelles a ranar 18 ga Mayu kuma ya nutse ko kuma ya nakasa jiragen ruwa goma sha daya, ciki har da guda uku a ranar 23 ga Mayu, kafin su shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na Istanbul, suna harbi kan jigilar kayayyaki tare da arsenal, nutsar da jirgin ruwa tare da lalata jirgin ruwa.^[32] Harin E11 a kan Constantinople, na farko da wani jirgin ruwa na abokan gaba ya kai sama da shekaru 100, ya yi tasiri sosai ga halin Turkiyya, wanda ya haifar da firgita a cikin birnin.

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1915 May 19

Harin Na Uku akan Anzac Cove

Anzac Cove, Türkiye

Sama da makonni biyu bayan saukar ANZAC, Turkawa sun tattara sojoji 42,000 (raga hudu) don kai farmaki na biyu a kan mutane 17,300 na ANZAC (bangarori biyu).Kwamandojin ANZAC dai ba su da wata alama ta harin da ke shirin kai wa, sai a ranar da ta gabata, lokacin da jiragen saman Birtaniyya suka ba da rahoton tarin dakaru a gaban wuraren ANZAC.Harin na Turkiyya ya fara ne da sanyin safiyar ranar 19 ga Mayu, wanda akasari ana kai shi ne a tsakiyar cibiyar ANZAC.Ya kasa da tsakar rana;An kama Turkawa ne ta hanyar harbin bindiga daga bindigu na masu tsaron gida da manyan bindigogi, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar mutane kusan dubu goma, ciki har da mutuwar dubu uku.ANZACs sun sami raunuka kasa da dari bakwai.Da yake tsammanin ci gaba da yaƙin na daf da zuwa, sojojin ƙawance guda uku sun isa cikin sa'o'i ashirin da huɗu don ƙarfafa bakin tekun, amma babu wani harin da aka kai a baya.A maimakon haka, a ranakun 20 da 24 ga Mayu aka ayyana zaman lafiya biyu don tattara wadanda suka jikkata da kuma binne wadanda suka mutu a kasar ba kowa.Turkawa ba su taba samun nasarar kwace kan gadar ba;maimakon ANZACs sun kwashe matsayin a karshen shekara.

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Sojojin Turkiyya a lokacin yakin Gallipoli. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Jun 1

Dabarun Ottoman da Yakar Australiya

Anzac Cove, Türkiye

Sojojin Daular Usmaniyya ba su da harsashi kuma batir filin ba su iya harbi c.Harsashi 18,000 tsakanin farkon watan Mayu zuwa makon farko na Yuni.Bayan shan kayen da aka yi a Anzac a tsakiyar watan Mayu, sojojin Ottoman sun daina kai hare-hare na gaba.A ƙarshen watan, Ottomans sun fara zagaye na Quinn's Post a cikin Anzac kuma da sanyin safiyar ranar 29 ga Mayu, duk da hakar ma'adinan Australiya, sun tayar da nakiyar tare da kai hari tare da bataliyar 14th Regiment.Bataliya ta 15 ta Ostireliya ta samu tilasatawa koma baya amma suka yi musu luguden wuta tare da sake kwace kasa daga baya, kafin sojojin New Zealand su samu sauki.Ayyuka a Anzac a farkon watan Yuni sun dawo don ƙarfafawa, ƙananan haɗin gwiwa da yin artabu da gurneti da harbin bindiga.

