Hinduizm tarixi

-10000

Prolog

-1500

Rigveda

-200

Smriti

havolalar


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3300 BCE - 2023

Hinduizm tarixi



Hinduizm tarixiHindiston yarimorolida tug'ilgan turli xil diniy an'analarni qamrab oladi.Uning tarixi Temir davridan beri Hindiston yarimorolida dinning rivojlanishi bilan bir-biriga to'g'ri keladi yoki uning ba'zi an'analari bronza davri Hind vodiysi sivilizatsiyasi kabi tarixdan oldingi dinlarga borib taqaladi.Shunday qilib, u dunyodagi "eng qadimgi din" deb nomlangan.Olimlar hinduizmni turli xil ildizlarga ega va yagona asoschisi yo'q, turli hind madaniyatlari va an'analarining sintezi deb hisoblashadi.Bu hind sintezi Vedik davridan keyin paydo bo'lgan, taxminan.Miloddan avvalgi 500–200 yillar va taxminan.Milodiy 300-yil, Ikkinchi Urbanizatsiya davrida va hinduizmning ilk klassik davrida, dostonlar va birinchi Puranalar yaratilgan.U o'rta asrlarda Hindistonda buddizmning tanazzulga uchrashi bilan gullab-yashnagan.Hinduizm tarixi ko'pincha rivojlanish davrlariga bo'linadi.Birinchi davr - Vedikgacha bo'lgan davr bo'lib, u Hind vodiysi tsivilizatsiyasi va mahalliy tarixgacha bo'lgan dinlarni o'z ichiga oladi va miloddan avvalgi 1750 yilda tugaydi.Bu davr Hindistonning shimolida Vedik davriga to'g'ri keldi, bu davr miloddan avvalgi 1900 yildan 1400 yilgacha boshlangan hind-aryan migratsiyalari bilan tarixiy Vedik dinining kiritilishini ko'rsatdi.Miloddan avvalgi 800-200 yillar oralig'idagi keyingi davr "vedik dini va hindu dinlari o'rtasidagi burilish nuqtasi" va hinduizm, jaynizm va buddizm uchun shakllanish davridir.Epik va ilk Puran davri, miloddan avvalgi.Miloddan avvalgi 200 yildan 500 yilgacha hinduizmning klassik "oltin davri" (taxminan 320-650 yillar) bo'lib, u Gupta imperiyasiga to'g'ri keladi.Bu davrda hind falsafasining oltita tarmogʻi, yaʼni Samxya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimasa va Vedanta rivojlandi.Shaivizm va Vaishnavizm kabi monoteistik sektalar xuddi shu davrda Bhakti harakati orqali rivojlangan.Taxminan 650 dan 1100 yilgacha bo'lgan davr kech klassik davrni yoki klassik Puran hinduizmi o'rnatilgan erta o'rta asrlarni va Adi Shankara tomonidan Advaita Vedantaning ta'sirchan konsolidatsiyasini tashkil qiladi.Hinduizm ham hind, ham islom hukmdorlari ostida c.Miloddan avvalgi 1200-1750 yillarda Bhakti harakatining ta'sirchanligi ortib bordi, u bugungi kunda ham ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda.Mustamlaka davri qisman unitarizm va teosofiya kabi g'arbiy harakatlardan ilhomlangan turli xil hind islohot harakatlarining paydo bo'lishini ko'rdi.1947 yilda Hindistonning bo'linishi diniy yo'nalishda bo'lib, Hindiston Respublikasi ko'pchilik hindular bilan paydo bo'ldi.20-asr davomida hind diasporasi tufayli hindu ozchiliklari barcha qit'alarda shakllandi, eng katta jamoalar AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyada mutlaq sonda.
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Do'konga tashrif buyuring

10000 BCE Jan 1

Prolog

India
Hinduizmning ildizlari mezolit davridagi tarixdan oldingi dinga ega bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, taxminan 10 000 yil (miloddan avvalgi 8 000 yillar) va neolit ​​davridagi Bhimbetka qoya boshpanalari qoyatosh rasmlarida isbotlangan.Bu boshpanalarning kamida ba'zilari 100 000 yil oldin ishg'ol qilingan.Bir qancha qabila dinlari hanuzgacha mavjud, garchi ularning amaliyotlari tarixdan oldingi dinlarnikiga o'xshamasligi mumkin.
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1750 BCE - 500 BCE
Vedik davriornament
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1500 BCE Jan 1 - 500 BCE

Vediklar davri

India
Vedik davri yoki Vedik davri (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 1500 - miloddan avvalgi 500 yillar)Hindiston tarixining oxirgi bronza davri va erta temir asrida Vedalar adabiyoti, shu jumladan Vedalar (taxminan 1300–900) davri. Miloddan avvalgi), Shimoliy Hindiston yarim orolida, Urban Indus vodiysi tsivilizatsiyasining oxiri va markaziy Hind-Gangetik tekisligida boshlangan ikkinchi urbanizatsiya o'rtasida tuzilgan.Miloddan avvalgi 600 yil.Vedalar hozirgi hinduizmning asosini tashkil etgan, Kuru qirolligida ham rivojlangan liturgik matnlardir.Vedalar ushbu davrdagi hayot tafsilotlarini o'z ichiga oladi, ular tarixiy deb talqin qilingan va davrni tushunish uchun asosiy manba hisoblanadi.Ushbu hujjatlar, tegishli arxeologik yozuvlar bilan bir qatorda, Vedik madaniyatining evolyutsiyasini kuzatish va xulosa qilish imkonini beradi.
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Rigveda
Rigveda ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1500 BCE Jan 1

Rigveda

Indus River
Rigveda yoki Rig Veda — Vedik sanskrit madhiyalarining (sūktas) qadimiy hind toʻplami.Bu Vedalar deb nomlanuvchi to'rtta muqaddas kanonik hind matnlaridan biri (śruti).Rigveda eng qadimgi Vedik sanskrit matnidir.Uning dastlabki qatlamlari hind-evropa tillarida saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi matnlardan biridir.Rigveda tovushlari va matnlari miloddan avvalgi 2-ming yillikdan boshlab og'zaki ravishda uzatilgan.Filologik va lingvistik dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Rigveda Samxitaning asosiy qismi Hindiston yarimorolining shimoli-g'arbiy mintaqasida (qarang: Rigveda daryolari), ehtimol miloddan avvalgi.Miloddan avvalgi 1500 va 1000 yillar, garchi kengroq taxminan c.Miloddan avvalgi 1900–1200 yillar ham berilgan.Matn Samxita, Brahmanalar, Aranyakalar va Upanishadlardan iborat qatlamli.Rigveda Samhita asosiy matn boʻlib, 10 600 misradan iborat 1028 ta madhiya (sūktas) bilan 10 ta kitobdan (manṇḍalas) iborat toʻplamdir (Rigveda nomi bilan atalgan ṛc deb ataladi).Sakkizta kitobda - 2-dan 9-gacha bo'lgan eng qadimgi kitoblarda madhiyalar asosan kosmologiya, marosimlar, marosimlar va xudolarni ulug'lash haqida gapiradi.Eng yangi kitoblar (1 va 10-kitoblar) qisman falsafiy yoki spekulyativ savollarga, jamiyatdagi dana (xayriya) kabi fazilatlar, koinotning kelib chiqishi va ilohiy tabiat haqidagi savollar va boshqa metafizik masalalarga bag'ishlangan. madhiyalar.
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Dravid xalq dini
Dravid xalq xudosi Ayyanar ikki xotini bilan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1500 BCE Jan 1

Dravid xalq dini

India
Ilk dravid dini hinduizmning vedik bo'lmagan shaklini tashkil etgan, chunki ular tarixiy bo'lgan yoki hozirgi vaqtda agamikdir.Agamalar kelib chiqishi bo'yicha Vedik bo'lmagan va ular Vedadan keyingi matnlar yoki Vedagacha bo'lgan kompozitsiyalar sifatida tarixlangan.Agamalar - bu Tamil va Sanskrit yozuvlari to'plami bo'lib, ular asosan ma'badni qurish va murti yaratish usullarini, xudolarga sig'inish vositalarini, falsafiy ta'limotlarni, meditatsiya amaliyotlarini, oltita istaklarga erishishni va to'rt turdagi yogani o'z ichiga oladi.Hinduizmda vasiylik xudosiga, muqaddas flora va faunaga sig'inish ham Vedikgacha bo'lgan dravid dinining saqlanib qolganligi sifatida tan olingan.Dravid tilining ilk vedik diniga lingvistik ta'siri yaqqol ko'rinib turibdi, bu xususiyatlarning aksariyati ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimgi hind-aryan tilida, Rigveda tilida (miloddan avvalgi 1500 yillar) mavjud bo'lib, u dravid tilidan olingan o'ndan ortiq so'zlarni ham o'z ichiga oladi.Dravid ta'sirining lingvistik dalillari Samxitalardan keyingi Vedik asarlariga va klassik post-Vedik adabiyotga o'tgan sayin tobora kuchayib boradi.Bu qadimgi dravidlar va hind-aryanlar o'rtasidagi dastlabki diniy va madaniy sintez yoki hind tsivilizatsiyasiga ta'sir ko'rsatishni anglatadi.
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Yajurveda
Yajurveda matnida qurbonlik olovi (yajna) marosimlari paytida aytiladigan formulalar va mantralar tasvirlangan, ko'rsatilgan.Takliflar odatda sariyog '(aniqlangan sariyog'), donalar, aromatik urug'lar va sigir sutidir. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1203 BCE Jan 1

