Yaƙin Gettysburg Tsarin lokaci

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Yaƙin Gettysburg
Battle of Gettysburg ©Mort Künstler

1863 - 1863

Yaƙin Gettysburg



An yi yakin Gettysburg a Yuli 1-3, 1863, a ciki da kuma kewayen garin Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka .A cikin yakin, Rundunar Major General George Meade na Potomac ta ci nasara da sojojin Confederate Janar Robert E. Lee na Arewacin Virginia, tare da dakatar da mamayewar Lee na Arewa.Yakin ya kunshi mafi yawan wadanda aka kashe a yakin baki daya kuma ana bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin da yakin ya koma saboda gagarumin nasara da hadin kai da kungiyar ta yi da Siege na Vicksburg.Bayan nasararsa a Chancellorsville a Virginia a watan Mayu 1863, Lee ya jagoranci sojojinsa ta cikin kwarin Shenandoah don fara mamayewa na biyu na Arewa - Gangamin Gettysburg.Tare da sojojinsa a cikin ruhi, Lee ya yi niyya don canza mayar da hankali kan yakin bazara daga yakin arewacin Virginia da ke fama da yakin basasa kuma yana fatan rinjayar 'yan siyasar Arewa su daina tuhumar su da yaki ta hanyar shiga har zuwa Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, ko ma Philadelphia.Shugaba Abraham Lincoln ya ba da izini, Manjo Janar Joseph Hooker ya motsa sojojinsa don neman, amma an sami sauki daga umurnin kwanaki uku kafin yakin kuma Meade ya maye gurbinsa.Abubuwan rundunonin biyu sun fara karo a Gettysburg a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1863, yayin da Lee ya tattara sojojinsa cikin gaggawa a can, manufarsa ita ce ta shiga rundunar sojojin kuma ta lalata shi.Da farko wani rukunin sojan doki na Union karkashin Birgediya Janar John Buford ne ya kare ƙananan tudu zuwa arewa maso yammacin garin, kuma nan da nan aka ƙarfafa shi da gawawwakin sojojin ƙungiyar.Duk da haka, wasu manyan gawawwakin 'yan tawaye biyu sun far musu daga arewa maso yamma da arewa, inda suka ruguza layukan kungiyar da aka yi cikin gaggawa, lamarin da ya sa masu tsaron baya suka bi ta titunan garin zuwa tsaunuka da ke kudu.A rana ta biyu na yaƙin, yawancin rundunonin biyu sun taru.An shimfida layin ƙungiyar a cikin tsarin tsaro mai kama da ƙugiya mai kifi.A yammacin yammacin ranar 2 ga Yuli, Lee ya kaddamar da wani mummunan hari a gefen hagu na Union, kuma mummunan fada ya barke a Little Round Top, Wheatfield, Den Den, da Peach Orchard.A hannun dama, zanga-zangar haɗin gwiwa ta ƙaru zuwa manyan hare-hare a kan Dutsen Culp da Cemetery Hill.Duk a faɗin fagen fama, duk da hasarar da aka yi, masu tsaron Tarayyar sun riƙe layinsu.A rana ta uku na yakin, fada ya sake komawa kan Culp's Hill, kuma fadace-fadacen sojan doki sun yi ta'adi zuwa gabas da kudu, amma babban abin da ya faru shi ne wani mummunan harin da aka kai a kusa da 12,000 Confederates a tsakiyar layin Union a Cemetery Ridge, wanda aka sani da Pickett's. Caji.Bindigogin kungiyar da kuma harbin manyan bindigogi ne suka tunkude wannan zargi, tare da yin hasarar babbar asara ga sojojin Confederate.Lee ya jagoranci sojojinsa a kan ja da baya na azabtarwa zuwa Virginia.Tsakanin sojoji 46,000 zuwa 51,000 daga rundunonin biyu ne aka kashe a yakin na kwanaki uku, mafi tsada a tarihin Amurka.Ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, shugaban kasar Lincoln ya yi amfani da bikin sadaukarwa ga makabartar Gettysburg ta kasa don girmama sojojin Tarayyar da suka mutu da kuma sake bayyana manufar yakin a cikin adireshin Gettysburg na tarihi.
1863 Jan 1

Gabatarwa

Gettysburg, PA, USA
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Sojojin Arewacin Virginia sun sami babban nasara akan Sojan Potomac a Yaƙin Chancellorsville (Afrilu 30 - Mayu 6, 1863), Janar Robert E. Lee ya yanke shawarar mamayewa na biyu na Arewa (na farko shine mamayewa na biyu). yakin Maryland wanda bai yi nasara ba na Satumba 1862, wanda ya ƙare a yakin Antietam na jini).Irin wannan matakin zai tayar da hankali ga shirye-shiryen kungiyar na kakar kamfen na bazara kuma mai yiyuwa ne za a rage matsin lamba kan sansanin 'yan tawaye da ke Vicksburg.Mamayewar zai ba da damar Confederates su rayu ba tare da la'akari da wadatar gonakin Arewa masu arziki ba yayin da suke ba wa Virginia da ke fama da yaki hutun da ake bukata.Bugu da kari, sojojin Lee na mutum 72,000 [1] na iya yin barazana ga Philadelphia, Baltimore, da Washington, da yuwuwar karfafa yunkurin zaman lafiya da ke karuwa a Arewa.[2]
Farkon Gani
Early Sighting ©Keith Rocco
1863 Jun 30

Farkon Gani

Gettysburg, PA, USA
Wata rundunar sojojin hadin gwiwa daga rundunar Gen. AP Hill ta nufi Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, domin neman kayayyaki.Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru suna zuwa Gettysburg.
1863
Ranar Farkoornament
Takaitacciyar Ranar Farko
Sojojin Janar Buford sun isa Gettysburg kwana guda kafin a fara yakin. ©Dale Gallon
1863 Jul 1 00:01

Takaitacciyar Ranar Farko

Gettysburg, PA, USA
Ranar farko ta Yaƙin Gettysburg ta fara ne a matsayin haɗin kai tsakanin rukunin sojojin Arewacin Virginia da ke ƙarƙashin Janar Janar Robert E. Lee da Sojojin Potomac a ƙarƙashin Union Maj. Gen. George G. Meade.Ba da daɗewa ba ya ƙara zama babban yaƙin da ya ƙare a cikin ƙima da nasara da sojojin Tarayyar da ke komawa babban filin kudu na Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.An dai gwabza fadan na ranar farko ne a matakai uku yayin da mayaka ke ci gaba da isa filin daga.Da safe, brigades biyu na Confederate Major Gen. Henry Heth's division (na Lt. Gen. AP Hill's Third Corps) sun jinkirta daga hawan doki na Union karkashin Brig.Janar John Buford.Yayin da dakarun sojojin suka isa karkashin Manjo Janar John F. Reynolds na Union I Corps, an fatattaki 'yan tawayen da suka kai hari kan Chambersburg Pike, kodayake an kashe Janar Reynolds.Da yammacin rana, Union XI Corps, wanda Manjo Janar Oliver Otis Howard ya umarta, ya iso, kuma matsayin ƙungiyar yana cikin da'ira daga yamma zuwa arewacin garin.Rundunar ta Confederate Second Corps karkashin Laftanar Janar Richard S. Ewell ta fara wani gagarumin farmaki daga arewa, inda bangaren Manjo Janar Robert E. Rodes suka farma daga Oak Hill da Maj. Janar Jubal A. Early Division suka kai farmaki a fagagen da ke buda-baki. arewacin garin.Layukan ƙungiyar gabaɗaya suna riƙe da matsanancin matsin lamba, kodayake ƙwararrun a Barlow's Knoll ya mamaye.Kashi na uku na yakin ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da Rodes ya sake sabunta hare-harensa daga arewa kuma Heth ya dawo tare da daukacin rundunarsa daga yamma, tare da bangaren Manjo Janar W. Dorsey Pender.Yaƙi mai tsanani a cikin Herbst's Woods (kusa da Makarantar Tauhidi ta Lutheran) da kuma kan Oak Ridge a ƙarshe ya sa layin Union ya rushe.Wasu daga cikin Gwamnatin Tarayya sun gudanar da wani artabu na janyewa a cikin garin, inda suka yi hasarar rayuka da asarar fursunoni da dama;wasu kawai suka ja da baya.Sun dauki matsayi mai kyau na tsaro a Dutsen Cemetery kuma sun jira ƙarin hare-hare.Duk da umarni na hankali daga Robert E. Lee don ɗaukar matsayi "idan za'a iya," Richard Ewell ya zaɓi kada ya kai hari.Masana tarihi sun yi ta muhawara tun a kan yadda yaƙin zai iya ƙarewa daban-daban idan ya ga ya dace a yi hakan.
Ƙungiyar Heth ta tashi zuwa Gettysburg
Heth’s Division sets out for Gettysburg ©Bradley Schmehl
1863 Jul 1 05:00

Ƙungiyar Heth ta tashi zuwa Gettysburg

Cashtown, PA, USA
Rundunar Maj. Janar Henry Heth's Division sun tashi zuwa Gettysburg daga Cashtown.Zuwa yammacin garin Union Brig.Rundunar Sojoji ta Janar John Buford tana zaune a yammacin garin tare da sojoji 2,700.An tura jiga-jigan skirmishers don saduwa da ci gaban Confederate.Sashen Maj. Gen. Henry Heth na Confederate, daga Laftanar Janar AP Hill's Third Corps, ya ci gaba zuwa Gettysburg.Heth bai tura sojan doki ba kuma ya jagoranci, ba tare da wata al'ada ba, tare da bataliyar manyan bindigogi na Maj. William J. Pegram.[3] Ƙungiyoyin sojojin ƙasa biyu suka biyo baya, Brig.Janar James J. Archer da Joseph R. Davis, suna tafiya gabas a cikin ginshiƙai tare da Chambersburg Pike.
Tsaro ta Buford's Cavalry
Defense by Buford's Cavalry ©Dale Gallon
1863 Jul 1 07:30

Tsaro ta Buford's Cavalry

McPherson Farm, Chambersburg R
mil uku (kilomita 4.8) yamma da garin, da misalin karfe 7:30 na safe, runduna biyu na Heth sun gamu da juriya mai haske daga doki vedettes kuma aka tura cikin layi.Daga karshe dai, sun isa ga sojojin da suka sauka daga rundinar sojan doki ta Col. William Gamble.An yi ikirarin harbin farko na yakin Laftanar Marcellus E. Jones na sojan doki na 8 na Illinois ne, ya harba wani mutum da ba a san ko wanene ba akan doki launin toka mai nisan mil mil;aikin na alama ne kawai.[4] Dakarun Buford 2,748 nan ba da jimawa ba za su fuskanci sojojin 7,600 na Confederate, suna turawa daga ginshiƙai cikin layin yaƙi.[5]Mutanen Gamble sun hau tsayin daka da dabaru na jinkirtawa daga bayan shingen shinge tare da saurin gobara, galibi daga na'urori masu ɗaukar nauyi.Duk da yake babu wani daga cikin sojojin da ke da makamai da carbin masu maimaita harbi da yawa, sun sami damar harbi sau biyu ko uku cikin sauri fiye da carbin ko bindigar da aka ɗora a ciki tare da carbin ɗinsu na breeching wanda Sharps, Burnside, da sauransu suka kera.[6] Wasu sojoji a brigade da Brig.Janar William Gamble yana da Spencer yana maimaita bindigogi.Zane-zanen da aka yi amfani da su na kaburbura da bindigu na nufin cewa sojojin ƙungiyar ba dole ba ne su tsaya don sake lodi kuma suna iya yin hakan cikin aminci a bayan fage.Wannan babbar fa'ida ce akan Ƙungiyoyin, waɗanda har yanzu dole ne su tsaya don sake yin lodi, don haka samar da manufa mafi sauƙi.Amma wannan ya zuwa yanzu wani lamari ne marar jini.Da karfe 10:20 na safe, Confederates sun isa Herr Ridge kuma sun tura sojojin doki na Tarayya gabas zuwa McPherson Ridge, lokacin da mai gadin I Corps ya isa, sashin Maj. Gen. James S. Wadsworth.Janar Reynolds ne ya jagoranci sojojin da kansa, wanda ya yi magana da Buford na ɗan lokaci kuma ya yi gaggawar komawa don kawo ƙarin maza gaba.[7]
Davis da Cutler
"Ƙasashen Zaɓaɓɓen", Reynolds ya jagoranci Brigade na Iron a Gettysburg. ©Keith Rocco
1863 Jul 1 10:00 - Jul 1 10:30

Davis da Cutler

McPherson Farm, Chambersburg R
Yaƙin na safiya ya faru a kowane gefen Chambersburg Pike, galibi akan McPherson Ridge.A kudu, manyan siffofi sune Willoughby Run da Herbst Woods (wani lokaci ana kiran McPherson Woods, amma sun kasance mallakar John Herbst).Brig.Brigade na Janar Lysander Cutler's Union sun yi adawa da brigade na Davis;uku daga cikin tsarin Cutler sun kasance arewacin Pike, biyu zuwa kudu.Zuwa hagu na Cutler, Brig.Janar Solomon Meredith's Brigade Iron Brigade ya yi adawa da Archer.[8]Manjo Janar John Reynolds da brigades guda biyu na rundunar sojan farko na Union First Corps sun isa kuma su shiga layin tare da McPherson Ridge kan karuwar matsin lamba daga kusan 13,500 masu ci gaba da Confederates.Daya shine Brigade Iron, ɗayan kuma shine PA Bucktail Brigade.Janar Reynolds ya jagoranci brigades biyu zuwa matsayi kuma ya sanya bindigogi daga baturin Maine na Capt. James A. Hall inda Calef ya tsaya a baya.[9] Yayin da Janar din ya hau dokinsa a gefen gabas na Herbst Woods, yana ihu "Maza gaba! Gaba saboda Allah, ku fitar da wadancan 'yan uwa daga cikin dazuzzuka," sai ya fado daga kan dokinsa, harsashi ya kashe shi nan take. a bayan kunne.(Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa wani mai harbi ne ya sare Reynolds, amma ana iya cewa an kashe shi ta hanyar harbin bazuwar a cikin wata gobarar bindiga da aka kai a Wisconsin ta 2.) Manjo Janar Abner Doubleday ya zama shugaban rundunar I Corps.[10]A gefen dama na layin Union, ƙungiyoyi uku na Brigade na Cutler sun kori Brigade na Davis kafin su iya shiga matsayi a kan tudu.Layin Davis ya mamaye hakkin Cutler's, yana mai da matsayin ƙungiyar ba zai yuwu ba, kuma Wadsworth ya umarci hukumomin Cutler su koma Seminary Ridge.An harbe kwamandan na 147th New York, Laftanar Kanal Francis C. Miller, kafin ya sanar da dakarunsa janyewar, kuma suka ci gaba da fafatawa cikin matsananciyar matsin lamba har sai da umarni na biyu ya zo.A cikin kasa da mintuna 30, kashi 45% na mutanen 1,007 na Janar Cutler sun sami raunuka, inda na 147 ya rasa 207 daga cikin jami'ai 380 da mazajensa.[11] Wasu daga cikin mazajen Davis masu nasara sun juya zuwa ga wuraren Union a kudu da gadon jirgin kasa yayin da wasu suka tuka gabas zuwa Seminary Ridge.Wannan ya kawar da kokarin Confederate a arewacin pike.[12]
Archer da Meredith
Archer versus Meredith ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 1 10:45

