The Seven Years' War in Europe (1756-1763)

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict between Great Britain and <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-France" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">France</a> for global pre-eminence. Britain, France and <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Spain" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Spain</a> fought both in Europe and overseas with land-based armies and naval forces, while <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Germany" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Prussia</a> sought territorial expansion in Europe and consolidation of its power. Long-standing colonial rivalries pitting Britain against France and Spain in North America and the West Indies were fought on a grand scale with consequential results. In Europe, the conflict arose from issues left unresolved by the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). Prussia sought greater influence in the German states, while Austria wanted to regain Silesia, captured by Prussia in the previous war, and to contain Prussian influence. In a realignment of traditional alliances, known as the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, Prussia became part of a coalition led by Britain, which also included long-time Prussian competitor Hanover, at the time in personal union with Britain. At the same time, Austria ended centuries of conflict between the Bourbon and Habsburg families by allying with France, along with Saxony, Sweden and <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Russia-Russian-Empire" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Russia</a>. Spain aligned formally with France in 1762. Spain unsuccessfully attempted to invade Britain's ally <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Portugal" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Portugal</a>, attacking with their forces facing British troops in Iberia. Smaller German states either joined the Seven Years' War or supplied mercenaries to the parties involved in the conflict. Anglo-French conflict over their colonies in North America had begun in 1754 in what became known in the <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-the-United-States" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">United States</a> as the <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/French-and-Indian-War" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63), which became a theatre of the Seven Years' War, and ended France's presence as a land power on that continent. It was "the most important event to occur in eighteenth-century North America" prior to the <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/American-Revolutionary-War" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">American Revolution</a>. Spain entered the war in 1761, joining France in the Third Family Compact between the two Bourbon monarchies. The alliance with France was a disaster for Spain, with the loss to Britain of two major ports, Havana in the West Indies and Manila in the Philippines, returned in the 1763 Treaty of Paris between France, Spain and Great Britain. In Europe, the large-scale conflict that drew in most of the European powers was centered on the desire of Austria (long the political centre of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation) to recover Silesia from Prussia. The Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the war between Saxony, Austria and Prussia, in 1763. Britain began its rise as the world's predominant colonial and naval power. France's supremacy in Europe was halted until after the French Revolution and the emergence of <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/War-of-the-First-Coalition-Napoleons-First-Italian-campaign" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. Prussia confirmed its status as a great power, challenging Austria for dominance within the German states, thus altering the European balance of power.

Visual Timelines

七年战争 时间线

七年战争 时间线

早期冲突和正式爆发

序幕

普鲁士战役和欧洲战区

外交革命

开场齐射

英普联盟

腓特烈进军萨克​​森

撒克逊军队投降

布拉格的血腥事件

入侵汉诺威

俄罗斯人进攻东普鲁士

腓特烈在战争中遭遇第一次失败

印度七年战争

哈斯滕贝克战役

克洛斯特泽文公约

波美拉尼亚战争

普鲁士的命运发生了变化

普鲁士在罗斯巴赫击败法国

封锁施特拉尔松德

汉诺威的反击

腓特烈大帝最伟大的胜利

全球冲突和联盟变化

汉诺威把法国人赶到了莱茵河后面

普鲁士入侵摩拉维亚

佐恩多夫陷入僵局

英国对法国海岸的袭击失败

托诺战役

费尔贝林战役

俄国人占领东普鲁士

奥地利人在霍赫基希给普鲁士人带来惊喜

法国未能占领马德拉斯

俄罗斯人和奥地利人错失良机

结束法国对汉诺威的威胁

库纳斯多夫战役

阻止法国入侵英国

弗里斯哈夫战役

英国获得海上霸权

马克森之战

英国的主导地位和外交转变

兰德舒特战役

英国人和汉诺威人保卫威斯特伐利亚

利格尼茨战役

围攻本地治里

托尔高战役

格伦贝格战役

维林豪森战役

俄罗斯人拿下科尔伯格

西班牙和葡萄牙参战

梦幻战争

俄罗斯倒戈与瑞典停战

威廉斯塔尔战役

第二次入侵葡萄牙

法国对战争的介入结束

弗莱贝格战役

第三次入侵葡萄牙

巴黎条约

中欧战争结束

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