Davidian Revolution: From David I to Alexander III

The period between the accession of David I in 1124 and the death of Alexander III in 1286 was marked by significant changes and developments in Scotland. During this time, Scotland experienced relative stability and good relations with the English monarchy, despite the Scottish kings being vassals to the English kings.

David I initiated extensive reforms that transformed Scotland. He established numerous burghs, which became the first urban institutions in Scotland, and promoted feudalism, closely modeled after French and English practices. This era saw the "Europeanisation" of Scotland, with the imposition of royal authority over much of the modern country and the decline of traditional Gaelic culture. The Scottish kings increasingly viewed themselves as French in manners and customs, a sentiment reflected in their households and retinues, which were predominantly French-speaking.

The imposition of royal authority was often met with resistance. Significant rebellions included those led by Óengus of Moray, Somhairle Mac Gille Brighdhe, Fergus of Galloway, and the MacWilliams, who sought to claim the throne. These revolts were met with harsh suppression, including the execution of the last MacWilliam heir, a baby girl, in 1230.

Despite these conflicts, the Scottish kings successfully expanded their territory. Key figures such as Uilleam, Mormaer of Ross, and Alan, Lord of Galloway, played crucial roles in extending Scottish influence into the Hebrides and western seaboard. By the Treaty of Perth in 1266, Scotland annexed the Hebrides from Norway, marking a significant territorial gain.

The assimilation of Gaelic lords into the Scottish fold continued, with notable alliances and marriages strengthening the Scottish kingdom. The Mormaers of Lennox and the Campbells are examples of Gaelic chieftains integrated into the Scottish realm.

This period of expansion and consolidation set the stage for the future Wars of Independence. The increased power and influence of Gaelic lords in the west, such as Robert the Bruce, a Gaelicised Scoto-Norman from Carrick, would be instrumental in Scotland's struggle for independence following the death of Alexander III.