Archer da Meredith

Herbst Woods, Gettysburg, PA,
Kudancin pike, mazajen Archer suna sa ran za a yi yaƙi mai sauƙi da mahaya dawakai da suka sauka kuma sun yi mamakin gane baƙar hular Hardee da mutanen da ke fuskantar su ta cikin dazuzzuka: sanannen Brigade Iron, wanda aka kafa daga runduna a yammacin jihohin Indiana, Michigan. , da Wisconsin, sun yi suna a matsayin mayaka, masu tsaurin ra'ayi.Yayin da Confederates suka haye Willoughby Run kuma suka hau kan gangara zuwa cikin Herbst Woods, an lullube su a hannun dama ta hanyar layin Union mafi tsayi, yanayin yanayin arewacin pike.[13]Brig.An kama Janar Archer a cikin yakin, babban hafsan soja na farko a cikin sojojin Robert E. Lee da ya fuskanci wannan kaddara.Maharba ya kasance mafi kusantar matsayi a kusa da 14th Tennessee lokacin da Private Patrick Moloney na Kamfanin G., na 2nd Wisconsin ya kama shi, "jajirtaccen ɗan kishin ƙasa kuma ɗan Irish mai himma."Archer ya ƙi kama shi, amma Moloney ya rinjaye shi.An kashe Moloney daga baya a wannan rana, amma ya sami Medal of Honor don amfaninsa.Lokacin da aka kai maharba a baya, ya ci karo da tsohon abokin aikin sa na Soja, Janar Doubleday, wanda ya gaishe shi da kyau, "Sannu da zuwa, Maharbi! Yaya kake? Na yi farin cikin ganinka!"Maharba ya amsa ya ce, "To, ban ji daɗin ganin ka da wani abin gani ba!"[14]
Yanke titin jirgin kasa
Iron Brigade Guard"Yaƙi don Launuka" na Don Troiani Hoton da ke nuna 6th Wisconsin da Iron Brigade Guard a Yanke Railroad na Jini, Yuli 1, 1863. ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 1 11:00

Yanke titin jirgin kasa

The Railroad Cut, Gettysburg,
Da misalin karfe 11 na safe, Doubleday ya aika da rejistan ajiyarsa, 6th Wisconsin, wani rukunin Brigade na Iron, wanda Lt. Col. Rufus R. Dawes ya ba da umarni, a arewa zuwa ga rugujewar brigade Davis.Mutanen Wisconsin sun dakatar da shingen tare da pike kuma suka yi harbi, wanda ya dakatar da harin Davis a kan mutanen Cutler kuma ya sa yawancin su nemi mafaka a cikin hanyar jirgin da ba a gama ba.Na 6th ya shiga 95th New York da 84th New York (wanda kuma aka sani da 14th Brooklyn), "demi-brigade" wanda Col. EB Fowler ya umarta, tare da pike.[15] Hukumomin uku da aka caje kan hanyar jirgin kasa, inda mutanen Davis ke neman mafaka.Mafi yawan yanke ƙafar ƙafa 600 (180 m) ya yi zurfi sosai don zama matsayi mai tasiri - mai zurfi kamar ƙafa 15 (4.6 m).[16] Da yake ƙara yin wahala shine rashin babban kwamandansu, Janar Davis, wanda ba a san inda yake ba.[17]Mutanen rundunonin guda uku duk da haka sun fuskanci mummunar wuta yayin da suke kai farmaki kan yanke.Tutar Amurka ta 6 ta Wisconsin ta sauka aƙalla sau uku a lokacin cajin.A wani lokaci Dawes ya dauki tutar da ta fado kafin wani kofur na masu gadin kala ya kwace daga gare shi.Yayin da layin Tarayyar ya matso kusa da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwayoyin Ƙwayoyin Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa sun koma baya, kuma ya yi kama da wani jujjuyawar V. Lokacin da 'yan kungiyar suka isa hanyar jirgin kasa, mugunyar hannu da hannu da bayonet ya barke.Sun sami damar zubar da wuta mai zafi daga bangarorin biyu na yanke, kuma yawancin Confederates sunyi la'akari da mika wuya.Kanar Dawes ya dauki matakin ne da cewa "Ina Kanal din wannan runduna?"Manjo John Blair na Mississippi na 2 ya miƙe ya ​​amsa, "Wane kai?"Dawes ya amsa da cewa, "Na umurci wannan runduna, ku mika wuya ko na harbe."[18]Jami’in bai ce uffan ba, amma da sauri ya miko min takobinsa, mutanensa wadanda har yanzu suke rike da su, suka jefar da musket dinsu.Sanyi, mallakar kai, da tarbiya da suka hana mazajenmu zubar da jini gaba ɗaya sun ceci rayukan maƙiya ɗari, kuma yayin da hankalina ya koma cikin tashin hankali mai ban tsoro na wannan lokacin, na yi mamakinsa.- Col. Rufus R. Dawes, Sabis tare da Masu Sa kai na Wisconsin na shida (1890, shafi na 169)Duk da wannan mika wuya, barin Dawes yana tsaye a tsaye yana rike da takuba bakwai, yakin ya ci gaba da tsawon mintuna kuma yawancin Confederates sun sami damar tserewa zuwa Herr Ridge.Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin guda uku sun rasa 390-440 na 1,184, amma sun kaddamar da harin Davis, sun hana su daga baya na Iron Brigade, kuma sun mamaye Brigade na Confederate cewa ba zai iya shiga cikin yaki ga sauran mutanen ba. rana.
Tsakar rana Lull
Midday Lull ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 1 11:30

Tsakar rana Lull

McPherson Farm, Chambersburg R
Da karfe 11:30 na safe, filin daga ya yi shiru na wani dan lokaci.A bangaren Confederate, Henry Heth ya fuskanci yanayi mai ban kunya.Ya kasance ƙarƙashin umarni daga Janar Lee don kauce wa haɗin kai gaba ɗaya har sai da cikakken Sojojin Arewacin Virginia sun mayar da hankali a yankin.Amma balaguron da ya yi zuwa Gettysburg, da alama don nemo takalma, ya kasance da gaske bincike ne a cikin karfi wanda cikakken rukunin sojoji suka gudanar.Wannan hakika ya fara haɗin gwiwa gabaɗaya kuma Heth yana kan ɓangaren rashin nasara ya zuwa yanzu.Da karfe 12:30 na dare, ragowar brigadensa biyu, karkashin Brig.Janar J. Johnston Pettigrew da Col. John M. Brockenbrough, sun isa wurin, kamar yadda sashen (birged hudu) na Maj. Gen. Dorsey Pender, shi ma na Hill's Corps ya samu.Da yawa daga cikin sojojin Confederate suna kan hanya, duk da haka.Rukunoni biyu na Rundunar Sojoji na Biyu, wanda Laftanar Janar Richard S. Ewell ya ba da umarni, sun tunkari Gettysburg daga arewa, daga garuruwan Carlisle da York.Brigades biyar na Manjo Janar Robert E. Rodes sun bi hanyar Carlisle amma sun bar ta kafin su isa garin don ci gaba da gangaren katako na Oak Ridge, inda za su iya haɗuwa da gefen hagu na Hill's Corps.Brigades hudu karkashin Manjo Janar Jubal A. Early sun tunkari titin Harrisburg.Sojojin dawakai na hadin gwiwa a arewacin garin sun gano motsin duka.Ragowar Ewell (Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson) bai isa ba sai da rana.[19]A gefen ƙungiyar, Doubleday ya sake tsara layinsa yayin da ƙarin rukunin I Corps suka isa.Na farko a hannun shi ne Corps Artillery karkashin Col. Charles S. Wainwright, sai kuma brigades biyu daga sashin Doubleday, wanda Brig.Janar Thomas A. Rowley, wanda Doubleday ya sanya a kowane ƙarshen layinsa.XI Corps sun zo daga kudu kafin tsakar rana, suna hawan Taneytown da Emmitsburg Roads.Manjo Janar Oliver O. Howard yana leken asirin yankin daga rufin kantin Fahnestock Brothers na bushe-bushe a cikin gari da misalin karfe 11:30 [20] sai ya ji labarin an kashe Reynolds kuma yanzu shi ne ke jagorantar kowa. Sojojin kungiyar a filin wasa.Ya tuna cewa: "Zuciyata ta yi nauyi, kuma lamarin ya yi tsanani, amma ban yi kasa a gwiwa ba, Allah Ya taimake mu, za mu tsaya a nan har sai Sojoji su zo. Na dauki kwamandan filin."[21]Nan da nan Howard ya aika da manzanni don kiran ƙarfafawa daga III Corps (Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles) da XII Corps (Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum).Rukunin Howard na XI Corps na farko da ya isa, ƙarƙashin Maj. Janar Carl Schurz, an tura shi zuwa arewa don ɗaukar matsayi a kan Oak Ridge da haɗi tare da haƙƙin I Corps.(Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig ne ya ba da umarnin rukunin na ɗan lokaci yayin da Schurz ya maye gurbin Howard a matsayin kwamandan XI Corps.) Sashen Brig.An sanya Janar Francis C. Barlow a kan hakkin Schurz don tallafa masa.Kashi na uku zai iso, karkashin Brig.Janar Adolph von Steinwehr, an sanya shi a Dutsen Cemetery tare da batura biyu na bindigogi don rike tudun a matsayin wurin taro idan sojojin Tarayyar ba za su iya rike matsayinsu ba;wannan wuri a kan tudun ya yi daidai da umarnin da Reynolds ya aika tun da farko zuwa Howard kafin a kashe shi.[22]Duk da haka, Rodes ya doke Schurz zuwa Oak Hill, don haka an tilasta ƙungiyar XI Corps ta dauki matsayi a cikin fili a arewacin garin, kasa da kuma gabashin Oak Hill.[23] Sun haɗu da sashin ajiyar I Corps na Brig.Janar John C. Robinson, wanda Doubleday ya aika brigades guda biyu lokacin da ya ji labarin zuwan Ewell.[24] Rundunar tsaron Howard ba ta da ƙarfi musamman a arewa.[25] Ba da daɗewa ba ya fi yawa (Xi Corps, har yanzu yana fama da sakamakon shan kashinsu a yakin Chancellorsville, yana da tasiri 8,700 kawai), kuma filin da mutanensa suka mamaye a arewa ba a zaba su ba don tsaro.Ya ba da bege cewa ƙarfafawa daga Slocum's XII Corps za su isa Baltimore Pike a cikin lokaci don yin bambanci.[26]
Yakin Oak Ridge
Oak Ridge Fight ©James V Griffin
1863 Jul 1 14:00

Yakin Oak Ridge

Eternal Light Peace Memorial,
Rodes ya fara aika brigades uku kudu a kan sojojin Union waɗanda ke wakiltar gefen dama na I Corps da gefen hagu na XI Corps: daga gabas zuwa yamma, Brig.Janar George P. Doles, Col. Edward A. O'Neal, da Brig.Janar Alfred Iverson.Doles's Georgia brigade sun tsaya suna gadin gefen, suna jiran isowar sashen Early's.Duka hare-haren O'Neal da Iverson sun yi rashin nasara a kan rundunonin soja shida a cikin brigade na Brig.Janar Henry Baxter, wanda ke rike da layi a cikin wani jujjuyawar V, yana fuskantar arewa akan tudu da ke bayan titin Mummasburg.An tura mutanen O'Neal gaba ba tare da daidaitawa tare da Iverson a gefensu ba kuma suka fada cikin mummunar wuta daga sojojin I Corps.[27]Iverson ya kasa yin ko da bincike na asali kuma ya tura mutanensa gaba a makance yayin da ya zauna a baya (kamar yadda O'Neal ya yi, mintuna a baya).An ɓoye ƙarin daga cikin mutanen Baxter a cikin dazuzzuka a bayan bangon dutse kuma sun tashi zuwa wuta mai ƙyalli daga ƙasa da yadi 100 (m 91), wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka sama da 800 a cikin 1,350 North Carolina.Ana ba da labarai game da ƙungiyoyin gawarwakin da ke kwance a kusan tsarin faretin ƙasa, diddigin takalminsu daidai gwargwado.(An binne gawarwakin a wurin, kuma wannan yanki a yau ana kiransa da "Ruwan Iverson", tushen tatsuniyoyi da yawa na cikin gida na abubuwan al'ajabi.) [28.]Brigade na Baxter ya gaji kuma ya daina harsashi.Da karfe 3:00 na yamma ya janye brigade nasa, kuma Janar Robinson ya maye gurbinsa da brigade na Brig.Gen. Gabriel R. Paul.Rodes sannan ya ba da nasa birget guda biyu: Brig.Gens.Junius Daniel da Dodson Ramseur.Ramseur ya kai hari da farko, amma ƙungiyar Paul ta riƙe matsayi mai mahimmanci.Bulus ya sa harsashi ya tafi a cikin haikali ɗaya ya fita dayan, ya makantar da shi har abada (ya tsira daga raunin kuma ya rayu shekaru 20 bayan yaƙin).Kafin karshen wannan rana, an jikkata wasu kwamandoji uku na wannan birgediya.[29]Daniel's North Carolina brigade sannan yayi ƙoƙarin karya layin I Corps zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da Chambersburg Pike.Sun yi karo da tsayin daka daga Col. Roy Stone's Pennsylvania "Bucktail Brigade" a cikin yanki guda kusa da yanke titin jirgin kasa a matsayin yakin safiya.Mummunan fada daga karshe ya tsaya cak.[30]
Yaƙin Barlow's Knoll
Yana nuna faɗan a Barn Edward McPherson, 3.30 na yamma. ©Timothy J. Orr
1863 Jul 1 14:15 - Jul 1 16:00

Yaƙin Barlow's Knoll

Barlow Knoll, Gettysburg, PA,
Sashi na biyu na Richard Ewell, a ƙarƙashin Jubal Early, ya zarce hanyar Harrisburg, an tura shi cikin layin yaƙi brigades uku fadi, kusan mil a fadin (1,600m) kuma kusan rabin mil (800m) mafi faɗi fiye da layin tsaro na Union.Tun da wuri ya fara da babban bama-bamai.Daga nan ne aka umarci Brigade na Jojiya Brigadier-Janar John B. Gordon don kai hari na gaba da Barlow's Knoll, inda suka lakume masu tsaron baya, yayin da brigades na Birgediya-Janar Harry T. Hays da Kanar Isaac E. Avery suka zagaya gefen gefensu da ya fallasa.A lokaci guda kuma Georgians a ƙarƙashin Doles sun ƙaddamar da hari tare da Gordon.Masu kare Barlow's Knoll da Gordon ya yi niyya su ne maza 900 na brigade von Gilsa;a watan Mayu, biyu daga cikin rejistars sun kasance farkon hari na Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson na flanking harin a Chancellorsville.Maza na 54th da 68th New York sun yi tsayin daka idan za su iya, amma sun cika su.Sai 153rd Pennsylvania ta yi nasara.Barlow, yana ƙoƙarin tara sojojinsa, an harbe shi a gefe kuma aka kama shi.Brigade na biyu na Barlow, karkashin Ames, sun fuskanci hari daga Doles da Gordon.Duka Brigades na Union sun gudanar da koma baya na rashin tsaro zuwa kudanci.[38]Bangaren hagu na XI Corps ya kasance a hannun sashin Janar Schimmelfennig.An yi musu mumunar harbin bindiga daga batirin Rodes' da Early's, kuma yayin da suke aikewa da sojojin na Doles sun far musu.Dakarun Doles da na Farko sun sami damar kai farmaki a gefe inda suka birge birged uku na gawawwakin daga hannun dama, suka koma cikin rudani zuwa garin.Wani mummunan harin da 157th New York daga von Amsberg's brigade ya kewaye shi ta bangarori uku, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 307 (75%).[39]Janar Howard, wanda ya shaida wannan bala'i, ya aika da baturin bindigu da kuma wata rundunar sojojin ƙasa daga rundunar ajiyar von Steinwehr, ƙarƙashin Col. Charles Coster.Hays da Avery sun mamaye layin yaƙin Coster da ke arewacin garin a cikin bulo na Kuhn.Ya ba wa sojojin da suka koma baya, amma a farashi mai tsada: daga cikin mutane 800 na Coster, an kama 313, da kuma biyu daga cikin bindigogi hudu na baturi.[40]An kammala rugujewar rundunar ta XI da karfe 4 na yamma, bayan fadan da bai wuce awa daya ba.Sun sami raunuka 3,200 (1,400 daga cikinsu fursunoni), kusan rabin adadin da aka aika daga Dutsen Makabarta.Asarar da Gordon da Doles brigades suka yi sun kasance ƙasa da 750. [41]
Heth ya sabunta Harin sa
Arewacin Carolinians sun kori sojojin tarayya a ranar farko a Gettysburg.A gefen hagu mai nisa shine Yanke Titin Railway;a dama ita ce Makarantar Sakandare ta Lutheran.A baya shine Gettysburg. ©James Alexander Walker
1863 Jul 1 14:30

