Benjamin Franklin

An haifi Franklin akan titin Milk a Boston, Massachusetts a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1706, kuma ya yi masa baftisma a Gidan Taro na Tsohon Kudu.Lokacin da yake yaro yana girma tare da kogin Charles, Franklin ya tuna cewa shi ne "gaba ɗaya shugaba a cikin yara maza."

A 12, Franklin ya zama almajiri ga ɗan'uwansa James, mawallafi, wanda ya koya masa sana'ar bugawa.An kama Blackbeard the Pirate;Franklin ya rubuta ballad akan bikin.

Lokacin da Benjamin yana da shekaru 15, James ya kafa The New-England Courant, wanda shine ɗayan jaridun Amurka na farko.Lokacin da aka hana shi damar rubuta wasiƙa ga takarda don bugawa, Franklin ya karɓi sunan “Silence Dogood”, gwauruwa mai matsakaicin shekaru.An buga wasiƙun Mrs. Dogood kuma sun zama abin tattaunawa a cikin gari.James ko masu karatun Courant ba su san wannan dabarar ba, kuma James bai ji daɗin Bilyaminu ba lokacin da ya gano shahararren ɗan jaridar ƙanensa ne.Franklin ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki tun yana ƙarami.Lokacin da aka daure ɗan'uwansa a kurkuku na makonni uku a 1722 don buga abubuwan da ba su da kyau ga gwamna, matashi Franklin ya karbi jaridar kuma ya sa Mrs. Dogood (nakalto Cato's Letters) ta yi shelar, "Idan ba tare da 'yancin tunani ba, ba za a iya zama irin wannan hikima ba, babu wani abu kamar 'yancin jama'a ba tare da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ba."Franklin ya bar karatunsa ba tare da izinin ɗan'uwansa ba, kuma yin haka ya zama ɗan gudun hijira.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, Franklin ya gudu zuwa Philadelphia, yana neman sabon farawa a sabon birni.Lokacin da ya fara zuwa, ya yi aiki a cikin shagunan buga littattafai da yawa a kusa da garin, amma bai gamsu da abubuwan da ake sa ran ba.Bayan ’yan watanni, sa’ad da yake aiki a gidan buga littattafai, gwamnan Pennsylvania, Sir William Keith, ya rinjaye shi ya je Landan, wai don ya sami kayan aikin da ake bukata don kafa wata jarida a Philadelphia.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, Franklin ya ba da shawara ga Deborah mai shekaru 15 Read yayin da yake shiga cikin gidan Karatu.A wancan lokacin, mahaifiyar Deborah ta yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen barin 'yarta karama ta auri Franklin, wanda ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Landan bisa bukatar Gwamna Keith, da kuma saboda rashin kwanciyar hankali da ya samu.Mijinta ya mutu kwanan nan, kuma ta ƙi bukatar Franklin ta auri 'yarta.

Wasiƙun yabo na Keith a gare shi bai taɓa faruwa ba kuma Franklin ya makale a Landan.Franklin ya ci gaba da zama a Landan inda ya yi wa Samuel Palmer aiki a matsayin mai buga rubutu a kantin buga littattafai a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Cocin St Bartholomew-the-Great a yankin Smithfield na Landan.Yayin da Franklin ke Landan, Deborah ta auri wani mutum mai suna John Rodgers.Wannan ya zama yanke shawara mai nadama.Rodgers ba da daɗewa ba ya kauce wa basussukansa da gurfanar da shi ta hanyar gudu zuwa Barbados da sadakinta, ya bar ta a baya.Ba a san makomar Rodgers ba, kuma saboda dokokin bigamy, Deborah ba ta da ’yancin sake yin aure.