Yajurveda

India
Yajurveda (sanskritcha: yajurveda, yajus so'zidan "sajda qilish" va veda "bilim" degan ma'noni anglatadi) - bu asosan ibodat marosimlari uchun nasriy mantralardan iborat Veda.Qadimgi vedik sanskrit matni, bu ruhoniy tomonidan yajna olovi oldidagi kabi marosim harakatlarida aytilgan marosim qurbonlik formulalarining to'plamidir.Yajurveda to'rtta Vedadan biri va hinduizmning oyatlaridan biridir.Yajurveda kompozitsiyasining aniq asri noma'lum va Vitzel tomonidan miloddan avvalgi 1200 va 800 yillar oralig'ida, Samaveda va Atharvaveda bilan zamondosh deb hisoblangan.Yajurveda ikki guruhga bo'lingan - "qora" yoki "qorong'i" (Krishna) Yajurveda va "oq" yoki "yorqin" (Shukla) Yajurveda."Qora" atamasi Yajurvedada "yaxshi tartiblangan, aniq" Yajurvedani anglatuvchi "oq" dan farqli o'laroq, "tartibga solinmagan, tushunarsiz, rang-barang she'rlar to'plami" ni anglatadi.Qora Yajurveda to'rtta resensiyada saqlanib qolgan, oq Yajurvedaning ikkita resensiyasi zamonaviy davrga qadar saqlanib qolgan.Yajurveda samxitasining eng qadimgi va eng qadimiy qatlami 1875 ga yaqin oyatlarni o'z ichiga oladi, ular aniq, ammo qarzga olingan va Rigvedadagi oyatlarning poydevoriga qurilgan.O'rta qatlam Vedik to'plamidagi eng katta Brahmana matnlaridan biri bo'lgan Satapatha Brahmana ni o'z ichiga oladi.Yajurveda matnining eng yosh qatlami hind falsafasining turli maktablariga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan asosiy Upanishadlarning eng katta to'plamini o'z ichiga oladi.Bularga Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Isha Upanishad, Taittiriya Upanishad, Katha Upanishad, Shvetashvatara Upanishad va Maitri Upanishad kiradi. Shukla Yajurveda boʻlimlarining saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi qoʻlyozma nusxalaridan ikkitasi Nepal va Gʻarbiy Tibetda topilgan. milodiy 12-asrga oid.
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Samaveda
Samaveda ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1202 BCE Jan 1

Samaveda

India
Samaveda - bu kuylar va qo'shiqlar Vedasi.Bu qadimiy vedik sanskrit matni va hinduizm oyatlarining bir qismidir.To'rt Vedadan biri, bu liturgik matn bo'lib, 1875 oyatdan iborat.Rigvedadan 75 oyatdan tashqari hammasi olingan.Samavedaning uchta nusxasi saqlanib qolgan va Hindistonning turli qismlarida Vedaning variant qo'lyozmalari topilgan.Uning eng qadimgi qismlari Rigveda davridan boshlab sanalgan bo'lsa-da, mavjud kompilyatsiya Vedik Sanskritning Rigvedadan keyingi Mantra davridan boshlab, miloddan avvalgi davrga to'g'ri keladi.Miloddan avvalgi 1200 va 1000 yillar yoki "bir oz keyinroq", Atharvaveda va Yajurveda bilan deyarli zamondosh.Samaveda ichida keng o'rganilgan Chandogya Upanishad va Kena Upanishad mavjud bo'lib, ular boshlang'ich Upanishad deb hisoblanadi va hind falsafasining oltita maktabiga, xususan, Vedanta maktabiga ta'sir qiladi.Samaveda keyingi hind musiqasi uchun muhim poydevor qo'ydi.
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Dxarmashastra
Qonun va xulq-atvor bo'yicha sanskrit matnlari ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1000 BCE Jan 1

Dxarmashastra

India
Dharmashastra qonun va xulq-atvorga oid sanskrit matnlarining janri boʻlib, dxarma haqidagi risolalarga (shastralar) ishora qiladi.Vedalarga asoslangan Dxarmasutradan farqli o'laroq, bu matnlar asosan Puranaga asoslangan.Turli xil va qarama-qarshi nuqtai nazarga ega bo'lgan ko'plab Dxarmashastralar mavjud, ularning soni 18 dan 100 gacha.Ushbu matnlarning har biri turli xil versiyalarda mavjud va ularning har biri Vedik davridagi Kalpa (Vedanga) tadqiqotlari natijasida paydo bo'lgan miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillikka oid Dxarmasutra matnlariga asoslangan.Dharmashastraning matn korpusi she'riy misralardan iborat bo'lib, hind Smritining bir qismi bo'lib, o'ziga, oilasiga va jamiyat a'zosiga bo'lgan burchlari, mas'uliyatlari va axloqiga oid turli sharhlar va risolalarni tashkil etadi.Matnlar ashrama (hayot bosqichlari), varna (ijtimoiy sinflar), purushartha (hayotning to'g'ri maqsadlari), shaxsiy fazilatlar va barcha tirik mavjudotlarga qarshi ahimsa (zo'ravonlik qilmaslik), adolatli urush qoidalari va boshqalarni muhokama qilishni o'z ichiga oladi. mavzular.Dharmashastra zamonaviy mustamlakachi Hindiston tarixida ta'sirga ega bo'ldi, chunki ular birinchi Britaniya mustamlakachi ma'murlari tomonidan shariatdan keyin, ya'ni Mug'allar imperiyasining Fatvosi al-o'zidan so'ng, Janubiy Osiyodagi barcha musulmon bo'lmaganlar (hindlar, jaynlar, buddistlar, sikxlar) uchun erning qonuni bo'lib ishlab chiqilgan. -Imperator Muhammad Aurangzeb tomonidan o'rnatilgan Olamgir mustamlakachi Hindistonda musulmonlar uchun qonun sifatida allaqachon qabul qilingan.
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Brahmana
Brahmanalar - Rig, Sama, Yajur va Atharva Vedalarining Samxitalariga (madhiyalar va mantralar) biriktirilgan Vedik shruti asarlari. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
900 BCE Jan 1

Brahmana

India
Brahmanalar Rig, Sama, Yajur va Atharva Vedalarining Samxitalariga (madhiyalar va mantralar) biriktirilgan Vedik shruti asarlaridir.Ular har bir Veda ichiga o'rnatilgan sanskrit matnlarining ikkinchi darajali qatlami yoki tasnifi bo'lib, ko'pincha brahminlarga Vedik marosimlarini bajarish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar beradi (bunda tegishli Samhitalar o'qiladi).Samxitalarning ramziy ma'nosi va ma'nosini tushuntirishdan tashqari, Brahmana adabiyoti Vedik davriga oid ilmiy bilimlarni, jumladan kuzatuv astronomiyasini va ayniqsa qurbongoh qurilishi bilan bog'liq geometriyani ham ochib beradi.Tabiatan turlicha bo'lgan ba'zi Brahmanalar, shuningdek, Aranyakalar va Upanishadlarni tashkil etuvchi mistik va falsafiy materiallarni o'z ichiga oladi.Har bir Vedaning bir yoki bir nechta o'z Brahmanalari bor va har bir Brahmana odatda ma'lum bir Shaxa yoki Vedik maktabi bilan bog'liq.Hozirda yigirmadan kam Brahmanalar saqlanib qolgan, chunki ularning aksariyati yo'qolgan yoki yo'q qilingan.Brahmanalar va ular bilan bog'liq Vedik matnlarning yakuniy kodifikatsiyasining sanasi munozarali, chunki ular bir necha asrlar davomida og'zaki uzatishdan keyin yozilgan.Eng qadimgi Brahmana miloddan avvalgi 900 yilga, eng kichigi esa miloddan avvalgi 700 yilga to'g'ri keladi.
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Upanishadlar
Adi Shankara, Advaita Vedantaning asoschisi va Upanishadlar bo'yicha sharhlovchi (bhashya) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
800 BCE Jan 1

