د رومانیا تاریخ

Footnotes

1. John Noble Wilford (1 December 2009). "A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity". The New York Times (30 November 2009).
2. Patrick Gibbs. "Antiquity Vol 79 No 306 December 2005 The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania Olivier Weller & Gheorghe Dumitroaia". Antiquity.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
3. "Sarea, Timpul şi Omul". 2009-02-21. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
4. Herodotus (1859) [440 BCE, translated 1859], The Ancient History of Herodotus (Google Books), William Beloe (translator), Derby & Jackson, pp. 213–217, retrieved 2008-01-10
5. Taylor, Timothy (2001). Northeastern European Iron Age pages 210–221 and East Central European Iron Age pages 79–90. Springer Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files. ISBN 978-0-306-46258-0., p. 215.
6. Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3, p.64 -126
7. Heather, Peter (1996). The Goths. Blackwell Publishers. pp. 62, 63.
8. Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1. p 250.
9. Madgearu, Alexandru(2008). Istoria Militară a Daciei Post Romane 275–376. Cetatea de Scaun. ISBN 978-973-8966-70-3, p.64-126
10. Costin Croitoru, (Romanian) Sudul Moldovei în cadrul sistemului defensiv roman. Contribuții la cunoașterea valurilor de pământ. Acta terrae septencastrensis, Editura Economica, Sibiu 2002, ISSN 1583-1817, p.111.
11. Odahl, Charles Matson. Constantine and the Christian Empire. New York: Routledge, 2004. Hardcover ISBN 0-415-17485-6 Paperback ISBN 0-415-38655-1, p.261.
12. Kharalambieva, Anna (2010). "Gepids in the Balkans: A Survey of the Archaeological Evidence". In Curta, Florin (ed.). Neglected Barbarians. Studies in the early Middle Ages, volume 32 (second ed.). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. ISBN 978-2-503-53125-0., p. 248.
13. The Gothic History of Jordanes (in English Version with an Introduction and a Commentary by Charles Christopher Mierow, Ph.D., Instructor in Classics in Princeton University) (2006). Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-77-9, p. 122.
14. Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973560-0., p. 207.
15. The Gothic History of Jordanes (in English Version with an Introduction and a Commentary by Charles Christopher Mierow, Ph.D., Instructor in Classics in Princeton University) (2006). Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-77-9, p. 125.
16. Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06983-8., p. 258.
17. Todd, Malcolm (2003). The Early Germans. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-631-16397-2., p. 220.
18. Goffart, Walter (2009). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3939-3., p. 201.
19. Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (2022-05-25). "The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians". Current Biology. 32 (13): 2858–2870.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093. PMID 35617951. S2CID 246191357.
20. Pohl, Walter (1998). "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies". In Little, Lester K.; Rosenwein, Barbara H. (eds.). Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and, p. 18.
21. Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139428880.
22. Evans, James Allen Stewart (2005). The Emperor Justinian And The Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xxxv. ISBN 978-0-313-32582-3.
23. Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973560-0, pp. 112, 117.
24. Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973560-0, p. 61.
25. Eutropius: Breviarium (Translated with an introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird) (1993). Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-208-3, p. 48.
26. Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991). The Goths in the Fourth Century (Translated Texts for Historians, Volume 11). Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-426-5, pp. 51–52.
27. Opreanu, Coriolan Horaţiu (2005). "The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 59–132. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4, p. 129.
28. Jordanes (551), Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum, Constantinople
29. Bóna, Istvan (2001), "The Kingdom of the Gepids", in Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), History of Transylvania: II.3, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
30. Opreanu, Coriolan Horaţiu (2005). "The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 59–132. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4, p. 127.
31. Opreanu, Coriolan Horaţiu (2005). "The North-Danube Regions from the Roman Province of Dacia to the Emergence of the Romanian Language (2nd–8th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 59–132. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4, p. 122.
32. Fiedler, Uwe (2008). "Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. Brill. pp. 151–236. ISBN 978-90-04-16389-8, p. 159.
33. Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4, p. 168.
34. Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel (1996). Historical Dictionary of Romania. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-3179-1, p. xv.
35. Vékony, Gábor (2000). Dacians, Romans, Romanians. Matthias Corvinus Publishing. ISBN 1-882785-13-4, pp. 27–29.
36. Curta, Florin (2005). "Frontier Ethnogenesis in Late Antiquity: The Danube, the Tervingi, and the Slavs". In Curta, Florin (ed.). Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Brepols. pp. 173–204. ISBN 2-503-51529-0, p. 432.
37. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3, pp. 40–41.
38. Curta, Florin (2005). "Frontier Ethnogenesis in Late Antiquity: The Danube, the Tervingi, and the Slavs". In Curta, Florin (ed.). Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Brepols. pp. 173–204. ISBN 2-503-51529-0, p. 355.
39. Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4, p. 160.
40. Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895-1324). Lucidus Kiadó. ISBN 963-9465-12-7, pp. 97–98.
41. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3, pp. 116–117.
42. Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4, p. 162.
43. Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5, p. 246.
44. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1, pp. 42–47.
45. Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5, p. 298.
46. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., p. 406.
47. Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2, p. 193.
48. Duncan B. Gardiner. "German Settlements in Eastern Europe". Foundation for East European Family Studies. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
49. "Ethnic German repatriates: Historical background". Deutsches Rotes Kreuz. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
50. Dr. Konrad Gündisch. "Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons". SibiWeb.de. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
51. Redacția Richiș.info (13 May 2015). "History of Saxons from Transylvania". Richiș.info. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
52. Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4, pp. 171–172.
53. Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 978-90-04-17536-5, p. 147.
54. Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2, p. 193.
55. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3, p. 95.
56. Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2005). A Broken Mirror: The Kipçak World in the Thirteenth Century. In: Curta, Florin (2005); East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages; The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11498-6, p. 390.
57. Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2005). A Broken Mirror: The Kipçak World in the Thirteenth Century. In: Curta, Florin (2005); East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages; The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11498-6, p. 406.
58. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4, p. 413
59. Giurescu, Constantin. Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre, ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966, p. 39
60. Ștefănescu, Ștefan. Istoria medie a României, Vol. I, Bucharest, 1991, p. 111
61. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1, p. 149.
62. Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999). Romanians and Romania: A Brief History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-440-1, p. 45.
63. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1, p. 150.
64. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1, p. 154.
65. Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999). Romanians and Romania: A Brief History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-440-1, p. 46.
66. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83756-1, p. 154.
67. Schoolfield, George C. (2004), A Baedeker of Decadence: Charting a Literary Fashion, 1884–1927, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-04714-2.
68. Anthony Endrey, The Holy Crown of Hungary, Hungarian Institute, 1978, p. 70
69. Béla Köpeczi (2008-07-09). History of Transylvania: From 1606 to 1830. ISBN 978-0-88033-491-4. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
70. Bagossy, Nora Varga (2007). Encyclopaedia Hungarica: English. Hungarian Ethnic Lexicon Foundation. ISBN 978-1-55383-178-5.
71. "Transylvania" (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 7, 2009
72. Katsiardi-Hering, Olga; Stassinopoulou, Maria A, eds. (2016-11-21). Across the Danube: Southeastern Europeans and Their Travelling Identities (17th–19th C.). Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004335448. ISBN 978-90-04-33544-8.
73. Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, 2000, Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-9791-1, p. 19.
74. Bobango, Gerald J (1979), The emergence of the Romanian national State, New York: Boulder, ISBN 978-0-914710-51-6
75. Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (20 September 2012). The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804–1920. ISBN 978-0-295-80360-9. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
76. Patterson, Michelle (August 1996), "The Road to Romanian Independence", Canadian Journal of History, doi:10.3138/cjh.31.2.329, archived from the original on March 24, 2008.
77. Iordachi, Constantin (2017). "Diplomacy and the Making of a Geopolitical Question: The Romanian-Bulgarian Conflict over Dobrudja, 1878–1947". Entangled Histories of the Balkans. Vol. 4. Brill. pp. 291–393. ISBN 978-90-04-33781-7. p. 336.
78. Anderson, Frank Maloy; Hershey, Amos Shartle (1918), Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
79. Juliana Geran Pilon, The Bloody Flag: Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe : Spotlight on Romania , Transaction Publishers, 1982, p. 56
80. Giurescu, Constantin C. (2007) [1935]. Istoria Românilor. Bucharest: Editura All., p. 211–13.
81. Bernard Anthony Cook (2001), Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, p. 162, ISBN 0-8153-4057-5.
82. Malbone W. Graham (October 1944), "The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia", The American Journal of International Law, 38 (4): 667–673, doi:10.2307/2192802, JSTOR 2192802, S2CID 146890589
83. "Institutul Național de Cercetare-Dezvoltare în Informatică – ICI București". Archived from the original on January 8, 2010.