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1915 Jun 28 - Jul 5

Yaƙin Gully Ravine

Cwcg Pink Farm Cemetery, Seddü

Bayan kwanaki biyu na tashin bama-bamai, an fara yakin da karfe 10.45 na safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Yuni tare da wani hari na farko don kama Boomerang Redoubt a kan Gully Spur.^[33] Gabaɗaya gabaɗaya ya fara ba da daɗewa ba.Wutar bindigogin da aka yi a Gully Spur ta yi muni sosai kuma 2/10 na Gurkha Rifles da Bataliya ta biyu na Royal Fusiliers sun ci gaba da sauri tazarar rabin mil zuwa wani wuri mai suna "Fusilier Bluff" wanda zai zama matsayi na Arewa maso Gabas a Helles.A hannun dama na gaba, tare da Fir Tree Spur, yakin bai yi kyau ba ga Birtaniya.Sojojin da ba su da kwarewa na Brigade na 156 ba su da tallafin makaman bindigu kuma an yi musu kisan kiyashi da bindigogin Ottoman da harin bayonet.Duk da adawar da aka yi, an umurce su da su matsa kaimi don haka aka aika da tallafi da layukan ajiya amma ba a samu ci gaba ba.A lokacin da aka dakatar da harin, Brigade ya kai rabin karfinsa, inda aka samu asarar rayuka 800.^{[34 <]} > Wasu bataliyoyin sun ƙare sosai don haka sai a haɗa su zuwa nau'i-nau'i.Lokacin da sauran runduna ta 52 ta sauka, kwamandan, Manjo Janar Granville Egerton, ya fusata kan yadda aka sadaukar da Brigade na 156.Daular Ottoman, tare da ɗimbin ma'aikata a ajiye amma ba su da manyan bindigogi da bindigu, sun kai hare-hare ba tare da katsewa ba wanda ya kai ga mafi ƙarfi a ranar 5 ga Yuli amma duk an fatattaki su.Duk da haka, an hana ikon sarrafa tsaunukan dabarun da ke kallon Sıgındere da Kerevizdere ga Allies ta hanyar manyan hare-haren bayonet na Ottoman.An kiyasta asarar Ottoman na tsawon tsakanin 28 ga Yuni zuwa 5 ga Yuli tsakanin 14,000 zuwa 16,000, sau hudu asarar Birtaniya.Inda mai yiyuwa ne aka kona wadanda suka mutu na Ottoman amma an ki amincewa da sulhu don binne su.Birtaniya sun yi imanin cewa gawarwakin sun kasance shinge mai tasiri kuma sojojin Ottoman ba su son kai farmaki a kan su.Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun ayyuka marasa kima da rashin imani da kawancen kasashen duniya suka aikata wanda ya harzuka daular Usmaniyya matuka.A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli aka fara babban hari na ƙarshe na wannan yaƙin amma ya gamu da wata katangar wuta mai ƙarfi da ƙawance suka yi.Mutanen da suka mutu sun sake yin taruwa a gaban ramuka na Burtaniya.Ma'aikatan Mehmet Ali Paşa suna da ra'ayin cewa an riga an dakatar da ci gaban Allied kuma babu bukatar wadannan hasara mai yawa.Mehmet Ali Paşa, cikin fargabar martani daga Liman Paşa, wanda shi kuma Enver Paşa ya tsoratar da shi ya yi jinkiri.Haka kuma Manjo Eggert ya shiga tsakani kuma Liman Paşa ya yi nasara.Daga karshe dai an dakatar da yankan.Wannan shi ne lamarin da ya fi zubar da jini a duk yakin neman zabe.Bayan da aka daina kai hare-hare, layin gaba ya daidaita kuma ya kasance a tsaye ga sauran yakin Gallipoli duk da cewa bangarorin biyu sun yi yakin hako ma'adinai a kusa da kwarin.

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©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Aug 6 - Aug 13