Heth ya sabunta Harin sa

McPherson Farm, Chambersburg R
Janar Lee ya isa filin daga da misalin karfe 2:30 na rana, yayin da mutanen Rodes ke tsaka da kai hari.Ganin cewa ana kai wani babban hari, sai ya ɗaga haninsa akan gamayya kuma ya ba Hill izini ya ci gaba da kai hare-hare daga safiya.Na farko a layi shine sashin Heth kuma, tare da sabbin brigades biyu: Pettigrew's North Carolinians da Col. John M. Brockenbrough's Virginians.[31]An tura Brigade na Pettigrew a cikin layin da ya wuce kudu da kasa wanda Brigade na Iron ke kare shi.Rufe gefen hagu na 19th Indiana, Pettigrew's North Carolinians, mafi girma brigade a cikin sojojin, ya kori Iron Brigade a wasu daga cikin mafi tsanani fada na yaki.An kori Brigade na Iron daga cikin dazuzzuka, an yi tazarar wucin gadi guda uku a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙasa zuwa gabas, amma sai da ta koma zuwa Makarantar Tauhidi ta Lutheran.Janar Meredith ya fadi da ciwon kai, ya kara muni lokacin da dokinsa ya fado masa.A gefen hagu na Brigade na Iron Brigade ne na Col. Chapman Biddle, yana kare filin budewa a kan McPherson Ridge, amma an yi waje da su kuma an lalata su.A hannun dama, Dutsen Bucktails, yana fuskantar yamma da arewa tare da Chambersburg Pike, Brockenbrough da Daniel sun kai hari.[32]La’asar ta yi tsanani sosai.North Carolina ta 26 (mafi girman rundunan sojoji tare da maza 839) sun yi hasara sosai, inda suka bar yaƙin ranar farko tare da kusan mutane 212.Kwamandansu Kanar Henry K. Burgwyn ya samu rauni sosai sakamakon harsashi da aka harba a kirjinsa.A karshen yakin na kwanaki uku, suna da mutane kusan 152 a tsaye, kashi mafi yawan wadanda aka kashe a yakin guda daya, Arewa ko Kudu.[33] Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Tarayyar, Michigan na 24, ya rasa 399 na 496. [34] Yana da masu launin launi tara da aka harbe, kuma kwamandansa, Col. Henry A. Morrow, ya ji rauni a kai kuma ya kama.151st Pennsylvania na Biddle's brigade ya rasa 337 na 467. [35]Mutumin da ya fi kowa hasara a wannan alkawari shine Gen. Heth, wanda harsashi ya same shi a kai.Da alama an cece shi ne saboda ya cusa tarkacen takarda a cikin wata sabuwar hula, wadda ba ta kai girman kai ba.[36 <] > Amma akwai sakamako guda biyu ga wannan leƙen kallo.Heth ya kasance a sume na sama da sa'o'i 24 kuma ba shi da wani ƙarin umarni a cikin yaƙin na kwanaki uku.Har ila yau, ya kasa yin kira ga bangaren Pender da su ci gaba da kara kaimi wajen kai hari.Pender ya kasance mai ban mamaki a wannan lokaci na yaƙin;dabi'un wani matashin janar a cikin sojojin Lee sun ga ya ci gaba da son ransa.Hill ya raba laifin rashin ba da umarnin gaba shi ma, amma ya yi ikirarin rashin lafiya.Tarihi ba zai iya sanin dalilan Pender ba;Kashegari ya ji rauni kuma bai bar wani rahoto ba.[37]
Rodes da Pender sun shiga
Rodes and Pender break through ©Dale Gallon
1863 Jul 1 16:00

Rodes da Pender sun shiga

Seminary Ridge, Gettysburg, PA
Asalin kuskuren harin da Rodes ya kai da karfe 2:00 ya tsaya, amma ya kaddamar da birgediyansa, karkashin Ramseur, a kan Paul's Brigade a cikin salient a kan titin Mummasburg, tare da Brigade Doles a gefen hagu na XI Corps.Brigade Daniel ya ci gaba da kai hari, yanzu zuwa gabas da Baxter akan Oak Ridge.Wannan karon Rodes ya fi samun nasara, galibi saboda Farko ya haɗa kai hari a gefen sa.[42]A yamma, sojojin Tarayyar sun koma Seminary kuma sun gina aikin nono mai sauri wanda ke gudana yadudduka 600 (550 m) arewa-kudu kafin fuskar yammacin Schmucker Hall, da bindigogi 20 na bataliyar Wainwright.Sashen Dorsey Pender na Hill's Corps ya shiga cikin gajiyayyu na mutanen Heth da misalin karfe 4:00 na yamma don gamawa da wadanda suka tsira daga I Corps.Brigade na Brig.Janar Alfred M. Scales ya fara kai hari a gefen arewa.Rundunarsa guda biyar na 1,400 North Carolinians an kusan halaka su a cikin ɗayan manyan bindigogi na yaƙin, suna adawa da cajin Pickett na zuwa, amma akan ma'auni mafi girma.Bindigogi 20 ne suka yi tazarar yadi 5 kacal (m4.6) baya ga harba harsasai masu girman gaske, bama-bamai, gwangwani, da kuma gwangwani biyu a cikin brigade da ke gabatowa, wadanda suka fito daga fadan da mutane 500 ne kawai suke tsaye da wani laftana daya.Scales ya rubuta bayan haka cewa ya sami "wasu tawaga kawai a nan kuma a can sun nuna wurin da runduna ta huta."[43]An ci gaba da kai harin a yankin kudu maso tsakiyar kasar, inda Kanar Abner M. Perrin ya umurci rundunarsa ta South Carolina brigade ( runduna guda hudu na maza 1,500) da su ci gaba da sauri ba tare da dakata da bude wuta ba.Perrin ya kasance a kan doki yana jagorantar mutanensa amma ta hanyar mu'ujiza ba a taɓa shi ba.Ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa wani wuri mai rauni a cikin ayyukan nono a hagu na Ƙungiyar, tazarar yadi 50 (46 m) tsakanin tsarin hannun hagu na Biddle, 121st Pennsylvania, da mahaya dawakai na Gamble, suna ƙoƙarin kiyaye gefen.Suka watse, suka lulluɓe layin Union suka mirgina shi zuwa arewa yayin da mutanen Scales suka ci gaba da lanƙwasa gefen dama.
Juyawar Tarayyar
Union Retreat ©Keith Rocco
1863 Jul 1 16:15

Juyawar Tarayyar

Gettysburg, PA, USA
Matsayin ƙungiyar ba shi da tabbas, kuma mutanen za su iya ganin XI Corps suna komawa daga yakin arewa, wanda yawancin ƙungiyoyin Confederates suka bi.Doubleday ya ba da umarnin janye gabas zuwa Dutsen Cemetery.[44] A gefen kudu, brigade na North Carolina na Brig.Janar James H. Lane ya ba da gudummawa kadan ga harin;ya shagaltu da yin arangama da sojojin dawakai a kan titin Hagerstown.Brig.Janar Edward L. Thomas na Jojiya Brigade ya kasance a ajiye da kyau a baya, ba Pender ko Hill suka kira su don taimakawa ko cin gajiyar ci gaban ba.[45]Sojojin kungiyar sun ja da baya a jihohi daban-daban na tsari.An ce brigades da ke Seminary Ridge suna tafiya da gangan kuma a hankali, suna ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu, duk da cewa ba a sanar da sojojin na Col. Wainwright umarnin ja da baya ba kuma suka sami kansu su kadai.Lokacin da Wainwright ya fahimci halin da yake ciki, sai ya umarci ma'aikatan bindigar da su janye a tafiya, ba ya so ya firgita sojojin kuma su fara cin zarafi.Yayin da matsin lamba ya karu, Wainwright ya umarci sauran bindigoginsa guda 17 su shiga titin Chambersburg, uku.[46] AP Hill ya kasa yin duk wani ajiyarsa don neman masu kare Seminary, babban damar da aka rasa.[47]
1863 Jul 1 16:19

Mai tsaron baya

The Railroad Cut, Gettysburg,
A kusa da yanke titin jirgin, Daniel's Brigade sun sake sake kai hari, kuma kusan sojojin kungiyar 500 sun mika wuya kuma aka kama su.Paul's Brigade, karkashin harin Ramseur, ya zama saniyar ware kuma Gen. Robinson ya umarce ta da ta janye.Ya umurci Maine na 16 ya rike matsayinsa "kowane farashi" a matsayin kare baya daga bin abokan gaba.Rundunar sojojin da Kanar Charles Tilden ya umarta, ta koma bangon dutsen da ke kan titin Mummasburg, kuma zafin wutar da suka yi ya ba da isasshen lokaci ga sauran sojojin su tsere, abin da suka yi, cikin rudani fiye da na makarantar Seminary.Maine na 16 ya fara ranar tare da mutane 298, amma a ƙarshen wannan aikin akwai kawai 35 da suka tsira.[48]
1863 Jul 1 16:20

Matsayin Coster

Brickyard Alley, Gettysburg, P
Ga XI Corps, abin tunawa ne mai ban tausayi na ja da baya a Chancellorsville a watan Mayu.A karkashin tsananin bin Hays da Avery, sun toshe titunan garin;Babu wanda a cikin tawagar da ya tsara hanyoyin da za a bi don wannan lamarin.An yi artabu da hannu da hannu a wurare daban-daban.Sassan gawarwakin sun gudanar da wani shiri na ja da baya, kamar tsayawar Coster a gidan bulo.Jama'a masu zaman kansu na Gettysburg sun firgita a cikin rudani, kuma harsashin bindigogi da suka fashe a sama da kuma tserewa 'yan gudun hijira sun kara dagula cunkoso.Wasu sojoji sun nemi kaucewa kama su ta hanyar fakewa a cikin ginshiki da kuma bayan gida da aka katange.Janar Alexander Schimmelfennig yana daya daga cikin irin wadannan mutanen da ya haura katanga ya boye a bayan wani itace a cikin lambun dafa abinci na dangin Garlach don sauran yakin na kwanaki uku.[49] Abinda kawai sojojin XI Corps suke da shi shine sun san hanyar zuwa Dutsen makabarta, sun bi ta wannan hanyar da safe;da yawa daga cikin I Corps, ciki har da manyan hafsoshi, ba su san inda makabarta take ba.[50]
Hancock a Cemetery Hill
Hancock at Cemetery Hill ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 1 16:40

Hancock a Cemetery Hill

East Cemetery Hill, Gettysburg
Yayin da sojojin Tarayyar suka hau Dutsen Cemetery, sun ci karo da Manjo Janar Winfield Scott Hancock da aka ƙaddara.Da tsakar rana, Janar Meade yana mil tara (kilomita 14) kudu da Gettysburg a Taneytown, Maryland, lokacin da ya ji an kashe Reynolds.Nan da nan ya aika Hancock, kwamandan II Corps da kuma wanda ya fi amincewa da shi, zuwa wurin tare da umarni da ya dauki umurnin filin kuma don sanin ko Gettysburg wuri ne da ya dace don babban yaki.(Tsarin asali na Meade ya kasance ga mutum layin tsaro akan Pipe Creek, ƴan mil mil kudu a Maryland. Amma babban yaƙin da ake yi yana yin wannan zaɓi mai wahala.) [51]Lokacin da Hancock ya isa Dutsen Cemetery, ya sadu da Howard kuma sun sami ɗan gajeren rashin jituwa game da umarnin Meade.A matsayinsa na babban jami'in, Howard ya ba da kansa kawai cikin ɓacin rai ga jagorancin Hancock.Ko da yake Hancock ya isa bayan karfe 4:00 na yamma kuma bai ba da umarnin wata ƙungiya a filin a wannan rana ba, ya karɓi iko da sojojin ƙungiyar da suka isa kan tudu kuma ya umarce su zuwa wuraren tsaro tare da "mummunan ƙazanta" (da kuma rashin kunya).Game da zabi na Gettysburg a matsayin fagen fama, Hancock ya gaya wa Howard "Ina ganin wannan matsayi mafi ƙarfi ta yanayi wanda zan yi yaƙin da na taɓa gani."Lokacin da Howard ya amince, Hancock ya kammala tattaunawar: "Madalla, yallabai, na zaɓi wannan a matsayin filin yaƙi."Brig.Janar Gouverneur K. Warren, babban injiniyan sojojin Potomac, ya duba ƙasa kuma ya yi yarjejeniya da Hancock.[52]
Lee ya danna Ewell
Lee presses Ewell on ©Dale Gallon
1863 Jul 1 17:00

Lee ya danna Ewell

Gettysburg Battlefield: Lee’s
Janar Lee ya kuma fahimci yuwuwar kariyar ga rundunar sojojin idan sun rike babban filin Cemetery Hill.Ya aika da umarni ga Ewell cewa "ya ɗauki tudun da abokan gaba suka mamaye, idan ya ga cewa yana iya aiki, amma don guje wa haɗuwa gabaɗaya har sai zuwan sauran sassan sojojin."Dangane da wannan hankali, kuma mai yuwuwa ya saba wa, oda, Ewell ya zaɓi kada ya yi ƙoƙarin kai harin.[53] Ɗaya daga cikin dalili da aka bayyana shi ne gajiyawar yaƙi da mutanensa suka yi a cikin yammacin yamma, ko da yake "Allegheny" Johnson's division na Ewell's Corps ya kasance cikin sa'a guda da isa filin daga.Wani kuma shi ne wahalar kai hari kan tsaunin ta ƴan ƴan ƴan ƴan titin Gettysburg nan da nan zuwa arewa.Ewell ya nemi taimako daga AP Hill, amma wannan janar din ya ji cewa gawarwakinsa sun yi yawa daga yakin ranar kuma Janar Lee bai so ya kawo sashin Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson daga ajiyar.Ewell ya yi la'akari da ɗaukar Culp's Hill, wanda zai sanya matsayin ƙungiyar a kan Dutsen Cemetery ba zai yuwu ba.Duk da haka, Jubal Early ya yi adawa da ra'ayin lokacin da aka ruwaito cewa sojojin Union (wataƙila Slocum's XII Corps) suna gabatowa a kan York Pike, kuma ya aika brigades na John B. Gordon da Brig.Janar William "Extra Billy" Smith don toshe wannan barazanar da ake gani;Tun da wuri aka bukaci jiran sashin Johnson ya dauki tudun.Bayan sashen Johnson ya isa ta Chambersburg Pike, ya zagaya zuwa gabashin garin don shirye-shiryen daukar tudu, amma wata karamar jam'iyyar leken asiri da aka aika a gaba ta ci karo da layin 7th Indiana Infantry, wanda ya bude wuta ya kama wani jami'in Confederate soja.Sauran Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun gudu kuma ƙoƙarin kama Culp's Hill a ranar 1 ga Yuli ya ƙare.[54]
Maraice
Chamberlain da 20th Maine Gettysburg, 1st Yuli 1863. ©Mort Kunstler
1863 Jul 1 18:00

Maraice

Gettysburg, PA, USA
Yawancin sauran rundunonin biyu sun zo da maraice ko washegari.Sashen Johnson ya shiga Ewell da Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson ya shiga Hill.Biyu daga cikin rukunoni uku na runduna ta farko, karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Janar James Longstreet, sun isa da safe.Sojojin dawaki uku da ke karkashin Manjo Janar JEB Stuart har yanzu ba su bar yankin ba, a wani samame da suka kai yankin arewa maso gabas.Janar Lee ya ji zafin asarar "ido da kunnuwa na Sojoji";Rashin Stuart ya ba da gudummawa ga fara yakin da aka yi a safiyar wannan rana kuma ya bar Lee ba shi da tabbas game da halin abokan gaba a yawancin Yuli 2. A gefen Ƙungiyar, Meade ya isa bayan tsakar dare.II Corps da III Corps sun dauki matsayi a kan Cemetery Ridge, kuma XII Corps da V Corps suna kusa da gabas.Rundunar VI kawai ta kasance mai nisa sosai daga fagen fama, tana tafiya cikin sauri don shiga cikin Sojojin Potomac.[55]Rana ta farko a Gettysburg-mafi mahimmanci fiye da kawai share fage ga kwanaki na biyu da na uku na jini - ya kasance a matsayin yaƙi mafi girma na 23 na yaƙi da yawan sojojin da aka yi.Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na sojojin Meade (maza 22,000) da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na sojojin Lee (27,000) sun shiga.[56] Ƙungiyoyin da aka kashe sun kusan 9,000;Haɗin kai kaɗan sama da 6,000.[57]
1863
Rana ta Biyuornament
Takaitacciyar Rana ta Biyu
Second Day Summary ©Mort Künstler
1863 Jul 2 00:01