Upanishadlar

India
Upanishadlar hind falsafasining soʻnggi vedik sanskrit matnlari boʻlib, keyingi hind falsafasining asosini taʼminlagan.Ular Vedalarning eng so'nggi qismi, hinduizmning eng qadimgi yozuvlari bo'lib, meditatsiya, falsafa, ong va ontologik bilimlar bilan shug'ullanadi;Vedalarning oldingi qismlari mantralar, marhamatlar, marosimlar, marosimlar va qurbonliklar bilan bog'liq.Upanishadlar hind dinlari va madaniyati tarixidagi eng muhim adabiyotlardan biri bo'lsa-da, Vedik ritualizmidan chiqib ketgan va keyingi sharh an'analarida turli yo'llar bilan talqin qilingan turli xil "urf-odatlar, mujassamlanishlar va ezoterik bilimlar" ni hujjatlashtiradi.Barcha Vedik adabiyoti orasida faqat Upanishadlar keng ma'lum bo'lib, ularning turli yo'llar bilan talqin qilingan xilma-xil g'oyalari hinduizmning keyingi urf-odatlari haqida ma'lumot berdi.Upanishadlar odatda Vedanta deb ataladi.Vedanta "Vedaning oxirgi boblari, qismlari" va muqobil ravishda "ob'ekt, Vedaning eng yuqori maqsadi" sifatida talqin qilingan.Barcha Upanishadlarning maqsadi Atmanning (o'zini) tabiatini o'rganish va "so'rovchini unga yo'naltirish" dir.Atman va Brahman o'rtasidagi munosabatlar haqida turli xil fikrlarni topish mumkin va keyingi sharhlovchilar bu xilma-xillikni uyg'unlashtirishga harakat qilishdi.Bhagavad Gita va Brahmasutra bilan bir qatorda mukhya Upanishadlar (birgalikda Prasthanatrayi nomi bilan tanilgan) Vedantaning bir qancha keyingi maktablari, jumladan Adi Shankaraning Advaita Vedanta (monistik yoki nodualistik), Ramanuja (taxminan 1077–1157) uchun asos boʻlib xizmat qiladi. Vishishtadvaita (malakali monizm) va Madhvacharya (milodiy 1199–1278) Dvaita (dualizm).Taxminan 108 ta Upanishad ma'lum bo'lib, ulardan birinchi o'nlablari eng qadimgi va eng muhimi bo'lib, ular asosiy yoki asosiy (muxya) Upanishadlar deb ataladi.Muxya Upanishadlar asosan Brahmanalar va Aranyakalarning yakuniy qismida uchraydi va asrlar davomida har bir avlod tomonidan yodlangan va og'zaki ravishda uzatilgan.Mukhya Upanishadlar eramizdan oldin paydo bo'lgan, ammo ularning sanasi, hatto buddizmdan oldingi yoki keyinroq bo'lganlari haqida ilmiy konsensus mavjud emas.Brhadaranyaka zamonaviy olimlar tomonidan ayniqsa qadimiy hisoblanadi.Qolgan 95 ta Upanishad Muktika kanonining bir qismi boʻlib, miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillikning soʻnggi asrlaridan milodiy 15-asrgacha tuzilgan.Yangi Upanishadlar, Muktika kanonidagi 108-dan tashqari, ko'pincha Vedalar bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan mavzular bilan bog'liq bo'lsa-da, erta zamonaviy va zamonaviy davrlarda yaratilgan.
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700 BCE Jan 1

Jaynizm

India
Jaynizm - qadimgi Hindistonda asos solingan din.Jaynlar o'z tarixini yigirma to'rtta tirtankara orqali kuzatib boradilar va Rishabhanathani birinchi tirtankara (hozirgi vaqt tsiklida) sifatida hurmat qilishadi.Hind vodiysi tsivilizatsiyasida topilgan ba'zi artefaktlar qadimgi Jayn madaniyati bilan bog'liq, ammo Hind vodiysi ikonografiyasi va yozuvi haqida juda kam narsa ma'lum.Oxirgi ikki tirtankara, 23-tirtankara Parshvanatha (miloddan avvalgi 9—8-asrlar) va 24-tirtankara Mahavira (miloddan avvalgi 599 – 527-yillar) tarixiy shaxslar hisoblanadi.Mahavira Buddaning zamondoshi edi.Glasenappning 1925-yildagi taklifiga koʻra, jaynizmning kelib chiqishini 23-Tirtankara Parshvanatha (miloddan avvalgi 8—7-asrlar)da kuzatish mumkin va u birinchi yigirma ikkita tirtankarani afsonaviy afsonaviy shaxslar deb hisoblaydi.Jaynizmning ikkita asosiy mazhabi, Digambara va Svetambara sektalari, ehtimol, miloddan avvalgi 3-asrda shakllana boshlagan va ajralish milodiy 5-asrda tugallangan.Keyinchalik bu mazhablar Sthanakavasi va Terapantis kabi bir nechta kichik sektalarga bo'lingan.Hozirgacha mavjud bo'lgan ko'plab tarixiy ibodatxonalar miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillikda qurilgan.12-asrdan so'ng, diniy bag'rikengligi va jaynizmni qo'llab-quvvatlashi Jayn diniy davrida hayvonlarni o'ldirishni vaqtincha taqiqlashga olib kelgan Akbar bundan mustasno, jaynizmning ibodatxonalari, ziyoratlari va yalang'och (osmonli) asket an'analari musulmonlar hukmronligi davrida ta'qibga uchradi. Dasa Lakshana festivali.
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600 BCE - 200 BCE
Ikkinchi urbanizatsiya va braxmanizmning tanazzulga uchrashiornament
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600 BCE Jan 1 - 300 BCE

Vaishnavizm

India
Vaishnavizm Shaivizm, Shaktizm va Smartizm bilan bir qatorda asosiy hindu mazhablaridan biridir.Jonson va Grim tomonidan 2010 yilgi hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, vaishnavitlar eng katta hind mazhabi bo'lib, hindlarning taxminan 641 millionini yoki 67,6% ni tashkil qiladi.U Vishnuizm deb ham ataladi, chunki u Vishnu boshqa barcha hind xudolariga, ya'ni Mahavishnuga etakchilik qiluvchi yagona oliy shaxs deb hisoblaydi.Uning izdoshlari Vaishnavitlar yoki Vaishnavalar (IAST: Vaiṣṇava) deb nomlanadi va u mos ravishda Krishna va Ramani eng oliy mavjudotlar deb hisoblaydigan krishnaizm va ramaizm kabi kichik mazhablarni o'z ichiga oladi.Vaishnavizmning qadimiy paydo bo'lishi noaniq va keng tarqalgan gipoteza sifatida turli mintaqaviy novedik dinlarning Vishnu bilan qo'shilishi deb taxmin qilinadi.Bir necha mashhur novedik teistik an'analarning birlashishi, xususan, Bhagavata kultlari Vasudeva-krishna va Gopala-Krishna va Narayana miloddan avvalgi 7-4-asrlarda rivojlangan.U eramizning dastlabki asrlarida Vedik xudosi Vishnu bilan birlashtirilgan va avatar ta'limotini ishlab chiqqandan so'ng Vaishnavizm sifatida yakunlangan, unda turli xil novedik xudolar oliy xudo Vishnu ning alohida mujassamlanishi sifatida hurmatga sazovor.Rama, Krishna, Narayana, Kalki, Xari, Vithoba, Venkateswara, Shrinathji va Jagannath bir xil oliy mavjudotning turli tomonlari sifatida ko'rilgan mashhur avatarlarning nomlari qatoriga kiradi.Vaishnavit an'anasi Vishnu avatariga (ko'pincha Krishna) mehrli sadoqat bilan mashhur va shuning uchun miloddan avvalgi 2-ming yillikda Bhakti harakatining Janubiy Osiyoda tarqalishining kaliti bo'lgan.U sampradayalarning toʻrtta asosiy toifasiga (konfessiyalar, kichik maktablar) ega: oʻrta asrlardagi Ramanujadagi Vishishtadvaita maktabi, Madxvacharyadagi Dvaita maktabi (Tattvavada), Nimbarkacharyadagi Dvaitadvaita maktabi va Vallabxacharyadagi Pushtimarg.Ramananda (14-asr) Ramaga yoʻnaltirilgan harakatni yaratdi, hozirda Osiyodagi eng yirik monastirlar guruhi.Vaishnavizmdagi asosiy matnlarga Vedalar, Upanishadlar, Bhagavad Gita, Pancaratra (Agama) matnlari, Naalayira Divya Prabxandham va Bhagavata Purana kiradi.
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Śramana dinlari
Jayn monaxi ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
600 BCE Jan 1

