![guerra civil rusa](https://i.pinimg.com/1200x/f9/25/a5/f925a5cd2ac677ec857ce1a47c09bc01.jpg)
guerra civil rusa Línea de tiempo
Prólogo
Terror blanco
Asia Central
Batalla de kiev
Marcha de Hielo
Excavar
Terror rojo
Operación Kazán
Descosacización
Lejano Oriente
Epílogo
apéndices
caracteres
referencias
![guerra civil rusa](https://i.pinimg.com/1200x/f9/25/a5/f925a5cd2ac677ec857ce1a47c09bc01.jpg)
![Prólogo](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/cf/0b/08/cf0b0815c18522c493af43009681cbf7.jpg)
Prólogo
St Petersburg, Russia![Levantamiento bolchevique de Moscú](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/84/a5/07/84a5078288e82a6bbf82d91f5ac4e9ce.jpg)
Levantamiento bolchevique de Moscú
Moscow, Russia![Levantamiento de Kerensky-Krasnov](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AleksandrKerenskiPorIsaacBrodsky1918.jpeg/600px-AleksandrKerenskiPorIsaacBrodsky1918.jpeg)
Levantamiento de Kerensky-Krasnov
St Petersburg, Russia![Guerra ucraniano-soviética](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg/600px-Pic_U_N_UNR_Army_%28March_1918%29.jpg)
Guerra ucraniano-soviética
Ukraine![movimiento antibolchevique](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/600px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg)
movimiento antibolchevique
Russia![terror blanco](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Rastrel.jpg/600px-Rastrel.jpg)
terror blanco
Russia![Declaración de los Derechos de los Pueblos de Rusia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/7a/97/ae/7a97ae2df0167adde188d9519e003a8d.jpg)
Declaración de los Derechos de los Pueblos de Rusia
Russia![Elección de la Asamblea Constituyente de Rusia de 1917](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Petrograd_voters_1917.png)
Elección de la Asamblea Constituyente de Rusia de 1917
Russia![Paz con los Poderes Centrales](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R92623%2C_Brest-Litowsk%2C_Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg)
Paz con los Poderes Centrales
Central Europe![Los cosacos declaran su independencia.](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/5f/cf/c3/5fcfc33013a36e0a4a0995139df36f48.jpg)
Los cosacos declaran su independencia.
Novocherkassk, Russia![Formación del Ejército Rojo](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/45/64/d2/4564d27524c533b88b9efc974d1868f0.jpg)
Formación del Ejército Rojo
RussiaIntervención aliada en la Guerra Civil Rusa
Russia![Levantamiento de enero del Arsenal de Kiev](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/January_uprising.jpg/600px-January_uprising.jpg)
Levantamiento de enero del Arsenal de Kiev
Kyiv, Ukraine![Asia Central](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/2f/27/c8/2f27c8fbcef8a77ccb9d3f86060ebc59.jpg)
Asia Central
Tashkent, Uzbekistan![batalla de kiev](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/b0/32/d7/b032d7378fc57951607daecd459d8400.jpg)
batalla de kiev
Kiev, Ukraine![Operación puñetazo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg/600px-Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg)
Operación puñetazo
Ukraine![Marcha de Hielo](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/e3/0c/cc/e30cccdf81e21f0484c0344f7d618b50.jpg)
Marcha de Hielo
Kuban', Luhansk Oblast, UkrainLa Marcha del Hielo, también llamada Primera Campaña de Kuban, una retirada militar que duró de febrero a mayo de 1918, fue uno de los momentos decisivos de la Guerra Civil Rusa de 1917 a 1921. Bajo el ataque del Ejército Rojo que avanzaba desde el norte, las fuerzas del Ejército de Voluntarios, a veces denominado Guardia Blanca, comenzó una retirada desde la ciudad de Rostov al sur hacia Kuban, con la esperanza de obtener el apoyo de los cosacos del Don contra el gobierno bolchevique en Moscú.
