Yaƙin Antietam

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1862 - 1862

Yaƙin Antietam



Yakin Antietam, ko yakin Sharpsburg musamman a Kudancin Amurka, yakin basasar Amurka ne da aka gwabza a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1862, tsakanin Sojoji na Confederate Janar Robert E. Lee na Arewacin Virginia da Union Gen. George B. Sojojin McClellan na Potomac kusa da Sharpsburg, Maryland, da Antietam Creek.Wani ɓangare na Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Maryland, shine matakin farko na runduna sojan gona a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na Gabas na Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka wanda zai gudana a ƙasan Tarayyar.Ya kasance rana mafi yawan jini a tarihin Amurka, tare da jimlar 22,727 da suka mutu, suka ji rauni, ko suka ɓace.Duk da cewa sojojin kungiyar sun sha wahala fiye da na Confederates, yakin ya kasance babban sauyi ga kungiyar.Bayan ya bi sahun Janar Robert E. Lee zuwa Maryland, Manjo Janar George B. McClellan na Sojan Tarayyar ya kaddamar da hare-hare kan sojojin Lee wadanda ke cikin wuraren kariya a bayan Antietam Creek.Da wayewar gari ranar 17 ga Satumba, gawarwakin Manjo Janar Joseph Hooker ta kai hari mai karfi a gefen hagu na Lee.Hare-hare da hare-hare sun mamaye fadin Miller's Cornfield, kuma fada ya mamaye Cocin Dunker.Hare-haren da kungiyar ta kai kan Titin Sunken daga karshe ya ratsa cibiyar Confederate, amma fa'idar Tarayyar ba ta biyo baya ba.Da yammacin ranar, gawawwakin kungiyar Manjo Janar Ambrose Burnside sun shiga aikin, inda suka kama wata gada ta dutse a kan Antietam Creek tare da ci gaba da adawa da Confederate dama.A wani lokaci mai mahimmanci, ƙungiyar Maj. Gen. AP Hill's Division sun zo daga Harpers Ferry kuma suka kaddamar da wani abin mamaki, suna mayar da Burnside tare da kawo karshen yakin.Ko da yake ya fi biyu-da-daya, Lee ya yi dukan ƙarfinsa, yayin da McClellan ya aika a cikin kasa da kashi uku cikin hudu na sojojinsa, wanda ya ba da damar Lee ya yi yaki da Tarayyar Turai.A cikin dare, sojojin biyu sun daidaita layinsu.Duk da raunin da aka samu, Lee ya ci gaba da gwabzawa da McClellan a ko'ina cikin Satumba 18, yayin da ya kawar da sojojin da aka kashe a kudancin kogin Potomac.McClellan ya yi nasarar mayar da mamayar Lee baya, wanda ya sa yakin ya zama nasara ta Tarayyar Turai, amma Shugaba Abraham Lincoln, bai ji dadin tsarin McClellan ba game da taka tsantsan da gazawarsa wajen bin Lee mai ja da baya, ya baiwa McClellan umarnin a watan Nuwamba.Ta fuskar dabara, yakin bai kai ga cimma ruwa ba;Sojojin Tarayyar sun yi nasarar dakile mamayewar Confederate amma sun sha wahala sosai kuma sun kasa cin nasara kan sojojin Lee kai tsaye.Duk da haka, ya kasance wani muhimmin juzu'i a cikin yakin da ke goyon bayan kungiyar saboda babban bangare ga manufofin siyasa: sakamakon yakin ya ba Lincoln amincewar siyasa don ba da sanarwar Emancipation, yana bayyana duk waɗanda aka rike a matsayin bayi a cikin yankunan abokan gaba.Wannan ya sa gwamnatocin Burtaniya da na Faransa kwarin gwiwa sosai daga amincewa da Confederacy, saboda babu wani iko da ya so ya ba da bayyanar da tallafawa bauta.
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Ziyarci Shago

Gabatarwa
Stonewall Jackson a Harper's Ferry ©Mort Künstler
1862 Sep 3

Gabatarwa

Harpers Ferry National Histori
Sojojin Robert E. Lee na Arewacin Virginia - kimanin maza 55,000 [1] - sun shiga jihar Maryland a ranar 3 ga Satumba, bayan nasarar da suka samu a Run Bull Run a ranar 30 ga Agusta. ƙasa.Yunkurin mamayar Lee na Maryland an yi niyya ne a lokaci guda tare da mamayewar Kentucky ta sojojin Braxton Bragg da Edmund Kirby Smith.Hakanan ya zama dole saboda dalilai na kayan aiki, saboda gonakin arewacin Virginia an cire musu abinci.Dangane da abubuwan da suka faru irin su tarzomar Baltimore a cikin bazara na 1861 da kuma gaskiyar cewa Shugaba Lincoln ya bi ta cikin birni a cikin ɓarna a kan hanyarsa ta bikin rantsar da shi, shugabannin ƙungiyoyin sun ɗauka cewa Maryland za ta yi maraba da sojojin Confederate da kyau.Sun rera wakar "Maryland, My Maryland!"yayin da suka yi tattaki, amma a faduwar shekara ta 1862 ra'ayin goyon bayan kungiyar ya samu nasara, musamman a yankunan yammacin jihar.Fararen hula gabaɗaya suna ɓoye a cikin gidajensu yayin da sojojin Lee ke wucewa ta garuruwansu, ko kuma suna kallo cikin sanyin jiki, yayin da Sojojin Potomac ke murna da ƙarfafawa.Wasu 'yan siyasa na Confederate, ciki har da Shugaba Jefferson Davis, sun yi imanin cewa tsammanin amincewa da kasashen waje zai karu idan Confederacy ya sami nasarar nasarar soja a kan Ƙasar Ƙungiyar;Irin wannan nasarar na iya samun karbuwa da tallafin kudi daga Burtaniya da Faransa, ko da yake babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa Lee yana ganin ya kamata kungiyar Confederacy ta kafa shirinta na soja kan wannan yiyuwar.[2]Yayin da McClellan na 87,000-mutum [3] Sojan Potomac ke motsawa don kutsawa Lee, sojojin Tarayyar biyu (Cpl. Barton W. Mitchell da Sajan Farko John M. Bloss [4] na 27th Indiana Volunteer Infantry) sun gano kwafin kuskuren kuskure. Cikakkun shirye-shiryen yaƙi na Lee - Oda na Musamman 191 - an naɗe da sigari uku.Umurnin ya nuna cewa Lee ya raba sojojinsa kuma ya tarwatsa yanki (zuwa Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, da Hagerstown, Maryland), don haka ya sa kowane batu ya zama warewa da shan kashi idan McClellan zai iya motsawa cikin sauri.McClellan ya jira kimanin sa'o'i 18 kafin ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da wannan sirrin tare da sake mayar da dakarunsa, don haka ya ba da damar cin nasara ga Lee da gaske.[5]Akwai muhimman ayyuka guda biyu a yaƙin neman zaɓe na Maryland kafin babban yaƙin Antietam: Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Kamun da Jackson ya yi na Harpers Ferry da harin McClellan ta Dutsen Blue Ridge a Yaƙin Dutsen Kudu.Na farko yana da mahimmanci saboda yawancin sojojin Lee ba su nan daga farkon yakin Antietam, suna halartar mika wuya na garrison Union;na karshen saboda tsattsauran kariyar tsaro a hanyoyi biyu ta tsaunuka sun jinkirta ci gaban McClellan don Lee ya tattara sauran sojojinsa a Sharpsburg.[6]
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Halin Sojoji
Sojojin hadin gwiwa na aiki. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1862 Sep 15

