ຮົບສໍາລັບເຄື່ອງເທດ

ການຄົ້ນພົບເສັ້ນທາງການຄ້າທະເລໃຫມ່ໂດຍລັດເອີຣົບຕາເວັນຕົກອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ພວກເຂົາຫລີກລ້ຽງການຜູກຂາດການຄ້າ Ottoman. ຫຼັງຈາກການເດີນທາງຂອງ Vasco da Gama, ເປັນ portuguese ປອກຕຸຍການທີ່ມີອໍານາດໄດ້ຄວບຄຸມມະຫາສະຫມຸດອິນເດຍໃນຕົ້ນສະຕະວັດທີ 16. ມັນໄດ້ຂົ່ມຂູ່ບັນດາເມືອງແຄມທະເລຂອງແຫຼມອາຣັບແລະອິນເດຍ . ການຄົ້ນພົບພາສາປອກຕຸຍການແຫ່ງຄວາມຫວັງທີ່ດີໃນປີ 1488 ໄດ້ລິເລີ່ມສົງຄາມ Naval Ottaoman-Portuguese ໃນສະຕະວັດສາສະຕະວັດທີ 16.
ການຄວບຄຸມ Ottoman ຂອງທະເລແດງໃນເວລາ 1517 ຕອນທີ່ Selim ຂ້າພະເຈົ້າ annexedປະເທດອີຢີບ ໄປທີ່ Ottoman Empire ຫຼັງຈາກການສູ້ຮົບຂອງ Rainianya. ສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ຂອງເຂດທີ່ມີຢູ່ໃນເຂດແຫຼມຂອງແຂກອາຫລັບ (Hejaz ແລະ Tihamah) ໃນໄວໆນີ້ໄດ້ຫຼຸດລົງຢ່າງສະຫມັກໃຈກັບ obtomans. Piri Reis, ຜູ້ທີ່ມີຊື່ສຽງສໍາລັບແຜນທີ່ໂລກຂອງລາວ, ນໍາສະເຫນີມັນເພື່ອແຍກພຽງແຕ່ສອງສາມອາທິດຫລັງຈາກທີ່ Sultan ໄດ້ມາຮອດອີຢີບ. ສ່ວນກ່ຽວກັບມະຫາສະຫມຸດອິນເດຍແມ່ນຫາຍສາບສູນ; ມັນໄດ້ຖືກໂຕ້ຖຽງວ່າຕອນ Selim ອາດຈະເອົາມັນ, ເພື່ອວ່າລາວຈະສາມາດໃຊ້ມັນໃນການວາງແຜນການເລັ່ງລັດໃນລະດັບໃນອະນາຄົດ. ໃນຄວາມເປັນຈິງ, ຫຼັງຈາກການເດັ່ນຂອງ Ottoman ໃນທະເລແດງ, ການແຂ່ງຂັນ Ottoman-Portuguese ໄດ້ເລີ່ມຕົ້ນ.