Yaƙin Krithia Vineyard

Redoubt Cemetery, Alçıtepe/Ece

Yaƙin Krithia Vineyard an yi niyya ne a matsayin ƙaramin aikin Birtaniyya a Helles a yankin Gallipoli don karkatar da hankali daga ƙaddamar da harin Agusta mai zuwa, amma a maimakon haka, kwamandan Burtaniya, Brigadier Janar HE Street, ya hau jerin marasa amfani da zub da jini. hare-haren da a karshe suka samu wani karamin facin kasa da ake kira "The Vineyard".Sakamakon karancin bindigogi, harin ya kasu kashi biyu tare da Brigade na 88 na shiyya ta 29 (tare da goyon baya a gefen dama daga Battalion 1/5, Manchester Regiment) sun kai hari da yammacin ranar 6 ga Agusta yayin da 125th da Brigades na 127 na 42nd (Gabashin Lancashire) Division zai kai hari da sanyin safiya.Rukunin Sojojin Ruwa na 52 (Lowland) da Sashen Naval na 63 (Royal Naval) a cikin ajiyar Corps.Suna fuskantar sassan Ottoman guda hudu, uku daga cikinsu sabo ne, yayin da akwai wasu sassa biyu a ajiye.^[35]Harin na Brigade ta 88 ya yi nasarar kame wasu ramuka na Ottoman, wadanda dakarun dakaru na 30 na Daular Usmaniyya suka sake kwato su a yayin wani farmaki da suka kai musu.Birtaniya sun sake kai hari kuma sun sake kama wasu ramuka, amma Ottoman sun sake kai hari kuma suka kore su.Biritaniya ta kasa rike ko wace kasa kuma Brigade ta 88 ta ba da rahoton jikkatar mutane 1,905 ^[36] , (cikakkiyar 2/3 na karfin Brigade na asali), ta lalata su da kyau a matsayin rundunar yaki.Da misalin karfe 9:40 na safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Agusta runduna ta 42 ta kai hari a hannun dama na bangaren Brigade ta 88.Rundunar ta 127 ta yi nasarar keta layin da Dakarun Daular Usmaniyya ta 13 ke rike da su, amma wani hari da Ottoman ya tilasta musu mayar da shi.Daular Usmaniyya ta kai hare-hare akai-akai daga ranar 7 ga watan Agusta zuwa 9 ga watan Agusta kuma an ci gaba da gwabza fada a yankin har zuwa ranar 13 ga watan Agusta inda daga karshe ya lafa.Bayan haka, wannan sashe na gaba na Helles zai kasance daya daga cikin mafi yawan aiki da tashin hankali ga ragowar yakin.

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Kudancin Trench a Lone Pine, Gallipoli, 8 ga Agusta 1915 ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Aug 6 - Aug 21

Yakin Sari-Bair

Suvla Cove, Küçükanafarta/Ecea

Yakin Sari Bair, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Agusta Offensive, ya wakilci yunkurin karshe da turawan Ingila suka yi a watan Agustan 1915 na kwace iko da yankin Gallipoli daga Daular Usmaniyya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko.A lokacin yakin, Gangamin Gallipoli ya ci gaba da fafutuka biyu - Anzac da Helles - na tsawon watanni uku tun lokacin da aka mamaye ƙasar Allied a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1915. An kulle gaban Anzac a cikin tsaka mai wuya, Allies sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar jirgin. m a fagen fama na Helles - a farashi mai yawa kuma don ɗan riba.A cikin watan Agusta, umurnin Burtaniya ya ba da shawarar wani sabon aiki don ƙarfafa yakin ta hanyar kame tudun Sari Bair, babban filin da ya mamaye tsakiyar yankin Gallipoli sama da saukar Anzac.Babban aikin ya fara ne a ranar 6 ga Agusta tare da sabon saukar mil 5 (kilomita 8.0) arewa da Anzac a Suvla Bay tare da haɗin gwiwar Sojojin Australiya da New Zealand.Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun kai hari arewa zuwa cikin ƙasa maras kyau tare da layin Sari Bair da nufin kame babban filin tare da haɗawa da saukar Suvla.A Helles, Birtaniya da Faransanci sun kasance yanzu sun kasance a kan tsaro.

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1915 Aug 6 - Aug 10

Yaƙin Lone Pine

Lone Pine (Avustralya) Anıtı,

Yakin Lone Pine wani bangare ne na harin karkatar da hankali don jawo hankalin Ottoman daga manyan hare-haren da sojojin Birtaniya, Indiya da New Zealand ke kaiwa a kusa da Sari Bair, Chunuk Bair da Hill 971, wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin Agusta Offensive.A Lone Pine, dakaru masu kai hari, wanda da farko ya kunshi Brigade 1st na Australiya, sun yi nasarar kwace babban layin mahara daga rundunan Ottoman biyu da ke kare matsayin a cikin 'yan sa'o'i na farko na fada a ranar 6 ga Agusta.A cikin kwanaki uku masu zuwa, an ci gaba da gwabza fada yayin da Daular Usmaniyya ta kawo dauki da kuma kaddamar da hare-hare da dama a kokarin sake kwace kasa da suka rasa.Yayin da hare-haren suka tsananta, ANZAC sun kawo sabbin bataliyoyin soja guda biyu don ƙarfafa sabon layin da suka samu.A ƙarshe, a ranar 9 ga Agusta, Ottomans sun dakatar da duk wani yunƙuri kuma a ranar 10 ga Agusta an dakatar da kai hare-haren, wanda ya bar Allies su mallaki matsayi.Duk da haka, duk da nasarar da Ostiraliya ta samu, babban harin Agusta wanda harin ya kasance wani bangare ya gaza kuma wani yanayi ya haifar da rikici a kusa da Lone Pine wanda ya dade har zuwa karshen yakin a cikin Disamba 1915 lokacin da aka kori sojojin kawance daga yankin.