Śramana dinlari

India
Śramaṇa (sanskrit; palicha: samaṇa) "mehnat qiladigan, mehnat qiladigan yoki o'zini (ya'ni oliy yoki diniy maqsadda) harakat qiladigan" yoki "izlovchi, tejamkorlik, zohid" degan ma'noni anglatadi.Rivojlanish jarayonida bu atama Vedik diniga parallel, lekin undan alohida bo'lgan bir qancha braxmanik bo'lmagan astsetik dinlarga nisbatan qo'llanila boshlandi.Sramana an'anasi birinchi navbatda jaynizm, buddizm va Ajivika kabi boshqa dinlarni o'z ichiga oladi.Sramana dinlari ma'naviy amaliyotlarning rivojlanishiga olib kelgan katta Magadhadan kelgan dindorlarning bir xil doiralarida mashhur bo'ldi, shuningdek, sansara (tug'ilish va o'lim tsikli) va moksha (ozodlikdan ozod qilish) kabi barcha asosiy hind dinlaridagi mashhur tushunchalar. bu tsikl).Sramanik an'analar ruh tushunchasini qabul qilish yoki rad etish, fatalizm iroda erkinligi, ekstremal asketizmni ideallashtirish, oilaviy hayotdan voz kechish, qat'iy ahimsa (zo'ravonlik qilmaslik) va vegetarianizmdan zo'ravonlikka yo'l qo'yilishigacha bo'lgan turli xil e'tiqodlarga ega. va go'sht iste'mol qilish.
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Hindu sintezi
Hindu sintezi ©Edwin Lord Weeks
500 BCE Jan 1 - 300

Hindu sintezi

India
Brahmanizmning tanazzuliga yangi xizmatlar ko'rsatish va sharqiy Gang tekisligidagi vedik bo'lmagan hind-aryan diniy merosini va mahalliy diniy an'analarni o'z ichiga olgan holda, zamonaviy hinduizm paydo bo'ldi.Miloddan avvalgi 500–200 yillar va miloddan avvalgi.Milodiy 300-yilda "Hindu sintezi" rivojlandi, u smriti adabiyoti orqali sraman va buddist ta'sirini va paydo bo'lgan Bhakti an'analarini Brahmanik qatlamga kiritdi.Bu sintez buddizm va jaynizm muvaffaqiyati bosimi ostida paydo bo'ldi.Embrining so'zlariga ko'ra, yana bir qancha diniy urf-odatlar Vedik dini bilan yonma-yon mavjud bo'lgan.Bu mahalliy dinlar "oxir-oqibat Vedik dinining keng mantiyasi ostida joy topdilar".Brahmanizm tanazzulga yuz tutib, buddizm va jaynizm bilan raqobatlashishga to‘g‘ri kelganda, ommabop dinlar o‘zlarini tasdiqlash imkoniyatiga ega bo‘ldilar.Ushbu "yangi braxmanizm" g'ayritabiiy kuchlarga va braxmanlar berishi mumkin bo'lgan amaliy maslahatlarga jalb qilingan hukmdorlarni o'ziga jalb qildi va buning natijasida milodiy dastlabki asrlarda hinduizmning klassik davridan beri Hindiston jamiyatida hukmronlik qilgan braxman ta'siri qayta kuchaydi.Bu sanskritizatsiya jarayonida o'z aksini topdi, bu jarayonda "butun qit'adagi jamiyatning ko'p qatlamlari odamlari o'zlarining diniy va ijtimoiy hayotini braxman me'yorlariga moslashtirishga intildilar".Bu mahalliy xudolarni sanskrit matnlari xudolari bilan aniqlash tendentsiyasida namoyon bo'ladi.
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Vedanga
Vedanga ©Edwin Lord Weeks
400 BCE Jan 1

Vedanga

India
Vedanga (sanskrit. vedāṅga, "Vedaning a'zolari") hinduizmning oltita yordamchi fanlari bo'lib, qadimgi davrda rivojlangan va Vedalarni o'rganish bilan bog'liq.Vedangasning xarakteri qadim zamonlardan kelib chiqqan va Brihadaranyaka Upanishad uni Vedik matnlarining Brahmanas qatlamining ajralmas qismi sifatida eslatib o'tadi.Ushbu yordamchi o'rganish fanlari Hindistonning temir davridagi Vedalarning kodifikatsiyasi bilan paydo bo'ladi.Oltita Vedanganing ro'yxati qachon birinchi marta kontseptsiyalanganligi noma'lum.Vedangalar, ehtimol, Vedik davrining oxirlarida, miloddan avvalgi 1-ming yillikning o'rtalarida yoki undan keyin rivojlangan.Bu janrning dastlabki matni Yaskaning "Nighantu" asari bo'lib, taxminan miloddan avvalgi V asrga oid.Vedikshunoslikning bu yordamchi sohalari asrlar oldin tuzilgan Vedik matnlarining tili o'sha davr odamlari uchun juda arxaik bo'lib qolganligi sababli paydo bo'ldi.Vedangas Vedalar uchun yordamchi tadqiqotlar sifatida ishlab chiqilgan, ammo uning metrlar, tovush va til tuzilishi, grammatika, lingvistik tahlil va boshqa mavzular haqidagi tushunchalari post-Vedik tadqiqotlar, san'at, madaniyat va hind falsafasining turli maktablariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.Masalan, Kalpa Vedanga tadqiqotlari Dxarma-sutralarni keltirib chiqardi, keyinchalik ular Dharma-shastralarga aylandi.
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Brahmanizmning tanazzulga uchrashi
Brahmanizmning tanazzulga uchrashi ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
320 BCE Jan 1

Brahmanizmning tanazzulga uchrashi

India
Ikkinchi Urbanizatsiyaning Vediklardan keyingi davrida braxmanizmning tanazzulga yuz tutishi kuzatildi.Vedik davrining oxirida Vedalar so'zlarining ma'nosi noaniq bo'lib qoldi va sehrli kuchga ega bo'lgan "tovushlarning qat'iy ketma-ketligi" sifatida qabul qilindi, "oxirigacha vosita".Qishloq braxmanlarining daromadlari va homiyligiga tahdid soladigan shaharlarning o'sishi bilan;buddizmning yuksalishi;va Iskandar Zulqarnaynning Hindiston yurishi (miloddan avvalgi 327-325 yillar), buddizmni qabul qilgan Mauriya imperiyasining kengayishi (miloddan avvalgi 322-185 yillar), saklarning bosqinchiliklari va Hindistonning shimoli-gʻarbiy qismidagi hukmronligi (miloddan avvalgi 2-a. - 4-asr). Miloddan avvalgi), braxmanizm o'zining mavjudligi uchun jiddiy tahdidga duch keldi.Ba'zi keyingi matnlarda Shimoliy-G'arbiy Hindiston (oldingi matnlar "Aryavarta" ning bir qismi deb hisoblangan) hatto bosqinlar tufayli "nopok" deb ko'riladi.Karnaparva 43.5-8da aytilishicha, Sindhu va Panjobning besh daryosida yashovchilar nopok va dharmabahyadir.
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200 BCE - 1200
Hindu sintezi va klassik hinduizmornament
Smriti
Smriti ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
200 BCE Jan 2 - 100

Smriti

India
Smriti, so'zma-so'z "eslab qoladigan narsa" - bu odatda muallifga tegishli bo'lgan, an'anaviy tarzda yoziladigan, muallifsiz deb hisoblangan Śrutis (Vedik adabiyoti) dan farqli o'laroq, avlodlarga og'zaki ravishda uzatiladigan va mustahkamlangan hindu matnlarining to'plami.Smriti ikkinchi darajali ikkinchi darajali asardir va hind falsafasining Mimamsa maktabidan tashqari hinduizmdagi Srutidan kamroq obro'li hisoblanadi.Pravoslav maktablari tomonidan qabul qilingan smriti obro'si u asos bo'lgan shruti hokimiyatidan olingan.Smrti adabiyoti turli xil matnlardan iborat.Bu korpus oltita Vedanga (Vedalardagi yordamchi fanlar), dostonlar (Mahabharata va Ramayana), Dharmasutralar va Dharmashastralar (yoki Smritishastralar), Arthasashastralar, Poyetikalar yoki Kanayalarni o'z ichiga oladi, lekin ular bilan cheklanmaydi. , keng Bhasyalar (Shruti va Shruti bo'lmagan matnlar bo'yicha sharhlar va sharhlar) va siyosat, axloq (Nitisastras), madaniyat, san'at va jamiyatni qamrab oluvchi ko'p sonli Nibandhalar (hazmlar).Smritlar suyuq deb hisoblangan va qadimgi va o'rta asr hindu an'analarida har kim tomonidan erkin tarzda qayta yozilgan.
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Shaivizm
Ikki ayol Shayva zohidi (18-asr rasmi) ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
50 BCE Jan 1