Takaitacciyar Rana ta Biyu

Gettysburg, PA, USA
A cikin maraice na Yuli 1 da safe na Yuli 2, yawancin sauran sojojin da suka rage na sojojin biyu sun isa filin, ciki har da Union II, III, V, VI, da XII Corps.Biyu daga cikin sassan Longstreet suna kan hanya: Birgediya Janar George Pickett, ya fara tafiya mai nisan mil 22 (kilomita 35) daga Chambersburg, yayin da Brigadier Janar Evander M. Law ya fara tattaki daga Guilford.Dukansu sun isa da sassafe.Layin Tarayyar ya tashi daga Dutsen Culp's kudu maso gabas na garin, arewa maso yamma zuwa Dutsen Cemetery kusa da garin, sannan kudu kusan mil biyu (kilomita 3) tare da Cemetery Ridge, yana ƙarewa arewa da Little Round Top.[58] Yawancin sojojin XII suna kan Tudun Culp;ragowar I da XI Corps sun kare Hill Cemetery;II Corps sun rufe yawancin rabin arewacin makabarta Ridge;kuma an umurci rundunar ta III da ta dauki matsayi a gefenta.Siffar layin ƙungiyar an fi bayyana shi azaman “ƙugiyar kifi”.[59]Layin Confederate ya yi daidai da layin Union kusan mil ɗaya (1,600m) zuwa yamma akan Seminary Ridge, ya bi ta gabas ta cikin garin, sannan ya karkata kudu maso gabas zuwa wani batu da ke gaban Dutsen Culp.Don haka, sojojin Tarayyar suna da layin cikin gida, yayin da layin Confederate ya kai kusan mil biyar (kilomita 8).[60]Lee ya umurci manyan hafsoshinsa guda biyu, James Longstreet da Ewell, da su kai hari ga sojojin kungiyar a kan Culp's Hill.Amma Longstreet ya jinkirta, kuma yana kai hare-hare daga baya fiye da Ewell, yana ba wa sojojin Tarayyar lokaci don ƙarfafa matsayinsu.Manjo Janar Daniel Sickles na kungiyar ya ci gaba a gaban babban layin kuma aka kai masa hari.Bangarorin biyu sun shiga wani mummunan fada na yakin basasa , suna tabbatar da cewa wuraren Peach Orchard, Den Devil, the Wheatfield da Little Round Top sun shiga tarihi.Ewell ya kai hari ga sojojin kungiyar a Cemetery Hill da Culp's Hill, amma sojojin kungiyar sun rike matsayinsu.
Majalisar Tarayyar
Confederate Council ©Jones Brothers Publishing Co.
1863 Jul 2 06:00

Majalisar Tarayyar

Gettysburg Battlefield: Lee’s
Lee yana so ya kama babban filin kudu na Gettysburg, musamman Cemetery Hill, wanda ya mamaye garin, layin samar da Tarayyar Turai, da kuma hanyar zuwa Washington, DC, kuma ya yi imanin cewa kai hari kan hanyar Emmitsburg zai zama hanya mafi kyau.Ya bukaci hari da safe ta Longstreet's Corps, wanda Ewell ya ƙarfafa shi, wanda zai motsa Corps daga wurin da yake a yanzu a arewacin garin don shiga Longstreet.Ewell ya nuna rashin amincewa da wannan tsari, yana mai cewa mutanensa za su ji kunya idan aka tilasta musu ƙaura daga ƙasan da suka kama.[61] Kuma Longstreet ya nuna rashin amincewa da cewa sashinsa da John Bell Hood ya umarta ba su isa gaba daya ba (kuma sashin Pickett bai isa ba kwata-kwata).[62] Lee ya yi sulhu tare da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa.Ewell zai ci gaba da kasancewa a wurin kuma ya gudanar da zanga-zanga (ƙananan harin da aka kai hari) a kan Culp's Hill, tare da rataye gefen dama na masu kare Ƙungiyar don kada su ƙarfafa hagunsu, inda Longstreet zai kaddamar da harin farko da zaran ya shirya. .Za a juya zanga-zangar Ewell zuwa babban hari idan damar ta gabatar da kanta.[63]Lee ya umurci Longstreet da ya kaddamar da wani harin ba-zata tare da rukunoni biyu da ke tafe, da kuma jagorantar hanyar Emmitsburg.[64] Yankin Hood zai matsa zuwa gefen gabas na hanya, Lafayette McLaws's gefen yamma, kowane daidai da shi.Manufar ita ce su kai farmaki ga rundunar Sojin a wani harin bam, inda suka yi birgima a gefen hagu, tare da ruguza layin rundunar gawarwakin juna, tare da kwace tsaunin Makabarta.[65] Sashen na uku na Richard H. Anderson zai shiga harin a kan tsakiyar layin Union a Cemetery Ridge a lokacin da ya dace.Wannan shirin ya dogara ne akan kuskuren hankali saboda rashin JEB Stuart da mayaƙansa, ya bar Lee da rashin cikakkiyar fahimtar matsayin abokin gaba.Ya yi imanin cewa gefen hagu na sojojin Tarayyar yana kusa da hanyar Emmitsburg da ke rataye "a cikin iska" (ba tare da wani shinge na halitta ba), kuma wani balaguron safiya na safiya ya yi kama da tabbatar da hakan.[66] A zahiri, da wayewar watan Yuli 2 layin Union ya shimfiɗa tsayin Cemetery Ridge kuma ya kafa a gindin ƙaramin Zagaye Top.Shirin Lee ya ƙare daga tunaninsa, saboda layin Meade ya mamaye wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na titin Emmitsburg kusa da garin kansa.Duk wani sojan da ya kai hari kan hanyar zai tarar da gawarwakin kungiyar guda biyu gaba daya da bindigoginsu a likafa a kan rafin da ke gefen damansu na dama.Da tsakar rana, duk da haka, Union General Sickles zai canza duk wannan.[67]
Ƙaddamarwar Rana ta Biyu
Second Day Deployments ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 2 10:00

Ƙaddamarwar Rana ta Biyu

Gettysburg, PA, USA
Duk Sojojin Rebel na Arewacin Virginia sun isa Gettysburg sai mayaƙan Manjo Janar Jeb Stuart da kuma, daga ƙungiyar Longstree, sashin Major General George Pickett da Brigadier Janar Evander Law's brigade.Suna isowa da rana bayan sun yi tafiya cikin dare.
Sickles sake matsayi
Sickles ya yi gaba a gaban ma'aikatansa don duba layin gaban sa na barazanar III Corps a ƙarshen Peach Orchard salient.Ana iya ganin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa suna yin taro don kai hari daga gefen bishiyoyi daga nesa. ©Edwin Forbes
1863 Jul 2 15:30

Sickles sake matsayi

The Peach Orchard, Wheatfield
Lokacin da Sickles ya zo tare da III Corps, Janar Meade ya umarce shi ya dauki matsayi a kan Cemetery Ridge wanda ya haɗu da II Corps a damansa kuma ya kafa hagunsa a kan Ƙananan Zagaye Top.Tun da farko Sickles ya yi haka, amma bayan la'asar ya damu da wani yanki mai tsayi mai nisan mil 0.7 (mita 1,100) zuwa gabansa, wata gonakin peach mallakar dangin Sherfy.Babu shakka ya tuna da tashin hankali a Chancellorsville, inda aka yi amfani da babban filin (Hazel Grove) da aka tilasta masa ya daina yin amfani da shi azaman dandamalin manyan bindigogi na Confederate.Yin aiki ba tare da izini daga Meade ba, Sickles ya taka gawarwakinsa don mamaye gonar peach.Wannan yana da sakamako mara kyau guda biyu: matsayinsa a yanzu ya ɗauki nau'i mai mahimmanci, wanda za'a iya kaiwa hari daga bangarori da yawa;kuma an tilasta masa ya mamaye layukan da suka fi tsayin dakaru fiye da yadda rundunar sa ta biyu za ta iya karewa.Meade ya hau zuwa matsayi na III Corps kuma ya yi bayani cikin rashin haƙuri "General Sickles, wannan ƙasa ce ta tsaka tsaki, bindigoginmu suna ba da umarninsa, da kuma na abokan gaba.Dalilin da ya sa ba za ku iya riƙe shi ba ya shafe su.[68] Meade ya fusata game da wannan rashin biyayya, amma ya yi latti don yin wani abu game da shi - harin Confederate ya kusa.[69]
Harin Longstreet
Hood's Texans: Yaƙin Gettysburg, Yuli 2, 1863. ©Mark Maritato
1863 Jul 2 16:00

Harin Longstreet

Warfield Ridge Observation Tow
Harin Longstreet ya yi jinkiri, duk da haka, domin ya fara jira har zuwa ga rundunarsa ta ƙarshe (Evander M. Law's, Hood's division) ta isa, sa'an nan kuma aka tilasta masa ya yi tafiya a kan hanya mai tsawo, mai kewayawa wanda Rundunar Sojan Ƙasa ba za ta iya gani ba. Masu lura da siginar Corps akan Ƙananan Zagaye.Karfe 4 na yamma ne a lokacin da rukunonin nasa guda biyu suka kai ga tsallake-tsallake, sannan shi da janar dinsa suka yi mamakin ganin an dasa jami’an sojan na III a gabansu kan titin Emmitsburg.Hood ya yi gardama da Longstreet cewa wannan sabon yanayin yana buƙatar canji a cikin dabaru;ya so ya zagaya, kasa da baya, Round Top kuma ya bugi Rundunar Sojin a baya.Longstreet, duk da haka, ya ƙi yin la'akari da irin wannan gyara ga umarnin Lee.[70]Duk da haka, kuma wani bangare saboda wurin da Sickles ke da ba zato ba, harin Longstreet bai ci gaba ba bisa ga shirin Lee.Maimakon wheeling hagu don shiga cikin lokaci guda biyu na turawa a kowane gefen Emmitsburg Road, ƙungiyar Hood ta kai hari a cikin wani wuri mafi gabas fiye da yadda aka yi niyya, kuma ƙungiyoyin McLaws da Anderson sun tura brigade ta brigade, a cikin wani salon harin en echelon, kuma. ya nufi gabas fiye da yankin arewa maso gabas.[71]Harin Longstreet ya fara ne da wani bama-bamai na mintuna 30 da bindigogi 36 wanda ke azabtar da sojojin kungiyar a cikin Peach Orchard da sojoji da batura a kan Houck's Ridge.Rundunar Maj. Janar John Bell Hood da aka tura a Biesecker's Woods a kan Warfield Ridge (tsawon kudancin Seminary Ridge) a cikin layi biyu na brigades biyu kowanne: a gefen hagu, Brig.Janar Jerome B. Robertson na Texas Brigade (tsohuwar runduna ta Hood);gaba, Brig.Janar Evander M. Law;hagu na baya, Brig.Janar George T. Anderson;hannun dama, Brig.Janar Henry L. Benning.[72]
Harin Hood
Hood's Assault ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 2 16:01

Harin Hood

The Slyder Farm, Slyder Farm L
Da karfe 4:30 na yamma, Hood ya tsaya a cikin masu tayar da hankalinsa a gaban Brigade na Texas kuma ya yi ihu, "Gyara bayonets, Texans na jaruntaka! Gaba kuma ɗauka waɗannan tsayi!"Ba a san ko wane tsayin da yake nufi ba.Umarnin nasa shine ya haye titin Emmitsburg da dabaran hagu, yana tafiya arewa tare da gefen hagu yana jagora akan hanya.Wannan sabani ya zama matsala mai tsanani lokacin da, mintuna kaɗan a kan Layin Slyder, Hood ya fashe da wani harsashi da ya fashe a sama, ya raunata hannunsa na hagu sosai tare da fitar da shi daga aiki.Ƙungiyarsa ta yi gaba zuwa gabas, ba ta da ikon tsakiya.[73]Akwai dalilai guda hudu masu yiwuwa don karkatar da jagorancin sashin: na farko, rundunonin soja na III Corps sun kasance ba zato ba tsammani a yankin Iblis kuma za su yi barazana ga gefen dama na Hood idan ba a magance su ba;na biyu, gobara daga 2nd Sharpshooters na Amurka a gonar Slyder ta ja hankalin abubuwan gubar na Brigade na Law, suna ci gaba da bin su tare da jawo brigadensa zuwa dama;na uku, filin ya kasance m kuma raka'a a zahiri sun rasa jeri na fareti;a ƙarshe, babban ma'aikacin Hood, Janar Law, bai san cewa shi ne ke jagorantar rukunin ba, don haka ba zai iya sarrafa iko ba.[74]Ƙungiyoyin gubar biyu sun raba ci gaban nasu zuwa bangarori biyu, kodayake ba a kan iyakokin brigade ba.1st Texas da Arkansas na 3 na Brigade na Robertson da na 44th da 48th Alabama na Law's brigade sun nufi hanyar Den Iblis, yayin da Doka ta jagoranci sauran rundunonin guda biyar zuwa Filayen Zagaye.[75]
Gidan Shaidan
Devil's Den ©Keith Rocco
1863 Jul 2 16:15 - Jul 2 17:30

Gidan Shaidan

Devil's Den, Gettysburg Nation
Den Iblis yana a gefen hagu na layin III Corps, wanda manyan brigade (rajimanti shida da kamfanoni biyu na masu harbi, 2,200 maza duka) na Brigadier Janar JH Hobart Ward, a sashin Maj. Gen. David B. Birney ke kula da shi. .Arkansas na 3 da 1st Texas sun kori ta Rose Woods kuma suka buga layin Ward kai tsaye.Sojojinsa ba su da lokaci ko sha'awar kafa aikin nono, kuma sama da sa'a guda duka bangarorin biyu sun shiga wani fada na tashin hankali da ba a saba gani ba.A cikin mintuna 30 na farko, Indiana ta 20 ta rasa fiye da rabin mutanenta.An kashe Kanal din nata, John Wheeler, kuma Laftanar Kanar ya ji rauni.New York ta 86 kuma ta rasa kwamandanta.A halin yanzu, ƙungiyoyin biyu daga brigade na Law waɗanda suka rabu daga ginshiƙan da ke ci gaba da zuwa Round Tops sun tura Plum Run Valley kuma sun yi barazanar juya gefen Ward.Makasudin su shine Maine na 4 da 124th New York, suna kare batirin manyan bindigogi masu zaman kansu na 4 na New York wanda Kyaftin James Smith ya umarta, wanda wutarsa ​​ta haifar da cikas ga ci gaban Brigade na Law.Matsin lamba ya girma sosai wanda Ward ya buƙaci ya kira 99th Pennsylvania daga hannun damansa don ƙarfafa hagunsa.Kwamandan 124th New York, Colonel Augustus Van Horne Ellis, da manyansa, James Cromwell, sun yanke shawarar sake kai hari.Sun hau dawakansu duk da zanga-zangar da sojoji suka yi wadanda suka bukaci da su kara yin jagoranci cikin aminci da kafa.Maj. Cromwell ya ce, "Dole ne maza su gan mu a yau."Sun jagoranci cajin tsarin mulkin su na "Orange Blossoms" zuwa yamma, saukar da gangaren Houck's Ridge ta hanyar filin triangular da ke kewaye da ƙaramin shinge na dutse, suna aika 1st Texas reling baya 200 yards (180 m).Amma duka Kanar Ellis da Manjo Cromwell an harbe su ne yayin da Texans suka yi gangami tare da babban bam;kuma New Yorkers sun ja da baya zuwa farkon su, tare da tsira 100 kawai daga 283 da suka fara.Kamar yadda ƙarfafawa daga 99th Pennsylvania ya isa, Ward's brigade ya sake dawowa.[76]Tashin hankali na biyu na harin Hood shine brigades na Henry Benning da George "Tige" Anderson.Sun gano wani gibi a layin rabo na Birney: a hannun Ward, akwai tazara mai yawa kafin a fara brigade na Régis de Trobriand.Layin Anderson ya shiga cikin Trobriand da ratar da ke gefen kudu na Wheatfield.Ƙungiyar tsaro ta kasance mai tsanani, kuma Brigade na Anderson ya ja baya.Biyu na Benning's Confederate regiments, na 2nd da 17th Jojiya, sun koma Plum Run Valley kusa da gefen Ward.Sun sami wuta mai kisa daga 99th Pennsylvania da baturin Hazlett akan Little Round Top, amma sun ci gaba da turawa gaba.Batirin Capt. Smith na New York yana fuskantar matsananciyar matsin lamba daga bangarori uku, amma dakarun sojojin da ke mara masa baya sun yi ta fama da munanan raunuka kuma ba za su iya kare shi ba.Birney ya birkice don nemo abubuwan ƙarfafawa.Ya aika New York na 40 da 6th New Jersey daga Wheatfield zuwa Plum Run Valley don toshe hanyar zuwa gefen Ward.Sun yi karo da mutanen Benning da Law's a cikin dutse mai kauri, wanda wadanda suka tsira za su iya tunawa da shi a matsayin "Alkalamin Yanka".(Plum Run da kanta an san shi da "Run jini"; Plum Run Valley a matsayin "Kwarin Mutuwa") Col. Thomas W. Egan, wanda ke ba da umarnin New York na 40, Smith ya yi kira da ya kwato bindigoginsa.Maza na "Mozart" rajimanti sun shiga cikin 2nd da 17th Georgia regiments, tare da farko nasara.Yayin da layin Ward tare da Houck's Ridge ya ci gaba da rugujewa, matsayin da na 40 ya yi ya zama rashin ƙarfi.Duk da haka, Egan ya matsa da rundunarsa gaba, a cewar Col. Wesley Hodges na Jojiya na 17, ya kaddamar da hare-hare bakwai a kan wuraren da 'yan tawaye ke cikin manyan duwatsun Slaughter Pen da Devil's Den.Yayin da maza na 40th suka koma baya a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, 6th New Jersey ya rufe janyewar su kuma ya rasa kashi uku na mutanensa a cikin tsari.[77]Matsin lambar da ke kan birged Ward ya yi yawa a ƙarshe, kuma an tilasta masa ya yi kira da a ja da baya.Sashen Hood ya tabbatar da Den Iblis da kudancin yankin Houck's Ridge.Tsakiyar fadan ya koma arewa maso yamma, zuwa Rose Woods da Wheatfield, yayin da runduna biyar karkashin dokar Evander suka kai hari kan Little Round Top zuwa gabas.Mazajen Benning sun shafe sa'o'i 22 masu zuwa a kan Den Iblis, suna harbe-harbe a fadin kwarin Mutuwa a kan sojojin kungiyar da suka taru a kan Little Round Top.[78]
Warren yana ƙarfafa Little Round Top
Col. Joshua Chamberlain a Gettysburg, 2 ga Yuli, 1863. ©Mort Künstler
1863 Jul 2 16:20