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1915 Aug 7

Yakin Nek

Chunuk Bair Cemetery, Kocadere

Yakin Nek wani ƙaramin yaƙi ne da ya faru a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1915. "The Nek" wani ƙunci ne na tudu a tsibirin Gallipoli.Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Afrikaans don "wurin dutse" amma filin da kansa ya kasance cikakkiyar shinge kuma mai sauƙin karewa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a lokacin harin Ottoman a watan Yuni.Ya haɗa ramukan Ostiraliya da New Zealand a kan tudu da aka fi sani da "Russell's Top" zuwa kullin da ake kira "Baby 700" wanda masu tsaron Ottoman suka kasance a ciki.An shirya wani mummunan hari da sojojin Australiya suka yi a Nek don tallafawa sojojin New Zealand da ke kaiwa Chunuk Bair hari.A farkon 7 ga Agusta 1915, runduna biyu na Brigade na Hasken doki na Australiya na 3, daya daga cikin tsarin da ke karkashin umarnin Manjo Janar Alexander Godley don kai hari, sun kai harin bayonet na banza a kan ramukan Ottoman kan Baby 700. Saboda rashin hadin kai. naɗawa da yanke shawara mara sassauƙa, Australiya sun sha wahala sosai ba tare da wata riba ba.'Yan Australiya 600 ne suka shiga harin, inda suka kai hari ta igiyoyi hudu;372 sun mutu ko kuma suka jikkata.Wadanda aka kashe da Ottoman sun yi sakaci.

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1915 Aug 7 - Aug 19

Yakin Chunuk Bair

Chunuk Bair Cemetery, Kocadere

Kame Chunuk Bair, babban kololuwar zangon Sari Bair, yana daya daga cikin manufofin yakin Sari Bair guda biyu.Rukunin Birtaniyya da suka kai ga taron Chunuk Bair da wuri a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 1915 don shiga cikin Turkawa su ne Battalion na Wellington na New Zealand da Division Australia, Battalion ta 7 (Sabis), Bataliya ta Gloucestershire;da Bataliya ta 8 (Service) , Welch Regiment, duka na 13th (Yamma) Division.Da yammacin ranar ne wasu runduna biyu na rundunar Auckland Mounted Rifles Regiment suka karfafa sojojin, wanda kuma wani bangare ne na Sashen New Zealand da Australia.Dakarun na farko a taron sun mutu sosai sakamakon mayar da martanin da Ottoman suka yi, kuma sun sami sauki da karfe 10:30 na daren ranar 8 ga watan Agusta daga Otago Battalion (NZ), da Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, New Zealand da Ostiraliya Division.Sojojin New Zealand sun sami sassauci da karfe 8:00 na dare a ranar 9 ga Agusta daga Bataliya ta 6, Regiment ta Kudancin Lancashire, da Bataliya ta 5, Regiment na Wiltshire, waɗanda aka kashe tare da korarsu daga taron da sanyin safiyar 10 ga Agusta, da wani jami'in Ottoman. -Harin da Mustafa Kemal ya jagoranta.Laifin watan Agusta na Burtaniya a Anzac Cove da Suvla wani yunƙuri ne na ƙoƙarin warware matsalar da Gallipoli Campaign ya zama.Kame Chunuk Bair ita ce kadai nasarar da kawancen yakin neman zabe ya samu amma abin ya ci tura saboda matsayin bai dawwama.Daular Usmaniyya ta sake kwace kololuwar na tsawon kwanaki kadan bayan haka.