Shaivizm

India
Shaivizm Shiva, Parvati, Durga va Mahakaliga sig'inadigan asosiy hind an'analaridan biridir.Oliy mavjudot sifatida.Eng yirik hindu mazhablaridan biri, u Shayva Siddhanta kabi diniy dualistik teizmdan tortib, Kashmir shaivizmi kabi yoga yo'naltirilgan monistik noteizmgacha bo'lgan ko'plab kichik an'analarni o'z ichiga oladi.U Vedalarni ham, Agama matnlarini ham ilohiyotning muhim manbalari deb hisoblaydi.Shaivizm janubiy Tamil Shayva Siddxanta an'analari va falsafalaridan kelib chiqqan, Vedik bo'lmagan Shiva-an'analarida o'zlashtirilgan vedikgacha bo'lgan dinlar va an'analarning uyg'unligi sifatida rivojlangan.Sanskritizatsiya va hinduizmning shakllanishi jarayonida, miloddan avvalgi so'nggi asrlardan boshlab, bu Vedikgacha bo'lgan an'analar Vedik xudosi Rudra va boshqa Vedik xudolari bilan uyg'unlashdi va Vedik-Brahmanik qatlamga Vedik bo'lmagan Shiva-urf-odatlarini kiritdi.Diniy va monistik shaivizm milodiy 1-ming yillikda mashhur bo'lib, tezda ko'plab hind qirolliklarining asosiy diniy an'analariga aylandi.Ko'p o'tmay u Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoga etib keldi va Indoneziya orollarida, shuningdek, Kambodja va Vetnamda minglab Shayva ibodatxonalari qurilishiga olib keldi va bu mintaqalarda buddizm bilan birgalikda rivojlandi.Shaivit ilohiyoti Shivaning yaratuvchisi, saqlovchisi va vayron qiluvchisi bo'lishdan tortib, o'zi va har bir tirik mavjudot ichidagi Atman (o'zini) bilan bir xil bo'lishgacha o'z ichiga oladi.Bu Shaktizm bilan chambarchas bog'liq va ba'zi Shayvalar Shiva va Shakti ibodatxonalarida ibodat qilishadi.Bu astsetik hayotni eng ko'p qabul qiladigan va yogaga urg'u beradigan hind an'anasi va boshqa hind an'analari kabi odamni Shiva bilan birga bo'lishga undaydi.Shaivizm tarafdorlari "shaivitlar" yoki "Sayvalar" deb ataladi.
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Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi hinduizm
Ankor Vat ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
50 Jan 1

Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi hinduizm

Indonesia
Indoneziya arxipelagiga hindlarning ta'siri birinchi asrdayoq yetib borgan.Bu vaqtdaHindiston Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo mamlakatlariga kuchli ta'sir o'tkaza boshladi.Hindistonni janubiy Birma , markaziy va janubiy Siam , quyi Kambodja va janubiy Vetnam bilan bog'lagan savdo yo'llari va u erda ko'plab shaharlashgan qirg'oq aholi punktlari tashkil etilgan.Ming yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida hind hindu/buddist ta'siri mintaqaning turli mamlakatlariga ma'lum darajadagi madaniy birlikni olib kelgan asosiy omil bo'ldi.Pali va sanskrit tillari va hind yozuvi Teravada va Mahayana buddizmi , braxmanizm va hinduizm bilan birgalikda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqadan, shuningdek muqaddas matnlar va hind adabiyoti, masalan, Ramayana va Mahabharata dostonlari orqali uzatilgan.
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Puranalar
Ma'buda Durga Sakkiz matrikani iblisga qarshi kurashda boshqarmoqda Raktabija, Devi Mahatmyam folio, Markandeya Purana. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
200 Jan 1

Puranalar

India
Purana - hind adabiyotining keng ko'lamli janri, xususan, afsonalar va boshqa an'anaviy urf-odatlar haqida.Puranalar o'zlarining hikoyalarida tasvirlangan ramziylikning murakkab qatlamlari bilan mashhur.Dastlab sanskrit va boshqa hind tillarida yaratilgan ushbu matnlarning bir nechtasi Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma va Shakti kabi asosiy hind xudolari sharafiga nomlangan.Puranik adabiyot janri hinduizmda ham, jaynizmda ham uchraydi.Puran adabiyoti entsiklopedik bo'lib, u kosmogoniya, kosmologiya, xudolar, ma'budalar, shohlar, qahramonlar, donishmandlar va yarim xudolar nasl-nasabi, xalq ertaklari, ziyoratgohlar, ibodatxonalar, tibbiyot, astronomiya, grammatika, mineralogiya, hazil, sevgi kabi turli mavzularni o'z ichiga oladi. hikoyalar, shuningdek, ilohiyot va falsafa.Tarkib Puranalar bo'ylab juda mos kelmaydi va har bir Purananing o'zi bir-biriga mos kelmaydigan ko'plab qo'lyozmalarda saqlanib qolgan.Hind Maha Puranalar an'anaviy tarzda "Vyasa" ga tegishli, ammo ko'plab olimlar ularni asrlar davomida ko'plab mualliflarning ishi deb hisoblashgan;farqli o'laroq, ko'pchilik Jaina Puranalar sanasi va ularning mualliflari tayinlanishi mumkin.18 Mukhya Puranas (Katta Puranalar) va 18 Upa Puranalar (Kichik Puranalar) mavjud bo'lib, ularda 400 000 dan ortiq oyatlar mavjud.Turli xil Purananing birinchi versiyalari miloddan avvalgi 3-10-asrlarda tuzilgan bo'lishi mumkin edi.Puranalar Hinduizmda Muqaddas Bitikning obro'siga ega emaslar, ammo Smritlar deb hisoblanadilar.
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Gupta davri
Gupta davri ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
300 Jan 1 - 500

Gupta davri

Pataliputra, Bihar, India
Gupta davri (4-6-asrlar) ilm-fanning gullab-yashnashi, hind falsafasining klassik maktablari va umuman klassik sanskrit adabiyotining tibbiyot, veterinariya, matematika , astrologiya va astronomiya va astrofizikagacha bo'lgan mavzularda paydo bo'lishini kuzatdi.Mashhur Aryabhata va Varahamihira bu asrga tegishli.Gupta kuchli markaziy hukumatni o'rnatdi, bu ham mahalliy nazorat darajasiga ruxsat berdi.Gupta jamiyati hindlarning e'tiqodlariga muvofiq tuzilgan.Bu qat'iy kasta tizimini yoki sinf tizimini o'z ichiga olgan.Gupta rahnamoligida yaratilgan tinchlik va farovonlik ilm-fan va badiiy faoliyatga intilish imkonini berdi.
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Pallava imperiyalari
Ko'p boshli sherlar bilan ustun.Kailasanatar ibodatxonasi, Kanchipuram ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
300 Jan 1 - 800

Pallava imperiyalari

Southeast Asia
Pallavalar (4—9-asrlar) Shimoliy Guptalar bilan bir qatorda Hindiston yarimorolining janubida sanskrit tilining homiylari boʻlgan.Pallava hukmronligi Grantha deb nomlangan skriptdagi birinchi sanskrit yozuvlarini ko'rdi.Pallavalar Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram va boshqa joylarda juda muhim hind ibodatxonalari va akademiyalarini qurish uchun Dravid me'morchiligidan foydalanganlar;ularning hukmronligi Kalidasadek mashhur buyuk shoirlar paydo bo'ldi.Pallavalar davrida Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo va boshqa mamlakatlar bilan turli xil aloqalar mavjud.Shu sababli, o'rta asrlarda hinduizm G'arbdagi Afg'onistondan (Kobul) va Sharqdagi deyarli barcha Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoni ( Kambodja , Vetnam, ), Buyuk Hindiston deb ataladigan ko'plab Osiyo qirolliklarida davlat diniga aylandi. Indoneziya , Filippin ) - va faqat 15-asrga kelib hamma joyda buddizm va islom siqib chiqarildi.
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Hindistonning oltin davri
Hindistonning oltin davri ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
320 Jan 1 - 650

