The recorded history of Scotland begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century CE. The Romans advanced to the Antonine Wall in central Scotland, but were forced back to Hadrian's Wall by the Picts of Caledonia. Before Roman times, Scotland experienced the Neolithic Era around 4000 BCE, the Bronze Age around 2000 BCE, and the Iron Age around 700 BCE. In the 6th century CE, the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata was established on Scotland's west coast. Irish missionaries converted the Picts to Celtic <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Christianity" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Christianity</a> in the following century. The Pictish king Nechtan later aligned with the Roman rite to diminish Gaelic influence and prevent conflict with Northumbria. <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/Viking-Invasions-of-England" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Viking invasions</a> in the late 8th century forced the Picts and Gaels to unite, forming the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century. The Kingdom of Scotland was initially ruled by the House of Alpin, but internal conflicts over succession were common. The kingdom transitioned to the House of Dunkeld after Malcolm II's death in the early 11th century. The last Dunkeld king, Alexander III, died in 1286, leaving his infant granddaughter Margaret as heir. Her death led to Edward I of <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-England" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">England's</a> attempts to conquer Scotland, sparking the <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/First-War-of-Scottish-Independence" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>. The kingdom ultimately secured its sovereignty. In 1371, Robert II founded the House of Stuart, which ruled Scotland for three centuries. James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne in 1603, leading to the Union of the Crowns. The 1707 Acts of Union merged Scotland and England into the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Stuart dynasty ended with Queen Anne's death in 1714, succeeded by the houses of Hanover and Windsor. Scotland flourished during the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, becoming a commercial and intellectual center. However, it faced significant industrial decline post-<a href="https://history-maps.com/story/World-War-II" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">World War II</a>. Recently, Scotland has seen cultural and economic growth, partly due to North Sea oil and gas. Nationalism has grown, culminating in a 2014 referendum on independence.

Visual Timelines

Historia ya Scotland Rekodi ya matukio

Historia ya Scotland Rekodi ya matukio

Prehistoric Scotland

Makazi ya kwanza huko Scotland

Neolithic Scotland

Umri wa Bronze Scotland

Scotland ya Kale

Iron Age Scotland

Scotland wakati wa Dola ya Kirumi

Picha za Scotland

Ufalme wa Strathclyde

Ukristo huko Scotland

Scotland ya Zama za Kati

Ufalme wa Dál Riata

Ufalme wa Bernicia

Scotland ya baada ya Roma

Vita vya Dun Nechtain

Scotland ya Scandinavia

Msimamo wa Mwisho wa Picha

Ufalme wa Alba

Ufalme wa Visiwa

Constantine II wa Scotland

Muungano na Upanuzi: Kutoka Malcolm I hadi Malcolm II

Ufalme wa Gaelic kwa Ushawishi wa Norman: Duncan I kwa Alexander I

Mapinduzi ya Daudi: Kutoka kwa David I hadi Alexander III

Vita vya Uhuru wa Scotland

Nyumba ya Stuart

Uwekaji Kati na Migogoro: Kutoka kwa James I hadi James II

Hadithi ya Gofu

Renaissance na Uharibifu: Kutoka James III hadi James IV

Scotland ya Mapema ya kisasa

Nyakati za Tumultuous: James V na Mary, Malkia wa Scots

Matengenezo ya Uskoti

Umoja wa Mataji

Vita vya Falme Tatu

Mapinduzi Matukufu huko Scotland

Jacobite Rising ya 1689

Marehemu Scotland ya kisasa

Sheria za Muungano 1707

Waasi wa Yakobo

Mwangaza wa Scotland

Mapinduzi ya Viwanda huko Scotland

Kuanguka kwa mfumo wa ukoo

Uhamiaji wa Scotland

Mgawanyiko wa Kidini katika karne ya 19 Scotland

Scotland wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Kidunia

Scotland wakati wa Vita vya Kidunia vya pili

Scotland baada ya vita

2014 kura ya maoni ya uhuru wa Scotland

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