A cikin 1727, yana da shekaru 21, Franklin ya kafa Junto, ƙungiya ta "masu sana'a da masu sana'a masu ra'ayi masu ra'ayi waɗanda suke fatan inganta kansu yayin da suke inganta al'ummarsu."Junto kungiya ce ta tattaunawa kan batutuwan ranar;daga baya ya haifar da ƙungiyoyi da yawa a Philadelphia.An tsara Junto bayan gidajen kofi na Ingilishi waɗanda Franklin ya sani da kyau kuma waɗanda suka zama cibiyar yada ra'ayoyin Fadakarwa a Biritaniya.Karatu ya kasance babban abin shaƙatawa na Junto, amma littattafai ba su da yawa kuma suna da tsada.Franklin ya ɗauki ra'ayin ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi, wanda zai haɗa kuɗin membobin don siyan littattafai don kowa ya karanta.Wannan ita ce haifuwar Kamfanin Laburare na Philadelphia: shi ne ya tsara kundinta a shekara ta 1731. A cikin 1732, ya dauki hayar ma'aikacin laburare na farko na Amurka, Louis Timothee.Kamfanin Laburare yanzu babban ɗakin karatu ne na ilimi da bincike.

Bayan mutuwar Denham, Franklin ya koma tsohon kasuwancinsa.A cikin 1728, ya kafa gidan bugawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Hugh Meredith;a shekara ta gaba ya zama mawallafin jarida mai suna The Pennsylvania Gazette.Jaridar Gazette ta bai wa Franklin wani dandalin tada hankali game da sauye-sauye na gida da tsare-tsare iri-iri ta hanyar kasidu da abubuwan lura.A tsawon lokaci, sharhinsa, da nomansa na kyawawan halaye a matsayinsa na matashi mai ƙwazo da haziƙanci, ya ba shi babbar daraja a cikin al'umma.Amma ko da bayan ya sami suna a matsayin masanin kimiya da ɗan jaha, ya saba sanya hannu kan wasiƙunsa tare da 'B.Franklin, Mai bugawa.'

An qaddamar da Franklin cikin masaukin Masonic na gida.Ya zama babban mashawarci a cikin 1734, yana nuna saurin hawansa zuwa shahara a Pennsylvania.A wannan shekarar, ya gyara kuma ya buga littafin Masonic na farko a cikin Amurka, sake buga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na James Anderson na Free-Masons.Shi ne sakataren St. John's Lodge a Philadelphia daga 1735 zuwa 1738. Franklin ya kasance Freemason har tsawon rayuwarsa.

Franklin ya kafa aure na gama-gari tare da Deborah Karanta a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1730. Sun ɗauki ɗansa shege da aka amince da shi kwanan nan kuma suka rene shi a gidansu.Suna da yara biyu tare.An haifi ɗansu Francis Folger Franklin a watan Oktoba 1732 kuma ya mutu sakamakon ƙanƙara a shekara ta 1736. An haifi 'yarsu Sarah "Sally" Franklin a 1743 kuma a ƙarshe ta auri Richard Bache.

A cikin 1733, Franklin ya fara buga sanannen Poor Richard's Almanack (tare da abun ciki na asali da aro) a ƙarƙashin sunan mai suna Richard Saunders, wanda yawancin sanannun sunansa ya dogara.Ya akai-akai ya yi rubutu a ƙarƙashin sunayen ƙarya.Ya ɓullo da wani salo, salon sa hannu wanda yake a fili, mai aiki da hankali kuma yana da wayo, taushi amma sautin ƙasƙantar da kai tare da furci.Ko da yake ba asiri ba ne cewa shi ne marubucin, halinsa Richard Saunders ya sha musanta hakan."Misalan Richard Talakawa", karin magana daga wannan almanac, kamar "Kwararren dinari da aka ajiye shi ne masoyi biyu" (wanda galibi ana yin kuskuren cewa "Kifi da maziyarta suna wari cikin kwanaki uku", sun kasance maganganun gama gari a cikin duniyar zamani.Hikima a cikin jama'ar jama'a na nufin iya samar da karin magana ga kowane lokaci, kuma masu karatunsa sun kasance cikin shiri sosai.Ya sayar da kusan kwafi dubu goma a kowace shekara-ya zama cibiyar.A cikin 1741, Franklin ya fara buga Babban Mujallu da Tarihi na Tarihi don duk tsirorin Biritaniya a Amurka.Ya yi amfani da tambarin yariman Wales a matsayin hoton murfin.

