Philip II of Macedon, born in 382 BCE, was a significant ruler who reigned from 359 BCE until his assassination in 336 BCE. He was the father of Alexander the Great and played a crucial role in the unification of the Macedonian kingdom. Philip II expanded his territory through military conquests and strategic marriages, establishing Macedon as a dominant power in Greece. He is known for his military innovations, including the development of the Macedonian phalanx, which became a key element in his army's success.Philip II, Roman emperor from 238 to 249 CE, ruled during a tumultuous period known as the Crisis of the Third Century. His reign was marked by military challenges and political instability, as he faced threats from both external enemies and internal factions. He is noted for his attempts to stabilize the empire and for his conflicts with rival claimants to the throne.Philip II, Prince of Taranto, lived from 1329 to 1374 and was a member of the House of Anjou. He played a role in the politics of southern Italy during the 14th century, navigating the complex relationships between various Italian states and the Papacy.Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, reigned from 1342 to 1404. His rule was characterized by the expansion of Burgundian territories and the consolidation of power in the region. He was instrumental in the development of the Burgundian state, which became a significant political entity in medieval Europe.Philip II, Duke of Savoy, ruled from 1438 to 1497. He was known for his efforts to strengthen the duchy and expand its influence in the region. His reign saw the establishment of Savoy as a key player in the politics of northern Italy and the Alps.Philip II of France, born in 1165 and died in 1223, was a powerful monarch who significantly expanded the French royal domain. His reign included the successful campaigns against the English crown during the Hundred Years' War, which helped to solidify the French monarchy's power.Philip II of Navarre, who lived from 1293 to 1322, was a king who faced challenges in maintaining his realm amidst the conflicts of the time, including the struggles between the French and English crowns.Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow, served from 1507 to 1569. He was a prominent religious leader who advocated for church reform and played a role in the spiritual life of Russia during a period of significant change.Philip II of Spain, born in 1527 and died in 1598, was a key figure in the Spanish Empire's expansion. His reign included the height of Spanish power, marked by military campaigns, the establishment of a global empire, and the promotion of Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation.Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden, ruled from 1559 to 1588. His tenure was marked by efforts to strengthen his territory and influence in the Holy Roman Empire.Philip II of Portugal, who lived from 1578 to 1621, was also known as Philip I of Spain. His reign saw the union of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns, leading to significant global exploration and trade.Philip II, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, lived from 1723 to 1787 and was a minor German noble whose rule was characterized by local governance and the management of his territories.Philip II Philoromaeus, who lived from 65 to 64 BCE, was a historical figure known for his connections to the Roman political landscape during a time of significant upheaval.