Halin Sojoji

Antietam National Battlefield,
Kusa da garin Sharpsburg, Lee ya tura sojojinsa da ke bayan Antietam Creek tare da ƙaramin tudu, farawa a ranar 15 ga Satumba.Filin ya ba da kyakkyawar kariya ga sojojin ƙasa, tare da shingen dogo da katanga na dutse, fitar da farar ƙasa, ƙananan ramuka da swales.Kogin da ke gabansu ƙaramin shamaki ne kawai, wanda ya bambanta daga ƙafa 60 zuwa 100 (18-30 m) a faɗin, kuma ana iya jujjuya shi a wurare kuma an ketare gadoji uku na dutse kowace mil (kilomita 1.5).Har ila yau, wani matsayi ne mai ban tsoro saboda Kogin Potomac ya katange bayan Confederate kuma wuri guda kawai, Boteler's Ford a Shepherdstown, yana kusa ya kamata ya zama dole.(The ford at Williamsport, Maryland, yana da nisan mil 10 (kilomita 16) arewa maso yamma daga Sharpsburg kuma Jackson ya yi amfani da shi a tafiyarsa zuwa Harpers Ferry. Halin da sojojin Tarayyar suka yi a lokacin yakin ya sa bai dace ba a yi la'akari da ja da baya a wannan hanya.) Kuma a ranar 15 ga Satumba, rundunar da ke karkashin jagorancin Lee ba ta ƙunshi mutane fiye da 18,000 ba, kashi uku ne kacal na yawan sojojin Tarayya.[7]Rukunin ƙungiyoyi biyu na farko sun isa da yammacin ranar 15 ga Satumba kuma yawancin sojojin da suka rage a yammacin wannan rana.Kodayake harin da aka kai a safiyar ranar 16 ga Satumba zai kasance da amfani mai yawa a lambobi, alamar kasuwanci ta McClellan da imaninsa cewa Lee yana da mutane 100,000 a Sharpsburg ya sa ya jinkirta harin na kwana ɗaya.[8] Wannan ya bai wa Confederates ƙarin lokaci don shirya matsayi na tsaro kuma ya ba da damar Longstreet's gawarwakin su isa daga Hagerstown da Jackson's corps, ban da AP Hill's division, don isa daga Harpers Ferry.Jackson ya kare gefen hagu (arewa), wanda aka kafa a kan Potomac, Longstreet gefen dama (kudanci), wanda aka kafa akan Antietam, layin da ke da nisan mil 4 (kilomita 6).(Yayin da yaƙin ya ci gaba kuma Lee ya canza raka'a, waɗannan iyakokin gawawwakin sun mamaye sosai.) [9]Da maraice na Satumba 16, McClellan ya umarci Hooker's I Corps ya haye Antietam Creek kuma ya bincika wuraren abokan gaba.Ƙungiyar Meade ta yi taka tsantsan ta kai hari ga sojojin Hood a kusa da Gabashin Woods.Bayan duhu ya faɗi, an ci gaba da harbin bindigogi yayin da McClellan ya ajiye sojojinsa don faɗan gobe.Shirin McClellan shine ya mamaye bangaren hagu na abokan gaba.Ya isa ga wannan shawarar saboda tsarin gadoji akan Antietam.Ƙananan gada (wanda ba da daɗewa ba za a kira shi Burnside Bridge) matsayi na Confederate ya mamaye shi a kan bluffs da ke kallon ta.Gada ta tsakiya, a kan titin daga Boonsboro, tana fuskantar wuta daga manyan tudu kusa da Sharpsburg.Amma gadar ta sama tana da nisan mil 2 (kilomita 3) gabas da bindigogin Confederate kuma ana iya hayewa cikin aminci.McClellan ya yi niyyar aikata fiye da rabin sojojinsa zuwa harin, yana farawa da gawawwakin gawawwaki biyu, da goyon bayan na uku, kuma idan ya cancanta na huɗu.Ya yi niyyar kaddamar da farmakin karkatar da jama’a a lokaci guda kan kungiyar Confederate dama da gawawwaki na biyar, kuma a shirye ya ke ya kai hari cibiyar tare da ajiyarsa idan ko wane harin ya yi nasara.[10] Rikicin da aka yi a Gabashin Woods ya yi nuni ga manufar McClellan ga Lee, wanda ya shirya kariyar sa daidai da haka.Ya tura maza zuwa gefen hagunsa kuma ya aika da saƙon gaggawa ga kwamandojinsa guda biyu waɗanda ba su isa filin yaƙi ba: Lafayette McLaws tare da ƙungiyoyi biyu da AP Hill tare da rukuni ɗaya.[11]
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1862
Matakin Safiyaornament
Yaƙi Ya Fara
6th Wisconsin A Antietam, Satumba 17 1862. ©Anonymous
1862 Sep 17 05:30 - Sep 17 07:00