Murhu Franklin wani murhu ne mai layi da ƙarfe mai suna Benjamin Franklin, wanda ya ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1742. Yana da baffa mai ɗorewa kusa da baya (don canja wurin ƙarin zafi daga wuta zuwa iskar ɗaki) kuma ya dogara da “siphon da aka juyar da shi” zuwa zana hayaki mai zafi a kusa da baffle.An yi niyya don samar da ƙarin zafi da ƙarancin hayaki fiye da buɗe murhu na yau da kullun, amma ya sami ƴan tallace-tallace har sai David Rittenhouse ya inganta shi.Hakanan ana kiranta da "jin murhu" ko "wurin murhu na Pennsylvania".

Franklin ya wallafa wata shawara don gwaji don tabbatar da cewa walƙiya wutar lantarki ce ta hanyar tashi a cikin guguwa.A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1752, Thomas-François Dalibard na Faransa ya gudanar da gwajin Franklin ta hanyar amfani da sandar ƙarfe mai tsayin ƙafa 40 (12m) maimakon kyan gani, kuma ya fitar da tartsatsin wuta daga gajimare.A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1752, mai yiwuwa Franklin ya gudanar da sananniyar gwajinsa a Philadelphia, inda ya yi nasarar fitar da tartsatsin wuta daga gajimare.Ya bayyana gwajin a cikin jaridarsa, The Pennsylvania Gazette, ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1752, ba tare da cewa shi da kansa ya yi ba.An karanta wannan asusun ga Royal Society a ranar 21 ga Disamba kuma an buga shi kamar haka a cikin Ma'amalolin Falsafa.Joseph Priestley ya buga wani asusu tare da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai a cikin Tarihinsa na 1767 da Matsayin Lantarki na Yanzu.Franklin ya yi taka tsantsan ya tsaya a kan insulator, yana bushewa a ƙarƙashin rufin don guje wa haɗarin girgizar lantarki.Wasu kamar su Georg Wilhelm Richmann da ke kasar Rasha, da gaske ne wutar lantarki ta kama su wajen yin gwajin walƙiya a cikin watannin da suka biyo bayan gwajin nasa.Gwaje-gwajen lantarki na Franklin ya kai ga ƙirƙirar sa na sandan walƙiya.Ya ce madugu masu kaifi maimakon wuri mai santsi suna iya fitarwa cikin shiru kuma a nesa mai nisa.Ya ɗauka cewa wannan zai iya taimakawa wajen kare gine-gine daga walƙiya ta hanyar haɗa "sandunan ƙarfe madaidaiciya, wanda aka yi da shi azaman Allura da gilt don hana Tsatsa, kuma daga Ƙafar waɗannan Sanduna Waya ta sauka a wajen Ginin zuwa Ƙasa; .. Ashe waɗannan sandunan da aka nuna ba za su iya zana wutar Lantarki cikin shiru ba daga cikin gajimare kafin ta kusa isa ta buge mu, kuma ta haka ne za mu tsare mu daga wannan ɓarna mai ban tsoro."Bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a gidan kansa na Franklin, an shigar da sandunan walƙiya a Kwalejin Philadelphia (daga baya Jami'ar Pennsylvania) da Gidan Jahar Pennsylvania (daga baya Zauren Independence) a 1752.

An nada Franklin da mawallafin William Hunter mataimakan ma'aikatan gidan waya-Janar na Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya, na farko da ya rike ofishin.(Alƙawuran haɗin gwiwa sun kasance daidaitattun a lokacin, don dalilai na siyasa.) Shi ne ke da alhakin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya daga Pennsylvania arewa da gabas, har zuwa tsibirin Newfoundland.An kafa ofishin gidan waya don wasiku na gida da masu fita a Halifax, Nova Scotia, ta wurin ofishin Benjamin Leigh, a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1754, amma sabis bai sabawa ka'ida ba.Franklin ya buɗe ofishin gidan waya na farko don ba da wasiku na yau da kullun, kowane wata a Halifax a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1755. A halin yanzu, Hunter ya zama mai kula da gidan waya a Williamsburg, Virginia, kuma ya kula da yankunan kudu da Annapolis, Maryland.Franklin ya sake tsara tsarin lissafin sabis da ingantaccen saurin isarwa tsakanin Philadelphia, New York da Boston.By 1761, ingantaccen aiki ya haifar da ribar farko ga ofishin gidan waya na mulkin mallaka.

