Wani lokaci na mulki a ƙarƙashin Gidan Vasa na Sweden ya fara a cikin Commonwealth a cikin shekara ta 1587. Sarakuna biyu na farko daga wannan daular, Sigismund III (r. 1587-1632) da Władysław IV (r. 1632-1648), sun yi ƙoƙari akai-akai. sha'awar shiga sarautar Sweden, wanda ya kasance tushen jan hankali ga al'amuran Commonwealth.A wancan lokacin, Cocin Katolika ta fara kai farmaki a kan akida kuma Counter-Reformation ta yi ikirarin tuba da yawa daga da'irar Furotesta na Poland da Lithuania.A cikin 1596, Ƙungiyar Brest ta raba Kiristoci na Gabas na Commonwealth don ƙirƙirar Ikilisiyar Uniate na Gabashin Gabas, amma ƙarƙashin ikon Paparoma.Tawayen Zebrzydowski akan Sigismund III ya bayyana a 1606-1608.Da yake neman rinjaye a Gabashin Turai, Commonwealth sun yi yaƙi da Rasha tsakanin 1605 zuwa 1618 a lokacin da Rasha ta shiga cikin matsaloli;Ana kiran jerin rikice-rikice a matsayin Yaƙin Poland-Muscovite ko Dymitriad.Yunkurin ya haifar da faɗaɗa yankunan gabacin ƙungiyar gamayya ta Poland-Lithuania, amma ba a cim ma burin karbar sarautar Rasha ga daular mulkin Poland ba.Sweden ta nemi rinjaye a yankin Baltic a lokacin yakin Poland da Sweden na 1617-1629, kuma Daular Ottoman ta matsa daga kudu a yakin Cecora a 1620 da Khotyn a 1621. Fadada aikin gona da manufofin satar mutane a Poland ya haifar da jerin abubuwa. na Cossack boren .Ƙungiya da masarautar Habsburg, Commonwealth ba ta shiga kai tsaye a cikinYaƙin Shekaru Talatin .Władysław's IV mulkin ya kasance mafi yawan zaman lafiya, tare da mamayewar Rasha a cikin hanyar Smolensk War na 1632-1634 ya yi nasara.Ikilisiyar Orthodox, da aka dakatar a Poland bayan Union of Brest, an sake kafa shi a cikin 1635.