Warren yana ƙarfafa Little Round Top

Little Round Top, Gettysburg N
Little Round Top ba ta sami kariya daga sojojin Union ba.Maj. Sickles, ya bijirewa umarnin Meade, ya matsar da gawarwakinsa 'yan yadi dari zuwa yamma zuwa Titin Emmitsburg da kuma Orchard na Peach.Lokacin da Meade ya gano wannan yanayin, ya aika da babban injiniyansa, Brig.Janar Gouverneur K. Warren, don ƙoƙarin magance halin da ake ciki a kudancin matsayin Sickles.Hawan Little Round Top, Warren ya sami ƙaramin tashar Sigina a wurin.Ya ga ƙyalli na bayonets a rana zuwa kudu maso yamma kuma ya gane cewa harin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiya ya kusa.Ya aika da jami'an ma'aikata cikin gaggawa, ciki har da Washington Roebling, don nemo taimako daga kowane yanki da ke kusa.[79]Amsar wannan bukatar taimako ta fito ne daga Maj. Gen. George Sykes, kwamandan kungiyar V Corps.Sykes ya aika da manzo da sauri don ya ba da umarni na 1st Division, wanda Brig.Janar James Barnes, zuwa Ƙananan Zagaye.Kafin manzo ya isa Barnes, ya ci karo da Col. Strong Vincent, kwamandan Brigade na 3, wanda ya kama wannan shiri kuma ya jagoranci rundunarsa guda hudu zuwa Little Round Top ba tare da jiran izini daga Barnes ba.Shi da Oliver W. Norton, bugler brigade, sun yi gaba don yin bincike da jagorantar rundunoninsa guda huɗu zuwa matsayi.[80]Bayan isowar Little Round Top, Vincent da Norton sun sami wuta daga batura masu haɗaka kusan nan da nan.A kan gangaren yamma, ya sanya Michigan na 16, sannan ya ci gaba da tafiya a kusa da agogo shine 44th New York, 83rd Pennsylvania, kuma a ƙarshe, a ƙarshen layin akan gangaren kudu, Maine na 20.Lokacin da ya isa minti goma kacal a gaban ƙungiyar Confederates, Vincent ya umarci brigadensa da su yi fake da jira, kuma ya umarci Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, kwamandan Maine na 20, ya rike mukaminsa, babban hagu na Sojan Potomac, kwata-kwata. halin kaka.Chamberlain da mutanensa 385 sun jira abin da zai zo.[81]
Yakin Ƙananan Zagaye Top
Gyara Bayonet ©Kieth Rocco
1863 Jul 2 16:30 - Jul 2 19:30

Yakin Ƙananan Zagaye Top

Little Round Top, Gettysburg N
Ƙungiyoyin da ke gabatowa sune Alabama Brigade na Rundunar Hood, wanda Brig.Janar Evander M. Law.Ana aikawa da 4th, 15th, da 47th Alabama, da 4th da 5th Texas zuwa Little Round Top, Dokar ta umarci mutanensa su dauki tudun.Mutanen sun gaji, bayan sun yi tafiya fiye da mil 20 (kilomita 32) a wannan rana don isa ga wannan matsayi.Ranar ta yi zafi, gidajen kantunansu babu kowa.Lokacin da yake kusa da layin Union a kan dutsen, ƙungiyar farko ta ƙungiyar ta kori mutanen Law kuma suka ja da baya don sake tarawa.Alabama na 15, wanda Col. William C. Oates ya umarta, ya sake komawa dama kuma yayi ƙoƙarin nemo gefen hagu na Ƙungiyar.[82]Bangaren hagu na Unioin ya ƙunshi jami'ai 386 da maza na 20th Maine rejist da 83rd Pennsylvania.Ganin yadda ƙungiyoyin Confederates ke motsawa a gefensa, Chamberlain ya fara shimfiɗa layinsa har zuwa inda mutanensa ke cikin layi guda ɗaya, sannan ya umarci rabin kudancin kudancin nasa da ya koma baya yayin da yake jin dadi bayan wani cajin Confederate.A can ne suka "ƙi layin" - sun kafa kusurwa zuwa babban layi a yunƙurin hana motsin haɗin gwiwa na Confederate.Duk da hasara mai yawa, Maine na 20 ya gudana ta hanyar tuhume-tuhume biyu na gaba ta 15th Alabama da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi na tsawon mintuna casa'in.[83]
McLaws&#39;s Assault
Rushewar layin Peach Orchard, 114th Pennsylvania, Sherfy farmhouse a bango, Gettysburg, 2 Yuli 1863. ©Bradley Schmehl
1863 Jul 2 17:00

McLaws's Assault

The Peach Orchard, Wheatfield
Shirin asali na Lee ya kira Hood da McLaws su kai farmaki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, amma Longstreet ya hana McLaws baya yayin da Hood ya ci gaba da kai hari.Da misalin karfe 5 na yamma, Longstreet ya ga cewa sashin Hood ya kai ga iyakarsa kuma abokan gaba na gaba sun shiga gaba.Ya umurci McLaws ya aika a cikin brigade na Kershaw, tare da Barksdale's don bi a gefen hagu, fara harin en echelon - brigade daya bayan daya a jere - wanda za a yi amfani da shi don sauran harin da yamma.McLaws ya ji haushin yadda Longstreet ke gudanar da ayyukan brigades.Waɗannan brigades sun shiga cikin wasu yaƙi mafi zubar da jini na yaƙi: Wheatfield da Peach Orchard.Colonel Byron Root Pierce's 3rd Michigan Regiment, wanda wani bangare ne na de Trobriand's brigade, ya tsunduma cikin sojojin Kershaw ta Kudu Carolinian a lokacin kare Peach Orchard.
Peach Orchard
Peach Orchard ©Bradley Schmehl
1863 Jul 2 17:01

Peach Orchard

The Peach Orchard, Wheatfield
Yayin da hannun dama na Kershaw's brigade ya kai hari a cikin Wheatfield, reshen hagu na hagu ya kai hari ga sojojin Pennsylvania a cikin brigade na Brig.Gen. Charles K. Graham, gefen dama na layin Birney, inda bindigogi 30 daga III Corps da Artillery Reserve suka yi ƙoƙarin riƙe sashin.Kudancin Carolinians sun kasance sun fuskanci wasan motsa jiki daga Peach Orchard da gwangwani daga duk layi.Ba zato ba tsammani wani wanda ba a san shi ba ya yi ihun ƙaryar umarni, kuma dakarun da ke kai hari sun juya zuwa dama, zuwa filin Wheatfield, wanda ya gabatar da gefen hagu ga batura.A halin yanzu, brigades biyu na hagu na McLaws - Barksdale's a gaba da Wofford's a baya - an caje su kai tsaye zuwa cikin Peach Orchard, ma'anar salient a layin Sickles.Janar Barksdale ne ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhumen bisa doki, dogayen gashi suna ta kwarara cikin iska, da takobi yana daga sama.Brig.Sashen Janar Andrew A. Humphreys yana da mazaje kusan 1,000 kawai don rufe yadi 500 (m460) daga Peach Orchard arewa tare da titin Emmitsburg zuwa layin da ke kaiwa gonar Abraham Trostle.Wasu na fuskantar kudu har yanzu, daga inda suke ta harbin birged na Kershaw, don haka an buge su a gefensu.Barksdale's 1,600 Mississippians sun yi tafiya a gefen hagu a gefen sashin Humphreys, suna rushe layin su, tsarin tsarin mulki.Brigade na Graham sun ja da baya zuwa ga Makabarta Ridge;Graham ya sa aka harbe dawakai biyu daga karkashinsa.Wani guntun harsashi ne ya same shi, da harsashi a saman jikinsa.Daga ƙarshe 21st Mississippi ya kama shi.Mutanen Wofford sun yi mu'amala da masu kare gonar.[87]Yayin da mutanen Barksdale suka matsa zuwa hedkwatar Sickles da ke kusa da Barn Trostle, Janar da ma'aikatansa sun fara matsawa zuwa baya, lokacin da ƙwallo ta kama Sickles a ƙafar dama.Aka dauke shi a shimfida, yana zaune yana huci tabarsa yana kokarin karfafa mutanensa.A wannan maraice an yanke kafarsa, kuma ya koma Washington, DC Janar Birney ya zama kwamandan rundunar ta III, wanda ba da dadewa ba ya zama rundunar yaki.[88]Zarge-zargen da ake zargin sojojin da ba a yi ba ya haifar da hatsari mai tsanani ga batir na bindigogi na Union a cikin gonar lambu da kuma kan titin Wheatfield, kuma an tilasta musu janyewa sakamakon matsin lamba.Napoleons shida na Capt. John Bigelow's 9th Massachusetts Light Artillery, a gefen hagu na layin, "mai ritaya ta hanyar tsawaitawa," dabarar da ba kasafai ake amfani da ita ba a cikin abin da aka yi amfani da bindigar a baya yayin da yake ci gaba da harbi da sauri, motsi ya taimaka ta hanyar sake dawowa da bindiga.A lokacin da suka isa gidan Trostle, an gaya musu cewa su riƙe matsayi don rufe ja da baya, amma daga bisani sojojin Mississippi na 21st suka mamaye su, suka kama uku daga cikin bindigogi.[89]
Filin Alkama Mai Jini
Zagayen Karshe. ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 2 17:02

Filin Alkama Mai Jini

Houck's Ridge, Gettysburg Nati
Haɗin farko a cikin Wheatfield shine ainihin na Brigade na Anderson (Hood's division) wanda ya kai hari ga 17th Maine na Trobriand's brigade, wani ɓarna daga harin Hood a kan Houck's Ridge.Ko da yake a cikin matsin lamba da kuma tare da maƙwabtan maƙwabta a kan Stony Hill na janyewa, Maine na 17 ya riƙe matsayinsa a bayan bangon dutse tare da taimakon baturin Winslow, kuma Anderson ya fadi baya.Da karfe 5:30 na yamma, lokacin da na farko na tsarin mulkin Kershaw ya kusa kusa da gidan gonar Rose, Brigades biyu na 1st Division, V Corps, a karkashin Brig.Janar James Barnes, na Cols.William S. Tilton da Yakubu B. Sweitzer.Mazajen Kershaw sun sanya matsin lamba a kan Maine na 17, amma ya ci gaba da rikewa.Don wasu dalilai, duk da haka, Barnes ya janye sashin ƙarfinsa na kusan yadi 300 (m270) zuwa arewa - ba tare da tuntuɓar mutanen Birney ba - zuwa wani sabon matsayi kusa da Titin Wheatfield.Trobriand da Maine na 17 dole ne su bi kwatancen, kuma Confederates sun kama Hill Hill kuma suka shiga cikin Wheatfield.Tun da yammacin wannan rana, yayin da Meade ya gane wautar motsin Sickles, ya umarci Hancock ya aika da rabo daga II Corps don ƙarfafa III Corps.Hancock ya aika da 1st Division karkashin Brig.Janar John C. Caldwell daga wurin ajiyarsa a bayan Cemetery Ridge.Ya isa da misalin karfe 6 na yamma da brigades uku, karkashin Col.Samuel K. Zook, Patrick Kelly (Brigade Irish), da Edward E. Cross sun ci gaba;Brigade na hudu, karkashin Col. John R. Brooke, yana cikin ajiyar.Zook da Kelly sun kori Confederates daga Stony Hill, kuma Cross ta share Wheatfield, ta tura mutanen Kershaw zuwa gefen Rose Woods.Dukansu Zook da Cross sun sami rauni sosai a yayin da suke jagorantar dakarunsu ta wadannan hare-hare, kamar yadda Confederate Semmes suka yi.Lokacin da mutanen Cross suka ƙare da harsashi, Caldwell ya umarci Brooke ya taimaka musu.A wannan lokacin, duk da haka, matsayi na Ƙungiyar a cikin Peach Orchard ya rushe (duba sashe na gaba), kuma harin Wofford ya ci gaba da tafiya a kan hanyar Wheatfield, ya dauki Stony Hill da kuma kaddamar da sojojin Union a cikin Wheatfield.Brigade na Brooke a Rose Woods dole ne ya ja da baya a wasu rikice-rikice.An aika da brigade na Sweitzer don jinkirta harin Confederate, kuma sun yi hakan yadda ya kamata a cikin mugunyar fada da hannu.Ƙarin dakarun ƙungiyar sun isa zuwa wannan lokacin.Rukuni na biyu na rundunar V, karkashin Brig.Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres, an san shi da "Rashin kai na yau da kullun" saboda biyu daga cikin brigades guda uku sun ƙunshi sojojin Amurka (sojojin na yau da kullun) gabaɗaya, ba masu aikin sa kai na jihohi ba.(Birged na masu sa kai, karkashin Brig. Gen. Stephen H. Weed, sun riga sun tsunduma a Little Round Top, don haka kawai brigades na soja na yau da kullum sun isa Wheatfield.) A ci gaba da suka wuce kwarin Mutuwa sun fuskanci mummunar wuta. daga masu kai hari a cikin Den Iblis.Yayin da masu zaman kansu suka ci gaba, ƙungiyoyin Confederates sun mamaye Dutsen Stony da kuma ta hanyar Rose Woods, suna karkatar da sabbin brigades.Ma'aikatan na yau da kullun sun koma baya ga amincin dangi na Little Round Top a cikin tsari mai kyau, duk da shan mummunan rauni da kuma bin Confederates.Wannan hari na ƙarshe na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarshe ya ci gaba da wucewa ta Houck's Ridge zuwa Kwarin Mutuwa da misalin karfe 7:30 na yamma Brigades na Anderson, Semmes, da Kershaw sun gaji daga sa'o'i na fama a lokacin rani kuma sun ci gaba da gabas tare da raka'a sun taru tare.Brigade na Wofford ya bi hagu tare da titin Wheatfield.Yayin da suka isa gefen arewa na Little Round Top, an ci karo da su da wani hari daga 3rd Division (Pensylvania Reserves) na V Corps, karkashin Brig.Janar Samuel W. Crawford.Brigade na Col. William McCandless, ciki har da wani kamfani daga yankin Gettysburg ne suka jagoranci kai harin tare da korar gajiyayyun Confederates da suka koma bayan Wheatfield zuwa Dutsen Stony.Da yake gane cewa sojojinsa sun yi nisa sosai kuma sun fallasa, Crawford ya ja brigade zuwa gabas na Wheatfield.Filin Wheatfield mai zubar da jini ya kasance shiru don sauran yakin.Amma ya yi wa mutanen da suka yi ciniki da-da-da-ba-da-bam rauni sosai.Ƙungiyoyin Confederates sun yi yaƙi da brigades shida a kan 13 (ƙananan ƙananan) brigades na tarayya, kuma daga cikin mutane 20,444 da suka shiga, kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari sun mutu.Wasu daga cikin wadanda suka jikkata sun yi rarrafe zuwa Plum Run amma sun kasa ketare ta.Ruwan ya yi ja da jininsu.
Harin Anderson
Anderson's Assault ©Mort Künstler
1863 Jul 2 18:00