![Batalla de Bajmach](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/66/b8/f5/66b8f5989363b397ae7354616a5ec8ea.jpg)
Batalla de Bajmach
Bakhmach, Chernihiv Oblast, Uk![La capital se trasladó a Moscú](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/63/a1/5e/63a15e3bacd89fb118137e57ab9cd9d4.jpg)
La capital se trasladó a Moscú
Moscow, Russia![Revuelta de la Legión Checoslovaca](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Traintop1.jpg/600px-Traintop1.jpg)
Revuelta de la Legión Checoslovaca
Siberia, Russia![Excavar](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/b6/2e/4e/b62e4e959e7d97bb6be0f3ab10135374.jpg)
Excavar
Kazan, Russia![comunismo de guerra](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ivan_Vladimirov_requisitioning.jpg%21HD.jpg/600px-Ivan_Vladimirov_requisitioning.jpg%21HD.jpg)
comunismo de guerra
Russia![Ofensiva de Kuban](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Volunteer_Army_infantry_company.jpg/600px-Volunteer_Army_infantry_company.jpg)
Ofensiva de Kuban
Kuban', Luhansk Oblast, Ukrain![Batalla de Tsaritsyn](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mitrophan_Grekov_33_-_Stalin%2C_Voroshilov_and_Shchadenko_in_the_trenches_Tsaritsyn.jpg/600px-Mitrophan_Grekov_33_-_Stalin%2C_Voroshilov_and_Shchadenko_in_the_trenches_Tsaritsyn.jpg)
Batalla de Tsaritsyn
Tsaritsyn, Volgograd Oblast, R![Constitución de la Rusia soviética de 1918](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/50/19/09/5019099bf984b55303023bf1b94cfd9f.jpg)
Constitución de la Rusia soviética de 1918
RussiaLa constitución de la República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia de 1918, también llamada Ley Básica que regía la República Socialista Federativa Soviética de Rusia, describía el régimen que asumió el poder en la Revolución de Octubre de 1917. Esta constitución, que fue ratificada poco después de la Declaración de Derechos del Pueblo Trabajador y Explotado, reconoció formalmente a la clase obrera como la clase dominante de Rusia según el principio de la dictadura del proletariado, convirtiendo así a la República Soviética Rusa en el primer estado constitucionalmente socialista del mundo.
![terror rojo](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ivan_Vladimirov_in-basements-of-cheka-1919.jpg/600px-Ivan_Vladimirov_in-basements-of-cheka-1919.jpg)
terror rojo
Russia![Guerra polaco-soviética](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kawaleria_polska_bitwa_nad_Niemnem_1920.jpg/600px-Kawaleria_polska_bitwa_nad_Niemnem_1920.jpg)
Guerra polaco-soviética
Poland![Operación Kazán](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Trotzky_%29i.e._Trotsky%29_addressing_%22The_Red_Guard%22_LCCN2014713454.jpg/600px-Trotzky_%29i.e._Trotsky%29_addressing_%22The_Red_Guard%22_LCCN2014713454.jpg)
Operación Kazán
Kazan, Russia![Termina la Primera Guerra Mundial](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Armisticetrain_%28slight_crop%29.jpg/600px-Armisticetrain_%28slight_crop%29.jpg)
Termina la Primera Guerra Mundial
Central Europe![Gobernante Supremo Kolchak](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kolchak.jpg/600px-Kolchak.jpg)
Gobernante Supremo Kolchak
Omsk, Russia![Guerra de Independencia de Estonia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vabaduss%C3%B5da_Erk%C3%BCla%2C_1919.jpg/600px-Vabaduss%C3%B5da_Erk%C3%BCla%2C_1919.jpg)
Guerra de Independencia de Estonia
Estonia![Operación Cáucaso del Norte](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/a3/1f/da/a31fdae0f3515c6e0781a95efc512edb.jpg)
Operación Cáucaso del Norte