ໃນປີ 1525, ໃນໄລຍະການປົກຄອງຂອງ Suleiman I (ລູກຊາຍຂອງ Selim), ເຊິ່ງເປັນນາຍພົນເຮືອບິນທີ່ມີອໍານາດໃນການປ້ອງກັນຕົວເມືອງ Ottoman ຕໍ່ກັບການໂຈມຕີຂອງປອກຕຸຍການຕໍ່ຕ້ານການໂຈມຕີ Portugasese. ໃນປີ 1534, Suleiman Annexed ສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ຂອງ ອີຣັກ ແລະໂດຍ 1538 Ottomans ໄດ້ໄປຮອດ Basra ໃນອ່າວເປີເຊຍ The Ottoman Empire ຍັງປະເຊີນກັບບັນຫາຂອງ Portuguese ຄວບຄຸມຊາຍຝັ່ງ. ບັນດາຕົວເມືອງຊາຍຝັ່ງທະເລສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ໃນແຫຼມອາຣັບແມ່ນທັງ Portuguese Ports ຫຼື Vicuguese Vassals. ເຫດຜົນອີກຢ່າງຫນຶ່ງສໍາລັບການແຂ່ງຂັນ Ottoman-Portugal Rivalry ແມ່ນເສດຖະກິດ. ໃນສະຕະວັດທີ 15, ເສັ້ນທາງການຄ້າຕົ້ນຕໍຈາກຕາເວັນອອກທາງທິດຕາເວັນອອກໄກເຖິງເອີຣົບ, ຈຸດທີ່ເອີ້ນວ່າເສັ້ນທາງເຄື່ອງເທດ, ແມ່ນຜ່ານທະເລແດງແລະອີຢີບ. ແຕ່ຫລັງຈາກອາຟຣິກກາໄດ້ຖືກຈັດແຈງລາຍໄດ້ຈາກການຄ້າໄດ້ຫຼຸດລົງ. ໃນຂະນະທີ່ Ottoman Empire ແມ່ນອໍານາດທະເລທີ່ສໍາຄັນໃນທະເລເມດິເຕີເຣ ນຽນ , ມັນເປັນໄປບໍ່ໄດ້ທີ່ຈະໂອນທະເລ Ottoman ໄປຫາທະເລແດງ. ດັ່ງນັ້ນເຮືອບິນໃຫມ່ໄດ້ຖືກສ້າງຂຶ້ນໃນ Suez ແລະຕັ້ງຊື່ວ່າເຫດຜົນຂອງອິນເດຍໃນມະຫາສະຫມຸດອິນເດຍ, ແມ່ນການເຊື້ອເຊີນຈາກປະເທດອິນເດຍ.
ສົງຄາມນີ້ໄດ້ເກີດຂື້ນຕາມພື້ນຫລັງຂອງສົງຄາມຊາວເອທິໂອເປຍ. ເອທິໂອເປຍໄດ້ຖືກບຸກລຸກໃນປີ 1529 ໂດຍ Ottoman Empire ແລະ Allies Local. ການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອຂອງປອກຕຸຍການ, ເຊິ່ງໄດ້ຖືກຮຽກຮ້ອງໂດຍທໍາອິດໂດຍ Emperor Dawit II ໃນປີ 1520, ສຸດທ້າຍໄດ້ມາຮອດ Massawa ໃນຊ່ວງການປົກຄອງຂອງ Emperor Galeror Galeror Galeror Galawdos. ກໍາລັງແຮງດັ່ງກ່າວໄດ້ຖືກນໍາພາໂດຍCristóvão Da Gama
ເປົ້າຫມາຍ Ottoman ຕົ້ນສະບັບຂອງການກວດສອບການປົກຄອງພາສາປອກຕຸຍການໃນມະຫາສະຫມຸດແລະຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອເຈົ້ານາຍຂອງຊາວອິນເດຍບໍ່ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນສໍາເລັດ. ນີ້ແມ່ນເຖິງວ່າຈະມີສິ່ງທີ່ຜູ້ຂຽນໄດ້ເອີ້ນວ່າ 'ຄວາມຮູ້ປຽບທີ່ລົ້ນເຫຼືອໃນປະເທດ Portugal, ເຊິ່ງເປັນປະຊາກອນໃນພື້ນທີ່ຂອງຊາວຕາເວັນຕົກຂອງເຂດຝັ່ງທະເລອິນເດຍແລະຖານທັບເຮືອຂອງມັນແມ່ນໃກ້ຊິດກັບການປະຕິບັດງານ.
