Орыс-түрік соғысы (1877-1878) Хронология
Пролог
Балқан дағдарысы
Кавказ театры
Ашылу маневрлері
Балқан театры
Свистов шайқасы
Никополь шайқасы
Плевнаны қоршау
Red Hill шайқасы
Ловча шайқасы
Алажа шайқасы
Карс шайқасы
София шайқасы
Ташкесен шайқасы
Пловдив шайқасы
Кейіпкерлер
Сілтемелер
Анықтамалар
![Пролог](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/bd/fd/c2/bdfdc20e4fc823f9ef845e93760a9c24.jpg)
Пролог
İstanbul, Türkiye![Балқан дағдарысы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hercegova%C4%8Dki_begunci%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87.jpg/600px-Hercegova%C4%8Dki_begunci%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87.jpg)
Балқан дағдарысы
Balkans![Герцеговина көтерілісі](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hercegovci_u_zasedi%2C_Srbadija.jpg/600px-Hercegovci_u_zasedi%2C_Srbadija.jpg)
Герцеговина көтерілісі
Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina![Болгар көтерілісі](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg/600px-BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg)
Болгар көтерілісі
Bulgaria![Черногория-Османлы соғысы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87%3BRanjeni_Crnogorac_.jpg/600px-Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87%3BRanjeni_Crnogorac_.jpg)
Черногория-Османлы соғысы
Vučji Do, Montenegro![Серб-осман соғысы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg/600px-King_Milan_Obrenovi%C4%87_goes_to_war%2C_1876.jpg)
Серб-осман соғысы
Serbia![Болгариядағы зұлымдыққа халықаралық реакция](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/600px-Acgladstone2.jpg)
Болгариядағы зұлымдыққа халықаралық реакция
England, UK![Константинополь конференциясы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Constantinople_Conference.jpg/600px-Constantinople_Conference.jpg)
Константинополь конференциясы
İstanbul, Türkiye![Кавказ театры](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/f2/ef/56/f2ef565a60091914d2c9d2fc2b92c13a.jpg)
Кавказ театры
Doğubayazıt, Ağrı, Türkiye![Ашылу маневрлері](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pereprava_cherez_Dunaj.jpg/600px-Pereprava_cherez_Dunaj.jpg)
Ашылу маневрлері
RomaniaРесей Османлыларға соғыс жариялады
Russia![Балқан театры](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Panou_5.jpg/600px-Panou_5.jpg)
Балқан театры
Măcin, Romania![Стара-Загора шайқасы](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/c4/12/b9/c412b9faec27079ef2ed832b4b6aace5.jpg)
Стара-Загора шайқасы
Stara Zagora, Bulgaria![Свистов шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dmitriev_005.jpg/600px-Dmitriev_005.jpg)
Свистов шайқасы
Svishtov, Bulgaria![Никополь шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nikopol_dmitriev.jpg/600px-Nikopol_dmitriev.jpg)
Никополь шайқасы
Nikopol, BulgariaШипка асуындағы шайқас
Shipka, Bulgaria![Плевнаны қоршау](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zahvat_grivickogo_reduta.jpg/600px-Zahvat_grivickogo_reduta.jpg)
Плевнаны қоршау
Pleven, Bulgaria![Red Hill шайқасы](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/ae/bf/37/aebf3700518332d7acb32cb6fa355a23.jpg)
Red Hill шайқасы
Kızıltepe, Mardin, Türkiye![Ловча шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dmitriev_004.jpg/600px-Dmitriev_004.jpg)
Ловча шайқасы
Lovech, Bulgaria![Алажа шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_3_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_1877_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/600px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_3_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_1877_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg)
Алажа шайқасы
Digor, Merkez, Digor/Kars, TürОрыс әскерлері Османлы түрік әскерлерінің Алажин биіктеріндегі қорғанысын бұзып өтті, бұл оларға бастаманы қолға алып, Карсты қоршауды бастауға мүмкіндік берді.
![Горни Дубник шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Finnish_Soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_Gorni_Dubnik.jpg/600px-Finnish_Soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_Gorni_Dubnik.jpg)
Горни Дубник шайқасы
Gorni Dabnik, Bulgaria![Карс шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_1877.jpg/600px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%2C_1877.jpg)
Карс шайқасы
Kars, Kars Merkez/Kars, TürkiyСербия жекпе-жекке қосылды
Niš, Serbia![Албандардың қуылуы](https://i.pinimg.com/600x/6f/9e/de/6f9edeec4f57e3c2b7e3d6cd5a38cab7.jpg)
Албандардың қуылуы
İşkodra, Albania![София шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Boj_u_Ivanovo-Chiflik.jpg/600px-Boj_u_Ivanovo-Chiflik.jpg)
София шайқасы
Sofia, Bulgaria![Ташкесен шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg/600px-Fight_near_Telish_1877.jpg)
Ташкесен шайқасы
Sarantsi, Bulgaria![Пловдив шайқасы](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/General_Skobelev_%28Dimitriev-Orenburgsky%29.jpg/600px-General_Skobelev_%28Dimitriev-Orenburgsky%29.jpg)
Пловдив шайқасы
Plovdiv, BulgariaҰлы державалардың араласуы
San Stefano, Bulgaria![Сан-Стефано келісімі](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg/600px-Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg)
Сан-Стефано келісімі
San Stefano, BulgariaHistoryMaps Shop
![](https://shop.history-maps.com/cdn/shop/files/continentalarmy600px.jpg?v=1715410562)
Heroes of the American Revolution Painting
Explore the rich history of the American Revolution through this captivating painting of the Continental Army. Perfect for history enthusiasts and art collectors, this piece brings to life the bravery and struggles of early American soldiers.