A lokacin kafuwar Amurka, akwai bayi kusan rabin miliyan a Amurka , galibi a cikin jihohi biyar na kudanci, inda suke da kashi 40% na yawan jama'a.Yawancin manyan masu kafa Amurkawa - musamman Thomas Jefferson, George Washington , da James Madison - sun mallaki bayi, amma wasu da yawa ba su yi ba.Benjamin Franklin ya yi tunanin cewa bautar "wani mummunan ƙasƙanci ne na ɗabi'ar ɗan adam" kuma "tushen munanan mugunta."Shi da Benjamin Rush sun kafa Ƙungiyar Pennsylvania don Ƙaddamar da Kawar da Bauta a 1774. A cikin 1790, Quakers daga New York da Pennsylvania sun gabatar da kokensu na sokewa ga Majalisa.Hujjarsu game da bautar ta samu goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Abolitionist Society ta Pennsylvania.A cikin shekarunsa na baya, yayin da aka tilasta Majalisa ta magance batun bautar, Franklin ya rubuta kasidu da yawa waɗanda suka jaddada mahimmancin kawar da bautar da haɗin gwiwar Amirkawa na Afirka a cikin al'ummar Amirka.Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen sun haɗa da:Adireshi ga Jama'a (1789)Shirin Inganta Yanayin Baƙar fata 'Yanci (1789)Sidi Mehemet Ibrahim akan cinikin bayi (1790)

A lokacin da Franklin ya isa Philadelphia a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1775, bayan aikinsa na biyu zuwa Birtaniya, juyin juya halin Amurka ya fara - tare da rikici tsakanin 'yan mulkin mallaka da Birtaniya a Lexington da Concord .Mayakan New England sun tilasta wa manyan sojojin Burtaniya su ci gaba da zama a cikin Boston.Majalisar Pennsylvania baki ɗaya ta zaɓi Franklin a matsayin wakilinsu zuwa Majalisar Nahiyar Nahiyar Na Biyu.A cikin Yuni 1776, an nada shi memba na kwamitin biyar da suka tsara sanarwar 'yancin kai.Ko da yake gout ya naƙasa shi na ɗan lokaci kuma ya kasa halartar yawancin tarurrukan kwamitin, ya yi sauye-sauye da yawa "kananan amma masu mahimmanci" ga daftarin da Thomas Jefferson ya aika masa.A rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, an ambaci shi yana amsawa ga wani sharhi da John Hancock ya yi cewa dole ne su rataye tare: "Ee, dole ne mu, hakika, duka mu rataye tare, ko kuma tabbas za mu rataye daban."

A cikin Disamba 1776, an aika Franklin zuwa Faransa a matsayin kwamishinan Amurka .Ya tafi da shi a matsayin sakatare jikansa mai shekaru 16, William Temple Franklin.Sun zauna a wani gida a unguwar Passy na Paris, wanda Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont ya ba da gudummawar, wanda ya tallafa wa Amurka.Franklin ya kasance a Faransa har zuwa 1785. Ya gudanar da al'amuran ƙasarsa ga al'ummar Faransa tare da babban nasara, wanda ya haɗa da tabbatar da haɗin gwiwar soja mai mahimmanci a 1778 da kuma sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 1783 na Paris.

Ƙasar Franco-Amurka ita ce ƙawancen 1778 tsakanin Masarautar Faransa da Amurka a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Amurka.An tsara shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai na 1778, yarjejeniya ce ta soja wacce Faransawa ke ba da kayayyaki da yawa ga Amurkawa.Daga baya Netherlands daSpain sun shiga a matsayin kawayen Faransa;Biritaniya ba ta da kawayen Turai.Haɗin gwiwar Faransa yana yiwuwa da zarar Amurkawa sun kama sojojin mamaye na Burtaniya a Saratoga a cikin Oktoba 1777, yana nuna yuwuwar dalilin Amurka.

