The Age of Liberty (1719–1772) in Swedish history was a period of political and social transformation following the end of Sweden's age of absolutist monarchy. After the death of Charles XII in 1718 and the subsequent defeat in the Great Northern War (1700–1721), Sweden underwent significant constitutional changes, shifting from autocratic rule to a parliamentary system. This period is marked by the rise of constitutional monarchy, the decline of royal power, and the increased influence of the Swedish Riksdag (parliament).
Context and Beginnings
The defeat in the Great Northern War drastically reduced Sweden's status as a European power, leading to territorial losses and economic hardship. In response to these challenges, Sweden's ruling elites sought to limit the power of the monarchy, which had led the country into costly wars. The death of Charles XII, followed by the abdication of his successor, Queen Ulrika Eleonora, in favor of her husband, Frederick I, paved the way for the constitutional reforms that began the Era of Liberty.
In 1719 and 1720, two new constitutions were enacted, significantly reducing the authority of the monarch. Real power shifted to the Riksdag, which was divided into four estates: the nobility, clergy, burghers, and peasants. The Riksdag gained the authority to control taxation, foreign policy, and military decisions, effectively creating a parliamentary system.
Rise of Political Factions
During the Era of Liberty, Sweden's political landscape was dominated by two factions: the Hats and the Caps. The Hats, generally more aristocratic and pro-military, sought to restore Sweden's influence in European affairs, advocating for aggressive foreign policies and economic expansion. The Caps, on the other hand, were more cautious and focused on internal reforms, economic stability, and maintaining peace.
- The Hats: This faction dominated the early part of the era and were responsible for involving Sweden in costly and unsuccessful wars, such as the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) and conflicts with Russia. Their aggressive policies eventually led to economic strain and military defeats.
- The Caps: In response to the Hats' failures, the Caps gained power in the mid-18th century, advocating for peace and financial stability. They successfully ended Sweden’s wars and focused on domestic economic improvements.
Constitutional and Social Changes
The Riksdag of the Estates became the center of Swedish political life, making Sweden one of the few countries in Europe at the time with a functioning parliamentary system. Decisions were made through majority votes, and the monarch’s role was largely ceremonial. This shift allowed for greater political participation by the elites, though real power still rested with a small group of aristocrats.
The period also saw significant economic reforms, particularly in agriculture and trade, which aimed to address the poverty and economic challenges that had arisen from Sweden's military defeats. Efforts were made to modernize the economy, improve infrastructure, and encourage innovation, though results were mixed.
Decline and End of the Era
The Era of Liberty came to an end in 1772, when King Gustav III, frustrated with the limitations of his power under the parliamentary system, carried out a coup d'état. With broad public support, he restored royal authority and ended the parliamentary system, marking the beginning of a period of enlightened absolutism in Sweden.
In the context of Swedish history, the Era of Liberty was a time of political experimentation and relative freedom compared to the absolutist regimes of neighboring countries. It was a unique period when the power of the monarchy was significantly curtailed, and Sweden adopted a more democratic form of government. However, the instability caused by factionalism and the inefficiencies of parliamentary governance eventually led to its downfall.
The Era of Liberty is remembered as a time of political and intellectual ferment, with increased openness to new ideas in economics, science, and governance. It laid important groundwork for the future development of Sweden's political system, even though it ended with the reassertion of royal power under Gustav III.