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Dan doki mai haske na Australiya yana amfani da bindigar periscope. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Aug 21 - Aug 29

Battle of Hill 60

Cwgc Hill 60 Cemetery, Büyükan

Yaƙin Hill 60 shine babban hari na ƙarshe na yakin Gallipoli.An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 21 ga Agusta 1915 don ya zo daidai da harin da aka kai a kan Scimitar Hill wanda Manjo-Janar H. de B. De Lisle na Birtaniya IX Corps, Frederick Stopford ya yi daga gaban Suvla.Hill 60 ƙaramin knoll ne a arewacin ƙarshen kewayon Sari Bair wanda ya mamaye saukar Suvla.Ɗaukar wannan tudun tare da Scimitar Hill zai ba da damar saukar da Anzac da Suvla a haɗe cikin aminci.Sojojin kawance sun kai wasu manyan hare-hare guda biyu, na farko a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta da na biyu a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta.Hare-haren na farko ya haifar da iyakacin nasarori a kusa da ƙananan sassa na tsaunin, amma masu tsaron Ottoman sun sami nasarar ci gaba da kai hari ko da bayan wani sabon bataliyar Australiya ta ci gaba da kai harin a ranar 22 ga Agusta.An dauki matakin karfafa gwuiwa, amma duk da haka babban hari na biyu a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta ya ci tura, kuma ko da yake an ci gaba da gwabza fada a kusa da taron na tsawon kwanaki uku, amma a karshen yakin sojojin daular Usmaniyya sun ci gaba da zama mallakin taron.

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Dakarun Australiya suna tuhumar wani mashigin Ottoman, gabanin kwashe mutanen a Anzac. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).

1915 Aug 21

Yaƙin Scimitar Hill

Suvla Cove, Küçükanafarta/Ecea

Yakin Scimitar Hill shi ne hari na karshe da turawan Ingila suka kai a Suvla a lokacin yakin Gallipoli a yakin duniya na daya. Har ila yau shi ne hari mafi girma na yini guda da kasashen kawance suka kai a Gallipoli, wanda ya kunshi bangarori uku.Manufar harin shine kawar da barazanar da Ottoman ke yi daga saukar Suvla da aka fallasa da kuma danganta da sassan ANZAC zuwa kudanci.An kaddamar da shi ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1915, wanda ya zo daidai da harin da aka kai kan Hill 60 a lokaci guda, gazawa ce mai tsadar gaske, inda aka tilasta wa Turkawa yin amfani da duk abin da suke da shi wajen "yaki mai tsanani da zubar da jini" a cikin dare, inda aka yi hasarar wasu ramukan Turkiyya da kuma sake dauka sau biyu.^[37]