Harin Anderson

Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, PA
Ragowar bangaren harin na en echelon shi ne alhakin Manjo Janar Richard H. Anderson na sashin AP Hill's Third Corps, kuma ya kai harin ne da misalin karfe 6 na yamma tare da birged biyar a layi.Brigades na Wilcox da Lang sun bugi gaba da gefen dama na layin Humphreys, suna lalata duk wata dama ga sashinsa don kiyaye matsayinsa a kan titin Emmitsburg da kuma kammala rugujewar Rundunar III.Humphrey ya nuna jarumtaka sosai a lokacin harin, inda ya jagoranci mutanensa daga dawakai tare da tilasta musu su kiyaye tsari mai kyau yayin janyewarsu.A kan Cemetery Ridge, Generals Meade da Hancock sun yi ta faman neman ƙarfafawa.Meade ya aika da kusan dukkanin sojojinsa (ciki har da yawancin XII Corps, waɗanda za a buƙaci dan lokaci a kan Culp's Hill) zuwa gefen hagunsa don magance harin Longstreet, yana barin tsakiyar layinsa mai rauni.Babu isassun sojoji a kan Cemetery Ridge da ƴan bindigu kaɗan, waɗanda aka taru daga ɓarna na Peach Orchard na Lt. Col. Freeman McGilvery.[90]Dogon tafiya daga Seminary Ridge ya bar wasu daga cikin rukunin Kudancin ba su da tsari, kuma kwamandojin su sun dakata na ɗan lokaci a Plum Run don sake tsarawa.Hancock ya jagoranci Brigade II Corps na Col. George L. Willard don ganawa da brigade na Barksdale yayin da yake tafiya zuwa ga tudu.Willard's New Yorkers sun kori Mississippians zuwa Emmitsburg Road.Yayin da Hancock ya hau arewa don neman ƙarin ƙarfafawa, sai ya ga ƙungiyar Wilcox ta kusa da gindin tudun, suna nufin samun tazara a layin Union.Lokaci yana da mahimmanci, kuma Hancock ya zaɓi sojojin da ke hannunsu, maza na 1st Minnesota, Harrow's Brigade, na 2nd Division na II Corps.An fara sanya su a can don su gadin Batirin Amurka.Ya nuna tutar Confederate a kan layin ci gaba kuma ya yi kira ga Col. William Colvill, "Ci gaba, Kanar, ka ɗauki waɗannan launuka!"Ma'aikatan 262 na Minnesota sun tuhumi brigade na Alabama tare da bayonets da aka gyara, kuma sun ɓata ci gaban su a Plum Run amma a farashi mai ban tsoro - 215 da aka kashe (82%), ciki har da mutuwar 40 ko raunukan mace-mace, daya daga cikin mafi girman asarar aiki guda daya na yakin. .Duk da yawan lambobin Confederate, ƙananan 1st Minnesota, tare da goyon bayan brigade na Willard a hagu, sun duba ci gaban Wilcox kuma Alabamians sun tilasta janyewa.[91]Brigade na uku a cikin layi, karkashin Ambrose Wright, ya murkushe runduna biyu da aka buga a kan titin Emmitsburg a arewacin gonar Codori, sun kama bindigogin batura biyu, kuma sun ci gaba zuwa wani rata a layin Union a kudu da Copse of Trees.Wright's Georgia brigade mai yiwuwa sun isa gaf da Cemetery Ridge da kuma bayan.Brigade na Carnot Posey sun sami ci gaba a hankali kuma ba su keta titin Emmitsburg ba, duk da zanga-zangar da Wright ya yi.Brigade na William Mahone ba tare da fayyace ba bai taɓa motsawa ba kwata-kwata.Janar Anderson ya aika da manzo da umarni zuwa Mahone ya ci gaba, amma Mahone ya ƙi.Wani ɓangare na laifin rashin nasarar harin Wright dole ne ya kwanta tare da Anderson, wanda ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci kaɗan wajen jagorantar ƙungiyarsa a yaƙi.[92]
Chamberlains&#39;Bayonet Charge
Chamberlain's Bayoneti Charge a Ƙananan Zagaye Top ©Mort Küntsler
1863 Jul 2 19:00

Chamberlains'Bayonet Charge

Little Round Top, Gettysburg N
Chamberlain (sanin cewa mutanensa ba su da harsashi, adadinsa yana raguwa, kuma mutanensa ba za su iya kawar da wani cajin Confederate ba) ya umarci mutanensa su ba da kayan bayonets da kuma kai hari.Ya umurci gefen hagunsa da aka ja baya, ya yi gaba a hanyar 'dama gaba'.Da zaran sun yi layi da sauran rundunonin, ragowar rundunar za su yi caji daidai da wata kofa suna murzawa.Wannan hari na gaba na lokaci guda da motsi na gefe ya dakatar da kama wani yanki mai kyau na 15th Alabama.[84] Yayin da Chamberlain ya ba da umarnin ci gaba, Laftanar Holman Melcher ba da gangan ba kuma ya rabu da umarnin Chamberlain ya fara cajin daga tsakiyar layin wanda ya kara taimakawa kokarin rejistan.[85] [86]
Dutsen Culp
Ohio Ashirin da Daya a Horseshoe Ridge. ©Keith Rocco
1863 Jul 2 19:00

Dutsen Culp

Culp's Hill, Culps Hill, Getty
Da misalin karfe 7 na yamma (19:00), yayin da faɗuwar rana ta fara faɗuwa, kuma hare-haren Confederate a kan ƙungiyar hagu da cibiyar suna raguwa, Ewell ya zaɓi ya fara babban harin sa.Ya aika da brigades uku (maza 4,700) daga sashin Manjo Janar Edward “Allegheny” Johnson zuwa tsallaka Rock Creek da kuma hauran tudun Culp na gabas.The Stonewall Brigade, karkashin Brig.An aike da Janar James A. Walker, da safiyar ranar don tantance bangaren hagu na Confederate zuwa gabashin Rock Creek.Kodayake Johnson ya umarci Walker ya shiga harin da yamma, bai iya yin haka ba yayin da Brigade na Stonewall ya barke tare da sojan doki na Union karkashin Brig.Janar David M. Gregg don sarrafa Brinkerhoff's Ridge.[93]A gefen dama na Confederate, Brigade na Jones na Virginians suna da wurin da ya fi wahala don hayewa, mafi girman yanki na Culp's Hill.Yayin da suke ta ratsa cikin dazuzzuka da hawa dutsen dutsen, sun gigice saboda ƙarfin aikin nono na Ƙungiya a kan kullun.New York ta 60 ta yi nasarar doke tuhume-tuhumen nasu da sauƙi, wanda ya sami raunuka kaɗan.Wadanda suka jikkata sun yi yawa, ciki har da Janar Jones, wanda ya ji rauni kuma ya bar filin wasa.A tsakiyar, Nicholls's Louisiana brigade suna da irin wannan kwarewa ga Jones.Maharan da gaske ba a iya ganinsu a cikin duhu sai dai a takaice lokacin da suka yi harbi, amma ayyukan tsaro na da ban sha'awa, kuma rundunonin sojan New York na 78 da 102 sun samu 'yan tsiraru a fadan da ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i hudu ana yi.[94]Rundunar Steuart na hagu sun mamaye aikin nono da babu kowa a kan ƙananan tudu kuma suka ji hanyarsu cikin duhu zuwa gefen dama na Greene.Masu tsaron Tarayyar sun jira a firgice, suna kallon yadda fitulun bindigogin Confederate ke kusantowa.Amma yayin da suke gabatowa, mutanen Greene sun ba da wuta mai bushewa.Tsarin mulki guda biyu a gefen hagu na Steuart, na 23 da na 10 na Virginia, sun zarce ayyukan 137th New York.Kamar fabled Maine 20th Maine na Kanar Joshua L. Chamberlain a kan Little Round Top da yammacin wannan rana, Col. David Ireland na New York na 137th ya sami kansa a kan iyakar iyakar sojojin Tarayyar, yana kare wani mummunan hari.A karkashin matsanancin matsin lamba, an tilasta wa 'yan New York su koma su mamaye wani rami mai zurfi wanda Greene ya ƙera yana fuskantar kudu.Da gaske sun tsaya tsayin daka kuma sun kare gefe, amma sun rasa kusan kashi uku na mutanensu wajen yin hakan.Saboda duhu da jaruntakar kare brigade na Greene, mazan Steuart ba su gane cewa kusan suna da damar isa ga babbar hanyar sadarwa ga rundunar sojojin, Baltimore Pike, kawai 600 yadi zuwa gabansu.Ireland da mutanensa sun hana babban bala'i daga fadawa sojojin Meade, ko da yake ba su taɓa samun tallan da abokan aikinsu daga Maine suka ji daɗi ba.[95]A lokacin zafafan fadan, karar yaki ta kai ga kwamandan rundunar II Corps Manjo Janar Winfield Scott Hancock a kan Cemetery Ridge, wanda nan da nan ya aika da karin dakarun ajiye kaya.Pennsylvania ta 71st ta shigar da karar don taimakawa New York ta 137 a hannun dama na Greene.[96]A lokacin da sauran XII Corps suka dawo a cikin daren wannan dare, sojojin da suka yi nasara sun mamaye wasu daga cikin layin tsaro na Tarayyar a kudu maso gabashin tudu, kusa da Spangler's Spring.Wannan ya haifar da rudani sosai yayin da sojojin kungiyar suka tuntube cikin duhu don gano sojojin abokan gaba a wuraren da suka bari.Janar Williams ba ya so ya ci gaba da wannan rikice-rikicen fada, don haka ya umarci mutanensa su mamaye filin da ke gaban dazuzzuka su jira hasken rana.Yayin da Brigade na Steuart ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai rauni a kan ƙananan tudu, sauran brigades guda biyu na Johnson an janye su daga tudu, kuma su jira hasken rana.Mutanen Geary sun dawo don ƙarfafa Greene.Bangarorin biyu sun shirya kai farmaki da asuba.[97]
Yaƙin Gabas Cemetery Hill
Yaƙin Gabas Cemetery Hill ©Keith Rocco
1863 Jul 2 19:30

Yaƙin Gabas Cemetery Hill

Memorial to Major General Oliv
Bayan da 'yan Confederates suka kai hari kan Dutsen Culp da misalin karfe 7 na yamma kuma da magariba ta fado da misalin karfe 7:30 na yamma, Ewell ya aika da brigades guda biyu daga bangaren Jubal A. Farko a kan tudun makabartar Gabas daga gabas, kuma ya sanar da rabon Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes don shirya harin da ya biyo baya a kan Dutsen Cemetery daidai daga arewa maso yamma.Brigades biyu daga rukunin Early Brig.Janar Harry T. Hays: nasa na Louisiana Tigers Brigade da Hoke's Brigade, na karshen da Colonel Isaac E. Avery ya umarta.Sun tashi daga layi mai layi daya zuwa Winebrenner's Run kudu maso gabas na garin.Hays ya umurci tsarin mulki guda biyar na Louisiana, wanda tare ya kasance kusan jami'ai 1,200 da maza.Rundunar 2 Union brigades na 650 da 500 jami'ai da maza.Brigade Harris ya kasance a wani ɗan ƙaramin bangon dutse a arewacin ƙarshen tsaunin kuma an nannade shi a gindin tsaunin zuwa Brickyard Lane (yanzu Wainwright Av).Rundunar Von Gilsa ta warwatse a kan titin da kuma kan tudu.Runduna biyu, New York na 41 da Massachusetts ta 33, an jibge su a yankin Culp's Meadow bayan Brickyard Lane a cikin tsammanin harin da sashin Johnson ya kai.Daga yamma a kan tsaunin akwai ƙungiyoyin Maj. Gen.Adolph von Steinwehr da Carl Schurz.Kanar Charles S. Wainwright, wanda aka fi sani da I Corps, ya ba da umarnin batura masu bindigu a kan tudu da kuma kan Steven's Knoll.Wurin tudu mai tsayi na tudun makabartar Gabas ya sa wuta ta yi wuyar kai hari kan sojoji saboda gangunan bindigar ba za su iya gajiya sosai ba, amma sun yi iya kokarinsu da gwangwani da gobara biyu.[98]Kai hari tare da 'yan tawaye sun yi ihu a kan tsarin mulkin Ohio da 17th Connecticut a tsakiya, sojojin Hays sun ɗaure kan rata a cikin layin Union a bangon dutse.Ta wasu wurare masu rauni wasu Ƙungiyoyin sun kai ga batura a saman dutsen wasu kuma sun yi yaƙi cikin duhu tare da sauran rundunonin ƙungiyar 4 da suka rage a kan layi a bangon dutse.Rundunar 58th da 119th New York regiments na Krzyżanowski's brigade sun ƙarfafa batir Wiedrich daga West Cemetery Hill, kamar yadda wani II Corps brigade karkashin Col. Samuel S. Carroll daga Cemetery Ridge ya isa cikin duhu sau biyu a kan gangaren kudu ta tudun ta hanyar Evergreen Cemetery kamar yadda An fara kai hare-hare na Confederate.Mutanen Carroll sun tabbatar da batirin Ricketts kuma suka share 'yan Arewacin Carolin a kan tudu kuma Krzyżanowski ya jagoranci mutanensa su kwashe maharan Louisiana a kan tudu har sai da suka isa tushe kuma "sun yi kasa" don bindigogin Wiedrich don harba gwangwani a cikin 'yan tawaye.[99]Brig.Janar Dodson Ramseur, babban kwamandan brigade, ya ga rashin amfanin wani hari da aka kai da daddare kan sojojin Tarayyar da ke samun goyon bayan manyan bindigogi a layi biyu a bayan bangon dutse.Ewell ya umarci Brig.Janar James H. Lane, wanda ke jagorantar sashin Pender, don kai hari idan "an sami dama mai kyau", amma lokacin da aka sanar da harin Ewell ya fara kuma Ewell yana neman haɗin kai a harin mara kyau, Lane ya mayar da martani ba tare da amsa ba.
Majalisar Yaki
Meade da janararsa a majalisar yaki. ©Don Stivers
1863 Jul 2 22:30

