History of Myanmar

Pyu birni-jihohin
Zamanin Bronze a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
100 BCE Jan 1 - 1050

Pyu birni-jihohin

Myanmar (Burma)
Jihohin birnin Pyu rukuni ne na biranen da suka wanzu tun daga kusan karni na 2 KZ zuwa tsakiyar karni na 11 a Burma ta yanzu (Myanmar).Mutanen Pyu masu magana da Tibeto-Burman ne suka kafa jihohin-birni a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaura zuwa kudu, waɗanda farkon mazaunan Burma waɗanda bayanansu ke nan.[8] Tsawon shekaru dubu, wanda galibi ana kiransa da Millennium Pyu, ya danganta zamanin Bronze zuwa farkon lokacin jahohin gargajiya lokacin da Masarautar Maguzawa ta bayyana a ƙarshen karni na 9.Pyu ya shiga kwarin Irrawaddy daga Yunnan na yau, c.Karni na biyu KZ, kuma ya ci gaba da samun jahohin birni a cikin kwarin Irrawaddy.An sake gina ainihin gidan Pyu ya zama tafkin Qinghai a Qinghai da Gansu na yau.[9] Pyu sune farkon mazaunan Burma waɗanda bayanansu ke nan.[10] A wannan lokacin, Burma wani bangare ne na hanyar kasuwanci ta kan kasa dagaChina zuwaIndiya .Ciniki tare da Indiya ya kawo addinin Buddah daga Kudancin Indiya, da kuma sauran ra'ayoyin al'adu, gine-gine da siyasa, waɗanda za su sami tasiri mai dorewa akan ƙungiyar siyasa da al'adun Burma.A karni na 4, da yawa a cikin kwarin Irrawaddy sun koma addinin Buddha.[11] Rubutun Pyu, bisa ga rubutun Brahmi, ƙila shine tushen rubutun Burma da aka yi amfani da shi don rubuta harshen Burma.[12] Daga cikin jahohin birni da yawa, mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci shine Masarautar Sri Ksetra kudu maso gabas na Pyay na zamani, wanda kuma ake tunanin ya taɓa zama babban birni.[13] A cikin Maris 638, Pyu na Sri Ksetra ya ƙaddamar da sabon kalanda wanda daga baya ya zama kalandar Burma.[10]Manyan Jihohin Pyu duk suna cikin manyan yankuna uku masu ban ruwa na Upper Burma: kwarin Mu, filayen Kyaukse da yankin Minbu, kusa da mahadar kogin Irrawaddy da Chindwin.Manyan garuruwa biyar masu katanga- Beikthano, Maingmaw, Binnaka, Hanlin, da Sri Ksetra - da kuma ƙananan garuruwa da yawa an tona su a cikin kogin Irrawaddy.Hanlin, wanda aka kafa a karni na 1 AZ, shine birni mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci har zuwa kusan karni na 7 ko 8 lokacin da Sri Ksetra (kusa da Pyay na zamani) ya maye gurbinsa a gefen kudancin Pyu.Sau biyu girma kamar Halin, Sri Ksetra ita ce babbar cibiyar Pyu mafi girma kuma mafi tasiri.[10]Bayanai na kasar Sin na karni na takwas sun bayyana jihohin Pyu 18 a cikin kwarin Irrawaddy, kuma sun bayyana Pyu a matsayin mutane masu mutuntawa da zaman lafiya wadanda ba a san yaki da su ba, kuma suna sanya audugar alharini maimakon siliki ta zahiri don kada su kashe tsutsotsin siliki.Har ila yau, bayanan na kasar Sin sun ba da rahoton cewa, Pyu ya san yadda ake yin lissafin ilmin taurari, kuma yara maza da yawa na Pyu sun shiga rayuwar zuhudu tun suna da shekaru bakwai zuwa shekaru 20. [10.]Wayewa ce mai dorewa wacce ta yi kusan shekara dubu zuwa farkon karni na 9 har sai da wani sabon rukunin "masan doki masu sauri" daga arewa, Bamars, suka shiga kwarin Irrawaddy na sama.A farkon karni na 9, jihohin Pyu na Upper Burma sun fuskanci hare-hare akai-akai daga Nanzhao (a Yunnan na zamani).A cikin 832, Nanzhao ya kori Halingyi, wanda ya zarce Prome a matsayin babban birni na Pyu kuma babban birni na yau da kullun.Mutanen Bamar sun kafa garrison garin Bagan (Pagan) a mahadar kogin Irrawaddy da Chindwin.Mazaunan Pyu sun kasance a Babban Burma har tsawon ƙarni uku masu zuwa amma a hankali Pyu sun shiga cikin faɗaɗa Masarautar Maguzawa.Har yanzu harshen Pyu ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 12.A karni na 13, Pyu sun ɗauki ƙabilar Burman.Tarihi da tatsuniyoyi na Pyu kuma an haɗa su da na Bamar.[14]

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