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1915 - 1916

Ficewa da Janyewa ornament

1916 Jan 9

Ficewa

Cape Helles, Seddülbahir/Eceab

Bayan rashin nasarar harin Agusta, yakin Gallipoli ya karkata.Nasarar Ottoman ta fara shafar ra'ayin jama'a a Biritaniya , tare da sukar aikin Hamilton da Keith Murdoch, Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett da sauran manema labarai suka fitar.Stopford da sauran jami'an 'yan adawa suma sun ba da gudummawar iskar dusar ƙanƙara kuma an taso da yiwuwar ƙaura a ranar 11 ga Oktoban 1915. Hamilton ya ƙi amincewa da shawarar, saboda tsoron lalacewar martabar Birtaniyya amma an kore shi daga aiki jim kaɗan kuma aka maye gurbinsa da Laftanar Janar Sir Charles Monro.Kaka da damuna sun kawo sauki daga zafin rana amma kuma ya haifar da gales, guguwa da ambaliya, wanda ya sa maza suka nutse da daskarewa har suka mutu, yayin da dubbai suka yi sanyi.Rashin nasarar Serbia a yakin Serbia a cikin kaka na 1915 ya sa Faransa da Birtaniya suka tura sojoji daga yakin Gallipoli zuwa Girkanci Macedonia;An kafa gaban Makidoniya don tallafawa ragowar sojojin Serbia don cin nasara akan Vardar Macedonia.Halin da ake ciki a Gallipoli ya kasance mai rikitarwa da Bulgaria ta shiga Tsakiyar Powers.A farkon Oktoba na 1915, Birtaniya da Faransa sun bude gaban Rum na biyu a Salonika, ta hanyar motsa sassa biyu daga Gallipoli da rage kwararar ƙarfafawa.^{[38 <>]} An buɗe hanyar ƙasa tsakanin Jamus da daular Usmaniyya ta ƙasar Bulgeriya sannan Jamusawan suka mayar wa daular Usmaniyya makamai da manyan bindigogi masu iya lalata ramukan ƙawance, musamman a gaban Anzac, jiragen sama na zamani da ƙwararrun ma'aikata.A ƙarshen Nuwamba, ma'aikatan Ottoman a cikin Albatros CI na Jamus sun harbo jirgin Faransa a kan Gaba Tepe da Austro-Hungarian 36. Haubitzbatterie da 9. Motormörserbatterie rukunin bindigogi sun isa, suna ba da ƙarfin ƙarfafa na Ottoman.^[39] Monro ya ba da shawarar ƙaura zuwa Kitchener, wanda a farkon Nuwamba ya ziyarci gabashin Bahar Rum.Bayan tattaunawa da kwamandojin VIII Corps a Helles, IX Corps a Suvla da Anzac, Kitchener ya amince da Monro kuma ya ba da shawararsa ga majalisar ministocin Burtaniya, wanda ya tabbatar da yanke shawarar ficewa a farkon Disamba.An tsare Helles na wani lokaci amma an yanke shawarar ficewa daga sansanin a ranar 28 ga Disamba.^[40] Ba kamar ƙaura daga Anzac Cove ba, sojojin Ottoman suna neman alamun janyewa.Bayan da ya yi amfani da tazara don kawo ƙarfafawa da kayayyaki, Sanders ya kai hari kan Birtaniya a Gully Spur a ranar 7 ga Janairu 1916 tare da sojoji da bindigogi amma harin ya kasance rashin nasara.^[41] An binne ma'adinan da lokacin da kuma a daren ranar 7/8 ga Janairu, a karkashin wani harin bam na ruwa, sojojin Burtaniya sun fara fadowa da nisan mil 5 (kilomita 8.0) daga layinsu zuwa rairayin bakin teku. inda ake amfani da ramukan wucin gadi don hawa jiragen ruwa.Sojojin Burtaniya na karshe sun tashi daga Lancashire Landing da misalin karfe 04:00 na ranar 8 ga Janairun 1916. Rundunar Newfoundland na daga cikin masu gadi kuma suka janye a ranar 9 ga Janairun 1916. na ƙarshe don barin tsibirin.