Yaƙi Ya Fara

The Cornfield, Keedysville, MD
Yaƙin ya buɗe ne da asuba (kimanin 5:30 na safe) ranar 17 ga Satumba tare da kai hari a Hagerstown Turnpike da Union I Corps karkashin Joseph Hooker.Manufar Hooker ita ce tudun da ke zaune a cikin cocin Dunker, wani ginin farar fata mai ƙanƙanta na wani yanki na Jamusawa na Baftisma.Hooker yana da kusan maza 8,600, kaɗan fiye da masu kare 7,700 a ƙarƙashin Stonewall Jackson, kuma wannan ɗan ƙaramin rarrabuwar kai ya fi karfin matakan tsaro na Confederates.[12] Bangaren Abner Doubleday ya koma hannun dama na Hooker, James Ricketts's ya koma hagu zuwa Gabashin Woods, da rukunin Reserve na George Meade na Pennsylvania wanda aka tura a tsakiyar kuma dan kadan zuwa baya.Tsaron Jackson ya ƙunshi rarrabuwa a ƙarƙashin Alexander Lawton da John R. Jones a layi daga West Woods, a fadin Turnpike, da kuma gefen kudancin Miller's Cornfield.An gudanar da brigades hudu a ajiye a cikin West Woods.[13]Yayin da mazaje na farko suka fito daga Arewacin Woods kuma zuwa cikin Masarauta, duel din bindigogi ya barke.Gobarar da ta tashi ta fito ne daga batirin bindigogin dawakai da ke karkashin Jeb Stuart zuwa yamma da kuma batura hudu a karkashin Kanar Stephen D. Lee a kan tudu mai tsayi daga Cocin Dunker zuwa kudu.Gobarar dawowar ƙungiyar ta fito ne daga batura tara akan tudu da ke bayan Arewacin Woods da bindigogi 20-founder Parrott, mil 2 (kilomita 3) gabas da Antietam Creek.Hare-haren dai ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama daga bangarorin biyu, kuma Col. Lee ya bayyana shi da "Artilary Hell."[14]Ganin gyalewar bayonets na Confederate da aka boye a cikin Masarautar Masarautar, Hooker ya dakatar da sojojinsa kuma ya kawo batura na bindigogi guda hudu, wadanda suka harba harsashi da gwangwani a kan shugabannin sojojin tarayya a cikin filin.Yaƙi ya fara, tare da gagarumin aiki na melee tare da guntun bindigu da bayonets saboda gajeriyar gani a cikin masara.Jami'ai sun hau kan zagi da odar ihu ba wanda zai iya ji a cikin hayaniyar.Bindigogi sun yi zafi kuma sun lalace saboda yawan harbe-harbe;iska ta cika da ƙanƙarar harsasai da harsashi.Meade's Brigade na 1st na Pennsylvania, ƙarƙashin Brig.Janar Truman Seymour, ya fara tafiya ta Gabas Woods kuma ya yi musanyar wuta tare da sojojin Col. James Walker na Alabama, Georgia, da kuma North Carolina sojojin.Kamar yadda mutanen Walker suka tilasta wa Seymour baya, da taimakon gobarar bindigar Lee, sashen Ricketts ya shiga cikin Cornfield, shi ma manyan bindigogi ya tsage su.Brig.Brigade na Janar Abram Duryee sun yi tattaki kai tsaye zuwa cikin wasan volleys daga Brigade na Col. Marcellus Douglass na Georgia.Jurewa wuta mai nauyi daga kewayon yadudduka 250 (230 m) kuma ba su da fa'ida saboda rashin ƙarfafawa, Duryee ya ba da umarnin janyewa.[13]Ƙarfafawar da Duryee ya yi tsammani - brigades a ƙarƙashin Brig.Janar George L. Hartsuff da Col. William A. Christian—suna da wahalar isa wurin.Hartsuff ya ji rauni da harsashi, kuma Kirista ya sauka ya gudu zuwa baya a firgice.Lokacin da aka tara mutanen suka ci gaba zuwa cikin Masara, sun haɗu da bindigogi iri ɗaya da wuta na sojojin da suka gabace su.Kamar yadda manyan lambobi suka fara fada, Louisiana "Tiger" Brigade karkashin Harry Hays sun shiga cikin rikici kuma suka tilasta 'yan kungiyar su koma Gabashin Woods.Waɗanda suka sami raunuka ta 12th Massachusetts Infantry, 67%, sune mafi girma na kowace naúrar a wannan rana.[15] An buge Tigers a ƙarshe lokacin da Tarayyar Tarayya ta kawo baturi na bindigogi na 3-inch na ordnance kuma sun mirgina su kai tsaye zuwa cikin Masarauta, wuta mara tushe wacce ta kashe Tigers, waɗanda suka rasa 323 daga cikin mazajensu 500.[16]Yayin da Masarautar Masarautar ta ci gaba da zama mai tashe-tashen hankula, ci gaban tarayya na 'yan yadi ɗari zuwa yamma ya fi nasara.Brig.Brigade na 4 na Janar John Gibbon na sashin Doubleday (wanda aka kira kwanan nan mai suna Iron Brigade) ya fara ci gaba da ci gaba da jujjuyawa, cikin filin masara, da kuma cikin West Woods, suna ture mutanen Jackson.[17] An dakatar da su da wani cajin mutane 1,150 daga Brigade na Starke, inda suka kunna wuta mai nauyi daga yadi 30 (m 30).Brigade na Confederate ya janye bayan da aka yi masa mumunar mayar da martani daga Rundunar Iron Brigade, kuma Starke ya ji rauni.Ci gaban ƙungiyar a kan Cocin Dunker ya ci gaba kuma ya yanke babban gibi a cikin layin tsaro na Jackson, wanda ya kusan rushewa.Kodayake farashin ya yi yawa, ƙungiyar Hooker na samun ci gaba.
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Hood counter- hari
©Anonymous
1862 Sep 17 07:00 - Sep 17 09:00

Hood counter- hari

The Cornfield, Keedysville, MD
Ƙungiyoyin ƙarfafawa sun isa bayan 7 na safe Ƙungiyoyin karkashin McLaws da Richard H. Anderson sun isa bayan tafiya na dare daga Harpers Ferry.Da misalin karfe 7:15, Janar Lee ya matsar da Brigade na George T. Anderson na Jojiya daga gefen dama na sojojin don taimakawa Jackson.A karfe 7 na safe, sashin Hood na maza 2,300 ya ci gaba ta hanyar West Woods kuma ya sake tura sojojin Union ta hanyar Cornfield.Texans sun kai hari da tsananin zafi saboda kamar yadda aka kira su daga wurin ajiyar su an tilasta musu katse karin kumallo mai zafi na farko da suka yi a cikin kwanaki.Brigades uku na sashin DH Hill ne suka taimaka musu daga Farmakin Mumma, kudu maso gabashin Masarautar Masarautar, da kuma Brigade na Jubal Early, suna turawa ta Yammacin Woods daga gonar Nikodemus, inda suke tallafawa dawakin Jeb Stuart.Wasu jami'an rundunar Brigade na ƙarfe sun tara mazaje a kusa da manyan bindigogi na Battery B, na 4th US Artillery, kuma Gibbon da kansa ya ga cewa sashin da ya gabata bai yi asarar caisson ko ɗaya ba.[18] Mutanen Hood sun dauki nauyin fadan, duk da haka, sun biya farashi mai yawa - 60% wadanda aka kashe - amma sun sami damar hana layin kariya daga rushewa kuma suka kama I Corps.Su ma mazan Hooker sun biya makudan kudade amma ba tare da cimma manufarsu ba.Bayan sa'o'i biyu da raunata 2,500, sun dawo inda suka fara.Gidan Cornfield, yanki mai nisan yadi 250 (m230) mai zurfi da faɗin yadi 400 (m400), ya kasance wurin da ba a misaltuwa.An kiyasta cewa Masarautar Masarautar ta canza hannaye a ƙasa da sau 15 a cikin safiya.[19] Maj. Rufus Dawes, wanda ya dauki kwamandan Rundunar Iron Brigade ta 6th Wisconsin Regiment a lokacin yakin, daga baya ya kwatanta fadan da ke kewayen Hagerstown Turnpike tare da bangon dutse a Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania's "Bloody Angle", da kuma alkalami na yanka na Cold Harbor. nace cewa "Antietam Turnpike ya zarce su duka a bayyane na kisa."[20] Hooker ya yi kira don tallafi daga mazaje 7,200 na Mansfield's XII Corps.Rabin mutanen Mansfield ƴan ƙwararru ne, kuma Mansfield shi ma ba shi da gogewa, bayan da ya karɓi umarni kwanaki biyu kacal.Ko da yake shi tsohon soja ne da ya yi hidima na shekara 40, bai taɓa jagorantar sojoji da yawa a yaƙi ba.Da yake nuna damuwa cewa mutanensa za su murƙushe wuta, sai ya zarce da su a cikin wani tsari da aka fi sani da "column of companies, rufaffiyar jama'a," wani tsari mai tarin yawa wanda aka jera rukunin runduna goma mai zurfi maimakon biyu na yau da kullun.Yayin da mutanensa suka shiga Gabashin Woods, sun gabatar da kyakkyawar manufa ta bindigogi, "kusan kyakkyawar manufa kamar sito."An harbe shi kansa Mansfield a kirji kuma ya mutu washegari.Sabbin masu daukar ma'aikata na Mansfield's 1st Division ba su sami ci gaba a kan layin Hood ba, wanda brigades na sashin DH Hill suka karfafa a karkashin Colquitt da McRae.Sashen na 2 na rundunar sojojin na XII, karkashin George Sears Greene, duk da haka, ya keta mazajen McRae, wadanda suka gudu a karkashin kuskuren imani cewa suna gab da kama su da wani hari.Wannan karyar layin ya tilastawa Hood da mutanensa, sun fi yawa, su sake haduwa a West Woods, inda suka fara ranar.Greene ya sami damar isa Cocin Dunker, ainihin manufar Hooker, kuma ya kori batir Stephen Lee.Dakarun gwamnatin tarayya sun rike mafi yawan kasa zuwa gabas da birbishin.
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Harin Sumner's II Corps
©Keith Rocco
1862 Sep 17 09:00