ເຖິງວ່າຈະມີການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຂອງການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຂອງເອີຣົບໃນມະຫາສະຫມຸດອິນເດຍ, Ottoman Trade ກັບ East ກໍ່ສືບຕໍ່ຈະເລີນຮຸ່ງເຮືອງ. Cairo, ໂດຍສະເພາະ, ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນປະໂຫຍດຈາກການເພີ່ມຂຶ້ນຂອງກາເຟ Yemeni ເປັນສິນຄ້າຜູ້ບໍລິໂພກທີ່ນິຍົມ. ໃນຖານະເປັນ coffehouse ໄດ້ຢູ່ໃນຕົວເມືອງແລະຕົວເມືອງໃນທົ່ວ Empire, Cairo ພັດທະນາເປັນສູນກາງຂອງການຄ້າຂອງຕົນ, ການສືບຕໍ່ຄວາມຈະເລີນຂອງສິບເຈັດແລະຫຼາຍຂອງສະຕະວັດທີສິບແປດ. ດ້ວຍການຄວບຄຸມທະເລແດງທີ່ເຂັ້ມແຂງ, ottomans ໄດ້ຈັດການກັບການຄວບຄຸມເສັ້ນທາງການຄ້າກັບປອກຕຸຍການໃນລະດັບການຄ້າ Mughal ຕະຫຼອດໃນສະຕະວັດທີ 16. [22]
ບໍ່ສາມາດເອົາຊະນະຊາວປອກຕຸຍການຫຼືຂົ່ມຂູ່ການຂົນສົ່ງຂອງພວກເຂົາ, Ottomans ໄດ້ສະຫນອງສັດຕູພາສາປອກຕຸຍການເຊັ່ນ: ການກັບຄືນສະຖານະພາບທີ່ໄດ້ກັບມາສະຖານະພາບ. [23] ພາສາປອກຕຸຍການສໍາລັບສ່ວນຂອງພວກເຂົາໄດ້ບັງຄັບສາຍພົວພັນການຄ້າແລະການທູດຂອງພວກເຂົາກັບ Safavid Persia , ສັດຕູຂອງອານາຈັກ Ottoman. ການແຂ່ງຂັນທີ່ເຄັ່ງຕຶງໄດ້ຖືກສ້າງຕັ້ງຂຶ້ນເທື່ອລະກ້າວ, ໃນຂະນະທີ່ Ottomans ໄດ້ຮັບອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ຄວບຄຸມເສັ້ນທາງຂ້າມຜ່ານໄປເອີຣົບ, ແລະຊາວປອກຕຸຍການໄດ້ຮັບອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ຄອບງໍາການຄ້າທະເລໄປປະເທດອິນເດຍແລະອາຟຣິກາຕາເວັນອອກ. [24] Ottomans ຫຼັງຈາກນັ້ນໄດ້ປ່ຽນຈຸດສຸມຂອງພວກເຂົາໄປສູ່ທະເລແດງ, ເຊິ່ງໄດ້ຂະຫຍາຍການອອກສຽງໃນເມື່ອກ່ອນ, ແລະ Aden ໃນປີ 1538. [25]
History of the Ottoman Empire
References
Encyclopedias
- Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce, eds.(2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1.
Surveys
- Baram, Uzi and Lynda Carroll, editors. A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground (Plenum/Kluwer Academic Press, 2000)
- Barkey, Karen. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. (2008) 357pp Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 (New York: Gordian Press, 1973)
- Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909 (London: IB Tauris, 1998)
- Faroqhi, Suraiya. The Ottoman Empire: A Short History (2009) 196pp
- Faroqhi, Suraiya. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 3, 2006) excerpt and text search
- Faroqhi, Suraiya and Kate Fleet, eds. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 2 2012) essays by scholars
- Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
- Fleet, Kate, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey (Volume 1, 2009) excerpt and text search, essays by scholars
- Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power (2 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-57451-9.
- Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire, the Classical Age: 1300–1600. Hachette UK, 2013. [1973]
- Kasaba, Resat, ed. The Cambridge History of Turkey (vol 4 2008) excerpt and text search vol 4 comprehensive coverage by scholars of 20th century
- Dimitri Kitsikis, L'Empire ottoman, Presses Universitaires de France, 3rd ed.,1994. ISBN 2-13-043459-2, in French
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- McMeekin, Sean. The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power (2010)
- Pamuk, Sevket. A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire (1999). pp. 276
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- Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1, 1977.
- Somel, Selcuk Aksin. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. (2003). 399 pp.
- Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk. ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0.
The Early Ottomans (1300–1453)
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- Lindner, Rudi P. (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-933070-12-8.