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1916 Feb 1

Epilogue

Gallipoli/Çanakkale, Türkiye

Masana tarihi sun banbanta kan yadda suke takaita sakamakon yakin neman zaben.Broadbent ya bayyana kamfen a matsayin "al'amari na kusa" wanda ya kasance cin nasara ga Allies, yayin da Carlyon ke kallon sakamakon gaba daya a matsayin matsala.Peter Hart bai yarda ba, yana mai cewa sojojin Ottoman "sun mayar da Allies daga ainihin manufofinsu cikin sauki", yayin da Haythornthwaite ya kira shi "bala'i ga Allies".Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haifar da "lalata mai yawa ga ... albarkatun ƙasa na Ottoman", kuma a wannan matakin na yaƙin kawancen sun kasance mafi kyawun maye gurbin asarar da suka yi fiye da na Daular Usmaniyya, amma a ƙarshe yunƙurin tabbatar da hanyar shiga cikin Dardanelles. ya nuna rashin nasara.Yayin da ya karkatar da dakarun Ottoman daga sauran yankunan da ake fama da rikici a Gabas ta Tsakiya, yakin ya kuma cinye albarkatun da kasashen kawancen za su iya yi a Gabashin Yamma, sannan kuma ya haifar da asara mai yawa a bangaren kawancen.Kamfen na Ƙungiyoyin sun addabi ƙaƙƙarfan manufa, rashin tsari mara kyau, rashin isassun bindigogi, dakaru marasa ƙwarewa, taswirorin da ba su da inganci, rashin hankali, rashin ƙarfin hali, rashin isassun kayan aiki, da gazawar dabaru da dabaru a kowane mataki.Geography kuma ya tabbatar da wani muhimmin al'amari.Yayin da sojojin kawance suka mallaki taswirori marasa inganci da bayanan sirri kuma sun kasa yin amfani da filin don amfanin su, kwamandojin Ottoman sun sami damar yin amfani da babban filin da ke kusa da rairayin bakin tekun Allied don sanya wuraren kariya mai kyau wanda ke iyakance ikon sojojin kawance don kutsawa. cikin ƙasa, tare da tsare su zuwa kunkuntar rairayin bakin teku.Har yanzu dai batun wajabcin yakin neman zaben ya kasance batun mahawara, kuma korafe-korafen da suka biyo baya na da matukar muhimmanci, wanda ke nuna rarrabuwar kawuna da aka samu tsakanin masu ra'ayin sojan da ke ganin ya kamata kasashen kawance su mai da hankali kan yaki da yammacin turai da kuma wadanda suka amince da kokarin kawo karshen yakin ta hanyar kai wa Jamus hari. "mai laushin ciki", abokansa a gabas.Ayyukan jiragen ruwa na Biritaniya da Faransa a cikin Tekun Marmara sune muhimmin yanki na nasarar yakin Gallipoli, wanda ya tilasta wa Ottoman yin watsi da teku a matsayin hanyar sufuri.Tsakanin Afrilu da Disamba 1915, jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya guda tara na Burtaniya da na Faransa hudu sun gudanar da sintiri 15, inda suka nutse da jirgin yaki daya, mahaukata daya, kwale-kwalen bindiga biyar, jigilar sojoji 11, jiragen ruwa 44 da jiragen ruwa 148 kan farashin jiragen ruwa takwas na kawancen da suka nutse a mashigin ko kuma. a cikin Tekun Marmara.A lokacin yakin ko da yaushe akwai jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya guda daya a cikin Tekun Marmara, wani lokacin biyu;a cikin Oktoba 1915, akwai jiragen ruwa na Allied guda hudu a yankin.E2 ya bar Tekun Marmara a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1916, jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya na ƙarshe a yankin.E-class huɗu da jiragen ruwa na B-biyar sun kasance a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum bayan ƙaura daga Helles.A wannan lokaci sojojin ruwan Ottoman sun kasance an tilasta musu dakatar da ayyukansu a yankin, yayin da safarar 'yan kasuwa ma ya ragu sosai.Masanin tarihin sojan ruwa na Jamus Admiral Eberhard von Mantey, daga baya ya kammala cewa da an yanke hanyoyin sadarwar teku gaba ɗaya da yuwuwar sojojin Ottoman na 5 sun fuskanci bala'i.Kamar yadda waɗannan ayyukan suka kasance tushen damuwa mai mahimmanci, suna haifar da barazana ga jigilar kaya da kuma haifar da asara mai yawa, yadda ya kamata ya kawar da yunkurin da Ottoman ya yi na ƙarfafa sojojinsu a Gallipoli da harba tarin sojoji da hanyoyin jirgin kasa.Muhimmancin kamfen na Gallipoli ana jinsa sosai a duka Australia da New Zealand, duk da kasancewarsu wani yanki ne kawai na sojojin Allied;Ana ɗaukar yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin ƙasashen biyu a matsayin "baftisma na wuta" kuma an danganta su da fitowar su a matsayin ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu.Kimanin 'yan Australiya 50,000 sun yi aiki a Gallipoli kuma daga 16,000 zuwa 17,000 New Zealanders.An yi iƙirarin cewa yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin fitowar asalin asalin Australiya bayan yaƙin, wanda ke da alaƙa da alaƙa da sanannen ra'ayi game da halayen sojojin da suka yi yaƙi a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ya kasance cikin ra'ayi na " Anzac ruhu".