Harin Sumner's II Corps

The Cornfield, Keedysville, MD
Da karfe 9 na safe Sumner, wanda ke tare da sashin, ya kaddamar da harin tare da wani sabon salo na yaki - brigades uku a cikin dogayen layi uku, maza da gefe, tare da yadi 50 zuwa 70 (60 m) kawai ya raba layi.An fara kai musu hari da farko ta hanyar manyan bindigogi na Confederate sannan daga bangarori uku ta bangaren Early, Walker, da McLaws, kuma a cikin kasa da rabin sa'a an tilasta wa mutanen Sedgwick ja da baya cikin babbar matsala har zuwa farkon su tare da jikkata sama da 2,200, gami da Sedgwick. da kansa, wanda wani rauni ya dauke shi tsawon watanni da dama.[21] Yawancin masana tarihi sun la'anci Sumner saboda harin da ya yi na "rashin hankali", rashin daidaituwa tare da hedkwatar I da XII Corps, ya rasa iko da sashin Faransanci lokacin da ya raka Sedgwick's, ya kasa yin cikakken bincike kafin kaddamar da harin. da kuma zaɓar tsarin yaƙin da ba a saba gani ba wanda ke da tasiri sosai ta hanyar kai hari ta Confederate.Ayyukan ƙarshe a cikin safiya na yaƙin sun kasance da misalin karfe 10 na safe, lokacin da runduna biyu na XII Corps suka ci gaba, sai kawai suka fuskanci rabuwar John G. Walker, sabon ya zo daga hannun dama.Sun yi yaƙi a yankin da ke tsakanin Cornfield a West Woods, amma ba da daɗewa ba an tilasta wa mutanen Walker su koma baya da brigades biyu na ƙungiyar Greene, kuma sojojin Tarayya sun kama wasu ƙasa a West Woods.Safiya dai ya ƙare tare da raunata kusan 13,000 bangarorin biyu, ciki har da kwamandojin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai biyu.
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1862
Tsakar ranaornament
Layin Jini
©Mort Kunstler
1862 Sep 17 09:30

Layin Jini

The Cornfield, Keedysville, MD
Da tsakar rana, aikin ya koma tsakiyar layin Confederate.Sumner ya kasance tare da harin safiya na sashen Sedgwick, amma wani ɓangare nasa, a ƙarƙashin Faransanci, ya rasa dangantaka da Sumner da Sedgwick kuma ya nufi kudu ba tare da izini ba.Da yake son samun damar ganin fada, Faransanci ya sami 'yan adawa a hanyarsa kuma ya umarci mutanensa su ci gaba.A wannan lokacin, mai taimakawa Sumner (da dansa) ya samo Faransanci, ya bayyana mummunan fada a cikin West Woods kuma ya ba da umarni a gare shi ya karkatar da hankalin Confederate ta hanyar kai hari ga cibiyar su.[25]Faransa ta fuskanci sashin DH Hill.Hill ya umurci mutane kimanin 2,500, kasa da rabin adadin a karkashin Faransanci, kuma uku daga cikin brigadensa biyar an yayyage su a lokacin yakin safiya.Wannan sashin layin Longstreet ya kasance mafi rauni a fahimta.Amma mutanen Hill sun kasance a cikin kakkarfan matsayi na tsaro, a saman wani tudu a hankali, a cikin wata hanyar da ta ruguje saboda yawan zirga-zirgar keken keke na tsawon shekaru, wanda ya haifar da wani rami na halitta.[26]Faransa ta kaddamar da jerin hare-hare masu girman gaske a kan aikin nono na Hill da misalin karfe 9:30 na safe.Brigade na farko da suka kai hari, galibin sojojin da ba su da kwarewa a karkashin jagorancin Brig.Janar Max Weber, an yanke shi da sauri ta hanyar manyan bindigogi;babu wani bangare da ya jibge makaman atilari a wannan lokacin.Harin na biyu, wanda aka fi daukar danyen aiki a karkashin Kanar Dwight Morris, shi ma an yi masa mummunar wuta amma ya samu nasarar fatattakar wani harin da Brigade na Alabama na Robert Rodes ya yi.Na uku, karkashin Brig.Janar Nathan Kimball, ya hada da dakarun soji uku, amma kuma sun fadi da wuta daga titin da ta nutse.Rukunin Faransanci sun sami raunuka 1,750 (daga cikin mutanensa 5,700) a cikin sa'a guda.[22]
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Ƙarfafawa
©Anonymous
1862 Sep 17 10:30

Ƙarfafawa

The Cornfield, Keedysville, MD
Sojojin sun isa bangarorin biyu, kuma da karfe 10:30 na safe Robert E. Lee ya aika da sashen ajiyarsa na karshe—wasu mutane 3,400 karkashin Manjo Janar Richard H. Anderson—domin karfafa layin Hill da mika shi zuwa dama, yana shirya hari. wanda zai lullube gefen hagu na Faransa.Amma a lokaci guda, mutanen 4,000 na rukunin Maj. Janar Israel B. Richardson sun isa hannun hagu na Faransa.Wannan shi ne na ƙarshe na ƙungiyoyi uku na Sumner, wanda McClellan ya riƙe a baya yayin da yake tsara dakarun sa.[23] Sabbin sojojin Richardson sun buge bugun farko.Wanda ya jagoranci harin na huɗu na ranar akan hanyar da ta ruɗe ita ce Brigade na Irish Brig.Janar Thomas F. Meagher.Yayin da suke ci gaba da tutocin Emerald korayen da ke zazzage cikin iska, wani limamin tsarin mulki, Uba William Corby, ya bi ta baya da baya a gaban ginin ginin yana ta ihun kawuna na sharadi da Cocin Katolika ta Roman Katolika ta ba wa wadanda ke gab da mutuwa.(Corby zai yi irin wannan sabis ɗin daga baya a Gettysburg a 1863.) Yawancin baƙi Irish sun rasa maza 540 zuwa manyan volleys kafin a umarce su da su janye.[24]
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Umarni masu ruɗani & Damar da aka rasa
Layin Jini ©Dan Nance
1862 Sep 17 11:40