Caucasus![Guerra de Independencia de Letonia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ziemellatvijas_brigade_Riga_1919.jpg/600px-Ziemellatvijas_brigade_Riga_1919.jpg)
Guerra de Independencia de Letonia
Latvia![Batalla por el Donbás](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/e6/89/ae/e689aef0c0cf345b908ef68effe95e99.jpg)
Batalla por el Donbás
Donbas, Ukraine![Ejército Rojo en Asia Central](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/42/34/cc/4234cc3312283ff9e163edee220e5224.jpg)
Ejército Rojo en Asia Central
Tashkent, Uzbekistan![Descosacización](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/b9/42/d5/b942d58d132f14a68094c3c3913cdf8b.jpg)
Descosacización
Don River, Russia![Ofensiva de primavera del Ejército Blanco](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/52/c6/d5/52c6d530d9f6653f095c03d73021ad00.jpg)
Ofensiva de primavera del Ejército Blanco
Ural Range, Russia![Contraofensiva del Frente Oriental](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/81/50/d2/8150d2bc7eb4376e161079ee084641c5.jpg)
Contraofensiva del Frente Oriental
Ural Range, Russia![El ejército blanco avanza hacia el norte](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/5a/ba/a1/5abaa1073e3302f45012597d60a38cbb.jpg)
El ejército blanco avanza hacia el norte
Voronezh, Russia![Avance sobre Moscú](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Denikin_and_Wrangel_in_Tsaritsyn%2C_1919.png)
Avance sobre Moscú
Oryol, Russia![Contraofensiva del Frente Sur](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/91/cb/ff/91cbff3748569e225f36fed2b7561169.jpg)
Contraofensiva del Frente Sur
Voronezh, Russia![Batalla de Peregonovka](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1920._%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg/600px-1920._%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA.jpg)
Batalla de Peregonovka
Kherson, Kherson Oblast, Ukrai![Retirada de las fuerzas aliadas en el norte de Rusia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Polarbearexpedition.jpg/600px-Polarbearexpedition.jpg)
Retirada de las fuerzas aliadas en el norte de Rusia
Arkhangelsk, Russia![Batalla de Petrogrado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_defense_of_Petrograd_1919.jpg/600px-The_defense_of_Petrograd_1919.jpg)
Batalla de Petrogrado
Saint Petersburg, Russia![El ejército blanco se estira demasiado, el ejército rojo se recupera](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/62/0c/1e/620c1eeaf4cede8cf590738a568eb975.jpg)
El ejército blanco se estira demasiado, el ejército rojo se recupera
Mariupol, Donetsk Oblast, Ukra![Operación Orel-Kursk](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/63/55/d1/6355d1f7bf2b145c4deabd06bdb9de55.jpg)
Operación Orel-Kursk
Kursk, Russia![Gran Marcha del Hielo Siberiano](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/1f/d1/a5/1fd1a5dfd5afb18a242723bc0763a847.jpg)
Gran Marcha del Hielo Siberiano
Chita, Russia![Evacuación de Novorossiysk](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ivan_Vladimirov_flight-of-the-bourgeoisie-from-novorossiysk-in-1920.jpg/600px-Ivan_Vladimirov_flight-of-the-bourgeoisie-from-novorossiysk-in-1920.jpg)
Evacuación de Novorossiysk
Novorossiysk, Russia![Los bolcheviques toman el norte de Rusia](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/8a/50/4c/8a504c4709efa0062a1921f1dc86c366.jpg)
Los bolcheviques toman el norte de Rusia
Murmansk, RussiaEl 21 de febrero de 1920 los bolcheviques entraron en Arkhangelsk y el 13 de marzo de 1920 tomaron Murmansk. El Gobierno de la Región Blanca del Norte dejó de existir.
