Singapore faced significant concerns regarding national defense after gaining independence. While the British initially defended Singapore, their announced withdrawal by 1971 prompted urgent discussions on security. Memories of the Japanese occupation during World War II weighed heavily on the nation, leading to the introduction of National Service in 1967. This move rapidly bolstered the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), conscripting thousands of men for a minimum of two years. These conscripts would also be responsible for reservist duties, undergoing periodic military training and being prepared to defend the nation in emergencies.

In 1965, Goh Keng Swee assumed the role of Minister for the Interior and Defence, championing the need for a robust Singapore Armed Forces. With the impending British departure, Dr. Goh emphasized the vulnerability of Singapore and the pressing need for a capable defense force. His speech in December 1965 underscored Singapore's reliance on British military support and the challenges the nation would face post their withdrawal.

To build a formidable defense force, Singapore sought expertise from international partners, notably West Germany and Israel. Recognizing the geopolitical challenges of being a smaller nation surrounded by larger neighbors, Singapore allocated a significant portion of its budget to defense. The country's commitment is evident in its ranking as one of the top spenders globally on military expenses per capita, trailing only Israel, the United States, and Kuwait.

The success of Israel's national service model, particularly highlighted by its triumph in the Six-Day War in 1967, resonated with Singaporean leaders. Drawing inspiration, Singapore launched its version of the national service program in 1967. Under this mandate, all 18-year-old males underwent rigorous training for two and a half years, with periodic refresher courses to ensure swift and effective mobilization when needed. This policy aimed to deter potential invasions, especially in the backdrop of tensions with neighboring Indonesia.

While the national service policy bolstered defense capabilities, it also fostered unity among the nation's diverse racial groups. However, exempting females from the service stirred debates on gender equity. Proponents argued that in times of conflict, women would play essential roles in supporting the economy. The discourse on this policy's gender dynamics and the duration of training continues, but the broader impact of the national service in fostering solidarity and racial cohesion remains unquestioned.