Umarni masu ruɗani & Damar da aka rasa

Bloody Lane, Keedysville, MD,
Janar Richardson da kansa ya aika da brigade na Brig.Janar John C. Caldwell ya shiga yaƙi da tsakar rana (bayan an gaya masa cewa Caldwell yana baya, a bayan hay), daga ƙarshe kuma ruwan ya juya.Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyar Anderson ta taimaka wa masu kare bayan Janar Anderson ya ji rauni a farkon yakin.An kuma rasa wasu manyan shugabannin, ciki har da George B. Anderson da Col. John B. Gordon na Alabama na 6.Waɗannan asarar sun ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga ruɗewar abubuwan da ke biyo baya.Yayin da ƙungiyar Caldwell ta ci gaba a gefen dama na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin, Col. Francis C. Barlow da mutane 350 na 61st da 64th New York sun ga wani rauni a cikin layi kuma suka kama wani knoll da ke ba da umarnin hanyar da ta nutse.Wannan ya ba su damar samun wutar da aka saka a cikin layin Confederate, wanda ya mayar da shi cikin tarko mai mutuwa.A yunƙurin zagayawa don fuskantar wannan barazanar, Laftanar Kanal James N. Lightfoot ya yi rashin fahimtar wani umarni daga Rodes, wanda ya gaji John Gordon a sume.Lightfoot ya umurci mutanensa da su yi gaba da su su tafi, umarnin da dukkanin runduna biyar na birged suka yi tunani a kansu su ma.Sojojin hadin gwiwa sun yi ta kwarara zuwa Sharpsburg, layinsu ya bata.Mutanen Richardson sun yi zafi sosai lokacin da manyan bindigogi da Janar Longstreet ya tara su cikin gaggawa suka kore su.Wani hari tare da mutane 200 da DH Hill ke jagoranta ya zagaya gefen hagu na Tarayya kusa da titin da aka ruɗe, kuma duk da cewa wani mummunan cajin na 5th New Hampshire ya kore su, wannan ya haifar da rugujewar cibiyar.Ba tare da son rai ba, Richardson ya ba da umarnin rukuninsa su fado zuwa arewacin tudun da ke fuskantar hanyar da ta nutse.Ƙungiyarsa ta yi asarar mutane kusan 1,000.Col. Barlow ya sami rauni mai tsanani, kuma Richardson ya ji rauni.Winfield S. Hancock ya ɗauki umurnin rabo.Ko da yake Hancock zai sami kyakkyawan suna a nan gaba a matsayin ɓangarorin ɓarna da kwamandan gawawwaki, canjin umarnin da ba zato ba tsammani ya lalata ci gaban Tarayyar Turai.[27]Kisan da aka yi daga karfe 9:30 na safe zuwa karfe 1:00 na rana a kan hanyar da ta ruguje ta sanya mata suna Bloody Lane, wanda ya yi barna kusan 5,600 (Union 3,000, Confederate 2,600) a kan titin mai tsawon yadi 800 (m 700).Duk da haka, babbar dama ta gabatar da kanta.Idan aka yi amfani da wannan ɓoyayyen ɓangaren layin Confederate, sojojin Lee za su rabu gida biyu kuma mai yiyuwa ne su ci nasara.Akwai isassun sojoji da ke da damar yin hakan.Akwai wurin ajiyar sojojin dawakai 3,500 da kuma sojojin runduna 10,300 na Gen. Porter's V Corps, suna jira a kusa da gada ta tsakiya, mil mil.Rundunar VI, karkashin Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin, ta iso tare da mutane 12,000.Franklin a shirye yake ya yi amfani da wannan ci gaba, amma Sumner, babban kwamandan rundunar, ya umarce shi da kada ya ci gaba.Franklin ya yi kira ga McClellan, wanda ya bar hedkwatarsa ​​a baya don jin gardama guda biyu amma ya goyi bayan shawarar Sumner, inda ya umurci Franklin da Hancock su rike mukamansu.[28]
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1862
Matakin maraiceornament
Burnside's Bridge
Rundunar 51st Pennsylvania ta yi hadari a kan gadar Burnside a yakin Antietam, Md. ©Don Troiani
1862 Sep 17 11:44

Burnside's Bridge

Burnside's Bridge (Lower Bridg
Matakin ya koma iyakar kudancin filin daga.Shirin McClellan ya bukaci Manjo Janar Ambrose Burnside da IX Corps su gudanar da wani harin karkatar da jama'a don tallafawa Hooker's I Corps, da fatan jawo hankalin Confederate daga babban harin da aka yi niyyar kaiwa a arewa.Duk da haka, an umurci Burnside da ya jira cikakkun umarni kafin ya kaddamar da harin, kuma waɗannan umarni ba su same shi ba sai da karfe 10 na safe [29] Burnside ya kasance mai ban mamaki yayin shirye-shiryen yakin.Ya ji takaicin cewa McClellan ya yi watsi da tsarin da ya gabata na kwamandojin "reshe" suna ba shi rahoto.A baya can, Burnside ya ba da umarnin wani reshe wanda ya haɗa da I da IX Corps kuma yanzu yana da alhakin IX Corps kawai.Da yake ƙin barin babban ikonsa, Burnside ya fara bi da Manjo Janar Jesse L. Reno (wanda aka kashe a Dutsen Kudu) sannan Brig.Janar Jacob D. Cox na sashin Kanawha a matsayin kwamandan gawawwaki, yana ba da umarni ga gawawwakin ta hanyarsa.Burnside yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu (dakaru 12,500) da bindigogi 50 a gabas da Antietam Creek.Fuskantar shi wani ƙarfi ne wanda motsin ƙungiyoyin Lee ya lalace sosai don ƙarfafa gefen hagu na Confederate.Da gari ya waye, sassan Brig.Gens.David R. Jones da John G. Walker sun tsaya a cikin tsaro, amma da karfe 10 na safe an cire dukkan mutanen Walker da Col. George T. Anderson na Jojiya brigade.Jones yana da kusan maza 3,000 da bindigogi 12 don saduwa da Burnside.Siraran brigades guda huɗu ne suka gadin tsaunukan kusa da Sharpsburg, da farko ƙaramin tudu da ake kira Cemetery Hill.Ragowar maza 400 - na 2nd da 20th Jojiya regiments, karkashin umarnin Brig.Janar Robert Toombs, tare da batura biyu na artillery-ya kare gadar Rohrbach, tsarin dutse mai tsawon ƙafa 125 (mita 38) wanda shine mashigin kudu na Antietam.[30] Zai zama sananne ga tarihi a matsayin Gadar Burnside saboda sanannen yaƙin mai zuwa.Gadar ta kasance manufa mai wahala.Hanyar da ta nufo ta ta yi daidai da rafin kuma ta gamu da gobarar abokan gaba.Gadar ta mamaye gadar da wani dogon katako mai tsayin ƙafa 100 (mita 30) a gabar yamma, wanda aka baje da duwatsu daga wani tsohon dutsen dutse, wanda hakan ya sa sojoji da kuma masu harbin bindiga daga wurare masu kyau da aka lulluɓe suka zama hani mai haɗari ga tsallakawa.Antietam Creek a cikin wannan ɓangaren ba safai ba ne fiye da ƙafa 50 (mita 15) faɗinsa, kuma shimfida da yawa ba su da zurfi kawai kuma daga kewayon Ƙungiyoyi.Burnside ya sha suka sosai saboda yin watsi da wannan gaskiyar.[31] Ko da yake, ƙasa mai ba da umarni a kan raƙuman ruwa mai zurfi a wasu lokuta ya sanya ƙetare ruwa ya zama wani ɓangare mai sauƙi na matsala mai wuyar gaske.Burnside ya mayar da hankali kan shirinsa a maimakon ya hau kan gadar yayin da injiniyoyin injiniyoyin McClellan suka tsallaka wani yanki mai nisan mil mil (kilomita 1) a kasa, amma lokacin da mutanen Burnside suka isa wurin, sai suka ga bankunan sun yi tsayi da yawa don yin shawarwari.Yayin da Col. George Crook na Ohio brigade ke shirin kai hari kan gadar tare da goyon bayan Brig.Bangaren Janar Samuel Sturgis, sauran rukunin Kanawha da Brig.Bangaren Janar Isaac Rodman sun yi kokawa ta hanyar goge baki suna kokarin gano Snavely's Ford, mai nisan mil 2 (kilomita 3) daga magudanar ruwa, da nufin zawarcin kungiyar Confederates.[32]
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Ƙoƙari na Farko
©Captain James Hope
1862 Sep 17 11:45