84. Codrul Cosminului. Universitatea Stefan cel Mare din Suceava. doi:10.4316/cc. S2CID 246070683.
85. Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian, eds. (1995). Third axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces In the European War 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour Press. pp. 1–368. ISBN 963-389-606-1, p. 22
86. Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian, eds. (1995). Third axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces In the European War 1941–1945. London: Arms & Armour Press. pp. 1–368. ISBN 963-389-606-1, p. 13
87. U.S. government Country study: Romania, c. 1990. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
88. Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, by Mark Axworthy, Cornel Scafeș, and Cristian Crăciunoiu, page 9.
89. David Stahel, Cambridge University Press, 2018, Joining Hitler's Crusade, p. 78
90. "CIA – The World Factbook – Romania". cia.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
91. Rîjnoveanu, Carmen (2003), Romania's Policy of Autonomy in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Conflict, Czech Republic Military History Institute, Militärgeschichtliches Forscheungamt, p. 1.
92. "Romania – Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
93. "Middle East policies in Communist Romania". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
94. Deletant, Dennis, New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1989, Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series, archived from the original on 2008-10-29, retrieved 2008-08-30
95. Ban, Cornel (November 2012). "Sovereign Debt, Austerity, and Regime Change: The Case of Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania". East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 26 (4): 743–776. doi:10.1177/0888325412465513. S2CID 144784730.
96. Hirshman, Michael (6 November 2009). "Blood And Velvet in Eastern Europe's Season of Change". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
97. Siani-Davies, Peter (1995). The Romanian Revolution of 1989: Myth and Reality. ProQuest LLC. pp. 80–120.
98. Blaine Harden (30 December 1989). "DOORS UNLOCKED ON ROMANIA'S SECRET POLICE". The Washington Post.
99. DUSAN STOJANOVIC (25 December 1989). "More Scattered Fighting; 80,000 Reported Dead". AP.
100. "25 Years After Death, A Dictator Still Casts A Shadow in Romania : Parallels". NPR. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
101. "Romanians Hope Free Elections Mark Revolution's Next Stage – tribunedigital-chicagotribune". Chicago Tribune. 30 March 1990. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
102. "National Salvation Front | political party, Romania". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
103. "Profile: Nato". 9 May 2012.
104. "Romania - European Union (EU) Fact Sheet - January 1, 2007 Membership in EU".
105. Zirra, Vlad (1976). "The Eastern Celts of Romania". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 4 (1): 1–41. ISSN 0092-2323, p. 1.
106. Nagler, Thomas; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Barbulescu, Mihai (2005). "The Celts in Transylvania". The History of Transylvania: Until 1541. Romanian Cultural Institute. ISBN 978-973-7784-00-1, p. 79.
107. Zirra, Vlad (1976). "The Eastern Celts of Romania". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 4 (1): 1–41. ISSN 0092-2323, p. 13.
108. Nagler, Thomas; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Barbulescu, Mihai (2005). "The Celts in Transylvania". The History of Transylvania: Until 1541. Romanian Cultural Institute. ISBN 978-973-7784-00-1, p. 78.
109. Oledzki, Marek (2000). "La Tène culture in the Upper Tisa Basin". Ethnographisch-archaeologische Zeitschrift: 507–530. ISSN 0012-7477, p. 525.
110. Olmsted, Garrett S. (2001). Celtic art in transition during the first century BC: an examination of the creations of mint masters and metal smiths, and an analysis of stylistic development during the phase between La Tène and provincial Roman. Archaeolingua, Innsbruck. ISBN 978-3-85124-203-4, p. 11.
111. Giurescu, Dinu C; Nestorescu, Ioana (1981). Illustrated history of the Romanian people. Editura Sport-Turism. OCLC 8405224, p. 33.
112. Oltean, Ioana Adina (2007). Dacia: landscape, colonisation and romanisation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41252-0., p. 47.
113. Nagler, Thomas; Pop, Ioan Aurel; Barbulescu, Mihai (2005). "The Celts in Transylvania". The History of Transylvania: Until 1541. Romanian Cultural Institute. ISBN 978-973-7784-00-1, p. 78.
114. Giurescu, Dinu C; Nestorescu, Ioana (1981). Illustrated history of the Romanian people. Editura Sport-Turism. OCLC 8405224, p. 33.
115. Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000b). "Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations". In Pstrusińska, Jadwiga [in Polish]; Fear, Andrew (eds.). Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. pp. 101–140. ISBN 978-8-371-88337-8.