Following the Mongol conquests, Iraq became a province on the periphery of the Ilkhanate, with Baghdad losing its preeminent status. The Mongols administered Iraq, the Caucasus, and western and southern Iran directly with the exception of Georgia, the Artuqid sultan of Mardin, and Kufa and Luristan. The Qara'unas Mongols ruled Khorasan as an autonomous realm and did not pay taxes. Herat's local Kart dynasty also remained autonomous. Anatolia was the richest province of the Ilkhanate, supplying a quarter of its revenue while Iraq and Diyarbakir together supplied about 35 percent of its revenue.^[52] The Jalayirids, a Mongol Jalayir dynasty,^[53] ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the Ilkhanate fragmented in the 1330s. The Jalayirid sultanate endured for approximately fifty years. Its decline was precipitated by the conquests of Tamerlane and uprisings by the Qara Qoyunlu Turkmen, also known as the "Black Sheep Turks."

After Tamerlane's death in 1405, there was an ephemeral effort to revive the Jalayirid sultanate in southern Iraq and Khuzistan. However, this resurgence was short-lived. The Jalayirids ultimately fell to the Kara Koyunlu, another Turkmen group, in 1432, marking the end of their rule in the region.