Hindistonning oltin davri

India
Bu davrda hokimiyat markazlashgan boʻlib, yaqin masofadagi savdoning oʻsishi, huquqiy tartib-taomillarni standartlashtirish va savodxonlikning umumiy tarqalishi bilan birga.Mahayana buddizmi gullab-yashnadi, ammo pravoslav Brahmana madaniyati Vaishnavalar bo'lgan Gupta sulolasi homiyligida yoshlana boshladi.Brahmanlarning mavqei mustahkamlandi, hind xudolarining xudolariga bag'ishlangan birinchi hind ibodatxonalari kech Gupta davrida paydo bo'ldi.Gupta hukmronligi davrida birinchi Puranalar yozilgan bo'lib, ular "asosiy diniy mafkurani savodxonlikdan oldingi va madaniyatlashayotgan qabila guruhlari o'rtasida" tarqatish uchun ishlatilgan.Guptalar o'z sulolasi uchun qonuniylikni qidirib, yangi paydo bo'lgan Puran diniga homiylik qildilar.Natijada paydo bo'lgan Puran hinduizmi Dharmasastras va smritlarning oldingi braxmanizmidan keskin farq qilar edi.PS Sharmaning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Gupta va Harsha davrlari haqiqatan ham, qat'iy intellektual nuqtai nazardan, hind falsafasi rivojlanishidagi eng yorqin davrni tashkil qiladi", chunki hindu va buddist falsafalari yonma-yon gullab-yashnagan.Charvaka, ateistik materialistik maktab Shimoliy Hindistonda miloddan avvalgi 8-asrdan oldin paydo bo'lgan.
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400 Jan 1

Brahma sutralari

India
Brahma Sutralar sanskritcha matn bo'lib, donishmand Badarayana yoki donishmand Vyasaga tegishli bo'lib, taxminan o'zining saqlanib qolgan shaklida tugallangan deb taxmin qilinadi.Miloddan avvalgi 400–450 yillar, asl nusxasi qadimiy bo'lishi mumkin va miloddan avvalgi 500 va 200 yillar orasida tuzilgan.Matnda “Upanishadlar”dagi falsafiy-ma’naviy g‘oyalar tizimlashtirilib, umumlashtiriladi.Donishmand Adi Shankaraning Brahmasutra haqidagi talqini Upanishadlarning turli va ba'zan bir-biriga qarama-qarshi bo'lgan ta'limotlarini sintez qilishga urinib ko'rdi, chunki Jon Koller ta'kidlaganidek: "Brahman va Atman, ba'zi jihatlarda, bir-biridan farq qiladi, lekin eng chuqur darajada, boshqa emas. turli (advaita), bir xil bo'lish."Vedanta haqidagi bu qarash esa hindlarning tafakkurida universal emas edi va boshqa sharhlovchilar keyinchalik turlicha qarashlarga ega edilar.Bu hind falsafasining Vedanta maktabining asosiy matnlaridan biridir.Brahma Sutralari to'rt bobdan iborat 555 aforistik misradan (sutra) iborat.Bu misralar, birinchi navbatda, inson borlig‘i va koinotning tabiati hamda Brahman deb ataluvchi Yakuniy haqiqatning metafizik tamoyili haqidagi g‘oyalardir.Birinchi bobda mutlaq voqelik metafizikasi muhokama qilinadi, ikkinchi bobda Nyaya, Yoga, Vaisheshika va Mimamsa kabi hind falsafalarining raqobatdosh pravoslav maktablari, shuningdek, buddizm va jaynizm kabi heterodoks maktablari g‘oyalari ko‘rib chiqiladi va e’tirozlar ko‘rib chiqiladi. uchinchi bobda gnoseologiya va ma'naviy ozod qiluvchi bilimlarni olish yo'llari muhokama qilinadi va oxirgi bobda nima uchun bunday bilim insonning muhim ehtiyoji ekanligi aytiladi.Brahma Sutralar asosiy Upanishadlar va Bhagavad Gita bilan bir qatorda Vedantadagi eng muhim uchta matndan biridir.Bu hind falsafasining turli maktablariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ammo dualistik bo'lmagan Advaita Vedanta kichik maktabi, teistik Vishishtadvaita va Dvaita Vedanta kichik maktablari va boshqalar tomonidan boshqacha talqin qilingan.Brahma Sutralarga oid bir qancha sharhlar tarixda yo'qolgan yoki hali topilmagan;omon qolganlardan Brahma Sutralar bo'yicha eng yaxshi o'rganilgan sharhlar orasida Adi Shankara, Ramanuja, Madhvacharya, Bxaskara va boshqa ko'plab mualliflarning bhashyalari mavjud.U Vedanta Sutra sifatida ham tanilgan, bu nom Vedantadan olingan bo'lib, so'zma-so'z "Vedalarning yakuniy maqsadi" degan ma'noni anglatadi.Brahma Sutralarning boshqa nomlari Shariraka Sutra bo'lib, unda Shariraka "tanada yashovchi (Sharira) yoki o'zini, ruhi" degan ma'noni anglatadi va Bhikshu-sutra, so'zma-so'z "rohiblar yoki mendikatorlar uchun sutralar" degan ma'noni anglatadi.
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Tantra
Buddist Mahasiddhalar karmamudra ("harakat muhri") jinsiy yoga bilan shug'ullanadilar. ©Anonymous
500 Jan 1

Tantra

India
Tantra hinduizm va buddizmning ezoterik an'analari bo'lib,Hindistonda miloddan avvalgi 1 ming yillikning o'rtalaridan boshlab paydo bo'lgan.Hind an'analarida tantra atamasi, shuningdek, har qanday tizimli keng qo'llaniladigan "matn, nazariya, tizim, usul, asbob, texnika yoki amaliyot" degan ma'noni anglatadi.Ushbu an'analarning asosiy xususiyati mantralardan foydalanishdir va shuning uchun ular odatda hinduizmda Mantramarga ("Mantra yo'li") yoki buddizmda Mantrayana ("Mantra avtomobili") va Guhyamantra ("Yashirin mantra") deb ataladi.Umumiy davrning dastlabki asrlaridan boshlab Vishnu, Shiva yoki Shaktiga asoslangan yangi ochilgan Tantralar paydo bo'ldi.Shayva Siddxanta an'anasi, Shri-Vidyaning Shakta sektasi, Kaula va Kashmir shaivizmi kabi zamonaviy hinduizmning barcha asosiy shakllarida tantrik nasllar mavjud.Buddizmda Vajrayana an'analari hind buddist tantralariga asoslangan tantrik g'oyalar va amaliyotlar bilan mashhur.Ularga hind-tibet buddizmi, xitoy ezoterik buddizmi, yapon shingon buddizmi va nepalning nevar buddizmi kiradi.Janubiy ezoterik buddizm tantralarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri murojaat qilmasa ham, uning amaliyoti va g'oyalari ularga parallel.Tantrik hindu va buddist an'analari jaynizm, tibet bon an'anasi, daoizm va yapon shinto an'analari kabi boshqa Sharq diniy an'analariga ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi.Puja kabi vedik bo'lmagan ibodatning ba'zi usullari o'z tushunchalari va marosimlarida tantrik hisoblanadi.Hind ma'badining qurilishi ham odatda tantra ikonografiyasiga mos keladi.Ushbu mavzularni tavsiflovchi hind matnlari Tantras, Agamas yoki Samhitas deb ataladi.
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Advaita Vedanta
Gaudapada, Advaita an'anasidagi Shakaragacha bo'lgan eng muhim faylasuflardan biri ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
500 Jan 1

Advaita Vedanta

India
Advaita Vedanta - Vedantaning eng qadimgi an'anasi va oltita pravoslav (astika) hind falsafalaridan biri (darśana).Uning tarixi milodiy eramizning boshlariga borib taqaladi, lekin eramizning 6-7-asrlarida Gaudapada, Mandana Misra va Shankaraning asosiy asarlari bilan aniq shakllangan bo'lib, ular an'analar va sharqshunos hindologlar tomonidan e'tirof etilgan. Advaita Vedantaning eng ko'zga ko'ringan namoyandasi, garchi Shankaraning tarixiy shon-shuhrati va madaniy ta'siri faqat asrlar o'tib, ayniqsa musulmonlar bosqinlari davrida va Hindiston yarimorolining keyingi hukmronligi davrida o'sdi.O'rta asrlardagi tirik Advaita Vedanta an'anasi yogik an'analar va Yoga Vasistha va Bhagavata Purana kabi matnlardan ta'sirlangan va elementlarni o'z ichiga olgan.19-asrda g'arb qarashlari va hind millatchiligi o'rtasidagi o'zaro ta'sir tufayli Advaita teistik Bkaktiga yo'naltirilgan dindorlikning son jihatdan ustunligiga qaramay, hindu ma'naviyatining paradigmatik namunasi sifatida qaraldi.Zamonaviy davrda uning qarashlari turli Neo-Vedānta harakatlarida namoyon bo'ladi.
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500 Jan 1 - 100 BCE