Ƙoƙari na Farko

Burnside's Bridge (Lower Bridg
Ƙoƙari na farko shi ne na Col. George Crook na Ohio brigade, wani ɓangare na goyon bayan Edward Harland na Brigade na Rodman's Division, amma Ohioans sun yi asara kuma sun fito da nisa.Infantry na Connecticut na 11 ya sami gadar, kuma ya shiga Jojiya a ƙarƙashin Brig.Janar Robert Toombs.An kai harin Crook a kan gadar da wasu 'yan ta'adda daga Connecticut na 11th suka jagoranta, wadanda aka umarce su da su share gadar domin 'yan Ohio su tsallaka tare da kai hari kan gadar.Bayan sun samu horo na tsawon mintuna 15, mutanen Connecticut sun janye tare da raunata mutane 139, kashi daya bisa uku na karfinsu, ciki har da kwamandansu, Col. Henry W. Kingsbury, wanda ya samu munanan raunuka.[33] Babban harin Crook ya ci tura lokacin da rashin sanin wurin ya sa mutanensa suka isa rafi mai nisan mil kwata (400m) daga kan gadar, inda suka yi musayar wuta da masu fafutuka na Confederate na tsawon sa'o'i masu zuwa.[34]
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Ƙoƙari na Biyu
©John Paul Strain
1862 Sep 17 12:00

Ƙoƙari na Biyu

Burnside's Bridge (Lower Bridg
Yayin da sashin Rodman ya kasance ba a taɓa taɓawa ba, suna yin tir da zuwa Snavely's Ford, Burnside da Cox sun jagoranci hari na biyu a kan gada ta ɗaya daga cikin brigades na Sturgis, wanda 2nd Maryland da 6th New Hampshire suka jagoranta.Sun garzaya zuwa gadar ta wata hanyar gona da ke kusa da wurin amma masu harbin Georgia suka tare su kafin su kai rabin gadar kuma harin nasu ya wargaje.[35] A wannan lokacin tsakar rana ne, kuma McClellan ya daina haƙuri.Ya aika da jerin 'yan aikewa don zaburar da Burnside don ci gaba.Sai ya umurci wani mataimaki, "Ka gaya masa idan ya kai mutum 10,000 dole ne ya tafi yanzu."'Yan Georgia 450 na Toomb sun tsare maharan kungiyar 14,000.
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Ƙoƙari na uku
Gadar Burnsides ta 51st. ©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1862 Sep 17 12:30

Ƙoƙari na uku

Burnside's Bridge (Lower Bridg
Ƙoƙari na uku na ɗaukar gadar shine da ƙarfe 12:30 na dare na sauran brigade Sturgis, wanda Brig.Janar Edward Ferrero.New York ta 51 da Pennsylvania ta 51 ne suka jagoranta, wadanda, tare da isassun tallafin manyan bindigogi da kuma alkawarin cewa za a maido da abincin barasa da aka soke kwanan nan idan sun yi nasara, aka tuhume su a kasa tare da rike mukamai a bankin gabas.Suna yin amfani da injin haske da aka kama zuwa matsayi, suka harba gwangwani biyu a kan gadar kuma suka isa tsakanin yadi 25 (m23) na abokan gaba.Da karfe 1:00 na rana, harsashai na hadin gwiwa sun yi kasa, kuma labari ya kai ga Toombs cewa mutanen Rodman na ketare Snavely's Ford a gefensu.Ya ba da umarnin janyewa.Mutanen Georgian nasa sun kashe Gwamnatin Tarayya sama da mutane 500 da suka jikkata, inda suka ba da kasa da 160 da kansu.Kuma sun dakatar da harin na Burnside a gefen kudu sama da sa'o'i uku.[36]
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Burnside rumfuna
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1862 Sep 17 14:00

Burnside rumfuna

Final Attack Trail, Sharpsburg
Harin na Burnside ya sake tsayawa da kan sa.Jami’ansa sun yi sakaci da safarar alburusai a kan gadar, wanda ita kanta ta zama kangin sojoji, manyan bindigogi, da kekuna.Wannan yana wakiltar wani jinkiri na sa'o'i biyu.Janar Lee ya yi amfani da wannan lokacin don ƙarfafa gefen damansa.Ya ba da umarnin kafa kowane rukunin manyan bindigogi, ko da yake bai yi wani yunƙuri na ƙarfafa ƙwararrun DR Jones da runduna daga hagu ba.Madadin haka, ya ƙidaya zuwan AP Hill's Light Division, wanda a halin yanzu ya fara tattaki mai nisan mil 17 (kilomita 27) daga Harpers Ferry.Da karfe 2 na rana, mutanen Hill sun isa Boteler's Ford, kuma Hill ya sami damar yin magana da Lee mai sassaucin ra'ayi a 2:30, wanda ya umarce shi ya kawo mutanensa zuwa hannun dama na Jones.[37]
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Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya
9th New York Hawkin's Zouaves a Antietam. ©Keith Rocco
1862 Sep 17 15:00

Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya

Sharpsburg Park, Sharpsburg, M
Tarayya ba su san cewa sabbin maza 3,000 za su fuskanci su ba.Shirin Burnside shine ya zagaya gefen dama na Confederate mai rauni, ya haɗu a Sharpsburg, kuma ya yanke sojojin Lee daga Boteler's Ford, hanyar tserewa kawai ta hanyar Potomac.Da karfe 3 na yamma, Burnside ya bar sashin Sturgis a ajiye a bankin yamma kuma ya koma yamma tare da sojoji sama da 8,000 (mafi yawansu sabo) da bindigogi 22 don tallafi na kusa.[38]Wani hari na farko da 79th New York "Cameron Highlanders" ya jagoranta ya yi nasara a kan gungun Jones da ba su da yawa, wanda aka tura baya baya da Dutsen Cemetery zuwa cikin yadi 200 (200m) na Sharpsburg.Nisa zuwa Ƙungiyar Tarayyar, sashin Rodman ya ci gaba zuwa Harpers Ferry Road.Dakarun jagoranta, karkashin Col. Harrison Fairchild, mai dauke da Zouaves kala-kala na 9th New York, wanda Kanar Rush Hawkins ya umarta, ya fuskanci mummunan tashin bama-bamai daga bindigogin abokan gaba guda goma sha biyu da aka dora a kan wani tudu zuwa gabansu, amma suka ci gaba da matsawa gaba.An yi firgita a titunan Sharpsburg, cike da rugujewar 'yan tawaye.A cikin brigades biyar na sashin Jones, kawai Brigade na Toombs ne kawai ke nan, amma yana da maza 700 kawai.[39]
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AP.Hill yana ceton rana
©Image Attribution forthcoming. Image belongs to the respective owner(s).
1862 Sep 17 15:30