Majalisar Yaki

Leister Farm, Meade's Headquar
Filin yakin ya yi tsit da misalin karfe 10:30 na dare, sai dai kukan wadanda suka jikkata da wadanda suka mutu.Meade ya yanke shawararsa a daren wannan rana a cikin majalisar yaki da ta hada da manyan hafsoshinsa da kwamandojin runduna.Jami’an da suka hallara sun amince da cewa, duk da dukan da sojojin suka yi, yana da kyau sojojin su ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin da suke a yanzu, kuma su jira harin makiya, duk da cewa an samu rashin jituwa kan tsawon lokacin da za a jira idan Lee ya zabi kada ya kai hari.Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa Meade ya riga ya yanke shawarar wannan batu kuma yana amfani da taron ba a matsayin majalisar yaki ba, amma a matsayin hanyar cimma matsaya tsakanin jami'an da ya ba da umarnin kasa da mako guda.Yayin da taron ya watse, Meade ya ware Brig.Janar John Gibbon, wanda ke jagorantar rundunar II Corps, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa, "Idan Lee ya kai hari gobe, zai kasance a gabanku .... ya kai hare-hare a kan bangarorin mu biyu kuma ya kasa kuma idan ya kammala gwada shi kuma." zai kasance a tsakiyar mu."[100]An sami ƙarancin amincewa a hedkwatar Confederate a wannan dare.Sojojin sun sha kashi sosai ta hanyar rashin fatattakar abokan gabansu.Wani jami'in ma'aikaci ya bayyana cewa Lee "ba ya cikin raha game da zubar da tsare-tsarensa da umarninsa."Shekaru daga baya, Longstreet zai rubuta cewa sojojinsa a rana ta biyu sun yi "mafi kyawun yakin sa'o'i uku da kowane sojoji suka yi a kowane filin yaki."[101 <] > A wannan daren ya ci gaba da ba da shawarwari ga ƙungiyoyin dabarun yaƙi a gefen hagu na ƙungiyar, amma Lee ba zai ji ko ɗaya ba.A daren Yuli 2, duk sauran abubuwan da suka rage na runduna biyu sun isa: Sojoji na Stuart da Pickett na Confederates da John Sedgwick's Union VI Corps.An shirya matakin ne domin koli na zubar da jini na yakin kwanaki uku.
1863
Rana ta Ukuornament
Takaitaccen Takaitaccen Rana Na Uku
Fushi a bango ©Dan Nance
1863 Jul 3 00:01

Takaitaccen Takaitaccen Rana Na Uku

Gettysburg, PA, USA
A farkon sa'o'i na 3 ga Yuli, Sojojin Tarayyar a cikin Rundunar Sojoji na Goma sha biyu sun yi nasarar dakile wani hari na Confederate a kan Culp's Hill bayan yakin sa'o'i bakwai, kuma sun sake kafa katangarsu.Duk da imanin cewa mutanensa suna gab da samun nasara a ranar da ta gabata, Janar Lee ya yanke shawarar ba da umarnin kai hari a cibiyar kungiyar a Cemetery Ridge.Ya aika da runduna guda uku, kafin daga bisani wani makami mai linzami ya kai hari, domin kai farmaki ga dakarun sojojin da aka tona a kusan mil uku cikin hudu.Harin wanda kuma aka fi sani da "Pickett's Charge," George Pickett ne ya jagoranta kuma ya hada da sojoji kasa da 15,000.Kodayake Janar Longstreet ya nuna rashin amincewarsa, Janar Lee ya kuduri aniyar ci gaba da kai harin.Da misalin karfe 3 na yamma, bayan wani bama-bamai daga wasu bindigogi kimanin 150 na 'yan tawaye, an kai harin.Rundunar 'yan sandan tarayya ta bude wuta a kan sojojin da ke ci gaba da kasancewa a bayan bangon dutse, yayin da dakarun daga Vermont, New York, da Ohio suka kai hari ga bangarorin biyu na sojojin Confederate.Ƙungiyoyin Confederates sun makale kuma sun yi hasara mai yawa;kusan rabinsu ne suka tsira, kuma sashin Pickett ya rasa kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanensa.Wadanda suka tsira sun koma matsayinsu na farko, yayin da Lee da Longstreet suka yunkura don karfafa layin tsaronsu bayan cin nasarar da suka samu.
Sabon Fada a Tudun Culp
Renewed Fighting at Culp’s Hill ©State Museum of Pennsylvania
1863 Jul 3 04:00 - Jul 3 11:00

Sabon Fada a Tudun Culp

Culp's Hill, Culps Hill, Getty
Ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1863, shirin Janar Lee shine sabunta hare-harensa ta hanyar daidaita aikin a kan Culp's Hill tare da wani harin Longstreet da AP Hill a kan Cemetery Ridge.Longstreet bai kasance a shirye don harin farko ba, kuma sojojin Union a Culp's Hill ba su saukar da Lee ta jira ba.Da gari ya waye, batura biyar na Union sun bude wuta kan brigade na Steuart a wuraren da suka kama tare da ajiye su na tsawon mintuna 30 kafin harin da wasu brigades biyu na Geary suka shirya.Duk da haka, Confederates sun doke su da naushi.An ci gaba da gwabza fada har zuwa da sanyin safiya kuma ya kunshi hare-hare uku da mutanen Johnson suka kai, kowannen su ya ci tura.Hare-haren sun kasance a matsayin maimaituwa na wadanda suka gabata a maraicen baya, ko da yake da rana.[102]Tun da yaƙin ya tsaya a daren jiya, an ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin XI Corps da ƙarin sojoji daga I Corps da VI Corps.Ewell ya ƙarfafa Johnson tare da ƙarin brigades daga sashin Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes, ƙarƙashin Brig.Gens.Junius Daniel da William "Extra Billy" Smith da Col. Edward A. O'Neal.Waɗannan ƙarin dakarun ba su isa su yi tir da ƙaƙƙarfan wuraren tsaro na ƙungiyar ba.Greene ya sake maimaita dabarar da ya yi amfani da ita a yammacin da ta gabata: yana jujjuya tsarin mulki a ciki da wajen aikin nono yayin da suke sake lodawa, yana ba su damar ci gaba da yawan wuta.[103]A karshe na hare-haren na Confederate guda uku, da misalin karfe 10 na safe (10:00), Walker's Stonewall Brigade da Daniel's North Carolina brigade sun kai hari Greene daga gabas, yayin da Brigade na Steuart ya wuce filin budewa zuwa babban tudu a kan brigades na Candy kuma. Kane, wanda ba shi da fa'idar aikin nono mai ƙarfi don yin yaƙi a baya.Duk da haka, duka hare-haren biyu sun yi nasara da mugun asara.Hare-haren da aka kai kan tuddai sun sake zama ba su da amfani, kuma amfani da manyan bindigogi a filayen bude ido zuwa kudu ya haifar da bambanci a can.[104]Ƙarshen faɗan ya zo da tsakar rana, tare da wani hari marar amfani da wasu rundunonin soja biyu suka kai a kusa da Spangler's Spring.Janar Slocum, yana kallo daga Dutsen Powers mai nisa, yana gaskanta cewa Ƙungiyoyin Confederates suna raguwa, ya umarci Ruger ya sake kama ayyukan da suka kama.Ruger ya ba da umarnin ga Silas Colgrove's brigade, kuma an fassara shi da nufin kai hari kai tsaye a kan matsayi na Confederate.Rukunin biyu da aka zaɓa don harin, na 2nd Massachusetts da 27th Indiana, sun ƙunshi jimlar maza 650 a kan ƙungiyoyin 1,000 a bayan ayyukan tare da kusan yadi 100 (mita 100) na fili a gaba.Lokacin da Laftanar Kanal Charles Mudge na Massachusetts na 2 ya ji odar, sai ya dage cewa jami'in ya maimaita: "To, kisan kai ne, amma tsari ne."Sojojin biyu sun kai hari a jere tare da mutanen Massachusetts a gaba, kuma an kore su duka da mummunan asara: 43% na sojojin Massachusetts, 32% na Hoosiers.Janar Ruger ya yi magana game da umarnin da ba a fahimta ba a matsayin "daya daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da kyau da za su faru a cikin tashin hankali na yaki".[105]
Yakin Filin Sojojin Gabas
East Cavalry Field Battle ©Don Troiani
1863 Jul 3 13:00

Yakin Filin Sojojin Gabas

East Cavalry Field, Cavalry Fi
Da misalin karfe 11:00 na safiyar ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, Stuart ya isa Cress Ridge, kusa da yankin da ake kira East Cavalry Field a yanzu, kuma ya nuna wa Lee cewa yana nan a matsayi ta hanyar ba da umarnin harba bindigogi guda hudu, daya a kowane bangare na kamfas.Wannan kuskure ne na wauta domin shi ma ya faɗakar da Gregg zuwan sa.An sanya brigades na McIntosh da Custer don toshe Stuart.Yayin da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin suka zo, Gregg ya sa su da makamai masu linzami da kuma kwarewa mafi kyau na mayaƙan doki na Tarayyar Turai sun sami mafi kyawun bindigogi na Stuart.[114]Shirin Stuart ya kasance ya sanya McIntosh's da Custer's skirmishers a kusa da gonar Rummel da kuma karkatar da Cress Ridge, a gefen hagu na masu kare, amma layin skirmish na Tarayya ya ja da baya;Sojojin daga 5th Michigan Cavalry suna dauke da makamai da Spencer da ke maimaita bindigogi, suna ninka wutar lantarki.Stuart ya yanke shawara akan cajin sojan doki kai tsaye don karya juriyarsu.Ya ba da umarnin kai hari ta 1st Virginia Cavalry, tsohon rejistar nasa, yanzu a cikin brigade na Fitz Lee.An fara gwabza kazamin fadan ne da misalin karfe 1:00 na rana, a daidai lokacin da aka bude wani barikin makami mai linzami na Col. Edward Porter Alexander a kan Cemetery Ridge.Sojojin Fitz Lee sun zo suna ta kwarara cikin gonar John Rummel, suna warwatsa layin skirmish na Union.[115]Gregg ya umarci Custer ya sake kai hari tare da Michigan na 7.Custer da kansa ya jagoranci rundunar, yana ihu "Ku zo, ku Wolverines!".Guguwar mahayan dawakai ne suka yi karo da juna a fusace a kan layin shingen da ke gonar Rummel.Maza ɗari bakwai sun yi yaƙi a kan shingen da ba kowa a cikin shingen tare da carbi, bindigu da saber.An harbi dokin Custer daga ƙarƙashinsa, kuma ya umarci dokin bugler.Daga ƙarshe dai mutanen Custer sun taru don karya shingen, kuma suka sa 'yan Virginia suka ja da baya.Stuart ya aika da ƙarfafawa daga dukkanin brigades guda uku: 9th da 13th Virginia (Chambliss'Brigade), 1st North Carolina da Jeff Davis Legion (Hampton's) da squadrons daga 2nd Virginia (Lee's).Yunkurin Custer ya karye, kuma Michigan ta 7 ta faɗo a cikin rashin tsaro.[116]Stuart ya sake gwadawa don samun nasara ta hanyar aika mafi yawan sojojin Wade Hampton, yana haɓaka haɓakawa daga tafiya zuwa gallop, sabers suna walƙiya, suna kiran "gurgin sha'awa" daga burin ƙungiyar su.Ƙungiyoyin batura na sojan doki sun yi ƙoƙari su toshe ci gaba tare da harsashi da gwangwani, amma Confederates sun yi sauri da sauri kuma sun sami damar cika ga mutanen da suka ɓace, suna ci gaba da ci gaba.Yayin da mahayan dawakan ke fama da matsananciyar yunwa a tsakiya, McIntosh da kansa ya jagoranci tawagarsa a kan gefen dama na Hampton yayin da 3rd Pennsylvania karkashin Kyaftin William E. Miller da 1st New Jersey suka bugi Hampton ta hagu daga arewacin gidan Lott.Hampton ya sami mummunan rauni a kai;Custer ya rasa dokinsa na biyu na ranar.An kai hari daga bangarori uku, Confederates sun janye.Sojojin kungiyar ba su da wani sharadi su bi bayan gidan gonar Rummel.[117]Asarar da aka yi daga mintuna 40 mai tsanani na fada a filin Cavalry na Gabas sun kasance ƙananan ƙananan: 254 Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai - 219 daga cikinsu daga Custer's brigade - da 181 Confederate.Ko da yake ba a gama da dabara ba, yaƙin ya kasance hasarar dabara ce ga Stuart da Robert E. Lee, waɗanda shirinsu na tuƙi cikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ya ci tura.[118]
Bama-bamai Mafi Girma na Yaki
Tsawa a Dawn Painting. ©Mark Maritato
1863 Jul 3 13:00 - Jul 3 15:00

Bama-bamai Mafi Girma na Yaki

Seminary Ridge, Gettysburg Nat
daga 150 zuwa 170 bindigogi na Confederate sun fara tashin bama-bamai na manyan bindigogi wanda watakila shi ne mafi girma a yakin.Domin a ceci alburusai masu kima ga harin da sojojin da suka san zai biyo baya, Sojojin Potomac karkashin jagorancin Birgediya Janar Henry Jackson Hunt, da farko ba su mayar da wutar da abokan gaba suka yi ba.Bayan jira kamar mintuna 15, wasu maharba kusan 80 na Union sun bude wuta.Sojojin Arewacin Virginia sun kasance masu rauni sosai akan harsashin bindiga, kuma cannonade bai yi tasiri sosai kan matsayin kungiyar ba.
Farashin Pickett
Farashin Pickett. ©Keith Rocco
1863 Jul 3 15:00 - Jul 3 16:00

Farashin Pickett

Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, PA
Da misalin karfe 3 na yamma, [106] wutar bindigar ta lafa, kuma tsakanin sojojin Kudu 10,500 zuwa 12,500 suka tako daga kan tudu, suka wuce kaso uku na mil (1,200m) zuwa Cemetery Ridge.[107] Sunan da ya fi dacewa da cajin shine "Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Charge" bayan kwamandojin sassan uku da suka shiga cikin cajin, amma rawar Pickett's division ya haifar da harin gaba ɗaya da ake kira " Pickett's Charge".[108] Yayin da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi ) suka yi suna gabatowa, an yi tashin wuta mai tsanani daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya a kan Dutsen Cemetery da Little Round Top area, [109] da musket da gwangwani daga Hancock's II Corps.[110] A cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar, kwamandan manyan bindigogi ya yi wuta a lokacin tashin bam din Confederate (domin ya cece shi ga hare-haren da aka kai, wanda Meade ya yi annabci daidai a ranar da ta gabata), wanda ya jagoranci kwamandojin Kudancin don yin imani da batura na Arewa. an fitar da shi.Duk da haka, sun bude wuta kan sojojin na Confederate a lokacin da suke tunkarar su tare da mummunan sakamako.[111]Duk da cewa layin Union din ya yi kaushi ya karye na dan wani lokaci a wani tseren da ake kira "Angle" a wani katangar dutse mai karamin karfi, a arewacin wani facin ciyayi da ake kira Copse of Trees, sai karin karfin gwiwa suka shiga cikin wannan rikici, sannan aka dakile harin na Confederate.Ci gaba mafi nisa, ta Brigadier General Lewis A. Armistead's brigade na Pickett's division a Angle, ana kiransa "tabbacin ruwa mai girma na Confederacy".[112 [112]]] Sojojin Ƙungiya da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun kulle a hannun hannu da hannu, suna kai hari da bindigogi, bayonets, duwatsu har ma da hannayensu.Armistead ya umarci Ƙungiyoyin sa su juya bindigogi guda biyu da aka kama a kan sojojin Tarayyar, amma ya gano cewa babu wani harsasai da ya rage, an yi amfani da harbe-harbe na biyu na karshe a kan cajin Confederates.An ji wa Armistead rauni jim kadan bayan haka.Kusan rabin maharan Confederate ba su koma kan nasu layukan ba.[113] Ƙungiyar Pickett ta rasa kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanenta, kuma an kashe ko kuma jikkata dukkan brigadiers uku.[111]
1863 Jul 3 17:00

Yakin Filin Sojan Kudu

Big Round Top, Cumberland Town
Bayan jin labarin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu kan zargin Pickett, Brigadier Janar Judson Kilpatrick ya kaddamar da harin dawakai a kan sojojin Longstreet's Corps a kudu maso yammacin Big Round Top.Ƙasar ta kasance da wahala ga wani hari da aka ɗaure saboda yana da ƙaƙƙarfa, da katako mai yawa, kuma yana ɗauke da manyan duwatsu - kuma mutanen Longstreet sun kasance masu ƙarfi tare da taimakon bindigogi.[119] Birgediya Janar Elon J. Farnsworth ya nuna rashin amincewa da rashin amfanin irin wannan matakin, amma ya bi umarni.An kashe Farnsworth a kashi na hudu cikin biyar na hare-haren da ba a yi nasara ba, kuma rundunarsa ta yi asara mai yawa.[120] Ko da yake Kilpatrick aƙalla shugaban ƙungiyar ɗaya ya bayyana shi a matsayin "jajirtacce, ɗan kasuwa, da kuzari", al'amura irin su tuhumar Farnsworth sun ba shi laƙabi na "Kill Doki".[121]
Lee ja da baya
Lee retreats ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1863 Jul 4 18:00