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Appendices

APPENDIX 1

The reason Gallipoli failed

APPENDIX 2

The Goeben & The Breslau - Two German Ships Under Ottoman Flag

APPENDIX 3

The attack on a Mobile Battery at Gallipoli by Eric 'Kipper' Robinson

APPENDIX 4

The Morale and Discipline of British and Anzac troops at Gallipoli | Gary Sheffield

Characters

Colonel of the Ottoman Army

Secretary of State for War

Commander of ANZAC forces

Commander of the Ottoman 5th Army

Lieutenant Colonel

General in the Ottoman Army

Senior Ottoman commander

General of the Ottoman Army

Minister of War

Commander of the V Corps

Officer of the Ottoman Army

Naval Commander in the Dardanelles

British Army officer

French General

General of the Ottoman Army

Commander of the 14th Division

First Lord of the Admiralty

Footnotes

Ali Balci, et al. "War Decision and Neoclassical Realism: The Entry of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War."War in History(2018),doi:10.1177/0968344518789707
Broadbent, Harvey(2005).Gallipoli: The Fatal Shore. Camberwell, VIC: Viking/Penguin.ISBN 978-0-670-04085-8,p.40.
Gilbert, Greg (2013). "Air War Over the Dardanelles".Wartime. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (61): 42-47.ISSN1328-2727,pp.42-43.
Hart, Peter (2013a). "The Day It All Went Wrong: The Naval Assault Before the Gallipoli Landings".Wartime. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (62).ISSN1328-2727, pp.9-10.
Hart 2013a, pp.11-12.
Fromkin, David(1989).A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. New York: Henry Holt.ISBN 978-0-8050-0857-9,p.135.
Baldwin, Hanson (1962).World War I: An Outline History. London: Hutchinson.OCLC793915761,p.60.
James, Robert Rhodes (1995) [1965].Gallipoli: A British Historian's View. Parkville, VIC: Department of History, University of Melbourne.ISBN 978-0-7325-1219-4.
Hart 2013a, p.12.
Fromkin 1989, p.151.
Broadbent 2005, pp.33-34.
Broadbent 2005, p.35.
Stevens, David (2001).The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol.III. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-555542-4,pp.44-45.
Grey, Jeffrey (2008).A Military History of Australia(3rded.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0,p.92.
McGibbon, Ian, ed. (2000).The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-558376-2,p.191.
Haythornthwaite, Philip(2004) [1991].Gallipoli 1915: Frontal Assault on Turkey. Campaign Series. London: Osprey.ISBN 978-0-275-98288-1,p.21.
Aspinall-Oglander, Cecil Faber(1929).Military Operations Gallipoli: Inception of the Campaign to May 1915.History of the Great WarBased on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol.I (1sted.). London: Heinemann.OCLC464479053,p.139.
Aspinall-Oglander 1929, pp.315-16.
Aspinall-Oglander 1929, pp.232-36.
Erickson, Edward J.(2001a) [2000].Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood.ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9.
Carlyon, Les(2001).Gallipoli. Sydney: Pan Macmillan.ISBN 978-0-7329-1089-1,p.232.
Broadbent 2005, p.121.
Broadbent 2005, pp.122-23.
Broadbent 2005, pp.124-25.
Broadbent 2005, pp.126, 129, 134.
Broadbent 2005, pp.129-30.
Aspinall-Oglander 1929, pp.288-290.
Aspinall-Oglander 1929, pp.290-295.
Burt, R. A. (1988).British Battleships 1889-1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 978-0-87021-061-7,pp.158-59.
Burt 1988, pp.131, 276.
Broadbent 2005, p.165.
Brenchley, Fred; Brenchley, Elizabeth (2001).Stoker's Submarine: Australia's Daring Raid on the Dardanellles on the Day of the Gallipoli Landing. Sydney: Harper Collins.ISBN 978-0-7322-6703-2,p.113.
Aspinall-Oglander 1932, p. 85.
Aspinall-Oglander 1932, p. 92.
Turgut Ōzakman, Diriliş, 2008, p.462
Aspinall-Oglander, Military Operations. Gallipoli. Volume 2. p.176
Aspinall-Oglander 1932, p.355.
Hart, Peter (2013b) [2011].Gallipoli. London: Profile Books.ISBN 978-1-84668-161-5,p.387.
Gilbert 2013, p.47.
Carlyon 2001, p.526.
Broadbent 2005, p.266.

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