AP.Hill yana ceton rana

Antietam Creek Vineyards, Bran
Sashen AP Hill ya isa da karfe 3:30 na yamma Hill ya raba ginshikinsa, tare da birgedi biyu sun tashi zuwa kudu maso gabas don gadin gefensa, sauran ukun, kimanin mutane 2,000, sun koma hannun dama na Toombs's brigade suna shirin kai hari.Da karfe 3:40 na yamma, Brig.Brigade na Janar Maxcy Gregg na Kudancin Carolinians sun kai hari a Connecticut na 16 a gefen hagu na Rodman a gonar masara na manomi John Otto.Mazajen Connecticut sun kasance suna hidima na makonni uku kacal, kuma layinsu ya wargaje tare da jikkata 185.Tsibirin Rhode na 4 ya zo a hannun dama, amma suna da rashin gani a cikin manyan masarar masara, kuma sun damu saboda yawancin Confederates suna sanye da kayan haɗin gwiwar da aka kama a Harpers Ferry.Sun kuma karya da gudu, sun bar Connecticut na 8 da nisa a gaba kuma sun keɓe.An lullube su kuma an kore su daga tuddai zuwa Antietam Creek.Wani harin mayar da martani daga runduna ta Kanawha ya ci tura.[40]IX Corps sun sami raunuka kusan kashi 20% amma har yanzu suna da sau biyu na adadin Ƙungiyoyin da ke fuskantar su.Bai damu da rugujewar gefensa ba, Burnside ya umarci mutanensa su koma gabar yammacin Antietam, inda ya bukaci karin maza da bindigogi cikin gaggawa.McClellan ya sami damar samar da baturi ɗaya kawai.Ya ce, "Ba zan iya ƙara yin kome ba, ba ni da sojan ƙasa."A zahiri, duk da haka, McClellan yana da sabbin gawawwakin gawawwaki biyu a ajiyar, Porter's V da Franklin's VI, amma ya yi taka tsantsan, ya damu da cewa ya fi shi yawa sosai kuma babban harin da Lee ya yi yana nan kusa.Mutanen Burnside sun shafe sauran ranar suna gadin gadar da suka sha wahala sosai don kamawa.[41]
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1862 Sep 17 17:30

Yaƙin ya ƙare

Antietam National Battlefield,
An gama yakin da karfe 5:30 na yamma A safiyar ranar 18 ga Satumba, sojojin Lee sun shirya don kare wani harin da gwamnatin tarayya ta kai wanda bai taba zuwa ba.Bayan da aka yi sulhu tsakanin bangarorin biyu don murmurewa da musanya raunin da suka samu, sojojin Lee sun fara janyewa a cikin Potomac a wannan maraice don komawa Virginia.Asarar yakin ya yi yawa daga bangarorin biyu.Ƙungiyar ta sami raunuka 12,410 tare da mutuwar 2,108.[42] Wadanda suka rasa rayukansu sun kasance 10,316 tare da mutuwar 1,547.Wannan ya wakilci kashi 25% na rundunar tarayya da kashi 31% na Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi.A dunkule, bangarorin biyu sun yi asarar jimillar wadanda suka jikkata 22,726 a rana guda, kusan adadin da aka yi hasarar asarar da ta girgiza al'ummar kasar a yakin Shilo na kwanaki 2 watanni biyar da suka gabata.Yakin da aka yi a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1862, ya kashe sojojin Amurka 7,650.[43 <>] Ƙarin Amirkawa sun mutu a yaƙi a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1862, fiye da kowace rana a tarihin ƙasar.Wani lokaci ana ambaton Antietam a matsayin rana mafi zubar jini a duk tarihin Amurka.Antietam yana matsayi na biyar a cikin jimlar yawan wadanda suka mutu a yakin basasa, suna fadowa a bayan Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Chancellorsville, da Gidan Kotun Spotsylvania.
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1862 Sep 18

Epilogue

Antietam National Battlefield,
Shugaba Lincoln ya ji takaici game da aikin McClellan.Ya yi imanin cewa McClellan ya yi taka tsantsan da ayyukan da ba a daidaita su ba a filin wasa ya tilasta yakin zuwa zane maimakon rashin nasara na Confederate.Shugaban ya kara ba da mamaki cewa daga ranar 17 ga watan Satumba zuwa 26 ga Oktoba, duk da rokon da Ma'aikatar Yaki ta yi da shi da kansa, McClellan ya ki bin Lee a fadin Potomac, saboda karancin kayan aiki da kuma fargabar wuce gona da iri.Babban Janar Henry W. Halleck ya rubuta a cikin rahotonsa na hukuma cewa, "Tsarin rashin aikin sojoji da yawa a gaban abokan gaba da suka sha kashi, da kuma lokacin da ya fi dacewa don saurin motsi da yakin neman zabe, lamari ne na babban takaici da nadama."Lincoln ya sauke McClellan daga umurninsa na Sojan Potomac a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, inda ya kawo karshen aikin soja na Janar.Janar Burnside ne ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba.Sakamakon Antietam ya kuma ba wa Shugaba Lincoln damar ba da sanarwar 'yantar da jama'a na farko a ranar 22 ga Satumba, wanda ya ba jihohin Confederate har zuwa Janairu 1, 1863, su kawo karshen tawayensu ko kuma su rasa bayi.Ko da yake Lincoln ya yi niyyar yin haka tun da farko, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka William H. Seward, a taron majalisar ministocin, ya ba shi shawarar da ya jira har sai kungiyar ta samu gagarumar nasara don kaucewa tunanin cewa an fitar da ita ne saboda rashin bege.Nasarar Tarayyar da shelar Lincoln sun taka rawar gani wajen hana gwamnatocin Faransa da Biritaniya amincewa da Tarayyar;wasu na zargin suna shirin yin hakan ne bayan wata faduwa da kungiyar ta yi.Lokacin da aka danganta 'yantar da ci gaban yakin, babu wata gwamnati da ke da ra'ayin siyasa don adawa da Amurka, tun da ta danganta goyon bayan Confederacy don tallafawa bauta.Kasashen biyu sun riga sun kawar da bautar, kuma jama'a ba za su amince da gwamnati ta hanyar soja ba ta goyi bayan ikon mallakar da ke tabbatar da manufofin bauta.
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Appendices