Lee ja da baya

Cashtown, PA, USA
A safiyar ranar 4 ga Yuli, tare da sojojin Lee har yanzu suna nan, Meade ya umarci sojojin dawakinsa su kai ga bayan sojojin Lee.[122 <>] A cikin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, sojojin sun yi wa juna ido a kan filayen da ake zubar da jini, a rana guda, mai nisan mil 900 (kilomita 1,400), garrison Vicksburg ya mika wuya ga Manjo Janar Ulysses S. Grant.Lee ya sake fasalin layinsa zuwa matsayin tsaro a Seminary Ridge a daren 3 ga Yuli, yana ƙaura daga garin Gettysburg.Ƙungiyoyin Confederates sun kasance a gefen yammacin fagen fama, suna fatan Meade zai kai hari, amma kwamandan kungiyar mai kula da hankali ya yanke shawara game da hadarin, yanke shawara wanda za a soki shi daga baya.Sojojin biyu sun fara tattara ragowar wadanda suka jikkata tare da binne wasu da suka mutu.Meade ya ki amincewa da shawarar da Lee ta yi na musayar fursunoni.[123]Da yamma da ruwan sama, Lee ya fara matsar da sashin da ba sa fada a cikin sojojinsa zuwa Virginia.Sojojin dawakai karkashin Birgediya Janar John D. Imboden an ba su amanar raka jirgin katanga mai tsawon mil goma sha bakwai na kayayyaki da mutanen da suka jikkata, ta hanyar amfani da doguwar hanya ta Cashtown da Greencastle zuwa Williamsport, Maryland.Bayan faɗuwar rana, sashin yaƙi na sojojin Lee ya fara ja da baya zuwa Virginia ta amfani da hanyar da ta fi kai tsaye (amma mafi tsaunuka) wacce ta fara kan hanyar zuwa Fairfield.[124 <] > Ko da yake Lee ya san ainihin abin da ya kamata ya yi, amma yanayin Meade ya bambanta.Meade ya buƙaci ya kasance a Gettysburg har sai ya tabbata Lee ya tafi.Idan Meade ya bar farko, zai yiwu ya bar budewa ga Lee don zuwa Washington ko Baltimore.Bugu da kari, sojojin da suka fara barin fagen daga, ana daukarsu a matsayin runduna da aka sha kashi.[125]
1863 Nov 19

Epilogue

Gettysburg, PA, USA
Sojojin biyu sun sha wahala tsakanin 46,000 zuwa 51,000 wadanda suka jikkata.Wadanda aka kashe na kungiyar sun kasance 23,055 (an kashe 3,155, 14,531 suka ji rauni, 5,369 kama ko bacewarsu), [126] yayin da rikice-rikicen Confederate ya fi wuya a kimanta.Wadanda suka jikkata na bangarorin biyu na yakin na tsawon makonni 6, a cewar Sears, sun kai 57,225.[127 <>] Baya ga kasancewar yaƙi mafi muni na yaƙi, Gettysburg kuma an kashe manyan hafsoshin sojan da aka kashe a aikace.An kuma jikkata wasu janar-janar.Ƙaddamar da sakamakon shan kashi shine ƙarshen Siege na Vicksburg, wanda ya mika wuya ga sojojin gwamnatin Grant a yammacin ranar 4 ga Yuli, ranar bayan yakin Gettysburg, wanda ya kashe Confederacy karin mutane 30,000, tare da dukan makamai da shaguna. .A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, Lee ya ba da murabus dinsa ga Shugaba Davis, wanda ya yi watsi da shi cikin sauri.[128] Har yanzu barnar da aka yi na yaki a bayyane take a Gettysburg fiye da watanni hudu bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, aka sadaukar da makabartar sojoji ta kasa.A lokacin wannan bikin, Shugaba Lincoln ya girmama waɗanda suka mutu kuma ya sake fasalin manufar yaƙi a cikin Adireshinsa na Gettysburg mai tarihi.[129]

Appendices



APPENDIX 1

American Civil War Army Organization


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APPENDIX 2

Infantry Tactics During the American Civil War


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APPENDIX 3

American Civil War Cavalry


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APPENDIX 4

American Civil War Artillery


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APPENDIX 5

Army Logistics: The Civil War in Four Minutes


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Characters



Albion P. Howe

Albion P. Howe

VI Corps - Divisional Commander

Andrew A. Humphreys

Andrew A. Humphreys

III Corps - Divisional Commander

Henry Warner Slocum

Henry Warner Slocum

XII Corps - Commanding General

Daniel Sickles

Daniel Sickles

III Corps - Commanding General

Adolph von Steinwehr

Adolph von Steinwehr

XI Corps - Divisional Commander

Wade Hampton III

Wade Hampton III

Confederate Cavalry - Brigadier General

John F. Reynolds

John F. Reynolds

I Corps - Commanding General

Alpheus S. Williams

Alpheus S. Williams

XII Corps - Divisional Commander

James Barnes

James Barnes

V Corps - Divisional Commander

Winfield Scott Hancock

Winfield Scott Hancock

II Corps - Commanding General

John Gibbon

John Gibbon

II Corps - Divisional Commander

John D. Imboden

John D. Imboden

Confederate Cavalry - Brigadier General

George Pickett

George Pickett

First Corps - Divisional Commander

John C. Robinson

John C. Robinson

I Corps - Divisional Commaner

David B. Birney

David B. Birney

III Corps - Divisional Commander

David McMurtrie Gregg

David McMurtrie Gregg

Union Cavalry Corps - Divisional Commander

Francis C. Barlow

Francis C. Barlow

XI Corps - Divisional Commander

John Buford

John Buford

Union Cavalry Corps - Divisional Commander

John W. Geary

John W. Geary

XII Corps - Divisional Commander

John Newton

John Newton

VI Corps - Divisional Commander

Romeyn B. Ayres

Romeyn B. Ayres

V Corps - Divisional Commander

Albert G. Jenkins

Albert G. Jenkins

Confederate Cavalry - Brigadier General

John Bell Hood

John Bell Hood

First Corps - Divisional Commander

William E. Jones

William E. Jones

Confederate Cavalry - Brigadier General

Henry Heth

Henry Heth

Third Corps - Divisional Commander

Alfred Pleasonton

Alfred Pleasonton

Union Cavalry Corps - Commanding General

Abner Doubleday

Abner Doubleday

I Corps - Divisional Commander

Beverly Robertson

Beverly Robertson

Confederate Cavalry - Brigadier General

J. E. B. Stuart

J. E. B. Stuart

Confederate Cavalry Divisional Commander

Richard H. Anderson

Richard H. Anderson

Third Corps - Divisional Commander

Jubal Early

Jubal Early

Second Corps - Divisional Commander

James S. Wadsworth

James S. Wadsworth

I Corps - Divisional Commander

Samuel W. Crawford

Samuel W. Crawford

V Corps - Divisional Commander

Richard S. Ewell

Richard S. Ewell

Second Corps - Commanding General

Edward Johnson

Edward Johnson

Second Corps - Divisional Commander

William Dorsey Pender

William Dorsey Pender

Third Corps - Divisional Commander

John C. Caldwell

John C. Caldwell

II Corps - Divisional Commander

Oliver Otis Howard

Oliver Otis Howard

XI Corps - Commanding General

James Longstreet

James Longstreet

First Corps - Commanding General

A. P. Hill

A. P. Hill

Third Corps - Commanding General

Robert E. Rodes

Robert E. Rodes

Second Corps - Divisional Commander

Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee

General of the Army of Northern Virginia

Horatio Wright

Horatio Wright

VI Corps - Divisional Commander

George Meade

George Meade

General of the Army of the Potomac

Lafayette McLaws

Lafayette McLaws

First Corps - Divisional Commander

George Sykes

George Sykes

V Corps - Commanding General

John Sedgwick

John Sedgwick

VI Corps - Commanding General

John R. Chambliss

John R. Chambliss

Confederate Cavalry - Brigadier General

Hugh Judson Kilpatrick

Hugh Judson Kilpatrick

Union Cavalry Corps - Divisional Commander

Fitzhugh Lee

Fitzhugh Lee

Confederate Cavalry - Brigadier General

Carl Schurz

Carl Schurz

XI Corps - Divisional Commander

Alexander Hays

Alexander Hays

II Corps - Divisional Commander

Footnotes



  1. Busey and Martin, p. 260, state that Confederate "engaged strength" at the battle was 71,699; McPherson, p. 648, lists the Confederate strength at the start of the campaign as 75,000, while Eicher, p. 503 gives a lower number of 70,200.
  2. Coddington, pp. 8-9; Eicher, p. 490.
  3. Martin, p. 60.
  4. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 52-56; Martin, pp. 63-64.
  5. Eicher, p. 510.
  6. Martin, pp. 80-81.
  7. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 57, 59, 74; Martin, pp. 82-88, 96-97.
  8. Pfanz, First Day, p. 60; Martin, p. 103.
  9. Martin, pp. 102, 104.
  10. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 77-78; Martin, pp. 140-43.
  11. Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, p. 13.
  12. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 81-90.
  13. Martin, pp. 149-61; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 91-98; Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, p. 13.
  14. Martin, pp. 160-61; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 100-101.
  15. Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, p. 13.
  16. Martin, p. 125.
  17. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 102-14.
  18. Pfanz, First Day, p. 112.
  19. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 148, 228; Martin, pp. 204-206.
  20. Martin, p. 198
  21. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 123, 124, 128, 137; Martin, p. 198.
  22. Martin, pp. 198-202; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 137, 140, 216.
  23. Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, p. 15.
  24. Pfanz, First Day, p. 130.
  25. Pfanz, First Day, p. 238.
  26. Pfanz, First Day, p. 158.
  27. Martin, pp. 205-210; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 163-66.
  28. Martin, pp. 224-38; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 170-78.
  29. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 182-84; Martin, pp. 247-55.
  30. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 194-213; Martin, pp. 238-47.
  31. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 275-76; Martin, p. 341.
  32. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 276-93; Martin, p. 342.
  33. Busey and Martin, pp. 298, 501.
  34. Busey and Martin, pp. 22, 386.
  35. Busey and Martin, pp. 27, 386.
  36. Martin, p. 366; Pfanz, First Day, p. 292.
  37. Martin, p. 395.
  38. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 229-48; Martin, pp. 277-91.
  39. Martin, p. 302; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 254-57.
  40. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 258-68; Martin, pp. 306-23.
  41. Sears, p. 217.
  42. Martin, pp. 386-93.
  43. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 305-11; Martin, pp. 394-404; Sears, p. 218.
  44. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 311-17; Martin, pp. 404-26.
  45. Martin, pp. 426-29; Pfanz, First Day, p. 302.
  46. Sears, p. 220; Martin, p. 446.
  47. Pfanz, First Day, p. 320; Sears, p. 223.
  48. Martin, pp. 379, 389-92.
  49. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 328-29.
  50. Martin, p. 333.
  51. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 337-38; Sears, pp. 223-25.
  52. Martin, pp. 482-88.
  53. Sears, p. 227; Martin, p. 504; Mackowski and White, p. 35.
  54. Mackowski and White, pp. 36-41; Bearss, pp. 171-72; Coddington, pp. 317-21; Gottfried, p. 549; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 347-49; Martin, p. 510.
  55. Eicher, p. 520; Martin, p. 537.
  56. Martin, p. 9, citing Thomas L. Livermore's Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America (Houghton Mifflin, 1900).
  57. Trudeau, p. 272.
  58. A Map Study of the Battle of Gettysburg | Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  59. Eicher, p. 521; Sears, pp. 245-246.
  60. Clark, p. 74; Eicher, p. 521.
  61. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 61, 111-112.
  62. Pfanz, Second Day, p. 112.
  63. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 113-114.
  64. Pfanz, Second Day, p. 153.
  65. Harman, p. 27.
  66. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 106-107.
  67. Hall, pp. 89, 97.
  68. Sears p. 263
  69. Eicher, pp. 523-524. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 21-25.
  70. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 119-123.
  71. Harman, pp. 50-51.
  72. Eicher, pp. 524-525. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 158-167.
  73. Eicher, pp. 524-525. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 167-174.
  74. Harman, pp. 55-56. Eicher, p. 526.
  75. Eicher, p. 526. Pfanz, Second Day, p. 174.
  76. Adelman and Smith, pp. 29-43. Eicher, p. 527. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 185-194.
  77. Adelman and Smith, pp. 48-62.
  78. Adelman and Smith, pp. 48-62.
  79. Desjardin, p. 36; Pfanz, p. 5.
  80. Norton, p. 167. Norton was a member of the 83rd Pennsylvania, which Vincent commanded before becoming its brigade commander.
  81. Desjardin, p. 36; Pfanz, pp. 208, 216.
  82. Desjardin, pp. 51-55; Pfanz, p. 216.
  83. Pfanz, p. 232; Cross, David F. (June 12, 2006). "Battle of Gettysburg: Fighting at Little Round Top". HistoryNet.com. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
  84. Desjardin, pp. 69-71.
  85. Desjardin, p. 69.
  86. Melcher, p. 61.
  87. Sears, pp. 298-300. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 318-332.
  88. Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, p. 34. Sears, p. 301. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 333-335.
  89. Sears, pp. 308-309. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 341-346.
  90. Sears, p. 346. Pfanz, Second Day, p. 318
  91. Eicher, p. 536. Sears, pp. 320-21. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 406, 410-14; Busey & Martin, Regimental Losses, p. 129.
  92. Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, p. 36. Sears, pp. 323-24. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 386-89.
  93. "The Stonewall Brigade at Gettysburg - Part Two: Clash on Brinkerhoff's Ridge". The Stonewall Brigade. 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  94. Sears, p. 328.
  95. Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 220-22; Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, p. 40; Sears, p. 329.
  96. Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 220-21.
  97. Pfanz, Culp's Hill, p. 234.
  98. Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 238, 240-248.
  99. Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 263-75.
  100. Sears, pp. 342-45. Eicher, pp. 539-40. Coddington, pp. 449-53.
  101. Pfanz, Second Day, p. 425.
  102. Pfanz, Battle of Gettysburg, pp. 42-43.
  103. Murray, p. 47; Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 288-89.
  104. Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 310-25.
  105. Sears, pp. 366-68.
  106. Coddington, 402; McPherson, 662; Eicher, 546; Trudeau, 484; Walsh 281.
  107. Wert, p.194
  108. Sears, pp. 358-359.
  109. Wert, pp. 198-199.
  110. Wert, pp.205-207.
  111. McPherson, p. 662.
  112. McPherson, pp. 661-663; Clark, pp. 133-144; Symonds, pp. 214-241; Eicher, pp. 543-549.
  113. Glatthaar, p. 281.
  114. Sears, p. 460; Coddington, p. 521; Wert, p. 264.
  115. Longacre, p. 226; Sears, p. 461; Wert, p. 265.
  116. Sears, p. 461; Wert, pp. 266-67.
  117. Sears, p. 462; Wert, p. 269.
  118. Sears, p. 462; Wert, p. 271.
  119. Starr pp. 440-441
  120. Eicher, pp. 549-550; Longacre, pp. 226-231, 240-44; Sauers, p. 836; Wert, pp. 272-280.
  121. Starr, pp.417-418
  122. Starr, p. 443.
  123. Eicher, p. 550; Coddington, pp. 539-544; Clark, pp. 146-147; Sears, p. 469; Wert, p. 300.
  124. Coddington, p. 538.
  125. Coddington, p. 539.
  126. Busey and Martin, p. 125.
  127. Sears, p. 513.
  128. Gallagher, Lee and His Army, pp. 86, 93, 102-05; Sears, pp. 501-502; McPherson, p. 665, in contrast to Gallagher, depicts Lee as "profoundly depressed" about the battle.
  129. White, p. 251.

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