Yarjejeniyar Paris , wadda wakilan Sarki George III na Birtaniya da wakilan Amurka suka rattaba hannu abirnin Paris a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1783, a hukumance ta kawo karshen yakin juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma yanayin rikici tsakanin kasashen biyu.Yarjejeniyar ta sanya iyaka tsakanin Daular Burtaniya a Arewacin Amurka da Amurka, akan layi "mafi kyauta" ga na karshen.Cikakkun bayanai sun haɗa da haƙƙin kamun kifi da maido da dukiyoyi da fursunonin yaƙi.Wannan yarjejeniya da keɓancewar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Burtaniya da al'ummomin da suka goyi bayan manufar Amurka - Faransa, Spain, da Jamhuriyar Holland - an san su tare da Aminci na Paris.Mataki na 1 ne kawai na yarjejeniyar, wanda ya amince da kasancewar Amurka a matsayin kasa mai 'yanci, mai 'yanci, mai cin gashin kanta, ta ci gaba da aiki.

Lokacin da ya dawo gida a shekara ta 1785, Franklin ya zama na biyu kawai na George Washington a matsayin zakaran 'yancin kai na Amurka.Ya dawo daga Faransa da karancin fam 100,000 a cikin kudaden Majalisar da ba a bayyana ba.Da yake amsa tambaya daga wani ɗan Majalisa game da wannan, Franklin, yana ɗauko Littafi Mai Tsarki ya ce, "Kada ku danne sa da ke tattake hatsin ubangijinsa."Ba a sake ambaton kudaden da suka bace a Majalisa ba.Le Ray ya karrama shi da hoton da aka ba da izini wanda Joseph Duplessis ya zana, wanda yanzu ya rataya a cikin National Portrait Gallery na Cibiyar Smithsonian a Washington, DC Bayan dawowarsa, Franklin ya zama mai kashewa kuma ya 'yantar da bayinsa guda biyu.Daga karshe ya zama shugaban kungiyar Abolition Society na Pennsylvania.

Sa hannu kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1787, a Hall Independence a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, lokacin da wakilai 39 zuwa Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki, wakiltar jihohi 12 (duk sai Rhode Island, wanda ya ƙi aika wakilai), sun amince da Tsarin Mulkin da aka kirkira. a lokacin taron na tsawon watanni hudu.Harshen amincewar ƙarshe, wanda Gouverneur Morris ya ɗauka kuma Benjamin Franklin ya gabatar wa babban taron, an sanya shi da gangan cikin bege na lashe kuri'un wakilai masu adawa.Jonathan Dayton, mai shekaru 26, shi ne mafi karancin shekaru da ya rattaba hannu kan Kundin Tsarin Mulki, yayin da Benjamin Franklin, mai shekaru 81, ya kasance mafi girma.

Franklin ya sha fama da kiba a duk tsawon shekarunsa na tsakiya da kuma bayan shekaru, wanda ya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da yawa, musamman gout, wanda ya tsananta yayin da ya tsufa.Benjamin Franklin ya mutu daga harin pleuritic a gidansa a Philadelphia ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1790. Yana da shekaru 84 a lokacin mutuwarsa.An ruwaito kalamansa na ƙarshe cewa, "mutumin da ke mutuwa ba zai iya yin wani abu mai sauƙi ba", ga 'yarsa bayan da ta ba da shawarar cewa ya canza matsayi a kan gado ya kwanta a gefensa don samun sauƙin numfashi.Kimanin mutane 20,000 ne suka halarci jana'izar sa.An shigar da shi cikin filin binne cocin Christ a Philadelphia.Bayan samun labarin rasuwarsa, Majalisar Tsarin Mulki a Faransa mai juyin juya hali ta shiga cikin zaman makoki na tsawon kwanaki uku, kuma an gudanar da bukukuwan tunawa da Franklin a duk fadin kasar.