Nyaya sutralari

India
Nyaya Sutras - bu Akṣapada Gautama tomonidan tuzilgan qadimgi hind sanskrit matni va hind falsafasining Nyaya maktabining asosiy matni.Matn tuzilgan sana va uning muallifining tarjimai holi noma'lum, ammo miloddan avvalgi 6-asr va milodiy 2-asrlar oralig'ida turlicha taxmin qilingan.Matn ma'lum vaqt oralig'ida bir nechta muallif tomonidan tuzilgan bo'lishi mumkin.Matn beshta kitobdan iborat bo'lib, har bir kitobda ikkita bob, jami jami 528 ta aforistik sutra bo'lib, aql qoidalari, mantiq, gnoseologiya va metafizika haqida.Nyāya Sutras - bu hind matni bo'lib, u bilim va mantiqqa e'tibor qaratgani va Vedik marosimlarini eslatib o'tmagani bilan ajralib turadi.Birinchi kitob o'n olti toifadagi bilimlarning umumiy kirish qismi va mazmuni sifatida tuzilgan.Ikkinchi kitob pramana (gnoseologiya) haqida, uchinchi kitob prameya yoki bilim ob'ektlari haqida, matnda qolgan kitoblarda bilimning tabiati muhokama qilinadi.U sezgi yoki Muqaddas Kitob hokimiyatiga tanqidiy bo'lmagan murojaatlarga qarshi chiqib, haqiqiylik va haqiqatning empirik nazariyasi Nyaya an'anasi uchun asos yaratdi.Nyaya sutralari mavzularning keng doirasini qamrab oladi, jumladan Tarka-Vidya, munozara ilmi yoki Vada-Vidya, munozara ilmi.Nyaya sutralari Vaisheshika epistemologik va metafizik tizim bilan bog'liq, ammo uni kengaytiradi.Keyinchalik sharhlar Nyaya sutralarini kengaytirdi, tushuntirdi va muhokama qildi, avvalgi saqlanib qolgan sharhlar Vātsyayana (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 450–500 yillar), undan keyin Uddyotakaraning Nyayavarttika (taxminan 6-7-asrlar), Vācaspati Miśrayatīkātātātātātātātātātānas (asrlar)) Tātparyapariśuddhi (10-asr), Jayantaning Nyayamañjari (10-asr).
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650 Jan 1

Bhakti harakati

South India
Bhakti harakati o'rta asr hinduizmidagi muhim diniy harakat bo'lib, u najotga erishish uchun fidoyilik usulini qo'llash orqali jamiyatning barcha qatlamlariga diniy islohotlar olib borishga intilgan.U 7-asrdan Hindistonning janubida mashhur bo'lib, shimolga tarqaldi.U 15-asrdan boshlab sharqiy va shimoliy Hindistonni qamrab oldi va milodiy 15-17-asrlarda oʻzining eng yuqori choʻqqisiga chiqdi.Bhakti harakati mintaqaviy ravishda turli xudolar va ma'budalar atrofida rivojlangan va ba'zi kichik mazhablar Vaishnavizm (Vishnu), Shaivizm (Shiva), Shaktizm (Shakti ma'budalari) va Smartizm edi.Bhakti harakati mahalliy tillardan foydalangan holda va'z qildi, shunda xabar ommaga yetib bordi.Harakat Dvaitaning teistik dualizmidan tortib Advaita Vedantaning mutlaq monizmigacha bo'lgan keng ko'lamli falsafiy pozitsiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan ko'plab shoir-avliyolar tomonidan ilhomlantirilgan.Harakat an'anaviy ravishda hinduizmdagi ta'sirli ijtimoiy islohot sifatida qaraladi, chunki u tug'ilishidan yoki jinsidan qat'i nazar, ma'naviyatga individual yo'naltirilgan muqobil yo'lni taqdim etdi.Zamonaviy olimlar Bhakti harakati islohot yoki isyon bo'lganmi, degan savolga javob berishadi.Ularning fikriga ko'ra, Bhakti harakati qadimgi Vedik an'analarini qayta tiklash, qayta ishlash va kontekstualizatsiya qilishdir.Bhakti ehtirosli sadoqatni anglatadi (xudoga).Bhakti harakatining Bitiklariga Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavata Purana va Padma Purana kiradi.
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Musulmon hukmronligi
Musulmon hukmronligi ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
900 Jan 1

Musulmon hukmronligi

India
Islom Hindiston yarimoroliga 7-asr boshlarida arab savdogarlarining kelishi bilan kelgan boʻlsa-da, 10-asrdan keyin, xususan, 12-asrdan keyin islom hukmronligining oʻrnatilishi va keyinchalik kengayishi bilan hind dinlariga taʼsir oʻtkaza boshladi.Uill Dyurant musulmonlarning Hindistonni zabt etishini “tarixdagi eng qonli voqea” deb ataydi.Bu davrda buddizm tezda pasayib ketdi, hinduizm esa harbiylar va sultonliklar homiyligidagi diniy zo'ravonliklarga duch keldi.Bosqinlar, hindularning oilalarini tortib olish va qul qilish amaliyoti keng tarqalgan bo'lib, keyinchalik ular Sultonlik shaharlarida sotilgan yoki O'rta Osiyoga olib ketilgan.Ba'zi matnlarda bir qancha hindular majburan Islomni qabul qilganliklari aytiladi.13-asrdan boshlab, taxminan 500 yil davomida, musulmon saroy tarixchilari tomonidan yozilgan ko'p sonli matnlardan juda oz sonli matnlarda "hindlarning ixtiyoriy ravishda islomni qabul qilishlari" haqida eslatib o'tiladi, bu ularning ahamiyatsizligi va ehtimol kamdan-kam ekanligini ko'rsatadi.Odatda qul bo'lgan hindular ozodlikka erishish uchun islomni qabul qildilar.Hinduizmga qarshi diniy zo'ravonlik uchun vaqti-vaqti bilan istisnolar mavjud edi.Misol uchun, Akbar hinduizmni tan oldi, hindu urushi asirlari oilalarini qul qilishni taqiqladi, hindu ibodatxonalarini himoya qildi va hindlarga qarshi diskriminatsion jizyani (bosh soliqlarini) bekor qildi.Biroq, Dehli sultonligi va Mug'ul imperiyasining ko'plab musulmon hukmdorlari, Akbardan oldin va keyin, 12-18-asrlargacha, hindu ibodatxonalarini vayron qildilar va musulmon bo'lmaganlarni ta'qib qildilar.
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Hinduizmni birlashtiruvchi
Adi Shankara shogirdlari bilan ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1100 Jan 1

Hinduizmni birlashtiruvchi

India
Nikolsonning so'zlariga ko'ra, 12-16-asrlarda "ba'zi mutafakkirlar Upanishadlar, dostonlar, Puranalar va maktablarning turli xil falsafiy ta'limotlarini bir butun sifatida ko'rib chiqishni boshladilar" retrospektiv ravishda "olti tizim" (saddarsana) asosiy hind falsafasi."Mayklning ta'kidlashicha, hinduizm va o'tmishni ulug'laydigan g'oyalarni ifodalovchi, keyinchalik millatchilikdan oldin paydo bo'lgan tarixiylashtirish.Ba'zi olimlar Shankara va Advaita Vedantaning tarixiy shon-shuhratlari va madaniy ta'siri bu davrda ataylab o'rnatilgan deb ta'kidlashadi.Vidyaranya (14-asr), Madxava nomi bilan ham tanilgan va Shankara izdoshi, yuksak falsafasi keng mashhurlikka erisha olmagan Shankarani “oʻz taʼlimotini digvijaya (” taʼlimoti orqali tarqatuvchi ilohiy xalq qahramoniga" aylantirish uchun afsonalar yaratdi. umumbashariy zabt") g'olib bosqinchi kabi butun Hindiston bo'ylab.Vidyaranya o'zining Savadarsanasamgraha ("Barcha qarashlar sarhisobi") asarida Shankara ta'limotini barcha darsanalarning sammiti sifatida taqdim etdi va boshqa darsanalarni Shankara ta'limotida birlashgan qisman haqiqat sifatida taqdim etdi.Vidyaranya qirollik qo'llab-quvvatlashidan bahramand bo'ldi va uning homiyligi va uslubiy sa'y-harakatlari Shankarani qadriyatlarning yig'indisi ramzi sifatida shakllantirishga, Shankara Vedanta falsafalarining tarixiy va madaniy ta'sirini yoyishga va Shankara va Advaita Vedantaning madaniy ta'sirini kengaytirish uchun monastirlar (matas) tashkil etishga yordam berdi.
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1200 - 1850
O'rta asrlar va erta yangi davrlarornament
Sharqiy Ganga va Surya shtatlari
Sharqiy Ganga va Surya shtatlari ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1200 Jan 1

