
In the 16th century, Altan Khan, a prominent leader of the Tümed Mongols, rose to prominence. He sought to strengthen Mongolian power by balancing alliances with the Ming dynasty and military campaigns against rival groups. Altan Khan signed a peace treaty with the Ming in 1571, which granted him trading privileges and access to Chinese goods. He also founded the city of Hohhot in 1557 and played a key role in introducing Tibetan Buddhism to the Mongols.

The region ruled by Altan Khan as of 1571 CE. © SY
Meanwhile, other Mongol leaders, such as Abtai Sain Khan of the Khalkha, pursued their own campaigns to consolidate power. Abtai conquered parts of Oirat territory and established ties with the Tibetan Buddhist clergy, furthering the spread of Buddhism among the Mongols.