APPENDIX 1

American Civil War Army Organization


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APPENDIX 2

Infantry Tactics During the American Civil War


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APPENDIX 3

American Civil War Cavalry


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APPENDIX 4

American Civil War Artillery


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APPENDIX 5

Army Logistics: The Civil War in Four Minutes


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Characters



Daniel Harvey Hill

Daniel Harvey Hill

Confederate General

Joseph K. Mansfield

Joseph K. Mansfield

XII Corps General

William B. Franklin

William B. Franklin

VI Corps General

Joseph Hooker

Joseph Hooker

I Corps General

George Meade

George Meade

Union Brigadier General

Ambrose Burnside

Ambrose Burnside

IX Corps General

J. E. B. Stuart

J. E. B. Stuart

Confederate Cavalry General

Fitz John Porter

Fitz John Porter

V Corps General

William N. Pendleton

William N. Pendleton

Confederate Artillery General

Richard H. Anderson

Richard H. Anderson

Confederate General

John Bell Hood

John Bell Hood

Confederate Brigadier General

Edwin Vose Sumner

Edwin Vose Sumner

II Corps General

Lafayette McLaws

Lafayette McLaws

Confederate General

Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee

Commanding General of the Army of Northern Virginia

George B. McClellan

George B. McClellan

Commanding General of the Army of the Potomac

James Longstreet

James Longstreet

Confederate Major General

Footnotes



  1. McPherson 2002, p. 100.
  2. Sears 1983, pp. 65-66.
  3. Reports of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, U. S. Army, commanding the Army of the Potomac, of operations August 14 - November 9 (Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, p. 67).
  4. Sears 1983, p. 112.
  5. McPherson 2002, p. 108.
  6. McPherson 2002, p. 109.
  7. Bailey 1984, p. 60.
  8. Sears 1983, p. 174.
  9. Sears 1983, pp. 164, 175-76.
  10. Bailey 1984, p. 63.
  11. Harsh, Taken at the Flood, pp. 366-67.
  12. Sears 1983, p. 181.
  13. Wolff 2000, p. 60.
  14. Sears 1983, pp. 190-91.
  15. Wolff 2000, p. 61.
  16. Bailey 1984, pp. 71-73.
  17. Dawes 1999, pp. 88-91.
  18. Dawes 1999, pp. 91-93.
  19. Bailey 1984, p. 91.
  20. Dawes 1999, p. 95.
  21. Armstrong 2002, pp. 3-27.
  22. Wolff 2000, p. 63.
  23. Bailey 1984, p. 99.
  24. Bailey 1984, p. 100.
  25. Bailey 1984, p. 93.
  26. Bailey 1984, p. 94.
  27. Bailey 1984, p. 108.
  28. Bailey 1984, pp. 108-09.
  29. Jamieson, p. 94. McClellan issued the order at 9:10, after the repulse of Hooker's and Mansfield's assaults, having waited for the VI Corps to reach the battlefield and take up a reserve position.
  30. Wolff 2000, p. 64.
  31. Douglas 1940, p. 172.
  32. Eicher 2001, pp. 359-60.
  33. Tucker, p. 87.
  34. Sears 1983, p. 263.
  35. Bailey 1984, p. 120.
  36. Sears 1983, pp. 266-67.
  37. Sears 1983, p. 276.
  38. Bailey 1984, p. 131.
  39. Bailey 1984, pp. 132-36.
  40. Bailey 1984, pp. 136-37.
  41. Sears 1983, pp. 291-92.
  42. Further information: Official Records, Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, pp. 189-204
  43. "Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th, 17th, 18th & 19th Centuries (1500-1900)", citing the National Park Service.

References



Primary Sources

  • Dawes, Rufus R. (1999) [1890]. A Full Blown Yankee of the Iron Brigade: Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6618-9. First published by E. R. Alderman and Sons.
  • Douglas, Henry Kyd (1940). I Rode with Stonewall: The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson's Staff. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-0337-5.
  • "Brady's Photographs: Pictures of the Dead at Antietam". The New York Times. New York. October 20, 1862.
  • Tidball, John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion, 1861–1865. Westholme Publishing, 2011. ISBN 978-1594161490.
  • U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.


Secondary Sources

  • Armstrong, Marion V. (2002). Disaster in the West Woods: General Edwin V. Sumner and the II Corps at Antietam. Sharpsburg, MD: Western Maryland Interpretive Association.
  • Bailey, Ronald H. (1984). The Bloodiest Day: The Battle of Antietam. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-4740-1.
  • Cannan, John. The Antietam Campaign: August–September 1862. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1994. ISBN 0-938289-91-8.
  • Eicher, David J. (2001). The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
  • Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC 5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website.
  • Frassanito, William A. Antietam: The Photographic Legacy of America's Bloodiest Day. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1978. ISBN 1-57747-005-2.
  • Harsh, Joseph L. Sounding the Shallows: A Confederate Companion for the Maryland Campaign of 1862. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-87338-641-8.
  • Harsh, Joseph L. Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-87338-631-0.
  • Jamieson, Perry D. Death in September: The Antietam Campaign. Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 1-893114-07-4.
  • Kalasky, Robert. "Union dead...Confederate Dead'." Military Images Magazine. Volume XX, Number 6, May–June 1999.
  • Kennedy, Frances H., ed. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
  • Luvaas, Jay, and Harold W. Nelson, eds. Guide to the Battle of Antietam. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987. ISBN 0-7006-0784-6.
  • McPherson, James M. (2002). Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam, The Battle That Changed the Course of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513521-0.
  • Priest, John Michael. Antietam: The Soldiers' Battle. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-19-508466-7.
  • Sears, Stephen W. (1983). Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-89919-172-X.
  • Tucker, Phillip Thomas. Burnside's Bridge: The Climactic Struggle of the 2nd and 20th Georgia at Antietam Creek. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000. ISBN 0-8117-0199-9.
  • Welcher, Frank J. The Union Army, 1861–1865 Organization and Operations. Vol. 1, The Eastern Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-253-36453-1.
  • Wolff, Robert S. (2000). "The Antietam Campaign". In Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
  • National Park Service battle description Archived October 11, 2014, at the Wayback Machine


Further Reading

  • Armstrong Marion V., Jr. Unfurl Those Colors! McClellan, Sumner, and the Second Army Corps in the Antietam Campaign. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8173-1600-6.
  • Ballard, Ted. Battle of Antietam: Staff Ride Guide. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 2006. OCLC 68192262.
  • Breeden, James O. "Field Medicine at Antietam." Caduceus: A Humanities Journal for Medicine and the Health Sciences 10#1 (1994): 8–22.
  • Carman, Ezra Ayers. The Maryland Campaign of September 1862: Ezra A. Carman's Definitive Account of the Union and Confederate Armies at Antietam. Edited by Joseph Pierro. New York: Routledge, 2008. ISBN 0-415-95628-5.
  • Carman, Ezra Ayers. The Maryland Campaign of September 1862. Vol. 1, South Mountain. Edited by Thomas G. Clemens. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2010. ISBN 978-1-932714-81-4.
  • Catton, Bruce. "Crisis at the Antietam". American Heritage 9#5 (August 1958): 54–96.
  • Frassanito, William A. Antietam: The Photographic Legacy of America's Bloodiest Day. New York: Scribner, 1978. ISBN 978-0-684-15659-0.
  • Frye, Dennis E. Antietam Shadows: Mystery, Myth & Machination. Sharpsburg, MD: Antietam Rest Publishing, 2018. ISBN 978-0-9854119-2-3.
  • Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Antietam: Essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-87338-400-8.
  • Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of Antietam: An Atlas of the Antietam (Sharpsburg) Campaign, including the Battle of South Mountain, September 2–20, 1862. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2011. ISBN 978-1-61121-086-6.
  • Hartwig, D. Scott. To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4214-0631-2.
  • Jamieson, Perry D., and Bradford A. Wineman, The Maryland and Fredericksburg Campaigns, 1862–1863 Archived January 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, 2015. CMH Pub 75-6.
  • Jermann, Donald R. Antietam: The Lost Order. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Co., 2006. ISBN 1-58980-366-3.
  • Murfin, James V. The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965. ISBN 0-8071-0990-8.
  • Rawley, James A. (1966). Turning Points of the Civil War. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8935-9. OCLC 44957745.
  • Reardon, Carol and Tom Vossler. A Field Guide to Antietam: Experiencing the Battlefield through Its History, Places, and People (U of North Carolina Press, 2016) 347 pp.
  • Slotkin, Richard. The Long Road to Antietam: How the Civil War Became a Revolution. New York: Liveright, 2012. ISBN 978-0-87140-411-4.
  • Vermilya, Daniel J. That Field of Blood: The Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. Emerging Civil War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2018. ISBN 978-1-61121-375-1.