The Arms and Armour of The English Civil War

Musketeers in the English Civil War

English Civil War (1642-1651)

The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Unlike other civil wars in <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-England" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">England</a>, which were mainly fought over who should rule, these conflicts were also concerned with how the three Kingdoms of England, <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Scotland" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Scotland</a> and <a href="https://history-maps.com/story/History-of-Ireland" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ireland</a> should be governed. The outcome was threefold: the trial of and execution of Charles I (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England, which from 1653 (as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) unified the British Isles under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658) and briefly his son Richard (1658–1659). In England, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship was ended, and in Ireland, the victors consolidated the established Protestant Ascendancy. Constitutionally, the outcome of the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, though the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty was legally established only as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

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