![Batalla de Varsovia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg/600px-Polish-soviet_war_1920_Polish_defences_near_Milosna%2C_August.jpg)
Batalla de Varsovia
Warsaw, Poland![Rebelión de Tambov](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1920_staff_tambov_green_army.jpg/600px-1920_staff_tambov_green_army.jpg)
Rebelión de Tambov
Tambov, Russia![Asedio de Perekop](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5_%28%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg/600px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5_%28%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%29.jpg)
Asedio de Perekop
Perekopskiy PeresheyekLos bolcheviques ganan el sur de Rusia
Crimea![Hambruna rusa de 1921-1922](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cannibalism_russian_famine1921_6_peasants_bouzuluk_district_and_remains_of_humans_they_eatten.jpg/600px-Cannibalism_russian_famine1921_6_peasants_bouzuluk_district_and_remains_of_humans_they_eatten.jpg)
Hambruna rusa de 1921-1922
Volga River, Russia![Rebelión de Siberia Occidental](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/a6/f0/42/a6f042f10b0034dfdc8066f576ec34f8.jpg)
Rebelión de Siberia Occidental
Sverdlovsk, Luhansk Oblast, Uk![Batalla de Volochaevka](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/f4/4a/1b/f44a1b45086c79e7f410925c7e4dd92b.jpg)
Batalla de Volochaevka
Volochayevka-1, Jewish Autonom![Lejano Oriente](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ataman_semenov.jpg/600px-Ataman_semenov.jpg)
Lejano Oriente
Vladivostok, RussiaEpílogo
RussiaHistoryMaps Shop
![](https://shop.history-maps.com/cdn/shop/files/continentalarmy600px.jpg?v=1715410562)
Heroes of the American Revolution Painting
Explore the rich history of the American Revolution through this captivating painting of the Continental Army. Perfect for history enthusiasts and art collectors, this piece brings to life the bravery and struggles of early American soldiers.
Appendices
APPENDIX 1
Czechoslovak Legion
![Play button](https://i.pinimg.com/564x/e6/d3/3e/e6d33ea020dfb3984d956364c51e7c30.jpg)
Characters
![Alexander Kerensky](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg/400px-Karenskiy_AF_1917.jpg)
Alexander Kerensky
Russian Revolutionary
![Joseph Stalin](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stalin_1920-1.jpg/400px-Stalin_1920-1.jpg)
Joseph Stalin
Communist Leader
![Józef Piłsudski](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg/400px-J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_%28-1930%29.jpg)
Józef Piłsudski
Polish Leader
![Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ataman_semenov.jpg/400px-Ataman_semenov.jpg)
Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov
Leader of White Movement in Transbaikal
![Pyotr Krasnov](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Krasnov.jpg/400px-Pyotr_Nikolayevich_Krasnov.jpg)
Pyotr Krasnov
Russian General
![Vladimir Lenin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/400px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg)
Vladimir Lenin
Russian Revolutionary
![Alexander Kolchak](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kolchak.jpg/400px-Kolchak.jpg)
Alexander Kolchak
Imperial Russian Leader
![Anton Denikin](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Anton_Denikin_1917_%28est%29.png)
Anton Denikin
Imperial Russian General
![Nestor Makhno](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg/400px-V_A_Antonov-Ovseenko.jpeg)
Nestor Makhno
Ukrainian Anarchist Revolutionary
![Pyotr Wrangel](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Pyotr_Wrangel%2C_portrait_medium.jpg/400px-Pyotr_Wrangel%2C_portrait_medium.jpg)
Pyotr Wrangel
Imperial Russian General
![Lavr Kornilov](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kornilov1916.jpeg/400px-Kornilov1916.jpeg)
Lavr Kornilov
Imperial Russian General
![Leon Trotsky](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/400px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg)
Leon Trotsky
Russian Revolutionary
- Allworth, Edward (1967). Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 396652.
- Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (1999). The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-0465003129. kgb cheka executions probably numbered as many as 250,000.
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