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- Zachariadou, Elizabeth, ed. (1991). The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389). Rethymnon: Crete University Press.
- İnalcık Halil, et al. The Ottoman Empire: the Classical Age, 1300–1600. Phoenix, 2013.
The Era of Transformation (1550–1700)
- Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at Ali (1984). The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul.
- Howard, Douglas (1988). 'Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of 'Decline' of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century'. Journal of Asian History. 22: 52–77.
- Kunt, Metin İ. (1983). The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05578-1.
- Peirce, Leslie (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508677-5.
- Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-41144-9.
- White, Joshua M. (2017). Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-503-60252-6.
to 1830
- Braude, Benjamin, and Bernard Lewis, eds. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society (1982)
- Goffman, Daniel. The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (2002)
- Guilmartin, John F., Jr. 'Ideology and Conflict: The Wars of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1606', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, (Spring 1988) 18:4., pp721–747.
- Kunt, Metin and Woodhead, Christine, ed. Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World. 1995. 218 pp.
- Parry, V.J. A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 (1976)
- Şahin, Kaya. Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
- Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol I; Empire of Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1290–1808. Cambridge University Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0-521-21280-9.
Post 1830
- Ahmad, Feroz. The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914, (1969).
- Bein, Amit. Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition (2011) Amazon.com
- Black, Cyril E., and L. Carl Brown. Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors. 1992.
- Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (2000) Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Gürkan, Emrah Safa: Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- Faroqhi, Suraiya. Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. (2000) 358 pp.
- Findley, Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922 (Princeton University Press, 1980)
- Fortna, Benjamin C. Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire. (2002) 280 pp.
- Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (2001)
- Gingeras, Ryan. The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire. London: Allen Lane, 2023.
- Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. (1996). 220 pp.
- Hanioglu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (2008) Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Inalcik, Halil and Quataert, Donald, ed. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. 1995. 1026 pp.
- Karpat, Kemal H. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. (2001). 533 pp.
- Kayali, Hasan. Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 (1997); CDlib.org, complete text online
- Kieser, Hans-Lukas, Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Seyhan Bayraktar, and Thomas Schmutz, eds. The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. London: I.B. Tauris, 2019.
- Kushner, David. The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908. 1977.
- McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire. Hodder Arnold, 2001. ISBN 0-340-70657-0.
- McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. London: Allen Lane, 2015.
- Miller, William. The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913. (1913), Books.Google.com full text online
- Quataert, Donald. Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908. 1983.
- Rodogno, Davide. Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914 (2011)
- Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975. (1977). Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
- Toledano, Ehud R. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890. (1982)
Military
- Ágoston, Gábor (2005). Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521843133.
- Aksan, Virginia (2007). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.
- Rhoads, Murphey (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 1-85728-389-9.
Historiography
- Emrence, Cern. 'Three Waves of Late Ottoman Historiography, 1950–2007,' Middle East Studies Association Bulletin (2007) 41#2 pp 137–151.
- Finkel, Caroline. 'Ottoman History: Whose History Is It?,' International Journal of Turkish Studies (2008) 14#1 pp 1–10. How historians in different countries view the Ottoman Empire
- Hajdarpasic, Edin. 'Out of the Ruins of the Ottoman Empire: Reflections on the Ottoman Legacy in South-eastern Europe,' Middle Eastern Studies (2008) 44#5 pp 715–734.
- Hathaway, Jane (1996). 'Problems of Periodization in Ottoman History: The Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Centuries'. The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. 20: 25–31.
- Kırlı, Cengiz. 'From Economic History to Cultural History in Ottoman Studies,' International Journal of Middle East Studies (May 2014) 46#2 pp 376–378 DOI: 10.1017/S0020743814000166
- Mikhail, Alan; Philliou, Christine M. 'The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn,' Comparative Studies in Society & History (2012) 54#4 pp 721–745. Comparing the Ottomans to other empires opens new insights about the dynamics of imperial rule, periodization, and political transformation
- Pierce, Leslie. 'Changing Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire: The Early Centuries,' Mediterranean Historical Review (2004) 49#1 pp 6–28. How historians treat 1299 to 1700