Characters
![Alexander Gorchakov](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/K%C3%B6ler_Gorchakov.jpg/400px-K%C3%B6ler_Gorchakov.jpg)
Alexander Gorchakov
Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire
![Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nicolaevich_of_Russia_photo.jpg/400px-Grand_Duke_Michael_Nicolaevich_of_Russia_photo.jpg)
Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich
Russian Field Marshal
![William Ewart Gladstone](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-William_Ewart_Gladstone%2C_1892_%28cropped%29.jpg)
William Ewart Gladstone
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
![Iosif Gurko](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gurko_Iosif.jpg/400px-Gurko_Iosif.jpg)
Iosif Gurko
Russian Field Marshal
![Abdul Hamid II](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/400px-Sultan_Abdul_Hamid_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg)
Abdul Hamid II
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
![Alexander III of Russia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tsar_Alexander_III_c._1885.jpg/400px-Tsar_Alexander_III_c._1885.jpg)
Alexander III of Russia
Emperor of Russia
![Otto von Bismarck](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_Otto_Eduard_Leopold_von_Bismarck_-_Walters_371007_-_View_B.jpg/400px-Franz_von_Lenbach_-_Portrait_of_Otto_Eduard_Leopold_von_Bismarck_-_Walters_371007_-_View_B.jpg)
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Germany
![Nicholas I of Montenegro](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro.jpg/400px-Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro.jpg)
Nicholas I of Montenegro
King of Montenegro
![Osman Nuri Pasha](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Osman_Pasha.jpg/400px-Osman_Pasha.jpg)
Osman Nuri Pasha
Ottoman Field Marshal
![Benjamin Disraeli](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg/400px-Benjamin_Disraeli_by_Cornelius_Jabez_Hughes%2C_1878.jpg)
Benjamin Disraeli
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
![Mikhail Dragomirov](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Dragomirov_by_Repin.jpg/400px-Dragomirov_by_Repin.jpg)
Mikhail Dragomirov
Russian General
![Alexander II](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Alexander II
Emperor of Russia
![Ahmed Muhtar Pasha](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg/400px-Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg)
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
Ottoman Field Marshal
![Carol I of Romania](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carol_I_of_Romania_edited.jpg/400px-Carol_I_of_Romania_edited.jpg)
Carol I of Romania
Monarch of Romania
![Milan I of Serbia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/KraljMilanObrenovic.jpg/400px-KraljMilanObrenovic.jpg)
Milan I of Serbia
Prince of Serbia
![Franz Joseph I of Austria](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg/400px-Emperor_Francis_Joseph.jpg)
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Emperor of Austria
Footnotes
- Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911). "Russo-Turkish Wars". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 931-936 [931, para five]. The War of 1877-78
- Finkel, Caroline (2005), The History of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Basic Books, p. 467.
- Shaw and Shaw 1977, p. 146.
- Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bulgaria/History" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876). Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the 'Daily News,' J.A. MacGahan, Esq., with An Introduction & Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- Gladstone 1876.
- Gladstone 1876, p. 64.
- "The liberation of Bulgaria", History of Bulgaria, US: Bulgarian embassy, archived from the original on 11 October 2010.
- Хевролина, ВМ, Россия и Болгария: "Вопрос Славянский – Русский Вопрос" (in Russian), RU: Lib FL, archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
- Potemkin, VP, History of world diplomacy 15th century BC – 1940 AD, RU: Diphis.
- Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930.".
- Correspondence respecting the Conference at Constantinople and the affairs of Turkey: 1876–1877. Parliamentary Papers No 2 (1877). p. 340.
- Turkey and the Great Powers. The Constantinople Conference. The Commissioners' Last Proposals to the Porte. An Ultimatum Presented the Great Dignitaries of State to Decide Upon an Answer. New York Times, 16 January 1877.
- N. Ivanova. 1876 Constantinople Conference: Positions of the Great Powers on the Bulgarian political question during the Conference. Sofia University, 2007. (in Bulgarian)
- Jagodić, Miloš (1998). "The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878". Balkanologie, para. 15.
- Roberts, Elizabeth (2005). Realm of the Black Mountain: a history of Montenegro. London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801446016, p. 22.
- Blumi, Isa (2003). "Contesting the edges of the Ottoman Empire: Rethinking ethnic and sectarian boundaries in the Malësore, 1878–1912". International Journal of Middle East Studies, p. 246.
