From 1977 to 1988, Pakistan experienced a period of military rule under General Zia-ul-Haq, characterized by the growth of state-sponsored religious conservatism and persecution. Zia was committed to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing Sharia law, setting up separate Sharia courts and introducing Islamic criminal laws, including harsh punishments. Economic Islamization included changes like replacing interest payments with profit-loss sharing and imposing a Zakat tax.

Zia's rule also saw the suppression of socialist influences and the rise of technocracy, with military officers occupying civilian roles and capitalist policies being reintroduced. The Bhutto-led leftist movement faced brutal repression, while secessionist movements in Balochistan were quelled. Zia held a referendum in 1984, gaining support for his religious policies.

Pakistan's foreign relations shifted, with deteriorating ties to the Soviet Union and stronger relations with the United States, especially after the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. Pakistan became a key player in supporting anti-Soviet forces, while managing a large influx of Afghan refugees and facing security challenges.

Tensions with India escalated, including conflicts over the Siachen Glacier and military posturing. Zia used cricket diplomacy to ease tensions with India and made provocative statements to deter Indian military action. Under U.S. pressure, Zia lifted martial law in 1985, appointing Muhammad Khan Junejo as prime minister, but later dismissed him amid growing tensions. Zia died in a mysterious plane crash in 1988, leaving behind a legacy of increased religious influence in Pakistan and a cultural shift, with a rise in underground rock music challenging conservative norms.