Sharqiy Ganga va Surya shtatlari

Odisha, India
Sharqiy Ganga va Surya 11-asrdan milodiy 16-asr oʻrtalarigacha hozirgi Odisha (tarixda Kalinga nomi bilan tanilgan) ning koʻp qismini boshqargan hind siyosati edi.13—14-asrlardaHindistonning katta qismi musulmonlar hukmronligi ostida boʻlganida, mustaqil Kalinga hind dini, falsafasi, sanʼati va meʼmorchiligining tayanchiga aylandi.Sharqiy Ganga hukmdorlari din va sanʼatning buyuk homiylari boʻlib, ular qurgan ibodatxonalar hind meʼmorchiligining durdonalaridan sanaladi.
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Vijayanagar imperiyasi
Hinduizm va Vijayanagar imperiyasi ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1336 Jan 1

Vijayanagar imperiyasi

Vijayanagara, Karnataka, India
Vijayanagara imperatorlari barcha dinlar va mazhablarga bag'rikenglik bilan munosabatda bo'lishgan, buni chet ellik mehmonlarning yozuvlari ko'rsatadi.Qirollar Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya (so'zma-so'z "sigirlar va braxmanlar himoyachisi") va Hindurayasuratrana (lit. "Hindu e'tiqodini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi") kabi unvonlardan foydalanganlar, bu ularning hinduizmni himoya qilish niyatidan dalolat beradi va shu bilan birga o'z dinida sodiq islomiy edi. sud marosimlari va kiyim-kechak.Imperiya asoschilari Xarixara I va Bukka Raya I dindor Shayvalar (Shivaga sig'inuvchilar) edilar, ammo Sringeri Vaishnava ordeniga Vidyaranya o'zlarining homiysi sifatida yordam berishdi va Varaxani (Vishnu avataridagi cho'chqa) tayinlashdi. emblema.Vijayanagara imperiyasining musulmon hukmdorlari qoʻliga tushishi Dekandagi hind imperatorlik mudofaasini tugatdi.
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Mug'al davri
Mug'al davrida hinduizm ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1553 Jan 1

Mug'al davri

India
Moʻgʻul Hindistonining rasmiy davlat dini Islom boʻlib, hanafiy mazhabi (mazhab) fiqhidan ustunlik qilgan.Bobur va Humanyun hukmronligi davrida hinduizm tanglik ostida qolgan.Shimoliy Hindistonning afg'on hukmdori Sher Shoh Suri nisbatan repressiv emas edi.Hinduizm 1553-1556 yillarda hind hukmdori Xemu Vikramadityaning uch yillik hukmronligi davrida, u Agra va Dehlida Akbarni magʻlubiyatga uchratgan va oʻzining “Rajyabxishake” yoki toj kiyish marosimidan soʻng Dehlidan hindu “Vikramaditya” sifatida hukmronlikni boshlaganida paydo boʻldi. Dehlidagi Purana Quila.Biroq, Mug'ullar tarixida, ba'zida fuqarolar o'zlari tanlagan dinga e'tiqod qilish erkinligiga ega bo'lishlari mumkin edi, garchi kofir mehnatga layoqatli, katta daromadga ega bo'lgan erkaklar jizya to'lashlari shart edi, bu ularning zimmiylik maqomini bildiradi.
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Maratha imperiyasi davrida hinduizm
Maratha imperiyasi davrida hinduizm ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1674 Jan 1

Maratha imperiyasi davrida hinduizm

Deccan Plateau, Andhra Pradesh
Hind maratlari uzoq vaqtdan beri Satara atrofidagi Desh mintaqasida, Dekan platosining g'arbiy qismida, plato G'arbiy Gats tog'larining sharqiy yon bag'irlari bilan tutashgan joyda yashagan.Ular Hindiston shimolidagi musulmon mug'al hukmdorlarining mintaqaga bostirib kirishiga qarshilik ko'rsatgan.Ularning shuhratparast rahbari Chhatrapati Shivaji Maxaraj boshchiligida Maratha janubi-sharqdagi Bijapur musulmon sultonlaridan ozod bo'ldi.Keyinchalik, Brahmin bosh vazirlari (Peshvalar)ning qobiliyatli rahbarligi ostida Maratha imperiyasi o'zining eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqdi;Peshvalar joylashgan Pune hindlarning ta'lim va urf-odatlari markazi sifatida gullagan.
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Nepalda hinduizm
Nepalda hinduizm ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1743 Jan 1

Nepalda hinduizm

Nepal
Qirol Prithvi Narayan Shoh, so'nggi Gorxali monarxi, Shimoliy Hindistonni Islom Mo'g'ul hukmdorlari boshqarganligi sababli o'zini yangi birlashgan Nepal Qirolligini Asal Hindustan ("Hindularning haqiqiy mamlakati") deb e'lon qildi.E'lon uning hukmronligi davrida Dharmashastraning hind ijtimoiy kodeksini tatbiq etish va o'z mamlakatini hindular uchun yashashga yaroqli deb hisoblash uchun qilingan.U, shuningdek, Shimoliy Hindistonni Mug'lon (Mug'ullar mamlakati) deb atagan va mintaqani musulmon xorijliklar kirib kelgan deb atagan.Gorxali Katmandu vodiysini bosib olgandan so'ng, qirol Prithvi Narayan Shoh nasroniy kapuchin missionerlarini Patandan quvib chiqardi va Nepalni Asal Hindustan ("haqiqiy Hindular mamlakati") sifatida qayta ko'rib chiqdi.Nepallik hindlarning ijtimoiy-diniy guruhi bo‘lgan hindu tagadharilariga Nepal poytaxtida imtiyozli maqom berildi.O'shandan beri hinduizm Nepal Qirolligining muhim siyosatiga aylandi.Professor Xarka Gurungning fikricha, Hindistonda islomiy Mug'al hukmronligi va nasroniy Britaniya hukmronligi mavjudligi Nepal Qirolligida hindular uchun boshpana qurish maqsadida Nepalda Brahmin pravoslavligining asosini yaratishga majbur qilgan.
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1850
Zamonaviy hinduizmornament
Hindu Uyg'onish davri
Keksa Maks Myullerning portreti ©George Frederic Watts
1850 Jan 2

Hindu Uyg'onish davri

Indianapolis, IN, USA
Britaniya Rajining boshlanishi bilan,Hindistonni inglizlar tomonidan mustamlaka qilish, 19-asrda hind Uyg'onish davri ham boshlandi, bu Hindiston va g'arbda hinduizm haqidagi tushunchani tubdan o'zgartirdi.Indologiya hind madaniyatini Yevropa nuqtai nazaridan o‘rganishning akademik fani sifatida 19-asrda Maks Myuller va Jon Vudroff kabi olimlar boshchiligida tashkil etilgan.Ular Evropa va Qo'shma Shtatlarga Vedik, Puran va Tantrik adabiyoti va falsafasini olib kelishdi.G'arb sharqshunosi hind dinlarining "mohiyatini" qidirib topdi, buni Vedalarda aniqladi va shu bilan birga "induizm" diniy amaliyotning birlashgan yig'indisi va "mistik Hindiston" ning mashhur rasmi sifatidagi tushunchani yaratdi.Vedik mohiyat haqidagi bu g'oya hind islohot harakati tomonidan qabul qilingan Brahmo Samaj, unitar cherkov tomonidan bir muncha vaqt qo'llab-quvvatlangan, Universalizm va Perennializm g'oyalari bilan birgalikda barcha dinlar umumiy mistik asosga ega.Vivekananda, Aurobindo va Radhakrishnan kabi tarafdorlari bo'lgan ushbu "hindu modernizmi" hinduizmni mashhur tushunishda markaziy o'rinni egalladi.
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Hindutva
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1923 Jan 1

Hindutva

India
Hindutva (tarjimasi. Hindulik) Hindistondagi hind millatchiligining ustun shaklidir.Siyosiy mafkura sifatida Hindutva atamasi 1923 yilda Vinayak Damodar Savarkar tomonidan ifodalangan. U Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Bharatiya Janata partiyasi (BJP) va boshqa tashkilotlar tomonidan birgalikda qo'llaniladi. Sangh Parivar deb ataladi.Hindutva harakati "o'ng qanot ekstremizmi" ning bir varianti va "klassik ma'noda deyarli fashistik" deb ta'riflangan, bir hil ko'pchilik va madaniy gegemonlik kontseptsiyasiga amal qilgan.Ba'zi tahlilchilar Hindutvani fashizm bilan birlashtirishga qarshi chiqishadi va Hindutvani konservatizm yoki "etnik absolyutizm" ning ekstremal shakli deb hisoblaydilar.
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