- Jagodić 1998, para. 4, 9.
- Jagodić 1998, para. 16–27.
- Blumi, Isa (2013). Ottoman refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World. London: A&C Black. ISBN 9781472515384, p. 50.
- Jagodić 1998, para. 29.
- Chronology of events from 1856 to 1997 period relating to the Romanian monarchy, Ohio: Kent State University, archived from the original on 30 December 2007.
- Schem, Alexander Jacob (1878), The War in the East: An illustrated history of the Conflict between Russia and Turkey with a Review of the Eastern Question.
- Menning, Bruce (2000), Bayonets before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914, Indiana University Press, p. 57.
- von Herbert 1895, p. 131.
- Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911). "Plevna" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 838–840.
- D., Allen, W. E. (1953). Caucasian battlefields, a history of the wars on the Turco-Caucasian border, 1828-1921, by W.E.D. Allen and ... Paul Muratoff. University Press.
- Menning. Bayonets before Bullets, p. 78.
- Allen & Muratoff 1953, pp. 113–114.
- "Ռուս-Թուրքական Պատերազմ, 1877–1878", Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia [The Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878] (in Armenian), vol. 10, Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, pp. 93–94.
- Walker, Christopher J. (2011). "Kars in the Russo-Turkish Wars of the Nineteenth Century". In Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.). Armenian Kars and Ani. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 217–220.
- Melkonyan, Ashot (2011). "The Kars Oblast, 1878–1918". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). Armenian Kars and Ani. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 223–244.
Bibliography
- Allen, William E. D.; Muratoff, Paul (1953). Caucasian Battlefields. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press..
- Argyll, George Douglas Campbell (1879). The Eastern question from the Treaty of Paris 1836 to the Treaty of Berlin 1878 and to the Second Afghan War. Vol. 2. London: Strahan.
- Crampton, R. J. (2006) [1997]. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85085-1.
- Gladstone, William Ewart (1876). Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East. London: William Clowes & Sons. OL 7083313M.
- Greene, F. V. (1879). The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey. New York: D.Appleton and Company. Retrieved 19 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- von Herbert, Frederick William (1895). The Defence of Plevna 1877. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- Hupchick, D. P. (2002). The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Palgrave. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3.
- The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877 with a Connecting Narrative Forming a Continuous History of the War Between Russia and Turkey to the Fall of Kars Including the Letters of Mr. Archibald Forbes, Mr. J. A. MacGahan and Many Other Special Correspondents in Europe and Asia. London: Macmillan and Co. 1878. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877–1878 continued from the Fall of Kars to the Signature of the Preliminaries of Peace. London: Macmillan and Co. 1878. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- Maurice, Major F. (1905). The Russo-Turkish War 1877; A Strategical Sketch. London: Swan Sonneschein. Retrieved 8 August 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- Jonassohn, Kurt (1999). Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective. ISBN 9781412824453.
- Reid, James J. (2000). Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa. Vol. 57 (illustrated ed.). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515076876. ISSN 0170-3595.
- Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291637.
- Stavrianos, L. S. (1958). The Balkans Since 1453. pp. 393–412. ISBN 9780814797662.
Further Reading
- Acar, Keziban (March 2004). "An examination of Russian Imperialism: Russian Military and intellectual descriptions of the Caucasians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878". Nationalities Papers. 32 (1): 7–21. doi:10.1080/0090599042000186151. S2CID 153769239.
- Baleva, Martina. "The Empire Strikes Back. Image Battles and Image Frontlines during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878." Ethnologia Balkanica 16 (2012): 273–294. online[dead link]
- Dennis, Brad. "Patterns of Conflict and Violence in Eastern Anatolia Leading Up to the Russo-Turkish War and the Treaty of Berlin." War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1878 (1877): 273–301.
- Drury, Ian. The Russo-Turkish War 1877 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
- Glenny, Misha (2012), The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2011, New York: Penguin.
- Isci, Onur. "Russian and Ottoman Newspapers in the War of 1877–1878." Russian History 41.2 (2014): 181–196. online
- Murray, Nicholas. The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914. Potomac Books Inc. (an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press), 2013.
- Neuburger, Mary. "The Russo‐Turkish war and the ‘Eastern Jewish question’: Encounters between victims and victors in Ottoman Bulgaria, 1877–8." East European Jewish Affairs 26.2 (1996): 53–66.
- Stone, James. "Reports from the Theatre of War. Major Viktor von Lignitz and the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78." Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift 71.2 (2012): 287–307. online contains primary sources
- Todorov, Nikolai. "The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Liberation of Bulgaria: An Interpretative Essay." East European Quarterly 14.1 (1980): 9+ online
- Yavuz, M. Hakan, and Peter Sluglett, eds. War and diplomacy: the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878 and the treaty of Berlin (U of Utah Press, 2011)
- Yildiz, Gültekin. "Russo-Ottoman War, 1877–1878." in Richard C. Hall, ed., War in the Balkans (2014): 256–258